Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 10-Q

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-Q (Mark One) ☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023 or ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from _________ to _________ Commission file number: 001-36019 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Nevada 26-1434750 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 26 Main Street , Suite 101 Chatham , New Jersey 07928 (Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code) (862) 799-9155 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock TNXP The NASDAQ Global Market Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13 (a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒. As of May 8, 2023, there were 64,627,247 shares of registrant’s common stock outstanding. TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. INDEX PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION ITEM 1. Financial Statements Condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2023 (unaudited) and December 31, 2022 3 Condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited) 4 Condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited) 5 Condensed consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited) 6-7 Condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited) 8 Notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited) 9-29 ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 30-41 ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 42 ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures 42 PART II. OTHER INFORMATION ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings 43 ITEM 1A. Risk Factors 43 ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds 43 ITEM 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities 43 ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 43 ITEM 5. Other Information 43 ITEM 6. Exhibits 43 SIGNATURES 45 2 PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In Thousands, Except Par Value and Share Amounts) March 31, December 31, 2023 2022 (unaudited) ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 71,975 $ 120,229 Prepaid expenses and other 11,751 10,548 Total current assets 83,726 130,777 Property and equipment, net 93,991 93,814 Right of use assets, net 986 715 Other non-current assets 385 384 Total assets $ 179,088 $ 225,690 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 8,016 $ 8,068 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 4,619 9,680 Lease liability, current 438 432 Total current liabilities 13,073 18,180 Lease liability, net of current 588 328 Total liabilities 13,661 18,508 Commitments (See Note 20) Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock, $ 0.001 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized Series B Convertible Preferred stock, 0 shares designated as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022; issued and outstanding - None — — Series A Convertible Preferred stock, 0 shares designated as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022; issued and outstanding - None — — Common stock, $ 0.001 par value; 1,000,000,000 shares authorized; 63,687,705 and 76,478,656 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively and 93,741 shares to be issued as of December 31, 2022 64 76 Additional paid in capital 682,566 677,311 Accumulated deficit ( 516,992 ) ( 470,038 ) Accumulated other comprehensive loss ( 211 ) ( 167 ) Total stockholders’ equity 165,427 207,182 Stockholders’ equity: Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 179,088 $ 225,690 See the accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements 3 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts) (unaudited) Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 2022 COSTS AND EXPENSES: Research and development $ 26,511 $ 18,422 General and administrative 7,391 8,014 Costs and Expenses 33,902 26,436 Operating loss ( 33,902 ) ( 26,436 ) Interest income 897 19 Net loss $ ( 33,005 ) $ ( 26,417 ) Net loss per common share, basic and diluted $ ( 0.52 ) $ ( 1.61 ) Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted 63,352,898 16,445,010 See the accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements 4 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (In Thousands) (unaudited) Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 2022 Net loss $ ( 33,005 ) $ ( 26,417 ) Other comprehensive loss: Foreign currency translation loss ( 44 ) ( 26 ) Total other comprehensive loss ( 44 ) ( 26 ) Comprehensive loss $ ( 33,049 ) $ ( 26,443 ) See the accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements 5 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2023 (In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts) (unaudited) Additional Other Common stock Paid in Comprehensive Accumulated Shares Amount Capital Gain (loss) Deficit Total Balance, December 31, 2022 76,478,656 $ 76 $ 677,311 $ ( 167 ) $ ( 470,038 ) $ 207,182 Repurchase of common stock under share repurchase program, including transactional expenses of $ 334 ( 16,700,269 ) ( 16 ) — — ( 13,949 ) ( 13,965 ) Issuance of common stock under 2022 Purchase agreement with Lincoln Park 600,000 1 440 — — 441 Issuance of common stock net of transactional expenses of $ 101 3,215,577 3 1,992 — — 1,995 Employee stock purchase plan 93,741 — 29 — — 29 Stock-based compensation — — 2,794 — — 2,794 Foreign currency translation gain — — — ( 44 ) — ( 44 ) Net loss — — — — ( 33,005 ) ( 33,005 ) Balance, March 31, 2023 63,687,705 $ 64 $ 682,566 $ ( 211 ) $ ( 516,922 ) $ 165,427 See the accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements 6 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2022 (In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts) (unaudited) Accumulated Additional Other Common stock Paid in Comprehensive Accumulated Shares Amount Capital Gain (loss) Deficit Total Balance, December 31, 2021 15,638,274 $ 16 $ 578,613 $ ( 92 ) $ ( 359,820 ) $ 218,717 Issuance of common stock in January and March 2022, net of transactional expenses of $ 507 1,076,661 1 8,487 — — 8,488 Issuance of common stock under Purchase agreement with Lincoln Park 687,500 1 4,534 — — 4,535 Employee stock purchase plan 4,033 — 40 — — 40 Stock-based compensation — — 2,620 — — 2,620 Foreign currency translation gain — — — ( 26 ) — ( 26 ) Net loss — — — — ( 26,417 ) ( 26,417 ) Balance, March 31, 2022 17,406,468 $ 18 $ 594,294 $ ( 118 ) $ ( 386,237 ) $ 207,957 See the accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements 7 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In Thousands) (unaudited) Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 2022 CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net loss $ ( 33,005 ) $ ( 26,417 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 893 63 Stock-based compensation 2,794 2,620 Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Prepaid expenses and other ( 1,206 ) ( 2,166 ) Accounts payable 575 ( 3,113 ) Lease liabilities and ROU asset, net ( 5 ) ( 1 ) Accrued expenses and other current liabilities ( 2,957 ) ( 2,032 ) Net cash used in operating activities ( 32,911 ) ( 31,046 ) CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchase of property and equipment ( 3,799 ) ( 20,217 ) Net cash used in investing activities ( 3,799 ) ( 20,217 ) CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Repurchase of common stock ( 13,965 ) — Proceeds from ESPP 29 40 Proceeds, net of expenses of $ 101 and $ 8,328 , from sale of common stock and warrants 2,436 13,023 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities ( 11,500 ) 13,063 Effect of currency rate change on cash ( 43 ) ( 25 ) Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash ( 48,253 ) ( 38,225 ) Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash beginning of the period 120,470 178,900 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash end of period $ 72,217 $ 140,675 Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: Non-cash financing activities: Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ 363 $ ( 1,124 ) See the accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements 8 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) NOTE 1 – BUSINESS Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., through its wholly owned subsidiary Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Tonix Sub”), is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering, licensing, acquiring, developing and commercializing therapeutics and vaccines to treat and prevent human disease and alleviate suffering. The therapeutics under development include both small molecules and biologics. All drug product and vaccine candidates are still in development, and none are approved or marketed. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Tonix Sub, Krele LLC, Tonix Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., Tonix Medicines, Inc., Jenner LLC, Tonix R&D Center LLC, Tonix Pharma Holdings Limited and Tonix Pharma Limited (collectively hereafter referred to as the “Company” or “Tonix”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Going Concern The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a basis which assumes that the Company will continue as a going concern and which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The Company has suffered recurring losses from operations and negative cash flows from operating activities. At March 31, 2023, the Company had working capital of approximately $ 70.7 million. At March 31, 2023, the Company had an accumulated deficit of approximately $ 517.0 million. The Company held cash and cash equivalents of approximately $ 72.0 million as of March 31, 2023. The Company believes that its cash resources at March 31, 2023 and the proceeds that it raised from equity offerings in the second quarter of 2023 (See Note 21), will meet its operating and capital expenditure requirements into the fourth quarter of 2023, but not beyond. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The Company continues to face significant challenges and uncertainties and, as a result, its available capital resources may be consumed more rapidly than currently expected due to changes it may make in its research and development spending plans. The Company has the ability to obtain additional funding through public and private financing and collaborative arrangements with strategic partners to increase the funds available to fund operations. However, the Company may not be able to raise capital on terms acceptable to the Company. Without additional funds, it may be forced to delay, scale back or eliminate some of its research and development activities, or other operations and potentially delay product development in an effort to provide sufficient funds to continue operations. If any of these events occurs, our ability to achieve our development and commercialization goals would be adversely affected. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. NOTE 2 – SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Interim financial statements The unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. 9 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 contained herein has been derived from audited financial statements. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 13, 2023. Reverse Stock Split On May 16, 2022, the Company filed a Certificate of Change with the Nevada Secretary of State, effective May 17, 2022. Pursuant to the Certificate of Change, the Company effected a 1-for-32 reverse stock split of its issued and outstanding shares of common stock. The Company accounted for the reverse stock split on a retrospective basis pursuant to ASC 260, Earnings Per Share. All authorized, issued and outstanding common stock, common stock warrants, stock option awards, exercise prices and per share data have been adjusted in these consolidated financial statements, on a retroactive basis, to reflect the reverse stock split for all periods presented. Authorized preferred stock was not adjusted because of the reverse stock split. Risks and uncertainties The Company’s primary efforts are devoted to conducting research and development of innovative pharmaceutical and biological products to address public health challenges. The Company has experienced net losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception and expects these conditions to continue for the foreseeable future. Further, the Company does not have any commercial products available for sale and has not generated revenues, and there is no assurance that if its products are approved for sale, that the Company will be able to generate cash flow to fund operations. In addition, there can be no assurance that the Company’s research and development will be successfully completed or that any product will be approved or commercially viable. Use of estimates The preparation of financial statements in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include the assumptions used in the fair value of stock-based compensation and other equity instruments, and the percent of completion of research and development contracts. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash The Company considers cash equivalents to be those investments which are highly liquid, readily convertible to cash and have an original maturity of three months or less when purchased. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, cash equivalents, which consisted of money market funds, amounted to $ 71.2 million and $ 116.3 million, respectively. Restricted cash, which is included in Other non-current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet, at both March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, of approximately $ 242,000 and $ 241,000 , respectively, collateralizes a letter of credit issued in connection with the lease of office space in Chatham, New Jersey and New York, New York (see Note 19). 10 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows: March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents $ 71,975 $ 140,435 Restricted cash 242 240 Total $ 72,217 $ 140,675 Property and equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the asset’s estimated useful life, which ranges from 20 to 40 years for buildings, 15 years for land improvements, and laboratory equipment, three years for computer assets, five years for furniture and all other equipment and the shorter of the useful life or term of lease for leasehold improvements. Depreciation on assets begin when the asset is placed in service. Depreciation and amortization expense for the quarters ended March 31, 2023, and 2022 was $ 893,000 and $ 63,000 , respectively. The Company’s property and equipment is located in the United States. Intangible assets with indefinite lives During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company purchased certain internet domain rights, which were determined to have an indefinite life. Identifiable intangibles with indefinite lives, which are included in Other non-current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet, are not amortized but are tested for impairment annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may be less than fair value. As of March 31, 2023, the Company believed that no impairment existed Leases The Company determines if an arrangement is, or contains, a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, operating lease liabilities, current and operating lease liabilities, noncurrent in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the transition date and subsequent lease commencement dates in determining the present value of lease payments. This is the rate the Company would have to pay if borrowing on a collateralized basis over a similar term to each lease. The operating lease ROU asset excludes lease incentives. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments made under operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Convertible Preferred Stock Preferred shares subject to mandatory redemption are classified as liability instruments and are measured at fair value. The Company classifies conditionally redeemable preferred shares, which includes preferred shares that feature redemption rights that are either within the control of the holder or subject to redemption upon the occurrence of uncertain events not solely within the Company’s control, as temporary equity (“mezzanine”) until such time as the conditions are removed or lapse. 11 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) Research and Development Costs The Company outsources certain of its research and development efforts and expenses these costs as incurred, including the cost of manufacturing products for testing, as well as licensing fees and costs associated with planning and conducting clinical trials. The value ascribed to patents and other intellectual property acquired has been expensed as research and development costs, as such property is related to particular research and development projects and had no alternative future uses. The Company estimates its expenses resulting from its obligations under contracts with vendors, clinical research organizations and consultants and under clinical site agreements in connection with conducting clinical trials. