TIMBERLAND BANCORP INC 10-K

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS General Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is intended to assist in understanding the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of the Company. The information contained in this section should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Overview 49 Timberland Bancorp, Inc., a Washington corporation, is the holding company for Timberland Bank. The Bank opened for business in 1915 and serves consumers and businesses across Grays Harbor, Thurston, Pierce, King, Kitsap and Lewis counties, Washington with a full range of lending and deposit services through its 23 branches (including its main office in Hoquiam). At September 30, 2023, the Company had total assets of $1.84 billion, net loans receivable of $1.30 billion, total deposits of $1.56 billion and total shareholders’ equity of $233.07 million. The Company’s business activities generally are limited to passive investment activities and oversight of its investment in the Bank. Accordingly, the information set forth in this report relates primarily to the Bank’s operations. The Bank is a community-oriented bank which has traditionally offered a variety of savings products to its retail and business customers while concentrating its lending activities on real estate secured loans. Lending activities have been focused primarily on the origination of loans secured by real estate, including residential construction loans, one- to four-family residential loans, multi-family loans and commercial real estate loans. The Bank originates adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans, some of which do not qualify for sale in the secondary market. The Bank also originates commercial business loans and other consumer loans. The profitability of the Company’s operations depends primarily on its net interest income after provision for (recapture of) loan losses. Net interest income is the difference between interest income, which is the income that the Company earns on interest-earning assets, which are primarily loans and investments, and interest expense, which is the amount that the Company pays on its interest-bearing liabilities, which are primarily deposits and borrowings (as needed). Net interest income is affected by changes in the volume and mix of interest-earning assets, the interest earned on those assets, the volume and mix of interest-bearing liabilities and the interest paid on those interest-bearing liabilities. Management attempts to maintain a net interest margin placing it within the top quartile of its Washington State peers. Changes in market interest rates, the slope of the yield curve, and interest we earn on interest earning assets or pay on interest bearing liabilities, as well as the volume and types of interest earning assets, interest bearing and non-interest bearing liabilities and shareholders’ equity, usually have the largest impact on changes in our net interest spread, net interest margin and net interest income during a reporting period. Since March 2022, in response to inflation, the FOMC increased the target range for the federal funds rate by 525 basis points, including 225 basis points during the 2023 fiscal year, to a range of 5.25% to 5.50% as of September 30, 2023. The FOMC has paused increases to the target federal funds rate but has not ruled out future increases and hinted that rates will remain higher for longer. We believe our balance sheet is structured to enhance our average yield on interest-earning assets as the lagging benefit of variable rate interest-earnings assets continue to reprice but anticipate a decrease in net interest margin due to a higher cost of funds as deposit rates continue to increase. The provision for (recapture of) loan losses is dependent on changes in the loan portfolio and management’s assessment of the collectability of the loan portfolio as well as prevailing economic and market conditions. The allowance for loan losses reflects the amount that the Company believes is adequate to cover probable credit losses inherent in its loan portfolio. The Company recorded a provision for loan losses of $2.1 million for the year ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to increased loan portfolio growth. The Company recorded a provision for loan losses of $270,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to increased loan portfolio growth. O n October 1, 2023, the Company adopted the CECL standard to determine estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans and recognize the expected credit losses as allowances for credit losses at inception of the loan. The adoption of CECL will change the allowance calculation methodology from a historical incurred loss model to an expected future loss model. The adjustment recorded upon our adoption of the CECL standard was not significant to the overall allowance for credit losses (including the reserve for unfunded commitments) as compared to the allowance for loan losses at September 30, 2023. Net income is also affected by non-interest income and non-interest expense. For the year ended September 30, 2023, non-interest income consisted primarily of service charges on deposit accounts, gain on sales of loans, ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees, an increase in the cash surrender value of BOLI, escrow fees and other operating income. Non-interest income is also increased by a gain on sale and net recoveries on investment securities and reduced by net OTTI losses on investment securities, if any. Non-interest income is also decreased by valuation allowances on loan servicing rights and increased by recoveries of valuation allowances on loan servicing rights, if any. Non-interest expense consisted primarily of salaries and employee benefits, premises and equipment, advertising, ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees, postage and courier expenses, amortization of CDI, state and local taxes, professional fees, FDIC insurance premiums, loan administration and foreclosure expenses, technology and communications expenses, deposit operation expenses and other non-interest expenses. Non-interest expense in certain periods is reduced by gains on the sale of premises and equipment and by gains on the sale of OREO. Non-interest income and non-interest expense are affected by the growth of the Company's operations and growth in the number and balances of loan and deposit accounts. 50 Results of operations may be affected significantly by general and local economic and competitive conditions, changes in market interest rates, governmental policies and actions of regulatory authorities. Operating Strategy The Company is a bank holding company which operates primarily through its subsidiary, the Bank. The Company's primary objective is to operate the Bank as a well-capitalized, profitable, independent, community-oriented financial institution, serving customers in its primary market area of Grays Harbor, Pierce, Thurston, Kitsap, King and Lewis counties. The Company's strategy is to provide products and superior service to small businesses and individuals located in its primary market area. The Company's goal is to deliver returns to shareholders by focusing on the origination of higher-yielding assets (in particular, commercial real estate, construction, and commercial business loans), increasing core deposit balances, managing problem assets, efficiently managing expenses, and seeking expansion opportunities. The Company seeks to achieve these results by focusing on the following objectives: Expand our presence within our existing market areas by capturing opportunities resulting from changes in the competitive environment. We currently conduct our business primarily in western Washington. We have a community bank strategy that emphasizes responsive and personalized service to our customers. As a result of the consolidation of banks in our market areas, we believe that there is an opportunity for a community and customer focused bank to expand its customer base. By offering timely decision making, delivering appropriate banking products and services, and providing customer access to our senior managers, we believe that community banks, such as Timberland Bank, can distinguish themselves from larger banks operating in our market areas. We believe that we have a significant opportunity to attract additional borrowers and depositors and expand our market presence and market share within our extensive branch footprint. Portfolio diversification. In recent years, we have limited the origination of speculative construction loans and land development loans in favor of loans that possess credit profiles representing less risk to the Bank. We continue originating owner/builder and custom construction loans, multi-family loans, commercial business loans and commercial real estate loans which offer higher risk adjusted returns, shorter maturities and more sensitivity to interest rate fluctuations than fixed-rate one-to four-family loans. We anticipate capturing more of each customer's banking relationship by cross selling our loan and deposit products and offering additional services to our customers. Increase core deposits and other retail deposit products. We focus on establishing a total banking relationship with our customers with the intent of internally funding our loan portfolio. We anticipate that the continued focus on customer relationships will increase our level of core deposits. In addition to our retail branches, we maintain technology based products such as business cash management and a business remote deposit product that enable us to compete effectively with banks of all sizes. Managing exposure