Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market risk represents the risk of loss due to changes in market values of assets and liabilities. We incur market risk in the normal course of business through our exposure to market interest rates, equity prices and credit spreads. Our primary market risk is interest rate risk, which is the risk of loss of net interest income or net interest margin resulting from changes in market interest rates. Interest rate risk results primarily from the traditional banking activities in which the Bank engages, such as gathering deposits and extending loans. Many factors, including economic and financial conditions, movements in interest rates and consumer preferences, affect the difference between the interest earned on our assets and the interest paid on our liabilities. Management regularly reviews our exposure to changes in interest rates. Among the factors considered are changes in the mix of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, interest rate spreads and repricing periods. The risk committee of the Board of Directors oversees market risk management, including the monitoring of risk measures and limits and policy guidelines, for the amount of interest rate risk and its effect on net interest income and capital.
ICE Benchmark Administration, the authorized and regulated administrator of LIBOR, ended publication of the one-week and two-month USD LIBOR tenors on December 31, 2021 and the remaining USD LIBOR tenors will end publication in June 2023. The market transition away from LIBOR to an alternative reference rates is complex and could have a range of adverse effects on our business, consolidated financial condition and consolidated results of operations. To mitigate the uncertainty surrounding the LIBOR transition, the Bank has been utilizing specific contract language in new loan agreements beginning in 2021 that provides for changes in the index used to calculate the loan's interest rate. Additionally, effective January 25, 2021, the Bank agreed to adhere to the Interbank Offered Rate Fallbacks Protocol as published by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc recommended by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee. For more information, see the risk factor “We will be required to transition from the use of the LIBOR in the future” in Item 1A. Risk Factors--Other Risks Related to Operational Matters.
Neither we, nor the Bank, maintain a trading account for any class of financial instrument, nor do we, or the Bank, engage in hedging activities or purchase high risk derivative instruments. Moreover, neither we, nor the Bank, are subject to foreign currency exchange rate risk or commodity price risk.
Net interest income simulation
An income simulation model is the primary tool we use to assess the direction and magnitude of changes in net interest income resulting from changes in interest rates. Modeling the sensitivity of net interest income is highly dependent on numerous assumptions incorporated into the modeling process. Key assumptions in the model include prepayment speeds on loans and investment securities, repricing betas on non-maturity deposits, and pricing on investment securities, loans, and borrowings. In order to measure the interest rate risk sensitivity as of December 31, 2022, this simulation model uses a “no balance sheet growth” assumption and assumes an instantaneous and sustained uniform change in market interest rates at all maturities. These assumptions are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the net interest income projections should be viewed as an estimate of the net interest income sensitivity at the time of the analysis. Actual results will differ from simulated results due to timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes and changes in market conditions and management strategies, among other factors.
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Based on the results of the simulation model, the following table presents the change in our net interest income as a result of parallel rate shock scenarios for the presented periods after the dates shown:
December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
Amount % Change in Net Interest Income Amount % Change in Net Interest Income
(Dollars in thousands)
Modeled increase in market interest rates of 100 basis points
Increase in net interest income in Year 1 $ 5,113 2.0 % $ 21,554 11.8 %
Increase in net interest income in Year 2 11,147 4.1 28,307 15.9
Modeled increase in market interest rates of 200 basis points
Increase in net interest income in Year 1 8,181 3.2 40,762 22.4
Increase in net interest income in Year 2 19,889 7.3 53,779 30.1
Modeled decrease in market interest rates of 100 basis points
Decrease in net interest income in Year 1 (5,433) (2.1) (6,445) (3.5)
Decrease in net interest income in Year 2 (10,534) (3.9) $ (18,261) (10.2) %
Modeled decrease in market interest rates of 200 basis points
Decrease in net interest income in Year 1 (16,840) (6.6) N/A (1)
N/A (1)
Decrease in net interest income in Year 2 $ (29,942) (11.0) % N/A (1)
N/A (1)
(1) Given the overall level of market interest rates at December 31, 2021, the "Down 200" results did not provide meaningful output and therefore were excluded.
These scenarios are based on market interest rates as of the last day of a reporting period published by independent sources that are actively traded in the open market. The simulations used to manage market risk are based on numerous assumptions regarding the effect of changes in interest rates on the timing and extent of reprice characteristics, future cash flows and customer behavior. These assumptions are inherently uncertain and actual results will differ, as a result, the model cannot precisely estimate net interest income or precisely predict the impact of higher or lower net interest income.
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