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiations, which vary from contract to contract and may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided under such contracts. The Company accounts for trial expenses according to the timing of various aspects of the trial. The Company determines accrual estimates taking into account discussion with applicable personnel and outside service providers as to the progress or state of consummation of trials, or the services completed. During the course of a clinical trial, the Company adjusts its clinical expense recognition if actual results differ from its estimates. The Company makes estimates of its accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date based on the facts and circumstances known to it at that time. The Company’s clinical trial accruals are dependent upon the timely and accurate reporting of contract research organizations and other third-party vendors. Government Grants From time to time, the Company may enter into arrangements with governmental entities for the purpose of obtaining funding for research and development activities. The Company is reimbursed for costs incurred that are associated with specified research and development activities included in the grant application approved by the government authority. The Company classifies government grants received under these arrangements as a reduction to the related research and development expense in the same period as the relevant expenses are incurred. In August 2022, the Company announced that it received a Cooperative Agreement grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (“NIDA”), part of the National Institutes of Health, to support the development of its TNX-1300 product candidate for the treatment of cocaine intoxication. No funding was received during the quarter ended March 31, 2023. Stock-based compensation All stock-based payments to employees and to nonemployees for their services, including grants of restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and stock options, are measured at fair value on the grant date and recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations as compensation or other expense over the requisite service period. The Company accounts for share-based awards in accordance with the provisions of the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. Foreign Currency Translation Operations of the Company’s Canadian subsidiary, Tonix Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., are conducted in local currency, which represents its functional currency. The U.S. dollar is the functional currency of the other foreign subsidiaries. Balance sheet accounts of the Canadian subsidiary were translated from foreign currency into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date and income statement accounts were translated at the average rate of exchange prevailing during the period. Translation adjustments resulting from this process were included in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the consolidated condensed balance sheets. 12 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) Comprehensive Income (Loss) Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity of a business during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owners sources. It includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. Other comprehensive income (loss) represents foreign currency translation adjustments. Income Taxes Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the estimated future tax effects of net operating loss and credit carryforwards and temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their respective financial reporting amounts measured at the current enacted tax rates. The Company records a valuation allowance on its deferred income tax assets if it is not more likely than not that these deferred income tax assets will be realized. The Company recognizes a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has not recorded any unrecognized tax benefits. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. Per Share Data The computation of basic and diluted loss per share for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 excludes potentially dilutive securities when their inclusion would be anti-dilutive, or if their exercise prices were greater than the average market price of the common stock during the period. All warrants issued participate on a one-for-one basis with common stock in the distribution of dividends, if and when declared by the Board of Directors, on the Company’s common stock. For purposes of computing EPS, these warrants are considered to participate with common stock in earnings of the Company. Therefore, the Company calculates basic and diluted EPS using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, net income for the period is allocated between common stockholders and participating securities according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed earnings. No income was allocated to the warrants for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and March 31, 2022, as results of operations were a loss for the period. Potentially dilutive securities (See Note 17 and Note 18) excluded from the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share, as of March 31, 2023, and 2022, are as follows: 2023 2022 Warrants to purchase common stock 19,970 19,970 Options to purchase common stock 8,240,435 2,076,376 Totals 8,260,405 2,096,346 13 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity , which simplifies accounting for convertible instruments by removing major separation models required under current GAAP. The ASU also removes certain settlement conditions that are required for equity-linked contracts to qualify for the derivative scope exception, and it also simplifies the diluted earnings per share calculation in certain areas. The Company adopted ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2023, under the modified retrospective method of transition. The adoption of ASU 2020-06 did not impact the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. NOTE 3 – PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands): March 31 December 31 2023 2022 (in thousands) Property and equipment, net: Land $ 8,011 $ 8,011 Land improvements 79 79 Buildings 65,904 65,644 Office furniture and equipment 1,893 1,893 Laboratory equipment 19,247 18,440 Leasehold improvements 34 34 Construction in progress 1,369 1,366 96,537 95,467 Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization ( 2,546 ) ( 1,653 ) $ 93,991 $ 93,814 On October 1, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of its approximately 45,000 square foot research and development facility in Frederick, Maryland totaling $ 17.5 million, to process development activities. Of the total purchase price, $ 2.1 million was allocated to the value of land acquired, and $ 13.9 million was allocated to buildings, and approximately $ 1.5 million was allocated to Office furniture and equipment and Laboratory equipment. During 2022, the assets became ready for the intended use and were placed in service. On September 28, 2020, the Company completed the purchase of its approximately 45,000 square foot facility in Dartmouth, Massachusetts for $ 4 .0 million, to house its new Advanced Development Center for the development and manufacturing of vaccines. Of the total purchase price, $ 1.2 million was allocated to the value of land acquired, and $ 2.8 million was allocated to buildings. Additionally, the Company incurred approximately $ 38.8 million of costs during the year ended December 31, 2022, bringing total costs incurred-to-date to $ 61.6 million, of which the majority related to the build-out of the facility. During 2022, the assets became ready for the intended use and were placed in service. On December 23, 2020, the Company completed the purchase of its approximately 44 -acre site in Hamilton, Montana for $ 4.5 million, for the construction of a vaccine development and commercial scale manufacturing facility. As of March 31, 2023, the asset was not ready for its intended use. 14 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) NOTE 4 – FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS Fair value measurements affect the Company’s accounting for certain of its financial assets. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date and is measured according to a hierarchy that includes: Level 1: Observable inputs, such as quoted prices in active markets. Level 2: Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly. Level 2 assets and liabilities include debt securities with quoted market prices that are traded less frequently than exchange-traded instruments. This category includes U.S. government agency-backed debt securities and corporate-debt securities. Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data. As of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company used Level 1 quoted prices in active markets to value cash equivalents of $ 71.2 million and $ 116.3 million, respectively. The Company did not have any Level 2 or Level 3 assets or liabilities as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. NOTE 5 – STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY On May 16, 2022, the Company filed a Certificate of Change with the Nevada Secretary of State, effective May 17, 2022. Pursuant to the Certificate of Change, the Company effected a 1-for-32 reverse stock split of its issued and outstanding shares of common stock, whereby 599,679,596 outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock were exchanged for 18,740,141 shares of the Company’s common stock. In connection with the reverse stock split, the Company issued an additional 130,462 shares of the Company’s common stock due to fractional shares. Furthermore, pursuant to the Certificate of Change, the number of authorized shares of common stock was reduced from 800 million to 50 million. All per share amounts and number of shares in the consolidated financial statements and related notes have been retroactively restated to reflect the reverse stock split. On August 5, 2022, the Company filed an amendment to its articles of incorporation, as amended, to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized from 50,000,000 to 150,000,000 . On December 13, 2022, the Company filed an amendment to its articles of incorporation, as amended, to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized from 150,000,000 to 1,000,000,000 . On March 31, 2023, the Company received a letter (the “Notice”) from the Listing Qualifications staff of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) indicating that, based upon the closing bid price of the Company’s common stock for the last 30 consecutive business days, the Company no longer meets the requirement to maintain a minimum bid price of $ 1 per share, as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 55450(a)(1) (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”). 15 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company was initially provided with a 180 calendar day period, or until September 27, 2023, in which to regain compliance. In order to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement, the closing bid price of the Company’s common stock must be at least $ 1 per share for a minimum of ten consecutive business days during this 180 -day period. In the event that the Company does not regain compliance within this 180 -day period, the Company may be eligible to seek an additional compliance period of 180 calendar days if it meets the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards for the Nasdaq Capital Market, with the exception of the Minimum Bid Price Requirement, and provides written notice to Nasdaq of its intent to cure the deficiency during this second compliance period, by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary. However, if it appears to the Nasdaq Staff that the Company will not be able to cure the deficiency, or if the Company is otherwise not eligible, Nasdaq will provide notice to the Company that its common stock will be subject to delisting. NOTE 6 – TEMPORARY EQUITY On October 26, 2022, the Company closed on an offering (“the October offering”) with certain institutional investors (the “Investors”), pursuant to which the Company issued and sold, in a private placement, 1,400,000 shares of the Company’s Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $ 0.001 per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock”), and 100,000 shares of the Company’s Series B Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $ 0.001 per share (the “Series B Preferred Stock,” and together with the Series A Preferred Stock, the “Preferred Stock”), at an offering price of $ 9.50 per share, representing a 5 % original issue discount (“OID) to the stated value of $ 10.00 per share, for gross proceeds of $ 14.3 million in the aggregate for the October offering, before the deduction of fees and offering expenses. The shares of Preferred Stock were convertible, at a conversion price of $ 1.00 per share (subject in certain circumstances to adjustments), into shares of the Company’s common stock, at the option of the holders and, in certain circumstances, by the Company. On December 13, 2022, an amendment (the “December Amendment”) to the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, as amended, to increase the Company’s authorized shares of common stock from 150,000,000 to 1,000,000,000 , was approved at a special meeting of shareholders. The Series A Preferred Stock had the right to vote on such December Amendment on an as-converted to common stock basis. The shares of the Series B Preferred Stock were automatically voted in a manner that “mirrored” the proportions on which the shares of Common Stock (excluding any shares of Common Stock that were not voted) and Series A Preferred Stock were voted to increase the Authorized Shares. The December Amendment required the approval of the majority of the votes associated with the Company’s outstanding stock entitled to vote on the proposal. Because the Series B Preferred Stock were automatically and without further action of the purchaser voted in a manner that “mirrored” the proportions on which the shares of Common Stock (excluding any shares of Common Stock that were not voted) and Series A Preferred Stock were voted on the December Amendment, abstentions by common stockholders did not have any effect on the votes cast by the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock. The Certificates of Designation for the Preferred Stock provides that the Preferred Stock have no voting rights other than the right to vote on the December Amendment and as a class on certain other specified matters , and, with respect to the Series B Certificate of Designation, the right to cast 2,500 votes per share of Series B Preferred Stock on the December Amendment . The holders of Preferred Stock were entitled to dividends, on an as-if converted basis, equal to dividends actually paid, if any, on shares of Common Stock. The Preferred Stock was convertible, at the option of the holders and, in certain circumstances, by the Company, into shares of Common Stock at a conversion price of $ 1.00 per share. The holders of the Preferred Stock had the right to require the Company to redeem their shares of preferred stock for cash at 105 % of the stated value of such shares through January 23, 2023. The Company had the option to redeem the Preferred Stock for cash at 105 % of the stated value, subject to the holders’ rights to convert the shares prior to such redemption. 