to fluctuating interest rates. For many years, the majority of the loans the Bank has retained in its portfolio have generally possessed periodic interest rate adjustment features or have been relatively short-term in nature. Loans originated for portfolio retention have generally included ARM loans, short-term construction loans, and, to a lesser extent, commercial business loans with interest rates tied to a market index such as the Prime Rate. Longer term fixed-rate mortgage loans have generally been originated for sale into the secondary market, although from time to time, the Bank may retain a portion of its fixed-rate mortgage loan originations and extend the initial fixed-rate period of its hybrid ARM commercial real estate loans for asset/liability purposes. Continue generating revenues through mortgage banking operations. The majority of the fixed-rate residential mortgage loans we originate have historically been sold into the secondary market with servicing retained. This strategy produces gains on the sale of such loans and reduces the interest rate and credit risk associated with fixed-rate residential lending. We continue to originate custom construction and owner/builder construction loans for sale into the secondary market upon the completion of construction. Maintaining strong asset quality. We believe that strong asset quality is a key to our long-term financial success. Non-performing assets have decreased to $1.60 million at September 30, 2023 from $2.17 million at September 30, 2022. The percentage of non-performing loans to loans receivable, net was 0.11% and 0.18% at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company's percentage of non-performing assets to total assets at September 30, 2023 was 0.09% compared to 0.12% at September 30, 2022. We continue to seek to reduce the level of non-performing assets through collections, write-downs, modifications and sales of OREO. We also take proactive steps to resolve our non-performing loans, including negotiating payment plans, forbearances, loan modifications and loan extensions and accepting short payoffs on delinquent 51 loans when such actions have been deemed appropriate. Although the Company plans to continue to place emphasis on certain lending products, such as commercial real estate loans, construction loans, and commercial business loans, the Company expects to continue to manage its credit exposures using experienced bankers and an overall conservative approach to lending. Selected Financial Data The following table sets forth certain information concerning the consolidated financial position and results of operations of the Company and its subsidiary at and for the dates indicated. The consolidated data is derived in part from, and should be read in conjunction with, the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and its subsidiary presented herein. At September 30, 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 (In thousands) SELECTED FINANCIAL CONDITION DATA: Total assets $ 1,839,905 $ 1,860,508 $ 1,792,180 $ 1,565,978 $ 1,247,132 Loans receivable, net 1,302,305 1,132,426 968,454 1,013,875 886,662 Investment securities held-to-maturity 270,218 266,608 69,102 27,890 31,102 Investment securities available-for-sale 41,771 41,415 63,176 57,907 22,532 FHLB stock 3,602 2,194 2,103 1,922 1,437 Other investments 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 Cash and due from financial institutions and interest-bearing deposits in banks 128,721 316,755 580,196 314,452 143,015 Certificate of deposits held for investments 15,188 22,894 28,482 65,545 78,346 BOLI 22,966 22,806 22,193 21,593 21,005 OREO and other repossessed assets — — 157 1,050 1,683 Deposits 1,560,935 1,632,176 1,570,555 1,358,406 1,067,227 FHLB borrowings 35,000 — 5,000 10,000 — Shareholders' equity 233,073 218,569 206,899 187,630 171,067 Year Ended September 30, 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 (In thousands, except per share data) SELECTED OPERATING DATA: Interest and dividend income $ 79,951 $ 58,508 $ 54,962 $ 55,583 $ 55,725 Interest expense 11,592 2,674 3,104 4,701 4,565 Net interest income 68,359 55,834 51,858 50,882 51,160 Provision for loan losses 2,132 270 — 3,700 — Net interest income after provision for loan losses 66,227 55,564 51,858 47,182 51,160 Non-interest income 11,140 12,624 17,161 17,188 14,341 Non-interest expense 43,373 38,626 34,591 34,063 35,580 Income before income taxes 33,994 29,562 34,428 30,307 29,921 Provision for federal income taxes 6,876 5,962 6,845 6,038 5,901 Net income $ 27,118 $ 23,600 $ 27,583 $ 24,269 $ 24,020 Net income per common share: Basic $ 3.32 $ 2.84 $ 3.31 $ 2.91 $ 2.89 Diluted $ 3.29 $ 2.82 $ 3.27 $ 2.88 $ 2.84 Dividends per common share $ 1.01 $ 0.87 $ 1.03 $ 0.85 $ 0.78 Dividend payout ratio (1) 30.48 % 30.64 % 31.14 % 29.19 % 27.04 % ______________ (1) Cash dividends to common shareholders divided by net income to common shareholders. 52 At September 30, 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 OTHER DATA: Number of real estate loans outstanding 2,537 2,332 2,290 2,508 2,766 Deposit accounts 56,675 56,380 58,454 58,566 56,380 Full-service offices 23 23 24 24 24 At or For the Year Ended September 30, 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 KEY FINANCIAL RATIOS: Performance Ratios: Return on average assets (1) 1.50 % 1.27 % 1.64 % 1.75 % 1.96 % Return on average equity (2) 12.01 11.14 13.98 13.59 14.91 Interest rate spread (3) 3.56 3.07 3.13 3.70 4.31 Net interest margin (4) 3.95 3.16 3.25 3.90 4.50 Average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities 158.36 160.67 162.08 155.98 148.15 Non-interest expense as a percent of average total assets 2.39 2.09 2.06 2.45 2.91 Efficiency ratio (5) 54.56 56.42 50.12 50.04 54.32 Asset Quality Ratios: Non-accrual and 90 days or more past due loans as a percent of total loans receivable, net 0.12 % 0.18 % 0.29 % 0.28 % 0.34 % Non-performing assets as a percent of total assets (6) 0.09 0.12 0.18 0.27 0.40 Allowance for loan losses as a percent of total loans receivable, net (7) 1.20 1.20 1.37 1.31 1.08 Allowance for loan losses as a percent of non-performing loans (8) 1,044.72 665.52 471.93 461.76 319.49 Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average outstanding loans 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (0.02) Capital Ratios: Total equity-to-assets ratio 12.67 % 11.75 % 11.54 % 11.98 % 13.71 % Average equity to average assets 12.46 11.43 11.74 12.85 13.17 __________________ (1) Net income divided by average total assets. (2) Net income divided by average total equity. (3) Difference between weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities. (4) Net interest income before provision for (recapture of) loan losses as a percentage of average interest-earning assets. (5) Non-interest expenses divided by the sum of net interest income and non-interest income. (6) Non-performing assets include non-accrual loans, loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing, non-accrual investment securities, OREO and other repossessed assets. (7) Loans receivable is before the allowance for loan losses. (8) Non-performing loans include non-accrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing. TDRs that are on accrual status are not included. Critical Accounting Estimates We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. In doing so, we have to make estimates and assumptions. Our critical accounting estimates are those estimates that involve a significant level of uncertainty at the time 53 the estimate was made, and changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, or use of different estimates that we reasonably could have used in the current period, would have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from our estimates. We base our estimates on past experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis. We have reviewed our critical accounting estimates with the audit committee of our Board of Directors. See "Note 1-Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report" for a summary of significant accounting policies and the effect on our financial statements and the following: Provision and Allowance for Loan Losses The methodology for determining the allowance for loan losses is considered a critical accounting policy by management because of the high degree of judgment involved, the subjectivity of the assumptions used, and the potential for changes in the economic environment that could result in changes to the amount of the recorded allowance for loan losses. The provision for loan losses reflects the amount required to maintain the allowance for loan losses at an appropriate level based upon management’s evaluation of the adequacy of general and specific loss reserves. Determining the amount of the allowance for loan losses involves a high degree of judgment. Among the material estimates required to establish the allowance for loan losses are: overall economic conditions; value of collateral; strength of guarantors; loss exposure at default; the amount and timing of future cash flows on impaired loans; and determination of loss factors to be applied to the various elements of the portfolio. All these estimates are susceptible to significant change. We have established systematic methodologies for the determination of the adequacy of our allowance for loan losses. The methodologies are set forth in a formal policy and take into consideration the need for an overall general valuation allowance as well as specific allowances that are tied to individual problem loans. We increase our allowance for loan losses by charging provisions for probable loan losses against our income. The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level