16 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) The $ 14.3 million in gross proceeds of the October offering was held in an escrow account, along with an additional $ 1.5 million deposited by the Company to cover the aggregate OID as well as the additional amount that would be necessary to fund the 105 % redemption price until the expiration of the redemption period for the Preferred Stock, as applicable, subject to the earlier payment to redeeming holders. Upon expiration of the redemption period, any proceeds remaining in the escrow account would be disbursed to the Company. Since the Preferred Stock had a redemption feature at the option of the holder, it was classified as temporary equity. The Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock was recorded at redemption value of approximately $ 14.7 million and $ 1.1 million, respectively, as calculated in the following table (in thousands): Series A Preferred Stock Series B Preferred Stock Gross Proceeds $ 13,300 $ 950 Less: Preferred stock issuance costs ( 844 ) ( 60 ) Plus: Accretion of carrying value to redemption value 2,244 160 Preferred stock subject to possible redemption $ 14,700 $ 1,050 During December 2022, the Company received redemption notices for all outstanding shares of Preferred Stock. The Preferred Stock was redeemed during December 2022 at 105 % of the $ 10.00 stated value of the Preferred Stock, or $ 15.8 million in the aggregate. On June 24, 2022, the Company closed on an offering (“the Offering”) with certain institutional investors (the “Investors”), pursuant to which the Company issued and sold, in a private placement, 2,500,000 shares of the Company’s Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $ 0.001 per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock”), and 500,000 shares of the Company’s Series B Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $ 0.001 per share (the “Series B Preferred Stock,” and together with the Series A Preferred Stock, the “Preferred Stock”), at an offering price of $ 9.50 per share, representing a 5 % OID to the stated value of $ 10.00 per share, for gross proceeds of $ 28.5 million in the aggregate for the Offering, before the deduction of fees and offering expenses. The shares of Preferred Stock were convertible, at a conversion price of $ 4.00 per share (subject in certain circumstances to adjustments), into shares of the Company’s common stock, at the option of the holders and, in certain circumstances, by the Company. On August 5, 2022, an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, as amended, to increase the Company’s authorized shares of common stock from 50,000,000 to 150,000,000 , was approved at a special meeting of shareholders. The Series A Preferred Stock had the right to vote on such Amendment on an as-converted to common stock basis. The shares of the Series B Preferred Stock were automatically voted in a manner that “mirrored” the proportions on which the shares of Common Stock (excluding any shares of Common Stock that were not voted) and Series A Preferred Stock were voted to increase the Authorized Shares. The Amendment required the approval of the majority of the votes associated with the Company’s outstanding stock entitled to vote on the proposal. Because the Series B Preferred Stock were automatically and without further action of the purchaser voted in a manner that “mirrored” the proportions on which the shares of Common Stock (excluding any shares of Common Stock that were not voted) and Series A Preferred Stock were voted on the Amendment, abstentions by common stockholders did not have any effect on the votes cast by the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock. The Certificates of Designation for the Preferred Stock provides that the Preferred Stock have no voting rights other than the right to vote on the Amendment and as a class on certain other specified matters , and, with respect to the Series B Certificate of Designation, the right to cast 2,500 votes per share of Series B Preferred Stock on the Amendment . 17 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) The holders of Preferred Stock were entitled to dividends, on an as-if converted basis, equal to dividends actually paid, if any, on shares of Common Stock. The Preferred Stock was convertible, at the option of the holders and, in certain circumstances, by the Company, into shares of Common Stock at a conversion price of $ 4.00 per share. The holders of the Preferred Stock had the right to require the Company to redeem their shares of preferred stock for cash at 105 % of the stated value of such shares through September 22, 2022. The Company had the option to redeem the Preferred Stock for cash at 105 % of the stated value, subject to the holders’ rights to convert the shares prior to such redemption. The $ 28.5 million in gross proceeds of the Offering was held in an escrow account, along with an additional $ 3 .0 million deposited by the Company to cover the aggregate OID as well as the additional amount that would be necessary to fund the 105 % redemption price until the expiration of the redemption period for the Preferred Stock, as applicable, subject to the earlier payment to redeeming holders. Upon expiration of the redemption period, any proceeds remaining in the escrow account would be disbursed to the Company. Since the Preferred Stock had a redemption feature at the option of the holder, it was classified as temporary equity. The Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock was recorded at redemption value of approximately $26.3 million and $5.2 million, respectively, as calculated in the following table (in thousands): Series A Preferred Stock Series B Preferred Stock Gross Proceeds $ 23,750 $ 4,750 Less: Preferred stock issuance costs ( 1,046 ) ( 209 ) Plus: Accretion of carrying value to redemption value 3,546 709 Preferred stock subject to possible redemption $ 26,250 $ 5,250 During August 2022, the Company received redemption notices for all outstanding shares of Preferred Stock. The Preferred Stock was redeemed during August 2022 at 105 % of the $ 10.00 stated value of the Preferred Stock, or $ 31.5 million in the aggregate. NOTE 7 – ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT WITH HEALION On February 2, 2023, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “Healion Asset Purchase Agreement”) with Healion Bio Inc., (“Healion”) pursuant to which the Company acquired all the pre-clinical infectious disease assets of Healion, including its portfolio of next-generation antiviral technology assets. Healion’s drug portfolio includes a class of broad-spectrum small molecule oral antiviral drug candidates with a novel host-directed mechanism of action, including TNX-3900, formerly known as HB-121. As consideration for entering into the Healion Asset Purchase Agreement, the Company paid $ 1.2 million to Healion. Because the Healion intellectual property was acquired prior to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, the cash consideration totaling $ 1.2 million, was expensed as research and development costs since there is no alternative future use and the acquired intellectual property does not constitute a business. 18 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) NOTE 8 – ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT WITH KATANA On December 22, 2020, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “Katana Asset Purchase Agreement”) with Katana Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Katana”) pursuant to which Tonix acquired Katana assets related to insulin resistance and related syndromes, including obesity (the “Katana Assets”). In connection with the acquisition of the Katana Assets, Tonix assumed Katana’s rights and obligations under that certain Exclusive License Agreement by and between Katana and The University of Geneva (“Geneva”) (the “Geneva License “Agreement”) pursuant to an Assignment and Assumption Agreement with Geneva (“Geneva Assignment and Assumption Agreement”), dated December 22, 2020. As consideration for entering into the Katana Asset Purchase Agreement, Tonix paid $ 0.7 million to Katana. The costs associated with the cash payments were previously recorded to research and development expenses in the statement of operations. Because the Katana intellectual property was acquired prior to FDA approval, the cash consideration totaling $ 0.7 million, was expensed as research and development costs since there is no alternative future use and the acquired intellectual property does not constitute a business. Pursuant to the terms of the Geneva Assignment and Assumption Agreement, Geneva has granted to Tonix an exclusive license, with the right to sublicense, certain patents related to the Katana Assets. Tonix is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to diligently develop, manufacture, and sell products claimed or covered by the patent and will use commercially reasonable efforts to diligently develop markets for such products. The Geneva License Agreement specifies developmental milestones and the period of time during which such milestones must be completed and provides for an annual maintenance fee payable to Geneva. As of March 31, 2023, no milestone payments have been accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. NOTE 9 – ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT WITH TRIGEMINA On June 11, 2020, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “Trigemina Asset Purchase Agreement”) with Trigemina, Inc. (“Trigemina”) and certain shareholders named therein (the “Executive Shareholders”) pursuant to which Tonix acquired Trigemina assets related to migraine and pain treatment technologies (the “Trigemina Assets”). In connection with the acquisition of the Trigemina Assets, Tonix assumed Trigemina’s rights and obligations under that certain Amended and Restated Exclusive License Agreement, dated November 30, 2007, as amended, by and between Trigemina and The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (“Stanford”) (the “Stanford License “Agreement”) pursuant to an Assignment and Assumption Agreement with Stanford (“Assignment and Assumption Agreement”), dated June 11, 2020. As consideration for entering into the Trigemina Asset Purchase Agreement, Tonix paid $ 824,759 to Trigemina and issued to Trigemina 62,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, valued at $ 21.76 per share, based on the closing stock price on June 11, 2020, and paid Stanford $ 250,241 pursuant to the terms of the Assignment and Assumption Agreement. The common stock is unregistered and subject to a 12-month lock-up and a Shareholder Voting Agreement, dated June 11, 2020, pursuant to which Trigemina and the Executive Shareholders have agreed to vote the common stock on any matter put to a vote of the shareholders of the Company in accordance with management’s recommendations. Both the costs associated with the cash payments and share issuance, totaling $ 2.4 million, were previously recorded to research and development expenses in the statement of operations. Because the Trigemina intellectual property was acquired prior to FDA approval, the cash and stock consideration, was expensed as research and development costs since there is no alternative future use and the acquired intellectual property does not constitute a business. Pursuant to the terms of the Assignment and Assumption Agreement, Stanford has granted to Tonix an exclusive license, with the right to sublicense, certain patents related to the Trigemina Assets. Stanford has reserved for itself the right to practice under the patents for academic research and educational purposes. Tonix is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to diligently develop, manufacture, and sell products claimed or covered by the patent and will use commercially reasonable efforts to diligently develop markets for such products. 19 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) The Trigemina License Agreement specifies developmental milestones and the period of time during which such milestones must be completed and provides for an annual maintenance fee payable to Stanford. As of March 31, 2023, other than the annual maintenance fee, no milestone payments have been accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. NOTE 10 – ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT WITH TRIMARAN On August 19, 2019, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “TRImaran Asset Purchase Agreement”) with TRImaran Pharma, Inc. (“TRImaran”) and the selling shareholders named therein (the “Selling Shareholders”) pursuant to which Tonix acquired TRImaran’s assets related to certain pyran-based compounds (the “Assets”). In connection with the acquisition of the Assets, Tonix entered into a First Amended and Restated Exclusive License Agreement (the “WSU License Agreement”) with Wayne State University (“WSU”) on August 19, 2019, as subsequently amended. As consideration for entering into the TRImaran Asset Purchase Agreement, Tonix paid $ 100,000 to TRImaran and has assumed certain liabilities of TRImaran totaling $ 68,500 . The $ 168,500 was previously recorded to research and development expenses in the statement of operations. Upon the achievement of specified development, regulatory and sales milestones, Tonix also agreed to pay TRImaran and the Selling Shareholders, in restricted stock or cash, at Our option, a total of approximately $ 3.4 million. Pursuant to the terms of the TRImaran Asset Purchase Agreement, TRImaran and the Selling Shareholders are prohibited from disclosing confidential information related to the Assets and are restricted from engaging, for a period of three years, in the development or commercialization of any therapeutic containing any pyran-based drug compound for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or major depressive disorder. Also for a period of three years, if TRImaran or any Selling Shareholder engage in the research or development of any potential therapeutic compound for the treatment of any central nervous system disorder, TRImaran or such Selling Shareholder is obliged to provide notice and opportunity to Tonix to make an offer to acquire or license rights with respect to such product candidate. Pursuant to the terms of the WSU License Agreement, WSU has granted to Tonix an exclusive license, with the right to sublicense, certain patents, technical information and material (collectively, the “Technology”) related to the Assets. WSU has reserved for itself the right to practice the Technology for academic research and educational purposes. Tonix is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain regulatory approval for one or more products utilizing the Technology (“WSU Products”) and to use commercially reasonable marketing efforts throughout the term of the WSU License Agreement. The WSU License Agreement specifies developmental milestones and the period of time during which such milestones must be completed and provides for an annual maintenance fee payable to WSU. Tonix is obligated to substantially manufacture WSU Products in the United States if WSU Products will be sold in the United States. Pursuant to the WSU License Agreement, Tonix paid $ 75,000 to WSU as reimbursement of certain patent expenses, and, upon the achievement of specified development, regulatory and sales milestones, the Company also agreed to pay WSU, milestone payments totaling approximately $ 3.4 million. Tonix has also agreed to pay WSU single-digit royalties on net sales of WSU Products sold by Tonix or a sublicensee on a tiered basis based on net sales, and additional sublicense fees on certain consideration received from sublicensees. Royalties on each particular WSU Product are payable on a country-by-country and Product-by-Product basis until the date of expiration of the last valid claim in the last to expire of the issued patents covered by the WSU License Agreement. Royalties payable on net sales of WSU Products may be reduced by 50 % of the royalties payable by Tonix to any third party for intellectual property rights which are necessary for the practice of the rights licensed to Tonix under the WSU License Agreement, provided that the royalty payable on a WSU Product may not be reduced by more than 50 %. Each party also has the right to terminate the agreement for customary reasons such as material breach and bankruptcy. The WSU License Agreement contains provisions relating to termination, indemnification, confidentiality and other customary matters for an agreement of this kind. As of March 31, 2023, no milestone payments have been accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. 20 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) NOTE 11 – LICENSE AGREEMENT WITH CURIA On December 12, 2022, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with Curia for the development of three humanized murine mAbs for the treatment or prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We believe that the licensing of these mAbs strengthens our pipeline of next-generation therapeutics to treat COVID-19, which is caused by SARS-CoV-2. As consideration for entering into the License Agreement, we paid a license fee of approximately $ 0.4 million to Curia. The License Agreement also provides for single-digit royalties and contingent milestone payments. As of March 31, 2023, other than the upfront fee, no payments have been accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. NOTE 12 – LICENSE AGREEMENT WITH UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA On May 18, 2022, the Company entered into an exclusive License Agreement with the University of Alberta focused on identifying and testing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs against future variants of SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging viruses. As consideration for entering into the License Agreement, Tonix paid a low-five digit license fee to University of Alberta. The License Agreement also provides for single-digit royalties and contingent milestone payments. As of March 31, 2023, other than the upfront fee, no milestone payments have been accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. NOTE 13 – LICENSE AGREEMENT WITH OYAGEN On April 14, 2021, the Company and OyaGen, Inc. (“OyaGen”) entered into an exclusive License Agreement (the “OyaGen License Agreement”) pursuant to which OyaGen granted to Tonix an exclusive license to certain patents and technical information related to an antiviral inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2, sangivamycin, and to develop and commercialize products thereunder, and to acquire rights to any technology based thereon for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 developed by OyaGen during the term of the License Agreement. As consideration for entering into the License Agreement, Tonix paid a low-seven digit license fee to OyaGen, and issued to OyaGen and an affiliated entity an aggregate of 86,010 shares of the Company’s common stock. The shares were valued at $ 3.0 million, which was recorded as research and development expense. The OyaGen License also provided for single-digit royalties and contingent milestone payments. In July 2022, the Company notified OyaGen of its intent to terminate the OyaGen License Agreement, and the agreement was terminated effective September 20, 2022. NOTE 14 – LICENSE AGREEMENT WITH INSERM On February 11, 2021, the Company entered into a license agreement (the “Inserm License Agreement”) pursuant to which it licensed technology using oxytocin-based therapeutics for the treatment of Prader-Willi syndrome and non-organic failure to thrive disease from Inserm (the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Aix-Marseille Université and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Toulouse. The Inserm License Agreement provides for the payment of annual fees and milestone payments upon the occurrence of specified sales milestones totaling approximately $ 0.4 million, as well royalties on net sales of products based on the licensed technology, and assignment/transfer and sublicense royalties. As of March 31, 2023, no milestone payments have been accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. 21 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) NOTE 15 – LICENSE AGREEMENTS WITH COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY On September 16, 2019, the Company entered into an exclusive License Agreement (the “Columbia License Agreement”) with the Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York (“Columbia”), as subsequently amended, pursuant to which Columbia granted to Tonix an exclusive license, with the right to sublicense, certain patents and technical information (collectively, the “TFF2 Technology”) related to a recombinant Trefoil Family Factor 2 (TFF2), and to develop and commercialize products thereunder (each, a “TFF2 Product”). Pursuant to the terms of the Columbia License Agreement, Columbia reserved for itself the right to practice the TFF2 Technology for academic research and educational purposes. The Company paid a five-digit license fee to Columbia as consideration for entering into the Columbia License Agreement, which was previously recorded to research and development expenses in the statement of operations. The Company is obligated to use Commercially Reasonable Efforts, as defined in the Columbia License Agreement, to develop and commercialize the TFF2 Product, and to achieve specified developmental milestones. The Company is obligated to pay Columbia single-digit royalties on net sales of (i) TFF2 Products sold by Tonix or a sublicensee and (ii) any other products that involve material or technical information related to the TFF2 Product and transferred to Tonix pursuant to the Columbia License Agreement (“Other Products”) sold by Tonix or a sublicensee. Royalties on each particular TFF2 Product are payable on a country-by-country and Product-by-Product basis until the latest of (i) the date of expiration of the last valid claim in the last to expire of the issued patents covered by the Columbia License Agreement, and (ii) a specified period of time after the first commercial sale of a TFF2 Product in the country in question. Royalties on each particular Other Product are payable on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis until a specified period of time after the first commercial sale of such particular Other Product in such country. Royalties payable on net sales of the TFF2 Product and Other Products may be reduced by 50 % of the royalties payable by Tonix to any third party for intellectual property rights which are necessary for the practice of the rights licensed to Tonix under the Columbia License Agreement, provided that the royalty payable on a Product or Other Product may not be reduced by more than 50 %. The Company is also obligated to make contingent milestone payments to Columbia totaling $ 4.1 million on a Product-by-Product basis upon the achievement of certain development, approval and sales milestones related to a TFF2 Product. In addition, the Company shall pay Columbia 5 % of consideration, other than royalty payments and certain other categories of consideration, payable to the Company by a sublicensee. As of March 31, 2023, no milestone payments have been accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. On May 20, 2019, the Company entered into an exclusive License Agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Columbia pursuant to which Columbia, for itself and on behalf of the University of Kentucky and the University of Michigan (collectively, the “Institutions”) granted to the Company an exclusive license, with the right to sublicense, certain patents, technical information and material (collectively, the “Technology”) related to a double-mutant cocaine esterase, and to develop and commercialize products thereunder (each, a “Product”). Pursuant to the terms of the License Agreement, Columbia has reserved for itself and the Institutions the right to practice the Technology for academic research and educational purposes. The Company paid a six-digit license fee to Columbia as consideration for entering into the License Agreement. The Company is obligated to use Commercially Reasonable Efforts, as defined in the License Agreement, to develop and commercialize the Product, and to achieve specified developmental milestones. 22 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) The Company agreed to pay Columbia single-digit royalties on net sales of (i) Products sold by the Company or a sublicensee and (ii) any other products that involve material or technical information related to the Product and transferred to the Company pursuant to the License Agreement (“Other Products”) sold by the Company or a sublicensee. Royalties on each particular Product are payable on a country-by-country and Product-by-Product basis until the latest of (i) the date of expiration of the last valid claim in the last to expire of the issued patents covered by the License Agreement, (ii) a specified period of time after the first commercial sale of a Product in the country in question, or (iii) expiration of any market exclusivity period granted by a regulatory agency. Royalties on each particular Other Product are payable on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis until the later of (i) a specified period of time after the first commercial sale of such particular Other Product in such country or (ii) expiration of any market exclusivity period granted by a regulatory agency. Royalties payable on net sales of the Product and Other Products may be reduced by 50 % of the royalties payable by the Company to any third party for intellectual property rights which are necessary for the practice of the rights licensed to the Company under the License Agreement, provided that the royalty payable on a Product or Other Product may not be reduced by more than 50 %. The Company is also obligated to make contingent milestone payments to Columbia totaling $ 3 million on a Product-by-Product basis upon the achievement of certain development, approval and sales milestones related to a Product. In addition, the Company shall pay Columbia 5 % of consideration, other than royalty payments and certain other categories of consideration, payable to the Company by a sublicensee. As of March 31, 2023 no milestone payments have been accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. On February 13, 2023, Tonix exercised an option to obtain an exclusive license from Columbia for the development of a portfolio of both fully human and murine mAbs for the treatment or prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including our TNX-3600 and TNX-4100 product candidates, respectively. The licensed mAbs were developed as part of a research collaboration and option agreement between Tonix and Columbia. NOTE 16 – SALE AND PURCHASE OF COMMON STOCK 2022 Lincoln Park Transaction On August 16, 2022, the Company entered into a purchase agreement (the “2022 Purchase Agreement”) and a registration rights agreement (the “2022 Registration Rights Agreement”) with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (“Lincoln Park”). Pursuant to the terms of the 2022 Purchase Agreement, Lincoln Park has agreed to purchase from the Company up to $ 50,000,000 of the Company’s common stock (subject to certain limitations) from time to time during the term of the 2022 Purchase Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the 2022 Registration Rights Agreement, the Company filed with the SEC a registration statement to register for resale under the Securities Act the shares that have been or may be issued to Lincoln Park under the 2022 Purchase Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the 2022 Purchase Agreement, at the time the Company signed the 2022 Purchase Agreement and the 2022 Registration Rights Agreement, the Company issued 625,000 shares of common stock to Lincoln Park as consideration for its commitment to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock under the 2022 Purchase Agreement. The commitment shares were valued at $ 1,000,000 and recorded as an addition to equity for the issuance of the common stock and treated as a reduction to equity as a cost of capital to be raised under the 2022 Purchase Agreement. During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the Company sold 0.6 million shares of common stock under the 2022 Purchase Agreement, for net proceeds of approximately $ 0.4 million. 23 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park On December 3, 2021, the Company entered into a purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park”) and a registration rights agreement (the “Lincoln Park Registration Rights Agreement”) with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (“Lincoln Park”). Pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park, Lincoln Park has agreed to purchase from the Company up to $ 80,000,000 of the Company’s common stock (subject to certain limitations) from time to time during the term of the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park. Pursuant to the terms of the Lincoln Park Registration Rights Agreement, the Company filed with the SEC a registration statement to register for resale under the Securities Act the shares that have been or may be issued to Lincoln Park under the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park. Pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park, at the time the Company signed the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park and the Lincoln Park Registration Rights Agreement, the Company issued 90,910 shares of common stock to Lincoln Park as consideration for its commitment to purchase shares of our common stock under the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park. The commitment shares were valued at $ 1.6 million and recorded as an addition to equity for the issuance of the common stock and treated as a reduction to equity as a cost of capital to be raised under the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park. During the quarter ended March 31, 2022, the Company has sold 0.7 million shares of common stock under the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park, for net proceeds of approximately $ 4.5 million. At-the-Market Offerings On April 8, 2020, the Company entered into a sales agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with AGP pursuant to which the Company may issue and sell, from time to time, shares of the Company’s common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $ 320 .0 million in at-the-market offerings (“ATM”) sales. AGP will act as sales agent and will be paid a 3 % commission on each sale under the Sales Agreement. The Company’s common stock will be sold at prevailing market prices at the time of the sale, and, as a result, prices will vary. During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the Company sold approximately 3.2 million shares of common stock under the Sales Agreement, for net proceeds of approximately $ 2 .0 million. During the quarter ended March 31, 2022, the Company sold approximately 1.1 million shares of common stock under the Sales Agreement, for net proceeds of approximately $ 8.5 million. Subsequent to March 31, 2023, the Company sold 0.9 million shares of common stock under the Sales Agreement, for net proceeds of approximately $ 0.5 million. Stock repurchases Since January 1, 2023, the Company has repurchased 15,700,269 of its shares of common stock outstanding under its 2022 share repurchase program for up to $ 12.5 million at prices ranging from $ 0.44 to $ 1.38 per share for a gross aggregate cost of approximately $ 12.5 million. In January 2023, the Board of Directors approved a new 2023 share repurchase program pursuant to which the Company may repurchase up to $ 12.5 million in value of its outstanding common stock from time to time on the open market and in privately negotiated transactions subject to market conditions, share price and other factors. Since January 1, 2023, the Company has repurchased 1,000,000 of its shares of common stock outstanding under the new 2023 share repurchase program at $ 1.14 per share for a gross aggregate cost of $ 1.1 million. The timing and amount of any shares repurchased will be determined based on the Company’s evaluation of market conditions and other factors and the New Share Repurchase Program may be discontinued or suspended at any time. Repurchases will be made in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission and certain other legal requirements to which the Company may be subject. Repurchases may be made, in part, under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, which allows stock repurchases when the Company might otherwise be precluded from doing so. 24 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) NOTE 17 – STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION On May 3, 2019, the Company’s stockholders approved the Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 2019 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”). The 2019 Plan provided for the issuance of up to 4,375 shares of common stock. With the adoption of the 2020 Plan (as defined below), no further grants may be made under the 2019 Plan. On January 16, 2020, the Company’s stockholders approved the Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”). The 2020 Plan provided for the issuance of up to 18,750 shares of common stock. With the adoption of the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan (as defined below), no further grants may be made under the 2020 Plan. On May 1, 2020, the Company’s stockholders approved the Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Amended and Restated 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (“Amended and Restated 2020 Plan”), and together with the 2020 Plan and the 2019 Plan, the “Plans”). Under the terms of the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan, the Company may issue (1) stock options (incentive and nonstatutory), (2) restricted stock, (3) stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), (4) RSUs, (5) other stock-based awards, and (6) cash-based awards. The Amended and Restated 2020 Plan initially provided for the issuance of up to 312,500 shares of common stock, which amount will be increased to the extent that awards granted under the Plans are forfeited, expire or are settled for cash (except as otherwise provided in the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan). In addition, the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan contains an “evergreen provision” providing for an annual increase in the number of shares of our common stock available for issuance under the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan on January 1 of each year for a period of ten years, commencing on January 1, 2021 and ending on (and including) January 1, 2030, in an amount equal to the difference between (x) twenty percent ( 20 %) of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on December 31st of the preceding calendar year, and (y) the total number of shares of common stock reserved under the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan on December 31 st of such preceding calendar year (including shares subject to outstanding awards, issued pursuant to awards or available for future awards). The Board of Directors determines the exercise price, vesting and expiration period of the grants under the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan. However, the exercise price of an incentive stock option may not be less than 110 % of fair value of the common stock at the date of the grant for a 10% or more shareholder and 100 % of fair value for a grantee who is not a 10% shareholder. The fair value of the common stock is determined based on quoted market price or in absence of such quoted market price, by the Board of Directors in good faith. Additionally, the expiration period of grants under the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan may not be more than ten years . As of March 31, 2023, 7,055,296 options were available for future grants under the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan. General A summary of the stock option activity and related information for the Plans for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is as follows: Shares Weighted-Average Exercise Price Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term Aggregate Intrinsic Value Outstanding at December 31, 2022 2,453,031 $ 28.93 8.70 $ — Grants 5,804,803 0.77 Exercised — — Forfeitures or