sufficient to provide for probable losses based on evaluating known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio and upon our continuing analysis of the factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio. These factors include, among others, changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio, delinquency rates, actual loan loss experience, current and economic conditions, detailed analysis of individual loans for which full collectability may not be assured, and determination of the existence and realizable value of the collateral and guarantees securing the loans. Realized losses related to specific assets are applied as a reduction of the carrying value of the assets and charged immediately against the allowance for loan loss reserve. Recoveries on previously charged off loans are credited to the allowance for loan losses. The reserve is based upon factors and trends identified by us at the time consolidated financial statements are prepared. Although we use the best information available, future adjustments to the allowance for loan losses may be necessary due to economic, operating, regulatory and other conditions beyond our control. The adequacy of general and specific reserves is based on our continuing evaluation of the pertinent factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio as well as individual review of certain large balance loans. Loans are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, we determine that it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors involved in determining impairment include, but are not limited to, the financial condition of the borrower, the value of the underlying collateral less selling costs and the current status of the economy. Impaired loans are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or, as a practical expedient, at the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. We continue to assess the collateral of these loans and update our appraisals on large balance impaired loans on an annual basis. To the extent that the property values decline, there could be additional losses on these impaired loans, which may be material. Subsequent changes in the value of impaired loans are included within the provision for loan losses in the same manner in which impairment initially was recognized or as a reduction in the provision that would otherwise be reported. Large groups of smaller-balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment include residential real estate and consumer loans and, as appropriate, smaller balance non-homogeneous loans. Larger balance non-homogeneous residential construction and land, commercial real estate, commercial business loans and unsecured loans are individually evaluated for impairment. Our methodology for assessing the appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses consists of several key elements, which include specific allowances, an allocated formula allowance and an unallocated allowance. Losses on specific loans are provided for when the losses are probable and estimable. General loan loss reserves are established to provide for inherent loan portfolio risks not specifically provided for. The level of general reserves is based on an analysis of potential exposures existing in our loan portfolio including evaluation of historical trends, current market conditions and other relevant factors identified by us at the time the consolidated financial statements are prepared. The formula allowance is calculated by applying loss factors to outstanding loans, excluding those loans that are subject to individual analysis for specific allowances. Loss factors are based on our historical loss experience adjusted for significant environmental considerations, including the experience of other banking organizations, which in our judgment affect the collectability of the loan portfolio as of the 54 evaluation date. The unallocated allowance is based upon our evaluation of various factors that are not directly measured in the determination of the formula and specific allowances. This methodology may result in actual losses or recoveries differing significantly from the allowance for loan losses in the Consolidated Financial Statements. While we believe that the estimates and assumptions used in our determination of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses are reasonable, there can be no assurance that such estimates and assumptions will not be proven incorrect in the future, or that the actual amount of future provisions will not exceed the amount of past provisions or that any increased provisions that may be required will not adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the determination of the amount of the Banks’ allowance for loan losses is subject to review by bank regulators as part of the routine examination process, which may result in the adjustment of reserves based upon their judgment of information available to them at the time of their examination. Fair Value Accounting and Measurement We use fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain financial assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. We include in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements information about the extent to which fair value is used to measure financial assets and liabilities, the valuation methodologies used and the impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, for financial instruments not recorded at fair value we disclose, where required, our estimate of their fair value. For more information regarding fair value accounting, please refer to Note 21 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Loan Servicing Rights Loan servicing rights are recognized as separate assets when rights are acquired through purchase or through sale of loans. Generally, purchased loan servicing rights are capitalized at the cost to acquire the rights. For sales of mortgage loans, the value of the loan servicing right is estimated and capitalized. Fair value is based on market prices for comparable loan servicing contracts. The fair value of the loan servicing rights includes an estimate of the life of the underlying loans which is affected by estimated prepayment speeds. The estimate of prepayment speeds is based on current market conditions. Actual market conditions could vary significantly from current conditions which could result in the estimated life of the underlying loans being different which would change the fair value of the loan servicing right. Capitalized loan servicing rights are reported in other assets and are amortized into non-interest income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying financial assets. Valuation of OREO Real estate properties acquired through foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is generally determined by management based on a number of factors, including third-party appraisals of fair value in an orderly sale. Accordingly, the valuation of OREO is subject to significant external and internal judgment. If the carrying value of the loan at the date a property is transferred into OREO exceeds the fair value less estimated costs to sell, the excess is charged to the allowance for loan losses. Management periodically reviews OREO values to determine whether the property continues to be carried at the lower of its recorded book value or fair value, net of estimated costs to sell. Any further decreases in the value of OREO are considered valuation adjustments and are charged to non-interest expense in the consolidated income statements. Expenses and income from the maintenance and operations and any gains or losses from the sales of OREO are included in non-interest expense. Business Combinations The Company applies the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. Under the acquisition method, the acquiring entity in a business combination recognizes all the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Management utilizes prevailing valuation techniques appropriate for the asset or liability being measured in determining these fair values. Any excess of the purchase price over amounts allocated to assets acquired, including identifiable intangible assets, and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. Where amounts allocated to assets acquired and liabilities assumed is greater than the purchase price, a bargain purchase gain is recognized. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred unless they are directly attributable to the issuance of the Company's common stock in a business combination and the Company chooses to record these acquisition-related costs through stockholders' equity. There were no business combinations during the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. 