expirations ( 17,399 ) 76.48 Outstanding at March 31, 2023 8,240,435 $ 8.99 9.47 $ — Exercisable at March 31, 2023 892,008 $ 50.68 7.81 $ 25 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) The aggregate intrinsic value in the preceding table represents the total pretax intrinsic value, based on options with an exercise price less than the Company’s closing stock price at the respective dates. The weighted average fair value of options granted for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 0.66 and $ 5.74 per share, respectively. The Company measures the fair value of stock options on the date of grant, based on the Black Scholes option pricing model using certain assumptions discussed below, and the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant. The fair value of the award is measured on the grant date. One-third of most stock options granted pursuant to the Plans vest 12 months from the date of grant and 1/36 th each month thereafter for 24 months and expire ten years from the date of grant. In addition, the Company issues options to directors which vest over a one -year period. The Company also issues premium options to executive officers which have an exercise price greater than the grant date fair value and has issued performance-based options which vest when target parameters are met or probable of being met, subject in each case to a one year minimum service period prior to vesting. Stock-based compensation expense related to awards is amortized over the applicable service period using the straight-line method. The assumptions used in the valuation of stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows : Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 Risk-free interest rate 3.59 % to 4.02 % 1.67 % to 2.22 % Expected term of option 5.00 to 6.00 years 6.00 to 6.25 years Expected stock price volatility 133.07 % to 142.72 % 131.61 % to 133.20 % Expected dividend yield 0.0 0.0 The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield of Daily U.S. Treasury Yield Curve Rates with terms equal to the expected term of the options as of the grant date. The expected term of options is determined using the simplified method, as provided in an SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin, and the expected stock price volatility is based on the Company’ historical stock price volatility. Stock-based compensation expense relating to options granted of $ 2.8 million, of which $ 2 .0 million and $ 0.8 million, related to General and Administration and Research and Development, respectively was recognized for the quarter ended March 31, 2023. Stock-based compensation expense relating to options granted of $ 2.6 million, of which $ 1.9 million and $ 0.7 million, related to General and Administration and Research and Development, respectively was recognized for the quarter ended March 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $ 12.6 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested awards granted under the Plans, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted average period of 2 .00 years. Employee Stock Purchase Plans On May 3, 2019, the Company’s stockholders approved the Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holdings Corp. 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2019 ESPP”). As a result of adoption of the 2020 ESPP, as defined below, by the stockholders, no further grants may be made under the 2019 ESPP Plan. On May 1, 2020, the Company’s stockholders approved the Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holdings Corp. 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2020 ESPP”). No further grants may be made under the 2020 ESPP Plan. On May 6, 2022, the Company’s stockholders approved the Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holdings Corp. 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2022 ESPP”, and together with the 2019 ESPP and the 2020 ESPP, the “ESPP Plans”)). 26 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED) The 2022 ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase up to an aggregate of 93,750 shares of the Company’s common stock. Under the 2022 ESPP, on the first day of each offering period, each eligible employee for that offering period has the option to enroll for that offering period, which allows the eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at the end of the offering period. Each offering period under the 2022 ESPP is for six months, which can be modified from time-to-time. Subject to limitations, each participant will be permitted to purchase a number of shares determined by dividing the employee’s accumulated payroll deductions for the offering period by the applicable purchase price, which is equal to 85 percent of the fair market value of our common stock at the beginning or end of each offering period, whichever is less. A participant must designate in his or her enrollment package the percentage (if any) of compensation to be deducted during that offering period for the purchase of stock under the 2022 ESPP, subject to the statutory limit under the Code. As of March 31, 2023, 9 shares were available for future sales under the 2022 ESPP. The 2022 and 2020 ESPP are considered compensatory plans with the related compensation cost expensed over the six-month offering period. No expenditure was recorded during either the quarter ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. In January 2022, 4,033 shares that were purchased as of December 31, 2021, under the 2020 ESPP, were issued. Accordingly, during the first quarter of 2022, approximately $ 40,000 of employee payroll deductions accumulated at December 31, 2021, related to acquiring such shares, was transferred from accrued expenses to additional paid in capital. The remaining $ 30,000 was returned to the employees. In January 2023, 93,741 shares that were purchased as of December 31, 2022, under the 2022 ESPP, were issued. Accordingly, during the first quarter of 2023, approximately $ 29,000 of employee payroll deductions accumulated at December 31, 2022, related to acquiring such shares, was transferred from accrued expenses to additional paid in capital. The remaining $ 14,000 was returned to the employees. NOTE 18 – WARRANTS TO PURCHASE COMMON STOCK The following table summarizes information with respect to outstanding warrants to purchase common stock of the Company at March 31, 2023: Exercise Number Expiration Price Outstanding Date $ 16.00 779 November 2024 $ 18.24 3,860 February 2025 $ 1,120.00 15,331 December 2023 19,970 No warrants were exercised during the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. NOTE 19 – LEASES The Company has various operating lease agreements, which are primarily for office space. These agreements frequently include one or more renewal options and require the Company to pay for utilities, taxes, insurance and maintenance expense. No lease agreement imposes a restriction on the Company’s ability to engage in financing transactions or enter into further lease agreements. At March 31, 2023, the Company has right-of-use assets of $ 1.0 million and a total lease liability for operating leases of $ 1.0 million of which $ 0.6 million is included in long-term lease liabilities and $ 0.4 million is included in current lease liabilities. 27 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MARCH 31, 2022 AND 2021 (UNAUDITED) At March 31, 2023, future minimum lease payments for operating leases with non-cancelable terms of more than one year were as follows (in thousands): Year Ending December 31, Remainder of 2023 $ 365 2024 369 2025 209 2026 62 2027 and beyond 77 1,082 Included interest ( 56 ) $ 1,026 During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the Company entered into lease amendments, resulting in the Company recognizing an additional operating lease liability of approximately $ 528,000 based on the present value of the minimum rental payments. The Company also recognized a corresponding increase to ROU assets of approximately $ 528,000 . Operating lease expenses were $ 0.1 and $ 0.2 million for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Other information related to leases is as follows: As of and for the Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 Operating cash flow from operating leases (in thousands) $ 138 $ 156 Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term Operating leases 2.81 years 2.70 years Weighted Average Discount Rate Operating leases 3.60 % 1.37 % NOTE 20 – COMMITMENTS Contractual agreements The Company has entered into contracts with various contract research organizations with outstanding commitments aggregating approximately $ 54.4 million at March 31, 2023 for future work to be performed. Defined contribution plan The Company established a qualified defined contribution plan (the “401(k) Plan”) pursuant to Section 401(k) of the Code, whereby all eligible employees may participate. Participants may elect to defer a percentage of their annual pretax compensation to the 401(k) Plan, subject to defined limitations. The Company is required to make contributions to the 401(k) Plan equal to 100 percent of each participant’s pretax contributions of up to six percent of his or her eligible compensation, and the Company is also required to make a contribution equal to three percent of each participant’s salary, on an annual basis, subject to limitations under the Code. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company charged operations $ 300,000 and $ 191,000 , respectively, for contributions under the 401(k) Plan. 28 NOTE 21 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS Subsequent to March 31, 2023, the Company sold 0.9 million shares of common stock under the Sales Agreement, for net proceeds of approximately $ 0.5 million. 29 ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations includes a number of forward-looking statements that reflect Management’s current views with respect to future events and financial performance. You can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as “may” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate” and “continue,” or similar words. Those statements include statements regarding the intent, belief or current expectations of us and members of its management team as well as the assumptions on which such statements are based. Prospective investors are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risk and uncertainties, and that actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by such forward-looking statements. Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made by us in this report and in our other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Important factors known to us could cause actual results to differ materially from those in forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise forward-looking statements to reflect changed assumptions, the occurrence of unanticipated events or changes in the future operating results over time. We believe that its assumptions are based upon reasonable data derived from and known about our business and operations. No assurances are made that actual results of operations or the results of our future activities will not differ materially from its assumptions. Factors that could cause differences include, but are not limited to: the COVID-19 pandemic, including its impact on the Company, substantial competition; our possible need for additional financing; uncertainties of patent protection and litigation; uncertainties of government or third party payor reimbursement; limited research and development efforts and dependence upon third parties; and risks related to failure to obtain clearances or approvals from the United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and noncompliance with FDA regulations. Business Overview We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering, licensing, acquiring, developing and commercializing therapeutics and vaccines to treat and prevent human disease and alleviate suffering. Our portfolio is composed of central nervous system (CNS), rare disease, immunology and infectious disease product candidates. Our CNS portfolio includes both small molecules and biologics to treat pain, neurologic, psychiatric and addiction conditions. Our lead CNS candidate, TNX-102 SL (cyclobenzaprine HCl sublingual tablet), is in mid-Phase 3 development for the management of fibromyalgia with topline data expected in the fourth quarter of 2023. TNX-102 SL is also being developed to treat Long COVID, a chronic post-acute COVID-19 condition. Enrollment in a Phase 2 study has been completed, and topline results are expected in the third quarter of 2023. TNX-1900 (intranasal potentiated oxytocin), in development for chronic migraine, is currently enrolling with topline data expected in the fourth quarter of 2023. TNX-601 ER (tianeptine hemioxalate extended-release tablets), a once-daily formulation being developed as a treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), is also currently enrolling with interim data expected in the fourth quarter of 2023. TNX-1300 (cocaine esterase) is a biologic designed to treat cocaine intoxication and has been granted Breakthrough Therapy designation by the FDA. A Phase 2 study of TNX-1300 is expected to be initiated in the third quarter of 2023. TNX-4300 is being developed to treat depression and TNX-1610 is being developed to treat Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Both the TNX-4300 and TNX-1610 programs are in the pre-clinical stage of development. Our rare disease portfolio includes TNX-2900 (intranasal potentiated oxytocin) for the treatment of Prader-Willi syndrome. TNX-2900 has been granted Orphan Drug designation by the FDA. Our immunology portfolio includes biologics to address organ transplant rejection, autoimmunity and cancer, including TNX-1500, which is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD40-ligand (CD40L or CD154) being developed for the prevention of allograft rejection and for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. A Phase 1 study of TNX-1500 is expected to be initiated in the third quarter of 2023. Our infectious disease pipeline includes TNX-801, a vaccine in development to prevent smallpox and mpox, for which a Phase 1 study is expected to be initiated in the second half of 2023. TNX-801 also serves as the live virus vaccine platform or recombinant pox vaccine platform for other infectious diseases. The infectious disease portfolio also includes TNX-3900 and TNX-4000, classes of broad-spectrum small molecule oral antivirals. All of our product candidates are investigational new drugs or biologics and have not been approved for any indication. 30 Results of Operations We anticipate that our results of operations will fluctuate for the foreseeable future due to several factors, such as the progress of our research and development efforts and the timing and outcome of regulatory submissions. Due to these uncertainties, accurate predictions of future operations are difficult or impossible to make. Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were $26.5 million, an increase of $8.1 million, or 44%, from $18.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. This increase is predominately due to increased clinical expenses of $4.0 million, non-clinical expenses of $0.8 million, lab supplies of $1.9 million, increased employee-related expenses of $1.9 million, increased building-related costs of $1.9 million, offset by a decrease in manufacturing expenses of $2.8 million. We expect research and development expenses to increase during 2023 as we move our clinical development programs forward and continue to invest in our development pipeline. The table below summarizes our direct research and development expenses for our product candidates and development platform for the quarters ended March 31, 2023, and 2022. March 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 Change Research and development expenses: Direct expenses – TNX - 102 SL $ 3,614 $ 3,523 $ 91 Direct expenses – TNX – 601 ER 2,597 264 2,333 Direct expenses – TNX – 801 782 9 773 Direct expenses – TNX - 1300 56 1,343 (1,287 ) Direct expenses – TNX - 1500 2,164 1,852 312 Direct expenses – TNX - 1800 703 2,976 (2,273) Direct expenses – TNX - 1900 2,219 738 1,481 Direct expenses – TNX - 3900 1,329 — 1,329 Direct expenses – Other programs 1,905 2,589 (684 ) Internal staffing, overhead and other 11,142 5,128 6,014 Total research & development $ 26,511 $ 18,422 $ 8,089 Our direct research and development expenses consist principally of external costs for clinical, nonclinical and manufacturing, such as fees paid to contractors, consultants and contract research organizations in connection with our development work. Included in “Internal Staffing, Overhead and Other” is overhead, supplies, research and development employee costs (including stock option expenses), travel, regulatory and legal. General and Administrative Expenses . General and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were $7.4 million, a decrease of $0.6 million, or 8%, from $8.0 million incurred in the three months ended March 31, 2022. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in financial reporting expenses of $1.1 million, related to the special shareholder meeting in Q1 2022, offset by an increase in employee-related expenses of $0.2 million, an increase in travel of $0.1 million, and an increase in office-related expenses of $0.2 million. Net Loss . As a result of the forgoing, the net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023, was $33.0 million, compared to a net loss of $26.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, an increase of $6.6 million or 25%. 31 License Agreements On February 13, 2023, we exercised an option to obtain an exclusive license from Columbia for the development of a portfolio of both fully human and murine mAbs for the treatment or prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including our TNX-3600 and TNX-4100 product candidates, respectively. The licensed mAbs were developed as part of a research collaboration and option agreement between us and Columbia. On December 12, 2022, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with Curia for the development of three humanized murine mAbs for the treatment or prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We believe that the licensing of these mAbs strengthens our pipeline of next-generation therapeutics to treat COVID-19, which is caused by SARS-CoV-2. As consideration for entering into the License Agreement, we paid a license fee of approximately $0.4 million to Curia. The License Agreement also provides for single-digit royalties and contingent milestone payments. As of March 31, 2023, other than the upfront fee, no payments have been accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. On May 18, 2022, we entered into an exclusive License Agreement with the University of Alberta focused on identifying and testing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs against future variants of SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging viruses. As consideration for entering into the License Agreement, we paid a low-five digit license fee to University of Alberta. The License Agreement also provides for single-digit royalties and contingent milestone payments. As of March 31, 2023, other than the upfront fee, no payments have been accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. On April 14, 2021, we and OyaGen, Inc. (“OyaGen”) entered into an exclusive License Agreement (the “OyaGen License Agreement”) pursuant to which OyaGen granted us an exclusive license to certain patents and technical information related to an antiviral inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2, sangivamycin, and to develop and commercialize products thereunder, and to acquire rights to any technology based thereon for the prevention or treatment of Covid-19 developed by OyaGen during the term of the License Agreement. As consideration for entering into the License Agreement, we agreed to pay a low-seven digit license fee to OyaGen, and agreed to issue to OyaGen and an affiliated entity an aggregate of 86,010 shares of our common stock, valued at $3.0 million, which are unregistered and subject to a six-month lock-up and a voting agreement, pursuant to which OyaGen and the affiliated entity have agreed to vote the common stock on any matter put to a vote of the shareholders of the Company in accordance with management’s recommendations. The OyaGen License also provides for single-digit royalties and contingent milestone payments. No milestone payments were accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. In July 2022, we notified OyaGen of our intent to terminate the License Agreement, and the agreement was terminated effective September 20, 2022. On February 11, 2021, we entered into a license agreement (the “Inserm License Agreement”) pursuant to which we licensed technology using oxytocin-based therapeutics for the treatment of Prader-Willi syndrome and non-organic failure to thrive disease from Inserm (the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Aix-Marseille Université and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Toulouse. The Inserm License Agreement provides for the payment of annual fees and milestone payments upon the occurrence of specified sales milestones, totaling approximately $0.4 million, as well royalties on net sales of products based on the licensed technology, and assignment/transfer and sublicense royalties. As of March 31, 2023, no milestone payments have been accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. On September 16, 2019, we entered into an exclusive License Agreement (the “Columbia License Agreement”) with the Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York (“Columbia”), as subsequently amended, pursuant to which Columbia granted to us an exclusive license, with the right to sublicense, certain patents and technical information (collectively, the “TFF2 Technology”) related to a recombinant Trefoil Family Factor 2 (TFF2), and to develop and commercialize products thereunder (each, a “TFF2 Product”). Pursuant to the terms of the Columbia License Agreement, Columbia has reserved for itself the right to practice the TFF2 Technology for academic research and educational purposes. 32 We paid a five-digit license fee to Columbia as consideration for entering into the Columbia License Agreement, which was previously recorded to research and development expenses in the statement of operations. We are obligated to use Commercially Reasonable Efforts, as defined in the Columbia License Agreement, to develop and commercialize the TFF2 Product, and to achieve specified developmental milestones. We are obligated to pay Columbia single-digit royalties on net sales of (i) TFF2 Products sold by us or a sublicensee and (ii) any other products that involve material or technical information related to the TFF2 Product and transferred to us pursuant to the License Agreement (“Other Products”) sold by us or a sublicensee. Royalties on each particular TFF2 Product are payable on a country-by-country and Product-by-Product basis until the latest of (i) the date of expiration of the last valid claim in the last to expire of the issued patents covered by the Columbia License Agreement, and (ii) a specified period of time after the first commercial sale of a TFF2 Product in the country in question. Royalties on each particular Other Product are payable on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis until a specified period of time after the first commercial sale of such particular Other Product in such country. Royalties payable on net sales of the TFF2 Product and Other Products may be reduced by 50% of the royalties payable by us to any third party for intellectual property rights which are necessary for the practice of the rights licensed to us under the Columbia License Agreement, provided that the royalty payable on a TFF2 Product or Other Product may not be reduced by more than 50%. We are also obligated to make contingent milestone payments to Columbia totaling $4.1 million on a Product-by-Product basis upon the achievement of certain development, approval and sales milestones related to a TFF2 Product. In addition, we shall pay Columbia 5% of consideration, other than royalty payments and certain other categories of consideration, payable to us by a sublicensee. As of March 31, 2023, no milestone payments have been accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. On May 20, 2019, we entered into an exclusive License Agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Columbia pursuant to which Columbia, for itself and on behalf of the University of Kentucky and the University of Michigan (collectively, the “Institutions”) granted to us an exclusive license, with the right to sublicense, certain patents, technical information and material (collectively, the “Technology”) related to a double-mutant cocaine esterase, and to develop and commercialize products thereunder (each, a “Product”). Pursuant to the terms of the License Agreement, Columbia has reserved for itself and the Institutions the right to practice the Technology for academic research and educational purposes. We paid a six-digit license fee to Columbia as consideration for entering into the License Agreement. We are obligated to use Commercially Reasonable Efforts, as defined in the License Agreement, to develop and commercialize the Product, and to achieve specified developmental milestones. We are obligated to pay Columbia single-digit royalties on net sales of (i) Products sold by us or a sublicensee and (ii) any other products that involve material or technical information related to the Product and transferred to us pursuant to the License Agreement (“Other Products”) sold by us or a sublicensee. Royalties on each particular Product are payable on a country-by-country and Product-by-Product basis until the latest of (i) the date of expiration of the last valid claim in the last to expire of the issued patents covered by the License Agreement, (ii) a specified period of time after the first commercial sale of a Product in the country in question, or (iii) expiration of any market exclusivity period granted by a regulatory agency. Royalties on each particular Other Product are payable on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis until the later of (i) a specified period of time after the first commercial sale of such particular Other Product in such country or (ii) expiration of any market exclusivity period granted by a regulatory agency. Royalties payable on net sales of the Product and Other Products may be reduced by 50% of the royalties payable by us to any third party for intellectual property rights which are necessary for the practice of the rights licensed to us under the License Agreement, provided that the royalty payable on a Product or Other Product may not be reduced by more than 50%. We are also obligated to make contingent milestone payments to Columbia totaling $3 million on a Product-by-Product basis upon the achievement of certain development, approval and sales milestones related to a Product. In addition, we shall pay Columbia 5% of consideration, other than royalty payments and certain other categories of consideration, payable to us by a sublicensee. As of March 31, 2023, no milestone payments have been accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. 33 Asset Purchase Agreements On February 2, 2023, we entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “Asset Purchase Agreement”) with Healion Bio Inc., pursuant to which we acquired all the pre-clinical infectious disease assets of Healion, including its portfolio of next-generation antiviral technology assets. Healion’s drug portfolio includes a class of broad-spectrum small molecule oral antiviral drug candidates with a novel host-directed mechanism of action, including TNX-3900, formerly known as HB-121. As consideration for entering into the Asset Purchase Agreement, we paid $1.2 million to Healion. Because the Healion intellectual property was acquired prior to FDA approval, the cash consideration totaling $1.2 million, was expensed as research and development costs since there is no alternative future use and the acquired intellectual property does not constitute a business. On December 22, 2020, we entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “Asset Purchase Agreement”) with Katana Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Katana”) pursuant to which we acquired Katana assets related to insulin resistance and related syndromes, including obesity (the “Katana Assets”). In connection with the acquisition of the Assets, we assumed Katana’s rights and obligations under that certain Exclusive License Agreement by and between Katana and The University of Geneva (“Geneva”) (the “Geneva License “Agreement”) pursuant to an Assignment and Assumption Agreement with Geneva (“Geneva Assignment and Assumption Agreement”), dated December 22, 2020. As consideration for entering into the Asset Purchase Agreement, we paid $0.7 million to Katana. Because the Katana intellectual property was acquired prior to FDA approval, the cash consideration totaling $0.7 million, was expensed as research and development costs since there is no alternative future use and the acquired intellectual property does not constitute a business. Pursuant to the terms of the Geneva Assignment and Assumption Agreement, Geneva granted us an exclusive license, with the right to sublicense, certain patents related to the Katana Assets. We are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to diligently develop, manufacture, and sell products claimed or covered by the patent and will use commercially reasonable efforts to diligently develop markets for such products. The Geneva License Agreement specifies developmental milestones and the period of time during which such milestones must be completed and provides for an annual maintenance fee payable to Geneva. As of March 31, 2023, no milestone payments have been accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. On June 11, 2020, we entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “Trigemina Asset Purchase Agreement”) with Trigemina, Inc. (“Trigemina”) and certain shareholders named therein (the “Executive Shareholders”) pursuant to which we acquired Trigemina assets related to migraine and pain treatment technologies (the “Trigemina Assets”). In connection with the acquisition of the Trigemina Assets, we assumed Trigemina’s rights and obligations under that certain Amended and Restated Exclusive License Agreement, dated November 30, 2007, as amended, by and between Trigemina and The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (“Stanford”) (the “Stanford License “Agreement”) pursuant to an Assignment and Assumption Agreement with Stanford (“Assignment and Assumption Agreement”), dated June 11, 2020. As consideration for entering into the Trigemina Asset Purchase Agreement, we paid $824,759 to Trigemina and issued to Trigemina 62,500 shares of our common stock and paid Stanford $250,241 pursuant to the terms of the Assignment and Assumption Agreement. The common stock is unregistered and subject to a 12 month lock-up and a Shareholder Voting Agreement, dated June 11, 2020, pursuant to which Trigemina and the Executive Shareholders have agreed to vote the common stock on any matter put to a vote of our shareholders in accordance with management’s recommendations. Both the costs associated with the cash payments and share issuance, totaling $2.4 million, were previously recorded to research and development in the statement of operations. Because the Trigemina intellectual property was acquired prior to FDA approval, the cash and stock consideration was expensed as research and development costs since there is no alternative future use and the acquired intellectual property does not constitute a business. Pursuant to the terms of the Assignment and Assumption Agreement, Stanford has granted us an exclusive license, with the right to sublicense, certain patents related to the Trigemina Assets. Stanford has reserved for itself the right to practice under the patents for academic research and educational purposes. We are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to diligently develop, manufacture, and sell products claimed or covered by the patent and will use commercially reasonable efforts to diligently develop markets for such products. The Stanford License Agreement specifies developmental milestones and the period of time during which such milestones must be completed, and provides for an annual maintenance fee payable to Stanford. As of March 31, 2023, other than the annual maintenance fee, no milestone payments have been accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. 