55 Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration paid over the fair value of the assets acquired, net of the fair values of liabilities assumed in a business combination and is not amortized but is reviewed annually, or more frequently as current circumstances and conditions warrant, for impairment. An assessment of qualitative factors is completed to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The qualitative assessment involves judgment by management on determining whether there have been any triggering events that have occurred which would indicate potential impairment. If the qualitative analysis concludes that further analysis is required, then a quantitative impairment test would be completed. The quantitative goodwill impairment test is used to identify the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss and compares the reporting unit's estimated fair values, including goodwill, to its carrying amount. If the fair value exceeds the carry amount, then goodwill is not considered impaired. If the carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss would be recognized equal to the amount of excess, limited to the amount of total goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The impairment loss would be recognized as a charge to earnings. Market Risk and Asset and Liability Management General. Market risk is the risk of loss from adverse changes in market prices and rates. The Bank's market risk arises primarily from interest rate risk inherent in its lending, investment, deposit and borrowing activities. The Bank, like other financial institutions, is subject to interest rate risk to the extent that its interest-earning assets reprice differently than its interest-bearing liabilities. Management actively monitors and manages its interest rate risk exposure. Although the Bank manages other risks, such as credit quality and liquidity risk, in the normal course of business, management considers interest rate risk to be its most significant market risk that could potentially have the largest material effect on the Bank's financial condition and results of operations. The Bank does not maintain a trading account for any class of financial instruments nor does it engage in hedging activities. Furthermore, the Bank is not subject to foreign currency exchange rate risk or commodity price risk. Qualitative Aspects of Market Risk. The Bank's principal financial objective is to achieve long-term profitability while reducing its exposure to fluctuating market interest rates. The Bank has sought to reduce the exposure of its earnings to changes in market interest rates by attempting to manage the difference between asset and liability maturities and interest rates. The principal element in achieving this objective is to increase the interest rate sensitivity of the Bank's interest-earning assets by retaining in its portfolio, short-term loans and loans with interest rates subject to periodic adjustments. The Bank relies on retail deposits as its primary source of funds. As part of its interest rate risk management strategy, the Bank promotes transaction accounts and certificates of deposit with terms of up to five years. The Bank has adopted a strategy that is designed to substantially match the interest rate sensitivity of assets relative to its liabilities. The primary elements of this strategy involve originating ARM loans for its portfolio, maintaining residential construction loans as a portion of total net loans receivable because of their generally shorter terms and higher yields than other one- to four-family residential mortgage loans, matching asset and liability maturities, investing in short-term securities, and originating fixed-rate loans for retention or sale in the secondary market while retaining the related loan servicing rights. Sharp increases or decreases in interest rates may adversely affect the Bank's earnings. Management of the Bank monitors the Bank's interest rate sensitivity using a model provided by NXTsoft Data Analytics, LLC (“NXTsoft”), a company that specializes in providing interest rate risk and balance sheet management services to the financial services industry. Based on an interest rate shock analysis prepared by NXTsoft using data at September 30, 2023, an immediate increase in interest rates of 100 basis points would leave the Bank’s projected net interest income virtually level (slight decrease of 0.06%). An immediate decrease in interest rates of 100 basis points would decrease the Bank's projected net interest income by approximately 3.03% due to a larger portion of the Bank's interest rate sensitive assets repricing within a one-year period. See “Quantitative Aspects of Market Risk” below for additional information. Management has sought to sustain the match between asset and liability maturities and rates, while maintaining an acceptable interest rate spread. Pursuant to this strategy, the Bank actively originates adjustable-rate loans for retention in its loan portfolio. Fixed-rate mortgage loans with maturities greater than seven years generally are originated for the immediate or future resale in the secondary mortgage market. Although the Bank has sought to originate ARM loans, the ability to originate such loans depends to a great extent on market interest rates and borrowers' preferences. Consumer, commercial business and construction loans typically have shorter terms and higher yields than permanent residential mortgage loans and, accordingly, reduce the Bank’s exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. At September 30, 2023, the consumer, commercial business and construction loan portfolios amounted to $41.05 million, $136.27 million and $273.84 million, respectively or 2.9%, 9.6% and 19.2%, respectively of total loans receivable. 56 Quantitative Aspects of Market Risk. The model provided for the Bank by NXTsoft estimates the changes in the economic value of equity ("EVE") and net interest income in response to a range of assumed changes in market interest rates. The model first estimates the level of the Bank's EVE (market value of assets, less market value of liabilities, plus or minus the market value of any off-balance sheet items) under the current rate environment. In general, market values are estimated by discounting the estimated cash flows of each instrument by appropriate discount rates. The model then recalculates the Bank's EVE under different interest rate scenarios. The change in EVE under the different interest rate scenarios provides a measure of the Bank's exposure to interest rate risk. The following table is provided by NXTsoft based on data at September 30, 2023: Hypothetical Net Interest Income (1)(2) Economic Value of Equity Interest Rate $ Change % Change $ Change % Change Scenario (3) from Base from Base from Base from Base (Basis Points) (Dollars in thousands) +400 $ (802) (1.13) % $ (2,249) (0.65) % +300 (717) (1.01) (2,752) (0.80) +200 (289) (0.41) (257) (0.07) +100 (40) (0.06) 852 0.25 BASE — — — — -100 (2,159) (3.03) (9,177) (2.67) -200 (4,536) (6.37) (21,546) (6.26) -300 (7,707) (10.82) (37,934) (11.03) -400 (11,154) (15.65) (54,246) (15.77) ___________ (1) Does not include loan fees. (2) Includes BOLI income, which is included in non-interest income in the Consolidated Financial Statements. (3) No rates in the model are allowed to go below zero. Computations of prospective effects of hypothetical interest rate changes are based on numerous assumptions, including relative levels of market interest rates, loan repayments and deposit decay, and should not be relied upon as indicative of actual results. Furthermore, the computations do not reflect any actions management may undertake in response to changes in interest rates. In the event of a 100 basis point decrease in interest rates, the Bank would be expected to experience a 2.67% decrease in EVE and a 3.03% decrease in net interest income. In the event of a 100 basis point increase in interest rates, a 0.25% increase in EVE and a 0.06% decrease in net interest income would be expected. Based upon the modeling described above, the Bank's asset and liability structure generally results in a neutral net interest income and a EVE in a rising interest rate scenario and decreases in net interest income and EVE in a declining interest rate scenario. As with any method of measuring interest rate risk, certain shortcomings are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the foregoing table. For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods to repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. Also, the interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market interest rates, while interest rates on other types may lag changes in market rates. Additionally, certain assets have features which restrict changes in interest rates on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset. Further, in the event of a change in interest rates, expected rates of prepayments on loans and early withdrawals from certificates of deposit could possibly deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the table. Comparison of Financial Condition at September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 Total assets decreased by $20.60 million, or 1.1%, to $1.84 billion at September 30, 2023 from $1.86 billion at September 30, 2022. The decrease in total assets was primarily due to a decrease in total cash and cash equivalents, partially offset by increases in loans receivable and, to a lesser extent, investment securities. Cash and cash equivalents were also used to fund the decrease in total deposits. Net loans receivable increased by $169.88 million, or 15.0%, to $1.30 billion at September 30, 2023 from $1.13 billion at September 30, 2022, primarily due to increases in one- to four-family loans, multi-family loans, commercial real estate loans, construction and land development loans, commercial business loans and smaller increases in several other loan categories. 57 Investment securities (including investments in equity securities) increased by $3.94 million, or 1.28%, to $312.80 million at September 30, 2023 from $308.06 million at September 30, 2022, primarily due to the purchase of additional held to maturity securities. Total deposits decreased by $71.24 million, or 4.4%, to $1.56 billion at September 30, 2023 from $1.63 billion at September 30, 2022, primarily due to decreases in non-interest bearing account balances, NOW checking account balances, money market account balances, and savings account balances. These decreases were partially offset by increases in certificates of deposit account balances. Shareholders' equity increased by $14.50 million, or 6.6%, to $233.07 million at September 30, 2023 from $218.57 million at September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to net income for the year ended September 30, 2023 of $27.12 million, partially offset by $8.27 million in dividends paid to shareholders and the repurchase of 185,399 shares of common stock for $5.00 million. A more detailed explanation of the changes in significant balance sheet categories follows: Cash and Cash Equivalents and CDs Held for Investment: Cash and cash equivalents and CDs held for investment decreased by $194.74 million, or 57.6%, to $143.91 million at September 30, 2023 from $339.65 million at September 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily a result of deploying overnight liquidity into higher-earning loan originations and investment securities, as well as to fund deposit withdrawals. Investment Securities: Investment securities (including investments in equity securities) increased by $3.94 million, or 1.28%, to $312.80 million at September 30, 2023 from $308.86 million at September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the purchase of $32.60 million additional investment securities, primarily consisting of U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency investment securities and U.S. government agency mortgage-backed investment securities as the Company placed a portion of its excess overnight liquidity into higher-earning investment securities during the period. These increases were partially offset by the sale of $8.93 million of available for sale investment securities (for a gain of $95,000) and $20.57 million of maturities, prepayments and scheduled amortization of other investment securities. For additional details on investment securities, see "Item 1. Business - Investment Activities" and "Note 3-Investment Securities of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report. FHLB Stock : FHLB stock increased by $1.41 million, or 64.2%, to $3.60 million at September 30, 2023 from $2.19 million at September 30, 2022, due to purchases required by the FHLB as a result of the increase in total assets and borrowings. Other Investments: Other investments consist solely of the Company's investment in the Solomon Hess SBA Loan Fund LLC, which was unchanged at both September 30, 2023 and 2022. This investment is utilized to help satisfy compliance with the Company's Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA") investment test requirements. Loans Held for Sale: Loans held for sale decreased by $348,000, or 46.5%, to $400,000 at September 30, 2023 from $748,000 at September 30, 2022, primarily due to the timing and volume of mortgage banking loan sales. The Company generally sells longer-term fixed-rate residential loans and the guaranteed portion of SBA commercial business loans for asset-liability management purposes and to generate non-interest income. The Company sold $11.54 million in loans during the year ended September 30, 2023 compared to $73.50 million for the year ended September 30, 2022. Sales of loans over the past year has decreased, primarily due to decreased refinance activity for one- to four-family loans due to rising interest rates, declining homes sales and a decision to keep more single family loans originated during the period in the portfolio. Loans Receivable, Net of Allowance for Loan Losses: Net loans receivable increased by $169.88 million, or 15.0%, to $1.30 billion at September 30, 2023 from $1.13 billion at September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to a $77.11 million increase in one- to four-family loans, a $32.15 million increase in multi-family loans, a $31.62 million increase in commercial real estate loans, an $18.23 million increase in construction and land development loans, a $10.76 million increase in commercial business loans and smaller changes in other categories. Loan originations decreased by $210.68 million, or 36.8%, to $361.79 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $572.46 million for the year ended September 30, 2022. The decrease in loan originations was primarily due to decreases in originations of one- to four- family loans, commercial real estate, construction and commercial business loans. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in originations of multi-family loans. For additional information on loans, see "Item 1. Business - Lending Activities" and "Note 4-Loans Receivable and Allowance for Loan Losses" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report. 58 Premises and Equipment, Net: Premises and equipment decreased by $256,000, or 1.2%, to $21.64 million at September 30, 2023 from $21.90 million at September 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to normal depreciation. For additional information on premises and equipment, see "Item 2. Properties" and "Note-5 Premises and Equipment" of the Notes of the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report. Bank Owned Life Insurance ("BOLI"): BOLI increased by $160,000, or 0.7%, to $22.97 million at September 30, 2023 from $22.81 million at September 30, 2022. The increase was due to net BOLI earnings, representing the increase in the cash surrender value of the BOLI policies and offset by a decrease in cash surrender value due to a death. Goodwill: The recorded amount of goodwill remained unchanged at $15.13 million at both September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022. The Company performed its annual review of goodwill during the quarter ended June 30, 2023 and determined that there was no impairment. As of September 30, 2023, management believes that there had been no subsequent events or changes in circumstances that would indicate a potential impairment of goodwill. For additional information on goodwill, see "Note 7-Goodwill and CDI" of the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report. CDI: CDI decreased by $271,000 or 28.6%, to $677,000 at September 30, 2023 from $948,000 at September 30, 2022 due to scheduled amortization. For additional information on CDI, see "Note 7-Goodwill and CDI" of the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report. Loan Servicing Rights, Net: Loan servicing rights decreased by $899,000, or 29.7%, to $2.12 million at September 30, 2023 from $3.02 million at September 30, 2022, primarily due to the amortization of servicing rights and partially offset by additional capitalized Freddie Mac servicing rights for loans being sold with servicing retained. The principal amount of loans serviced for Freddie Mac and the SBA decreased by $23.79 million to $386.50 million at September 30, 2023 from $410.29 million at September 30, 2022. For additional information on loan servicing rights, see "Note 8-Loan Servicing Rights" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report. Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets: Operating lease ROU assets decreased by $208,000, or 10.5%, to $1.77 million at September 30, 2023 from $1.98 million at September 30, 2022, primarily due to the amortization of the ROU assets. The operating lease ROU assets at September 30, 2023 represented the present value of two operating leases on branch facilities and one administrative office. For additional information on leases, see "Note 9-Leases" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report. Other Assets: Other assets increased by $209,000, or 6.2%, to $3.57 million at September 30, 2023 from $3.36 million at September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to increases in miscellaneous receivables (including income tax receivables) and prepaid expenses. Deposits: Deposits decreased by $71.24 million, or 4.4%, to $1.56 billion at September 30, 2023 from $1.63 billion at September 30, 2022. The decrease consisted of a $74.19 million decrease in non-interest checking account balances, a $61.05 million decrease in NOW checking account balances, a $54.85 million decrease in savings account balances and a $58.66 million decrease in money market account balances. These decreases were partially offset by a $177.52 million increase in certificates of deposit account balances. The net decrease in deposits was primarily due to competitive pricing pressure and customers moving excess funds to alternative higher yielding investments as well as general declines in individual customer balances. For additional information on deposits, see "Item 1. Business - Deposit Activities and Other Sources of Funds" and N"ote 10-Deposits" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report. FHLB Borrowings: The Company has short- and long-term borrowing lines with the FHLB with total credit available on the lines equal to 45% of the Bank's total assets, limited by available collateral. At September 30, 2023, the Company had a borrowing capacity of $533.99 million. The Company had $35.00 million in FHLB borrowings at September 30, 2023 compared to no borrowings at September 30, 2022. At September 30, 2023, FHLB borrowings consisted of two long-term borrowings totaling $15.00 million with scheduled maturities in May 2026 and both of which bear interest at 3.95%. In addition, the Bank had three short-term borrowings totaling $20.00 million, which mature at various dates during the 2024 fiscal year and bear interest at rates ranging from 5.52% to 5.57%. For additional information on FHLB borrowings, see "Note 11-FHLB Borrowings and Other Borrowings" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report. Operating Lease Liabilities: Operating lease liabilities decreased by $199,000 or 9.6%, to $1.87 million at September 30, 2023 from $2.07 million at September 30, 2022, primarily due to required annual lease payments. The operating lease liability at September 30, 2023 represented the present value of two operating leases on branch facilities and one administrative office. For additional information on leases, see "Note 9-Leases" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report. 