34 On August 19, 2019, we entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “TRImaran Asset Purchase Agreement”) with TRImaran Pharma, Inc. (“TRImaran”) and the selling shareholders named therein (the “Selling Shareholders”) pursuant to which we acquired TRImaran’s assets related to certain pyran-based compounds (the “TRImaran Assets”). In connection with the acquisition of the TRImaran Assets, we entered into a First Amended and Restated Exclusive License Agreement (the “WSU License Agreement”) with Wayne State University (“WSU”) on August 19, 2019, as subsequently amended. As consideration for entering into the TRImaran Asset Purchase Agreement, we paid $100,000 to TRImaran and have assumed certain liabilities of TRImaran totaling $68,500. The $168,500 was previously recorded to research and development expenses in the statement of operations. Upon the achievement of specified development, regulatory and sales milestones, we also agreed to pay TRImaran and the Selling Shareholders, in restricted stock or cash, at our option, a total of approximately $3.4 million. Pursuant to the terms of the TRImaran Asset Purchase Agreement, TRImaran and the Selling Shareholders are prohibited from disclosing confidential information related to the TRImaran Assets and are restricted from engaging, for a period of three years, in the development or commercialization of any therapeutic containing any pyran-based drug compound for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or major depressive disorder. Also for a period of three years, if TRImaran or any Selling Shareholder engage in the research or development of any potential therapeutic compound for the treatment of any central nervous system disorder, TRImaran or such Selling Shareholder is obliged to provide notice and opportunity to Tonix to make an offer to acquire or license rights with respect to such product candidate. As of March 31, 2023, no milestone payments have been accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the WSU License Agreement, WSU granted us an exclusive license, with the right to sublicense, certain patents, technical information and material (collectively, the “Technology”) related to the TRImaran Assets. WSU has reserved for itself the right to practice the Technology for academic research and educational purposes. We are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain regulatory approval for one or more products utilizing the Technology (“WSU Products”) and to use commercially reasonable marketing efforts throughout the term of the WSU License Agreement. The WSU License Agreement specifies developmental milestones and the period of time during which such milestones must be completed and provides for an annual maintenance fee payable to WSU. We are obligated to substantially manufacture WSU Products in the United States if WSU Products will be sold in the United States. Pursuant to the WSU License Agreement, we paid $75,000 to WSU as reimbursement of certain patent expenses, and, upon the achievement of specified development, regulatory and sales milestones, we also agreed to pay WSU, milestone payments totaling approximately $3.4 million. We have also agreed to pay WSU single-digit royalties on net sales of WSU Products sold by us or a sublicensee on a tiered basis based on net sales, and additional sublicense fees on certain consideration received from sublicensees. Royalties on each particular WSU Product are payable on a country-by-country and Product-by-Product basis until the date of expiration of the last valid claim in the last to expire of the issued patents covered by the WSU License Agreement. Royalties payable on net sales of WSU Products may be reduced by 50% of the royalties payable by us to any third party for intellectual property rights which are necessary for the practice of the rights licensed to us under the WSU License Agreement, provided that the royalty payable on a WSU Product may not be reduced by more than 50%. Each party also has the right to terminate the agreement for customary reasons such as material breach and bankruptcy. The WSU License Agreement contains provisions relating to termination, indemnification, confidentiality and other customary matters for an agreement of this kind. As of March 31, 2023, no milestone payments have been accrued or paid in relation to this agreement. 35 Liquidity and Capital Resources As of March 31, 2023, we had working capital of $70.7 million, comprised primarily of cash and cash equivalents of $72.0 million and prepaid expenses and other of $11.8 million, offset by $8.0 million of accounts payable, $4.6 million of accrued expenses and current lease liabilities of $0.4 million. A significant portion of the accounts payable and accrued expenses are due to work performed in relation to our Phase 3 clinical trial in FM. The following table provides a summary of operating, investing and financing cash flows for the quarters ended March 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively (in thousands): March 31, 2023 2022 Net cash used in operating activities $ (32,911 ) $ (31,046 ) Net cash used in investing activities (3,799 ) (20,217 ) Net cash (used) provided by financing activities (11,500 ) 13,063 For the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022, we used approximately $32.9 million and $31.1 million of cash in operating activities, respectively, which represents cash outlays for research and development and general and administrative expenses in such periods. The increase in cash outlays principally resulted from an increase in research and development and general and administrative activities. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, net proceeds used by financing activities were $11.5 million, predominately from the repurchase of our common stock. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, net proceeds provided by financing activities were $13.1 million, predominately from the sale of our common stock. Cash used by investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022, was $3.8 million and $20.2 million respectively, related to the purchase of property and equipment. The decrease is predominately due to less property and equipment purchases as the ADC and RDC were placed in service during 2022. We believe that our cash resources at March 31, 2023, and the proceeds that we raised from equity offerings subsequent to the end of the first quarter of 2023, will meet our operating and capital expenditure requirements into the fourth quarter of 2023, but not beyond. We continue to face significant challenges and uncertainties and, as a result, our available capital resources may be consumed more rapidly than currently expected due to changes we may make in our research and development spending plans. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for the one year period from the date of filing of this Form 10-Q. We have the ability to obtain additional funding through public or private financing or collaborative arrangements with strategic partners to increase the funds available to fund operations. However, we may not be able to raise capital on terms acceptable to us. Without additional funds, we may be forced to delay, scale back or eliminate some of our research and development activities, or other operations and potentially delay product development in an effort to provide sufficient funds to continue our operations. If any of these events occurs, our ability to achieve our development and commercialization goals would be adversely affected. Future Liquidity Requirements We expect to incur losses from operations for the near future. We expect to incur increasing research and development expenses, including expenses related to additional clinical trials and the buildout of our research and development operations and manufacturing. We will not have enough resources to meet our operating requirements for the one-year period from filing date of this report. Our future capital requirements will depend on a number of factors, including the progress of our research and development of product candidates, the timing and outcome of regulatory approvals, the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights, the status of competitive products, the availability of financing and our success in developing markets for our product candidates. We will need to obtain additional capital in order to fund future research and development activities and future capital expenditures. Future financing may include the issuance of equity or debt securities, obtaining credit facilities, or other financing mechanisms. Even if we are able to raise the funds required, it is possible that we could incur unexpected costs and expenses, fail to collect significant amounts owed to us, or experience unexpected cash requirements that would force us to seek alternative financing. Furthermore, if we issue additional equity or debt securities, shareholders may experience additional dilution or the new equity securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing holders of our common stock. 36 If additional financing is not available or is not available on acceptable terms, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate our research and development programs, reduce our commercialization efforts or obtain funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or others that may require us to relinquish rights to certain product candidates that we might otherwise seek to develop or commercialize independently. Share Repurchase Program Since January 1, 2023, we have repurchased 15,700,269 of our shares of common stock outstanding under the 2022 share repurchase program for up to $12.5 million at prices ranging from $0.44 to $1.38 per share for a gross aggregate cost of approximately $12.5 million . In January 2023, the Board of Directors approved a new 2023 share repurchase program pursuant to which we may repurchase up to an additional $12.5 million in value of our outstanding common stock from time to time on the open market and in privately negotiated transactions subject to market conditions, share price and other factors. Since January 1, 2023, we have repurchased 1,000,000 of our shares of common stock outstanding under the new 2023 share repurchase program at $1.14 per share for a gross aggregate cost of $1.1 million . Convertible Redeemable Preferred stock On October 26, 2022, we issued 1,400,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock and 100,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock to certain institutional investors in a private placement. The Preferred Stock had an aggregate stated value of $15,000,000. Each share of the Preferred Stock had a purchase price of $9.50, representing an OID of 5% of the stated value. The shares of the preferred stock were convertible into shares of our common stock, upon the occurrence of certain events, at a conversion price of $1.00 per share, at the option of the holder, and at our option upon the fulfillment of certain conditions and subject to certain limitations. The Company and the holders of the preferred stock also entered into a registration rights agreement to register the resale of the shares of common stock issuable in the event of the conversion of the preferred stock. The $14.3 million in gross proceeds of the offering were held in an escrow account, along with an additional $1.5 million deposited by the Company to cover the aggregate OID as well as the additional amount that would have been necessary to fund the 105% redemption price until the expiration of the redemption period for the Preferred Stock. All outstanding shares of the Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock and Series B Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock were redeemed in December 2022 at 105% of the $10.00 stated value of the Preferred Stock, or $15.8 million in the aggregate. On June 24, 2022, we issued 2,500,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock and 500,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock to certain institutional investors in a private placement. The Preferred Stock had an aggregate stated value of $30,000,000. Each share of the Preferred Stock had a purchase price of $9.50, representing an OID of 5% of the stated value. The shares of the preferred stock were convertible into shares of our common stock, upon the occurrence of certain events, at a conversion price of $4.00 per share, at the option of the holder, and at our option upon the fulfillment of certain conditions and subject to certain limitations. The Company and the holders of the preferred stock also entered into a registration rights agreement to register the resale of the shares of common stock issuable in the event of the conversion of the preferred stock. The $28.5 million in gross proceeds of the offering were held in an escrow account, along with an additional $3.0 million deposited by the Company to cover the aggregate OID as well as the additional amount that would have been necessary to fund the 105% redemption price until the expiration of the redemption period for the Preferred Stock. All outstanding shares of the Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock and Series B Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock were redeemed in August 2022 at 105% of the $10.00 stated value of the Preferred Stock, or $31.5 million in the aggregate. 37 2022 Lincoln Park Transaction On August 16, 2022, we entered into a purchase agreement (the “2022 Purchase Agreement”) and a registration rights agreement (the “2022 Registration Rights Agreement”) with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (“Lincoln Park”). Pursuant to the terms of the 2022 Purchase Agreement, Lincoln Park has agreed to purchase from us up to $50,000,000 of our common stock (subject to certain limitations) from time to time during the term of the 2022 Purchase Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the 2022 Registration Rights Agreement, we filed with the SEC a registration statement to register for resale under the Securities Act the shares that have been or may be issued to Lincoln Park under the 2022 Purchase Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the 2022 Purchase Agreement, at the time we signed the 2022 Purchase Agreement and the 2022 Registration Rights Agreement, we issued 625,000 shares of common stock to Lincoln Park as consideration for its commitment to purchase shares of our common stock under the 2022 Purchase Agreement. The commitment shares were valued at $1,000,000 and recorded as an addition to equity for the issuance of the common stock and treated as a reduction to equity as a cost of capital to be raised under the 2022 Purchase Agreement. During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, we sold 0.6 million shares of common stock under the 2022 Purchase Agreement, for net proceeds of approximately $0.4 million. Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park On December 3, 2021, we entered into a purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park”) and a registration rights agreement (the “Lincoln Park Registration Rights Agreement”) with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (“Lincoln Park”). Pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park, Lincoln Park has agreed to purchase from us up to $80,000,000 of our common stock (subject to certain limitations) from time to time during the term of the Purchase Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the Lincoln Park Registration Rights Agreement, we filed with the SEC a registration statement to register for resale under the Securities Act the shares that have been or may be issued to Lincoln Park under the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park. Pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park, at the time we signed the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park and the Lincoln Park Registration Rights Agreement, we issued 90,910 shares of common stock to Lincoln Park as consideration for its commitment to purchase shares of our common stock under the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park. The commitment shares were valued at $1.6 million and recorded as an addition to equity for the issuance of the common stock and treated as a reduction to equity as a cost of capital to be raised under the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park. During the quarter ended March 31, 2022, we sold 0.7 million shares of our common stock under the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park, for net proceeds of approximately $4.5 million. At-the-Market Offering On April 8, 2020, we entered into a sales agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with AGP pursuant to which we may issue and sell, from time to time, shares of our Common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $320.0 million in at-the-market offerings (“ATM”) sales. AGP will act as sales agent and will be paid a 3% commission on each sale under the Sales Agreement. Our common stock will be sold at prevailing market prices at the time of the sale, and, as a result, prices will vary. During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, we sold approximately 3.2 million shares of common stock under the Sales Agreement, for net proceeds of approximately $2.0 million. During the quarter ended March 31, 2022, we sold approximately 1.1 million shares of common stock under the Sales Agreement, for net proceeds of approximately $8.5 million. Subsequent to March 31, 2023, we sold $0.9 million shares of common stock under the Sales Agreement, for net proceeds of approximately $0.5 million . 38 Stock Compensation Stock Incentive Plans On May 3, 2019, our stockholders approved the Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 2019 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”). The 2019 Plan provided for the issuance of up to 4,375 shares of our common stock. With the adoption of the 2020 Plan (as defined below), no further grants may be made under the 2019 Plan. On January 16, 2020, our stockholders approved the Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”). The 2020 Plan provided for the issuance of up to 18,750 shares of our common stock. With the adoption of the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan (as defined below), no further grants may be made under the 2020 Plan. On May 1, 2020, our stockholders approved the Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Amended and Restated 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (“Amended and Restated 2020 Plan”), and together with the 2020 Plan and the 2019 Plan, the “Plans”). Under the terms of the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan, we may issue (1) stock options (incentive and nonstatutory), (2) restricted stock, (3) stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), (4) RSUs, (5) other stock-based awards, and (6) cash-based awards. The Amended and Restated 2020 Plan initially provided for the issuance of up to 312,500 shares of common stock, which amount will be increased to the extent that awards granted under the Plans are forfeited, expire or are settled for cash (except as otherwise provided in the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan). In addition, the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan contains an “evergreen provision” providing for an annual increase in the number of shares of our common stock available for issuance under the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan on January 1 of each year for a period of ten years, commencing on January 1, 2021 and ending on (and including) January 1, 2030, in an amount equal to the difference between (x) twenty percent (20%) of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on December 31 st of the preceding calendar year, and (y) the total number of shares of common stock reserved under the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan on December 31 st of such preceding calendar year (including shares subject to outstanding awards, issued pursuant to awards or available for future awards). The Board of Directors determines the exercise price, vesting and expiration period of the grants under the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan. However, the exercise price of an incentive stock option may not be less than 110% of fair value of the common stock at the date of the grant for a 10% or more shareholder and 100% of fair value for a grantee who is not a 10% shareholder. The fair value of the common stock is determined based on quoted market price or in absence of such quoted market price, by the Board of Directors in good faith. Additionally, the expiration period of grants under the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan may not be more than ten years. As of March 31, 2023, 7,055,296 shares were available for future grants under the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan. We measure the fair value of stock options on the date of grant, based on the Black Scholes option pricing model using certain assumptions discussed below, and the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant. The fair value of the award is measured on the grant date. One-third of most stock options granted pursuant to the Plans vest 12 months from the date of grant and 1/36 th each month thereafter for 24 months and expire ten years from the date of grant. In addition, the Company issues options to directors which vest over a one-year period. The Company also issues premium options to executive officers which have an exercise price greater than the grant date fair value and has issued performance-based options which vest when target parameters are met or probable of being met, subject in each case to a one year minimum service period prior to vesting. Stock-based compensation expense related to awards is amortized over the applicable service period using the straight-line method. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield of Daily U.S. Treasury Yield Curve Rates with terms equal to the expected term of the options as of the grant date. The expected term of options is determined using the simplified method, as provided in an SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin, and the expected stock price volatility is based on the Company’ historical stock price volatility. The weighted average fair value of options granted for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was $0.66 and $5.74 per share, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense relating to options granted of $2.8 million, of which $2.0 million and $0.8 million, related to General and Administration and Research and Development, respectively was recognized for the quarter ended March 31, 2023. 39 Stock-based compensation expense relating to options granted of $2.6 million, of which $1.9 million and $0.7 million, related to General and Administration and Research and Development, respectively was recognized for the quarter ended March 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $12.6 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested awards granted under the Plans, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted average period of 2.00 years. Employee Stock Purchase Plan On May 3, 2019, our stockholders approved the Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holdings Corp. 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2019 ESPP”). As a result of adoption of the 2020 ESPP, as defined below, by the stockholders, no further grants may be made under the 2019 ESPP Plan. On May 1, 2020, our stockholders approved the Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holdings Corp. 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2020 ESPP”). No further grants may be made under the 2020 ESPP Plan. On May 6, 2022, our stockholders approved the Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holdings Corp. 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2022 ESPP”, and together with the 2019 ESPP and the 2020 ESPP, the “ESPP Plans”)). The 2022 ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase up to an aggregate of 93,750 shares of our common stock. Under the 2022 ESPP, on the first day of each offering period, each eligible employee for that offering period has the option to enroll for that offering period, which allows the eligible employees to purchase shares of our common stock at the end of the offering period. Each offering period under the 2022 ESPP is for six months, which can be modified from time-to-time. Subject to limitations, each participant will be permitted to purchase a number of shares determined by dividing the employee’s accumulated payroll deductions for the offering period by the applicable purchase price, which is equal to 85 percent of the fair market value of our common stock at the beginning or end of each offering period, whichever is less. A participant must designate in his or her enrollment package the percentage (if any) of compensation to be deducted during that offering period for the purchase of stock under the 2022 ESPP, subject to the statutory limit under the Code. As of March 31, 2023, 9 shares were available for future sales under the 2022 ESPP. The 2022 and 2020 ESPP are considered compensatory plans with the related compensation cost expensed over the six-month offering period. No compensation was expensed during the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. In January 2022, 4,033 shares that were purchased as of December 31, 2021, under the 2020 ESPP, were issued. Accordingly, during the first quarter of 2022, approximately $40,000 of employee payroll deductions accumulated at December 31, 2021, related to acquiring such shares, was transferred from accrued expenses to additional paid in capital. The remaining $30,000 was returned to the employees. In January 2023, 93,741 shares that were purchased as of December 31, 2022, under the 2022 ESPP, were issued. Accordingly, during the first quarter of 2023, approximately $29,000 of employee payroll deductions accumulated at December 31, 2022, related to acquiring such shares, was transferred from accrued expenses to additional paid in capital. The remaining $14,000 was returned to the employees. Commitments Research and Development Contracts We have entered into contracts with various contract research organizations with outstanding commitments aggregating approximately $54.4 million at March 31, 2023 for future work to be performed. 40 Operating leases As of March 31, 2023, future minimum lease payments are as follows (in thousands): Year Ending December 31, Remainder of 2023 $ 365 2024 369 2025 209 2026 62 2027 and beyond 77 1,082 Included interest (56 ) $ 1,026 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our condensed financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses. We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates. We believe the following critical accounting policies affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Research and Development. We outsource certain of our research and development efforts and expense the related costs as incurred, including the cost of manufacturing product for testing, licensing fees and costs associated with planning and conducting clinical trials. The value ascribed to patents and other intellectual property acquired was expensed as research and development costs, as it related to particular research and development projects and had no alternative future uses. We estimate our accrued expenses. Our clinical trial accrual process is designed to account for expenses resulting from our obligations under contracts with vendors, consultants and clinical research organizations and clinical site agreements in connection with conducting clinical trials. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiations, which vary from contract to contract and may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided to us under such contracts. We account for trial expenses according to the progress of the trial as measured by participant progression and the timing of various aspects of the trial. We determine accrual estimates that take into account discussions with applicable personnel and outside service providers as to the progress or state of completion of trials, or the services completed. During the course of a clinical trial, we adjust our clinical expense recognition if actual results differ from our estimates. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date based on the facts and circumstances known to us at that time. Our clinical trial accruals and prepaid assets are dependent upon the timely and accurate reporting of contract research organizations and other third-party vendors. Stock-Based Compensation. All stock-based payments to employees and to nonemployee directors for their services as directors consisted of grants of restricted stock and stock options, which are measured at fair value on the grant date and recognized in the consolidated statements of operations as compensation expense over the relevant vesting period. In addition, for awards that vest immediately and are nonforfeitable, the measurement date is the date the award is issued. Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock. Preferred shares subject to mandatory redemption are classified as liability instruments and are measured at fair value. The Company classifies conditionally redeemable preferred shares, which includes preferred shares that feature redemption rights that are either within the control of the holder or subject to redemption upon the occurrence of uncertain events not solely within the Company’s control, as temporary equity (“mezzanine”) until such time as the conditions are removed or lapse. Other than contractual obligations incurred in the normal course of business, we do not have any off-balance sheet financing arrangements or liabilities, guarantee contracts, retain or contingent interests in transferred assets or any obligation arising out of a material variable interest in an unconsolidated entity. 41 Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity , which simplifies accounting for convertible instruments by removing major separation models required under current GAAP. The ASU also removes certain settlement conditions that are required for equity-linked contracts to qualify for the derivative scope exception, and it also simplifies the diluted earnings per share calculation in certain areas. We adopted ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2023, under the modified retrospective method of transition. The adoption of ASU 2020-06 did not impact the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. ITEM 3 – QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Not applicable. ITEM 4 – CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. Based on our evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of March 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed at a reasonable assurance level and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Changes in internal control over financial reporting. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 42 PART II - OTHER INFORMATION Item 1. Legal Proceedings We are currently not a party to any material legal proceedings or claims. Item 1A. Risk Factors There were no material changes from the risk factors set forth under Part I, Item 1A., “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. You should carefully consider the risk factors set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, as well as other reports and statements that we file and have filed with the SEC, in addition to the other information set forth in this report which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. The risks and uncertainties described in this report and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as well as other reports and statements that we file with the SEC, are not the only risks and uncertainties facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds Item 2 — UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES (c) Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer On May 31, 2022, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved a 2022 share repurchase program, authorizing the Company to purchase up to $12.5 million of the Company's Common Stock. Share repurchases were made at management’s discretion from time to time on the open market transactions. The repurchase program was completed during the first quarter of 2023. On January 25, 2023, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved a new 2023 share repurchase program authorizing the Company to purchase up to $12.5 million of the Company's Common Stock. Share repurchases may be made at management’s discretion from time to time on the open market transactions. The following table provides information with respect to Common Stock purchases by the Company during the fiscal first quarter of 2023: Fiscal Month Period Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) Avg. Price Per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs January 1, 2023 through January 31, 2023 16,700,269 0.82 16,700,269 — February 1, 2023 through February 28, 2023 — — — — March 1, 2023 through March 31, 2023 — — — — Total 16,700,269 0.82 16,700,269 — (1) During the fiscal first quarter of 2023, the Company repurchased an aggregate of 16,700,269 shares of Common Stock in open-market transactions, of which 15,700,269 shares were purchased pursuant to the 2022 repurchase program that was publicly announced on May 31, 2022, and 1,000,000 of which were purchased pursuant to the 2023 repurchase program that was publicly announced on January 25, 2023. Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities None. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures None. Item 5. Other Information None. Item 6. Exhibits 2.01 Articles of Merger between Tamandare Explorations Inc. and Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., effective October 11, 2011, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on October 17, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference. 3.01 Articles of Incorporation, filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) on April 9, 2008 and incorporated herein by reference. 3.02 Third Amended and Restated Bylaws, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 3, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference. 43 3.03 Certificate of Change of Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., dated March 13, 2017 and effective March 17, 2017, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on March 16, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference. 3.04 Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation, effective June 16, 2017, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 16, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference. 3.05 Specimen Common Stock Certificate, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on May 24, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference. 3.06 Certificate of Amendment to Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.’s Articles of Incorporation, as amended, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on May 3, 2019. 3.07 Certificate of Amendment to Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.’s Articles of Incorporation, as amended, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on May 16, 2022. 4.01 Specimen Common Stock Certificate of the Registrant, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on May 24, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference. 4.06 Description of Registrant’s Securities, filed as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Commission on March 14, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference. 31.01 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 31.02 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32.01 Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 101 INS XBRL Instance Document 101 SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101 CAL XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document 101 LAB XBRL Taxonomy Labels Linkbase Document 101 PRE XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibits 101) 44 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. (Registrant) Date: May 8, 2023 By: /s/ SETH LEDERMAN Seth Lederman Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Date: May 8, 2023 By: /s/ BRADLEY SAENGER Bradley Saenger Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) 45