59 Other Liabilities and Accrued Expenses: Other liabilities and accrued expenses increased by $1.33 million or 17.3%, to $9.03 million at September 30, 2023 from $7.70 million at September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to timing differences in the normal course of business and an increase in accrued interest payable. Shareholders' Equity: Total shareholders' equity increased by $14.50 million, or 6.6%, to $233.07 million at September 30, 2023 from $218.57 million at September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to net income of $27.12 million for the year ended September 30, 2023, which was partially offset by the payment of $8.27 million in dividends to common shareholders and the repurchase of 185,399 shares of the Company's common stock for $5.00 million during the year ended September 30, 2023. In addition, shareholder’s equity was adversely impacted by unrealized losses on available for sale securities reflecting the increase in market interest rates during the year, resulting in a $1.08 million accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax at September 30, 2023. For additional information on shareholders' equity, see the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data". Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 Net income for the year ended September 30, 2023 increased by $3.52 million, or 14.9%, to $27.12 million from $23.60 million for the year ended September 30, 2022. Net income per diluted common share increased by $0.47, or 16.7%, to $3.29 for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $2.82 for the year ended September 30, 2022. The increase in net income was primarily due to a $12.53 million increase in net interest income that was partially offset by a $4.75 million increase in non-interest expense, a $1.86 million increase in the provision for loan losses, a $1.48 million decrease in non-interest income and a $914,000 increase in the provision for income taxes. A more detailed explanation of the income statement categories is presented below. Net Interest Income: Net interest income increased by $12.53 million, or 22.4%, to $68.36 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $55.83 million for the year ended September 30, 2022. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to an increase in the average yield on interest-earning assets and to a lesser extent an increase in the average balance of loans and investment securities, as the Company placed a portion of its excess overnight liquidity into higher-earning loans during the period. This increase was partially offset by an increase in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities Total interest and dividend income increased by $21.44 million, or 36.6%, to $79.95 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $58.51 million for the year ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to an increase in the average yield on interest-earning assets. The average yield on interest-earning assets increased to 4.63% for the year ended September 30, 2023 from 3.31% for the year ended September 30, 2022. Average total interest-earning assets decreased by $40.10 million, or 2.27%, to $1.73 billion for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $1.77 billion for the year ended September 30, 2022, due to a decrease in the average balance of interest-bearing deposits in banks and CDs which was partially offset by increased in the average balances of loans receivable and investment securities. Interest income on loans receivable and loans held for sale increased by $11.83 million, or 23.1%, to $63.15 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $51.32 million for the year ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to a $174.47 million increase in the average balance of loans receivable coupled with an increase in the average yield on loans receivable to 5.13% for the year ended September 30, 2023 from 4.86% for the year ended September 30, 2022. During the year ended September 30, 2023, the accretion of the purchase accounting fair value discount on loans acquired increased interest income on loans by $75,000 compared to $182,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022. The accretion of the net fair value discount on acquired loans increased the average yield on loans by one basis point for the year ended September 30, 2023 and two basis points for the year ended September 30, 2022. The incremental accretion and the impact on loan yield will change during any period based on the volume of prepayments, but it is expected to decrease over time as the balance of the net discount declines. The remaining net discount on these acquired loans was $192,000 at September 30, 2023. During the year ended September 30, 2023, a total of $398,000 in non-accrual interest, pre-payment penalties and late fees was collected compared to $629,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022. Interest income on investment securities increased by $5.90 million, or 169.0%, to $9.38 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $3.49 million for the year ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to an increase in the average balance of held to maturity investment securities and an increase in the average yield on investment securities. Interest income on interest-bearing deposits in banks and CDs increased by $3.57 million, or 99.74%, to $7.14 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $3.58 million for the year ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to an increase in the average yield to 4.26% from 0.74% due to market interest rates increasing, partially offset by a $314.44 million decrease in the average balance of interest-bearing deposits in banks and CDs. 60 Total interest expense increased by $8.92 million, or 333.5%, to $11.59 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $2.67 million for the year ended September 30, 2022. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to an increase in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities, primarily deposits. The average cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased to 1.06% for the year ended September 30, 2023 from 0.24% for the year ended September 30, 2022 as market interest rates for deposits increased. Average interest-bearing deposits decreased by $9.23 million, or 0.84%, to $1.09 billion for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $1.10 billion for the year ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to competitive pricing pressure and customers moving excess funds to alternative higher yielding investments as well as general declines in individual customer balances. As a result of these changes, the net interest margin increased 79 basis points to 3.95% for the year ended September 30, 2023 from 3.16% for the year ended September 30, 2022. Provision for Loan Losses: A $2.13 million provision for loans losses was recorded for the year ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to loan portfolio growth compared to a $270,000 provision for loans losses for the year ended September 30, 2022 primarily due to loan portfolio growth. The Company had net charge-offs of $18,000 for the year ended September 30, 2023 and net charge-offs of $36,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022. The net charge-offs (recoveries) to average outstanding loans was 0.0% for the year ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. The level of delinquent loans (loans 30 or more days past due) decreased by $431,000, or 20.6%, to $1.67 million at September 30, 2023 from $2.10 million at September 30, 2022 and the level of loans graded substandard decreased by $1.00 million, or 13.6%, to $6.39 million at September 30, 2023 from $7.39 million at September 30, 2022. Special mention loans decreased by $237,000 or 100%, to $0 at September 30, 2023 from $237,000 at September 30, 2022. Non-accrual loans decreased by $545,000, or 26.5%, to $1.51 million at September 30, 2023 from $2.06 million at September 30, 2022. The $466,000 balance of SBA PPP loans was omitted from the Company's allowance for loan losses calculation at September 30, 2023, as these loans are fully guaranteed by the SBA, and management expects that most PPP borrowers will seek full or partial forgiveness of their loan obligations from the SBA within a short time frame, which will in turn reimburse the Bank for the amount forgiven. The Company has established a comprehensive methodology for determining the allowance for loan losses. On a quarterly basis, the Company performs an analysis that considers pertinent factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio. These factors include changes in the amount and composition of the loan portfolio, historic loss experience for various loan segments, changes in economic conditions, delinquency rates, a detailed analysis of impaired loans, and other factors to determine an appropriate level of allowance for loan losses. Impaired loans are subject to an impairment analysis to determine an appropriate reserve amount to be allocated to each loan. The aggregate principal impairment amount determined at September 30, 2023 was $123,000 compared to $127,000 at September 30, 2022. Based on the comprehensive methodology, management believes that the allowance for loan losses of $15.82 million at September 30, 2023 (1.20% of loans receivable and 1044.72% of non-performing loans) was adequate to provide for probable losses based on an evaluation of known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio at that date. While the Company believes that it has established its existing allowance for loan losses in accordance with GAAP, there can be no assurance that bank regulators, in reviewing the Company's loan portfolio, will not request the Company to increase significantly its allowance for loan losses. In addition, because future events affecting borrowers and collateral cannot be predicted with certainty, there can be no assurance that the existing allowance for loan losses is adequate or that substantial increases will not be necessary should the quality of any loans deteriorate. A further decline in national and local economic conditions, as a result of the effects of inflation, a potential recession or slowing economic growth, among other factors, could result in a material increase in the allowance for loan losses which would adversely affect the Company's financial condition and results of operations. On October 1, 2023, the Company adopted the CECL standard to determine estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans and recognize the expected credit losses as allowances for credit losses at inception of the loan. The adoption of CECL will change the allowance calculation methodology from a historical incurred loss model to an expected future loss model. The adjustment recorded upon our adoption of the CECL standard was not significant to the overall allowance for credit losses (including the reserve for unfunded commitments) as compared to the allowance for loan losses at September 30, 2023. For additional information, see "Item 1. Business - Lending Activities -- Allowance for Loan Losses" and "Note 4-Loans Receivable and Allowance for Loan Losses" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report. Non-interest Income: Total non-interest income decreased by $1.48 million, or 11.8%, to $11.14 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $12.62 million for the year ended September 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a $1.27 million reduction in net gain on sales of loans and smaller decreases in other categories. These decreases were partially offset by a $95,000 increase in net gain on sale of investment securities, and smaller increases in other categories. Sales of loans over the past year have decreased primarily due to decreased refinance activity for one- to four-family loans due to rising 61 interest rates, declining homes sales and a decision to keep more single family loans originated during the period in the portfolio. The increase in gain on sale of investment securities was primarily due to the sale of $8.86 million of available for sale investment securities. Non-interest Expense: Total non-interest expense increased by $4.75 million, or 12.3%, to $43.37 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $38.63 million for the year ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to a $2.70 million increase in salaries and employee benefits, an $826,000 increase in technology and communications, a $331,000 increase in professional fees, a $158,000 increase in state and local taxes, a $148,000 increase in premises and equipment, a $133,000 increase in deposit operations, and smaller increases in several other expense categories. The increase in salaries and employee benefits was primarily due to annual salary adjustments. The increase in professional fees was due to higher legal and consulting fees. The increase in technology and communications was primarily due to the addition of several technology products and increased processing volumes. The increase in deposit operations was primarily due to increased fraud expense and unrecovered overdrafts. The efficiency ratio for the year ended September 30, 2023 improved to 54.56% from 56.42% for the year ended September 30, 2022. Provision for Income Taxes: The provision for income taxes increased by $914,000, or 15.3% to $6.88 million for the year ended September 30, 2023 from $5.96 million for the year ended September 30, 2022. The increase in the provision for income taxes was primarily due to higher income before income taxes. The Company's effective income tax rate was 20.2% for the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. For additional information on income taxes, see "Note 13-Income Taxes" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report. Comparison of Results of Operations for the Years Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 See Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2022 previously filed with the SEC. Average Balances, Interest and Average Yields/Cost The earnings of the Company depend largely on the spread between the yield on interest-earning assets and the cost of interest-bearing liabilities, as well as the relative amount of the Company's interest-earning assets and interest- bearing liability portfolios. 62 The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, information regarding average balances of assets and liabilities as well as the total dollar amounts of interest income from average interest-earning assets and interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities and average yields and costs. Yields and costs for the periods indicated are derived by dividing income or expense by the average daily balance of assets or liabilities, respectively, for the periods presented. Year Ended September 30, 2023 2022 2021 Average Balance Interest and Dividends Yield/ Cost Average Balance Interest and Dividends Yield/ Cost Average Balance Interest and Dividends Yield/ Cost (Dollars in thousands) Interest-earning assets: Loans receivable (1)(2) $ 1,230,101 $ 63,154 5.13 % $ 1,055,635 $ 51,324 4.86 % $ 1,026,742 $ 52,539 5.12 % Investment securities (2) 324,436 9,384 2.89 224,850 3,488 1.55 103,328 1,195 1.16 Dividends from mutual funds, FHLB stock and other investments 6,315 270 4.28 6,021 120 1.99 5,989 111 1.85 Interest-bearing deposits in banks and CDs 167,718 7,143 4.26 482,162 3,576 0.74 459,145 1,117 0.24 Total interest-earning assets 1,728,570 79,951 4.63 1,768,668 58,508 3.31 1,595,204 54,962 3.45 Non-interest-earning assets 84,205 83,895 85,939 Total assets $ 1,812,775 $ 1,852,563 $ 1,681,143 Interest-bearing liabilities: NOW checking accounts $ 407,679 $ 3,562 0.87 % $ 449,574 $ 650 0.14 % $ 402,430 $ 605 0.15 % Money market accounts 215,465 1,600 0.74 244,498 766 0.31 186,489 560 0.30 Savings accounts 261,006 415 0.16 278,025 230 0.08 242,598 201 0.08 Certificates of deposit accounts 200,476 5,725 2.86 127,277 1,011 0.79 145,006 1,647 1.14 Short-term borrowings 975 53 5.44 3 — — — — — Long-term borrowings (3) 5,973 237 3.97 1,427 17 1.19 7,686 91 1.18 Total interest-bearing liabilities 1,091,574 11,592 1.06 1,100,804 2,674 0.24 984,209 3,104 0.32 Non-interest-bearing deposits 484,795 529,702 488,833 Other liabilities 10,557 10,224 10,816 Total liabilities 1,586,926 1,640,730 1,483,858 Shareholders' equity 225,849 211,833 197,285 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ 1,812,775 $ 1,852,563 $ 1,681,143 Net interest income $ 68,359 $ 55,834 $ 51,858 Interest rate spread 3.56 % 3.07 % 3.13 % Net interest margin (4) 3.95 % 3.16 % 3.25 % Ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities 158.36 % 160.67 % 162.08 % _______________________________________________ (1) Does not include interest on loans on non-accrual status. Includes loans held for sale and interest earned on loans held for sale. Amortized net deferred loan fees, late fees, extension fees and prepayment penalties (year ended September 30, 2023 - $1,373; year ended September 30, 2022 - $3,600 and year ended September 30, 2021 - $6,859) are included with interest and dividends. Accretion of the fair value discount on loans for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 of $75, $182 and $340 respectively, is included with interest and dividends. (2) Average balances include loans and investment securities on non-accrual status. (3) Includes FHLB borrowings with original maturities of one year or greater. (4) Net interest income divided by total average interest-earning assets. 63 Rate/Volume Analysis The following table sets forth the effects of changing rates and volumes on net interest income on the Company. Information is provided with respect to the (i) effects on interest income attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate), (ii) effects on interest income attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume), and (iii) the net change (sum of the prior columns). Changes in both rate and volume have been allocated to rate and volume variances based on the absolute values of each. Year Ended September 30, 2023 Compared to Year Ended September 30, 2022 Increase (Decrease) Due to Year Ended September 30, 2022 Compared to Year Ended September 30, 2021 Increase (Decrease) Due to Rate Volume Net Change Rate Volume Net Change (Dollars in thousands) Interest-earning assets: Loans receivable (1) $ 2,993 $ 8,837 $ 11,830 $ (2,666) $ 1,451 $ (1,215) Investment securities 3,899 1,997 5,896 516 1,777 2,293 Dividends from mutual funds, FHLB stock and other investments 144 6 150 8 1 9 Interest-bearing deposits in banks and CDs 7,236 (3,669) 3,567 2,400 59 2,459 Total net change in income on interest-earning assets 14,272 7,171 21,443 258 3,288 3,546 Interest-bearing liabilities: Savings accounts 199 (15) 184 — 29 29 Money market accounts 935 (101) 834 25 181 206 NOW checking accounts 2,978 (66) 2,912 (24) 69 45 Certificates of deposit accounts 3,860 855 4,715 (453) (183) (636) FHLB borrowings 119 154 273 — (74) (74) Total net change in expense on interest-bearing liabilities 8,091 827 8,918 (452) 22 (430) Net change in net interest income $ 6,181 $ 6,344 $ 12,525 $ 710 $ 3,266 $ 3,976 ______________ (1) Excludes interest on loans on non-accrual status. Includes loans held for sale and interest earned on loans held for sale. Liquidity and Capital Resources The Company's primary sources of funds are customer deposits, proceeds from principal and interest payments on loans, the sale of loans, maturing investment securities, maturing CDs held for investment and FHLB borrowings (if needed). While the maturities and the scheduled amortization of loans are a predictable source of funds, deposit flows and mortgage prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition. The Bank must maintain an adequate level of liquidity to help ensure the availability of sufficient funds to fund its operations. The Bank generally maintains sufficient cash and short-term investments to meet short-term liquidity needs. At September 30, 2023, the Bank's regulatory liquidity ratio (net cash, and short-term and marketable assets, as a percentage of net deposits and short-term liabilities) was 15.3%. At September 30, 2023, the Bank maintained an unused credit facility with the FHLB that provided for immediately available borrowings up to an aggregate amount equal to 45% of total assets, limited by available collateral, under which $35.00 million of the$533.99 million available for borrowings with the FHLB was outstanding at September 30, 2023. The Bank maintains two short-term borrowing line with the FRB with total credit based on eligible collateral: Borrower-in-Custody ("BIC") and Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP"). At September 30, 2023, the Bank had no outstanding balance on either the BIC or BTFP borrowing lines, under which $89.26 million and $57.00 million was available for future borrowings, respectively. The Bank also maintains a $50.00 million overnight borrowing line with PCBB. At September 30, 2023, the Bank did not have an outstanding balance on this borrowing line. Subject to market conditions, the 64 Bank expects to utilize these borrowing facilities from time to time in the future to fund loan originations and deposit withdrawals, to satisfy other financial commitments, repay maturing debt and to take advantage of investment opportunities to the extent feasible. Liquidity management is both a short and long-term responsibility of the Bank's management. The Bank adjusts its investments in liquid assets based upon management's assessment of (i) expected loan demand, (ii) projected loan sales, (iii) expected deposit flows, and (iv) yields available on interest-bearing deposits. Excess liquidity is invested generally in interest-bearing overnight deposits, CDs held for investment and short-term government and agency obligations. If the Bank requires funds beyond its ability to generate them internally, it has additional borrowing capacity with the FHLB, the FRB and PCBB. The Bank's primary investing activity is the origination of loans and, to a lesser extent, the purchase of investment securities. During the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Bank originated $361.79 million, $572.46 million and $602.34 million of loans, respectively. At September 30, 2023, the Bank had loan commitments totaling $173.20 million and undisbursed construction loans in process totaling $103.19 million. Investment securities purchased during the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 totaled $32.60 million, $208.78 million and $71.75 million, respectively. The Bank’s liquidity is also affected by the volume of loans sold and loan principal payments. During the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Bank sold $11.54 million, $73.50 million and $150.20 million, respectively, in loans and loan participation interests. During the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Bank received $177.31 million, $324.23 million and $500.03 million, respectively, in principal repayments. The Bank’s liquidity has been negatively impacted by decreases in deposit levels. During the year ended September 30, 2023, deposits decreased by $71.24 million. During the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, deposits increased by $61.62 million and $212.20 million, respectively. Our liquid assets in the form of cash and cash equivalents, CDs held for investment and investment securities available for sale decreased to $185.68 million at September 30, 2023 from $381.06 million at September 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily a result of deploying overnight liquidity into higher-earning loan originations and investment securities, as well as to fund deposit withdrawals. Historically, the Bank has been able to retain a significant amount of its deposits as they mature. Capital expenditures are incurred on an ongoing basis to expand and improve the Bank's product offerings, enhance and modernize technology infrastructure, and to introduce new technology-based products to compete effectively in the various markets. Capital expenditure projects are evaluated based on a variety of factors, including expected strategic impacts (such as forecasted impact on revenue growth, productivity, expenses, service levels and customer retention) and the expected return on investment. The amount of capital investment is influenced by, among other things, current and projected demand for services and products, cash flow generated by operating activities, cash required for other purposes and regulatory considerations. Based on current objectives, there are no projects scheduled for capital investments in premises and equipment during the fiscal year ending September 30, 2024 that would materially impact liquidity. For the fiscal year ending September 30, 2024, the Bank projects that fixed commitments will include $333,000 of operating lease payments. There are $20.0 million in scheduled payments and maturities of FHLB borrowings during fiscal year 2024. In addition, at September 30, 2023, there were other future obligations and accrued expenses of $9.03 million. For additional information, see "Note 12-FHLB Borrowings and Other Borrowings" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report. The Bank's management believes that the liquid assets combined with the available lines of credit provide adequate liquidity to meet current financial obligations for at least the next 12 months. Timberland Bancorp is a separate legal entity from the Bank and must provide for its own liquidity and pay its own operating expenses. In addition to its operating expenses, Timberland Bancorp is responsible for paying dividends declared, if any, to its shareholders and funds paid for Company stock repurchases. Sources of capital and liquidity for Timberland Bancorp include distributions from the Bank and the issuance of debt or equity securities. At September 30, 2023, Timberland Bancorp (on an unconsolidated basis) had liquid assets of $517,000. The Company currently expects to continue the current practice of paying quarterly cash dividends on common stock subject to the Board of Directors' discretion to modify or terminate this practice at any time and for any reason without prior notice.The current quarterly common stock dividend rate is $0.23 per share, as approved by the Board of Directors, which is a dividend rate per share that enables the Company to balance multiple objectives of managing and investing in the Bank and returning a substantial portion of cash to shareholders. Assuming continued payment during fiscal year 2024 at the rate of $0.23 per share, the average total dividend paid each quarter would be approximately $1.86 million based on the number of current outstanding shares at September 30, 2023. 65 In addition, from time to time, our Board of Directors has authorized stock repurchase plans. In general, stock repurchase plans allow us to proactively manage our capital position and return excess capital to shareholders. Shares purchased under such plans may also provide us with shares of common stock necessary to satisfy obligations related to stock compensation awards. On July 25, 2023, the Company announced the adoption of a new stock repurchase program pursuant to which the Company may repurchase up to 404,708 shares of Company common stock, of which 374,142 shares remained available for future purchases as of September 30, 2023. The repurchase program may be suspended, terminated or modified at any time for any reason, including market conditions, the cost of repurchasing shares, the availability of alternative investment opportunities, liquidity, and other factors deemed appropriate. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to purchase any particular number of shares. For additional information on the Company’s stock repurchases, see “Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities” contained in Part II of this report. Bank holding companies and federally-insured state-chartered banks are required to maintain minimum levels of regulatory capital. At September 30, 2023, Timberland Bancorp and the Bank were in compliance with all applicable capital requirements. For additional details, see "Note 17-Regulatory Matters" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report and “Item 1. Business - Regulation of the Bank - Capital Requirements". New Accounting Pronouncements For a discussion of new accounting pronouncements and their impact on the Company, see "Note 1-Summary of Significant Accountion Policies" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this report. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk The information contained under “Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Market Risk and Asset and Liability Management” of this Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference.