TRUPANION, INC. 10-K

Item 5. Market for Registrant ’ s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market for our Common Stock Our common stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol “TRUP” on July 18, 2014. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our common stock. On June 17, 2016, we voluntarily transferred the listing of our common stock from the NYSE to the NASDAQ Global Market of the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (NASDAQ) where our common stock continues to be traded under the symbol “TRUP”. Dividend Policy We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. Other than potential repurchases of our common stock, we currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any further determination to pay dividends on our common stock will be at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors considers relevant. Holders of Record As of February 10, 2022, there were 29 registered stockholders of record of our common stock. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of record holders, and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners, whose shares are held of record by banks, brokers, and other financial institutions. Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans The information called for by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in 2022. See Part III, Item 12 “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.” 34 Stock Performance Graph The following shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or incorporated by reference into any of our other filings under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act, except to the extent we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing. This chart compares the stockholder return on an investment of $100 over the five years from December 31, 2016 through December 31, 2021 for (1) our common stock, (2) the S&P Small Cap 600 Index, (3) the NASDAQ-100 Technology Sector Index, and (4) the Russell 2000 Index. All values assume the reinvestment of any dividends; however, no dividends have been declared on our common stock to date. The stockholder return on the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future performance. 12/31/2016 12/31/2017 12/31/2018 12/31/2019 12/31/2020 12/31/2021 Trupanion Inc. $ 100.00 $ 188.60 $ 161.98 $ 236.86 $ 771.33 $ 850.71 S&P Small Cap 600 Index $ 100.00 $ 111.73 $ 100.83 $ 121.87 $ 133.53 $ 167.28 NASDAQ-100 Technology Sector Index $ 100.00 $ 136.68 $ 128.42 $ 189.69 $ 262.87 $ 333.79 Russell 2000 Index $ 100.00 $ 113.14 $ 98.58 $ 122.62 $ 145.52 $ 165.45 35 Item 6. Selected Financial Data The selected statements of operations, balance sheet, and other data presented below should be read with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report. The selected statements of operations and balance sheet data are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report and our previously audited financial statements that are not included herein. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in any future period. Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 (in thousands) Consolidated statements of operations data: Revenue: Subscription business $ 494,862 $ 387,732 $ 321,163 $ 263,738 $ 218,354 Other business 204,129 114,296 62,773 40,218 24,313 Total revenue 698,991 502,028 383,936 303,956 242,667 Cost of revenue: Subscription business (1) 407,664 314,875 262,139 215,992 176,883 Other business 186,981 105,252 56,873 36,598 22,734 Total cost of revenue 594,645 420,127 319,012 252,590 199,617 Operating expenses: Technology and development (1) 16,866 9,947 7,025 5,796 6,226 General and administrative (1) 31,893 21,847 18,384 17,104 16,130 New pet acquisition expense (1) 78,647 47,837 35,451 24,999 19,104 Depreciation and amortization 11,965 7,071 5,632 4,512 4,232 Total operating expenses 139,371 86,702 66,492 52,411 45,692 Loss from investment in joint venture (171) (126) (352) — — Operating loss (35,196) (4,927) (1,920) (1,045) (2,642) Interest expense 10 1,381 1,349 1,198 533 Other expense (income), net 14 (581) (1,629) (1,309) (1,244) Loss before income taxes (35,220) (5,727) (1,640) (934) (1,931) Income tax expense (benefit) 310 113 169 (7) (428) Net loss $ (35,530) $ (5,840) $ (1,809) $ (927) $ (1,503) (1) Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 (in thousands) Cost of revenue $ 7,148 $ 1,586 $ 1,050 $ 927 $ 594 Technology and development 3,056 3,795 364 209 216 General and administrative 8,862 2,773 3,312 2,304 1,887 New pet acquisition expense 9,160 758 2,120 1,335 722 Total stock-based compensation expense $ 28,226 $ 8,912 $ 6,846 $ 4,775 $ 3,419 36 December 31, 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 (in thousands) Consolidated balance sheet data: Cash and cash equivalents $ 87,400 $ 139,878 $ 29,168 $ 26,552 $ 25,706 Short-term investments 126,012 89,862 69,732 54,559 37,590 Working capital 167,258 186,628 67,196 54,773 40,692 Total assets 562,582 498,250 257,200 207,510 105,859 Current and long-term debt — — 26,086 12,862 9,324 Total liabilities 230,382 158,311 120,440 78,337 57,425 Common stock and additional paid-in capital 466,792 439,007 232,731 219,838 134,511 Accumulated deficit (126,890) (91,360) (85,520) (83,711) (82,784) Total stockholders' equity 332,200 339,939 136,760 129,173 48,434 Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Other operational data (1) : Total Business: Total pets enrolled (at period end) 1,176,778 862,928 646,728 521,326 423,194 Subscription Business: Total subscription pets enrolled 704,333 577,957 494,026 430,770 371,683 Monthly average revenue per pet $ 63.56 $ 60.37 $ 57.52 $ 54.34 $ 52.07 Lifetime value of a pet, including fixed expenses $ 717 $ 653 $ 523 $ 449 $ 409 Average pet acquisition cost (PAC) (2) $ 287 $ 247 $ 212 $ 164 $ 152 Average monthly retention 98.74 % 98.71 % 98.58 % 98.60 % 98.63 % (1) For more information about how we calculate total pets enrolled, total subscription pets enrolled, monthly average revenue per pet, lifetime value of a pet, including fixed expenses, average pet acquisition cost and average monthly retention, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Key Operating Metrics.” (2) Average pet acquisition cost is calculated in part based on net acquisition cost, a non-GAAP financial measure. For more information about net acquisition cost and a reconciliation of new pet acquisition expense to net acquisition cost, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Non-GAAP Financial Measures.” 37 Item 7. Management ’ s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Please read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included under Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2021 and 2020 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2021 and 2020. Discussions of 2019 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2020 and 2019 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II, Item 7 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020. Overview We provide medical insurance for cats and dogs throughout the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, and Australia. Our data-driven, vertically-integrated approach enables us to provide pet owners with products that offer what we believe is the highest value medical insurance, priced specifically for each pet’s unique characteristics and coverage level. Our growing and loyal membership base provides us with highly predictable and recurring revenue. We operate our subscription business segment similar to other subscription-based businesses, with a focus on achieving a target margin prior to our pet acquisition expense and acquiring as many pets as possible at our targeted average estimated internal rate of return. We operate in two business segments: subscription business and other business. We generate revenue in our subscription business segment primarily by subscription fees from our “Trupanion” branded products. Fees are paid at the beginning of each subscription period, which automatically renews on a monthly basis. We generate revenue in our other business segment primarily by writing policies on behalf of third parties. We do not undertake the marketing efforts for these policies and have a business-to-business relationship with these third parties. Our other business segment also includes revenue from other products and software solutions that have a different margin profile from our subscription business. We generate leads for our subscription business segment from a diverse set of member acquisition channels, which we then convert into members through our contact center, website and other direct-to-consumer activities. These channels include leads from third-parties such as veterinarians and referrals from existing members. Veterinary hospitals represent our largest referral source. We engage our “Territory Partners” to have face-to-face visits with veterinarians and their staff. Territory Partners are dedicated to cultivating direct veterinary relationships and building awareness of the benefits of high quality medical insurance to veterinarians and their clients. Veterinarians then educate pet owners, who visit our website or call our contact center to learn more about, and potentially enroll in, Trupanion. We also receive a significant number of new leads from existing members adding pets and referring their friends and family members. Our direct-to-consumer acquisition channels serve as important resources for pet owner education and drive new member leads and conversion. We monitor average pet acquisition cost to evaluate the efficiency in acquiring new members and measure effectiveness based on our targeted return on investment. Our Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic We have not experienced a material adverse impact on our business due to COVID-19, but we continue to monitor conditions closely and adapt our operations to meet federal, state and local guidance. Our focus remains on promoting employee health and safety, serving our members and ensuring business continuity. Our Seattle headquarters is now open for those who want to work in that office, in compliance with applicable regulations and guidance. The impacts of COVID-19 and related economic conditions on our results are highly uncertain and in many ways outside of our control. The scope, duration and magnitude of the direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 are evolving rapidly and in ways that are difficult, if possible, to anticipate. For additional details, see the section titled "Risk Factors." 38 Key Operating Metrics The following tables set forth total pets enrolled and key operating metrics for our subscription business for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, and for each of the last eight fiscal quarters. Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 Total Business: Total pets enrolled (at period end) 1,176,778 862,928 646,728 Subscription Business: Total subscription pets enrolled (at period end) 704,333 577,957 494,026 Monthly average revenue per pet $ 63.56 $ 60.37 $ 57.52 Lifetime value of a pet, including fixed expenses $ 717 $ 653 $ 523 Average pet acquisition cost (PAC) $ 287 $ 247 $ 212 Average monthly retention 98.74 % 98.71 % 98.58 % Three Months Ended Dec. 31, 2021 Sept. 30, 2021 Jun. 30, 2021 Mar. 31, 2021 Dec. 31, 2020 Sept. 30, 2020 Jun. 30, 2020 Mar. 31, 2020 Total Business: Total pets enrolled (at period end) 1,176,778 1,104,376 1,024,226 943,854 862,928 804,251 744,727 687,435 Subscription Business: Total subscription pets enrolled (at period end) 704,333 676,463 643,395 609,835 577,957 552,909 529,400 508,480 Monthly average revenue per pet $63.89 $63.60 $63.69 $62.97 $62.03 $60.87 $59.40 $58.96 Lifetime value of a pet, including fixed expenses $ 717 $ 697 $ 681 $ 684 $ 653 $ 615 $ 597 $ 535 Average pet acquisition cost (PAC) $ 306 $ 280 $ 284 $ 279 $ 272 $ 261 $ 199 $ 247 Average monthly retention 98.74 % 98.72 % 98.72 % 98.73 % 98.71 % 98.69 % 98.66 % 98.59 % Total pets enrolled. Total pets enrolled reflects the number of subscription pets or pets enrolled in one of the insurance products offered in our other business segment at the end of each period presented. We monitor total pets enrolled because it provides an indication of the growth of our consolidated business. Total subscription pets enrolled. Total subscription pets enrolled reflects the number of pets in active memberships at the end of each period presented. We monitor total subscription pets enrolled because it provides an indication of the growth of our subscription business. Monthly average revenue per pet. Monthly average revenue per pet is calculated as amounts billed in a given period for subscriptions divided by the total number of subscription pet months in the period. Total subscription pet months in a period represents the sum of all subscription pets enrolled for each month during the period. We monitor monthly average revenue per pet because it is an indicator of the per pet unit economics of our subscription business. 39 Lifetime value of a pet, including fixed expenses. Lifetime value of a pet, including fixed expenses, is calculated based on subscription revenue less cost of revenue from our subscription business segment for the 12 months prior to the period end date excluding stock-based compensation expense related to cost of revenue from our subscription business segment, sign-up fee revenue and the change in deferred revenue between periods. This amount is also reduced by the fixed expenses related to our subscription business, which are the pro-rata portion of general and administrative and technology and development expenses, less stock-based compensation, based on revenues. This amount, on a per pet basis, is multiplied by the implied average subscriber life in months. Implied average subscriber life in months is calculated as the quotient obtained by dividing one by one minus the average monthly retention rate. We monitor lifetime value of a pet, including fixed expenses, to estimate the value we might expect from new pets over their implied average subscriber life in months, if they behave like the average pet in that respective period. When evaluating the amount of pet acquisition expenses we may want to incur to attract new pet enrollments, we refer to the lifetime value of a pet, including fixed expenses, as well as our estimated internal rate of return calculation for an average pet, which also includes an estimated surplus capital charge, to inform the amount of acquisition spend in relation to the estimated payback period. Average pet acquisition cost. Average pet acquisition cost (PAC) is calculated as net acquisition cost divided by the total number of new subscription pets enrolled in that period. Net acquisition cost, a non-GAAP financial measure, is calculated in a reporting period as new pet acquisition expense, excluding stock-based compensation expense and other business segment expense, offset by sign-up fee revenue. We exclude stock-based compensation expense because the amount varies from period to period based on number of awards issued and market-based valuation inputs. We offset sign-up fee revenue because it is a one-time charge to new members collected at the time of enrollment used to partially offset initial setup costs, which are included in new pet acquisition expenses. We exclude other business segment pet acquisition expense because that does not relate to subscription enrollments. We monitor average pet acquisition cost to evaluate the efficiency in acquiring new members and measure effectiveness based on our targeted return on investment. Average monthly retention. Average monthly retention is measured as the monthly retention rate of enrolled subscription pets for each applicable period averaged over the 12 months prior to the period end date. As such, our average monthly retention rate as of December 31, 2021 is an average of each month’s retention from January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021. We calculate monthly retention as the number of pets that remain after subtracting all pets that cancel during a month, including pets that enroll and cancel within that month, divided by the total pets enrolled at the beginning of that month. We monitor average monthly retention because it provides a measure of member satisfaction and allows us to calculate the implied average subscriber life in months. 40 Non-GAAP Financial Measures In addition to our results determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we believe the following non-GAAP financial measures are useful in evaluating our operating performance. We use the following non-GAAP financial information to evaluate our ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures, when taken collectively, may be helpful to investors because it provides consistency and comparability with past financial performance. However, non-GAAP financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, has limitations as an analytical tool, and should not be considered in isolation, or as a substitute for, the directly comparable financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. We calculate these non-GAAP financial measures by excluding certain non-cash or non-recurring expenses. We exclude business combination transaction cost as it is non-recurring and not indicative of our operating performance. We exclude stock-based compensation as it is non-cash in nature. Although stock-based compensation expenses are expected to remain recurring expenses for the foreseeable future, we believe excluding them allows investors to make meaningful comparisons between our recurring core business operating results and those of other companies. We define non-GAAP development expenses as operating expenses incurred to develop new products and offerings that are pre-revenue. We define non-GAAP fixed expenses as the total of Technology and Development expense and General and Administrative expense, less stock-based compensation expense, business combination transaction cost, and non-GAAP development expenses. 41 The following tables present the reconciliation of our non-GAAP financial measures from corresponding GAAP measures for the periods presented: Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 Veterinary invoice expense $ 486,062 $ 351,124 $ 270,947 Less: Stock-based compensation expense (4,538) (1,118) (697) Other business cost of paying veterinary invoices (129,614) (72,119) (38,532) Subscription cost of paying veterinary invoices (non-GAAP) $ 351,910 $ 277,887 $ 231,718 % of subscription revenue 71.1 % 71.7 % 72.1 % Other cost of revenue $ 108,583 $ 69,003 $ 48,065 Less: Stock-based compensation expense (2,610) (468) (353) Other business variable expenses (57,367) (33,133) (18,341) Subscription variable expenses (non-GAAP) $ 48,606 $ 35,402 $ 29,371 % of subscription revenue 9.8 % 9.1 % 9.1 % Technology and development expense $ 16,866 $ 9,947 $ 7,025 General and administrative expense 31,893 21,847 18,384 Less: Stock-based compensation expense (11,918) (4,553) (3,676) Business combination transaction costs (82) (522) — Development expenses (non-GAAP) (3,719) (339) — Fixed expenses (non-GAAP) $ 33,040 $ 26,380 $ 21,733 % of total revenue 4.7 % 5.3 % 5.7 % New pet acquisition expense $ 78,647 $ 47,837 $ 35,451 Less: Stock-based compensation expense (9,160) (2,773) (2,120) Other business pet acquisition expense (499) (820) (414) Subscription acquisition cost (non-GAAP) $ 68,988 $ 44,244 $ 32,917 % of subscription revenue 13.9 % 11.4 % 10.2 % Technology and development expense $ 16,866 $ 9,947 $ 7,025 General and administrative expense 31,893 21,847 18,384 Less: Stock-based compensation expense (11,918) (4,553) (3,676) Business combination transaction costs (82) (522) — Fixed expenses (non-GAAP) (33,040) (26,380) (21,733) Development expenses (non-GAAP) $ 3,719 $ 339 $ — % of total revenue 0.5 % 0.1 % — % 42 Three Months Ended Dec. 31, 2021 Sept. 30, 2021 Jun. 30, 2021 Mar. 31, 2021 Dec. 31, 2020 Sept. 30, 2020 Jun. 30, 2020 Mar. 31, 2020 Veterinary invoice expense $ 132,852 $ 125,058 $ 118,282 $ 109,870 $ 98,169 $ 91,266 $ 82,049 $79,640 Less: Stock-based compensation expense (798) (769) (672) (2,299) (358) (337) (245) (178) Other business cost of paying veterinary invoices (38,009) (34,432) (31,029) (26,144) (22,254) (19,394) (16,019) (14,452) Subscription cost of paying veterinary invoices (non-GAAP) $ 94,045 $ 89,857 $ 86,581 $ 81,427 $ 75,557 $ 71,535 $ 65,785 $ 65,010 % of subscription revenue 70.1 % 70.7 % 71.9 % 71.9 % 71.0 % 72.0 % 71.2 % 72.6 % Other cost of revenue $ 30,992 $ 28,443 $ 25,433 $ 23,715 $ 20,925 $ 18,265 $ 16,004 $ 13,809 Less: Stock-based compensation expense (581) (542) (552) (935) (168) (111) (99) (90) Other business variable expenses (17,208) (15,315) (12,940) (11,904) (11,079) (9,039) (7,440) (5,575) Subscription variable expenses (non-GAAP) $ 13,203 $ 12,586 $ 11,941 $ 10,876 $ 9,678 $ 9,115 $ 8,465 $ 8,144 % of subscription revenue 9.8 % 9.9 % 9.9 % 9.6 % 9.1 % 9.2 % 9.2 % 9.1 % Technology and development expense $ 4,665 $ 4,391 $ 4,079 $ 3,731 $ 3,108 $ 2,426 $ 2,293 $ 2,120 General and administrative expense 8,996 8,246 7,435 7,216 6,502 5,412 5,073 4,860 Less: Stock-based compensation expense (3,293) (3,020) (3,122) (2,483) (1,275) (1,241) (1,208) (829) Business combination transaction costs — — — (82) (522) — — — Development expenses (non-GAAP) (858) (919) (1,121) (821) (339) — — — Fixed expenses (non-GAAP) $ 9,510 $ 8,698 $ 7,271 $ 7,561 $ 7,474 $ 6,597 $ 6,158 $ 6,151 % of total revenue 4.9 % 4.8 % 4.3 % 4.9 % 5.2 % 5.1 % 5.2 % 5.5 % New pet acquisition expense $ 19,845 $ 19,708 $ 19,390 $ 19,704 $ 14,809 $ 13,344 $ 9,242 $ 10,442 Less: Stock-based compensation expense (2,136) (2,112) (2,181) (2,731) (801) (741) (675) (556) Other business pet acquisition expense (76) (134) (118) (171) (201) (265) (191) (163) Subscription acquisition cost (non-GAAP) $ 17,633 $ 17,462 $ 17,091 $ 16,802 $ 13,807 $ 12,338 $ 8,376 $ 9,723 % of subscription revenue 13.1 % 13.7 % 14.2 % 14.8 % 13.0 % 12.4 % 9.1 % 10.9 % Technology and development expense $ 4,665 $ 4,391 $ 4,079 $ 3,731 $ 3,108 $ 2,426 $ 2,293 $ 2,120 General and administrative expense 8,996 8,246 7,435 7,216 6,502 5,412 5,073 4,860 Less: Stock-based compensation expense (3,293) (3,020) (3,122) (2,483) (1,275) (1,241) (1,208) (829) Business combination transaction costs — — — (82) (522) — — — Fixed expenses (non-GAAP) (9,510) (8,698) (7,271) (7,561) (7,474) (6,597) (6,158) (6,151) Development expenses (non-GAAP) $ 858 $ 919 $ 1,121 $ 821 $ 339 $ — $ — $ — % of total revenue 0.4 % 0.5 % 0.7 % 0.5 % 0.2 % — % — % — % 43 When determining our PAC, we calculate net acquisition cost for a more comparable metric across periods. Net acquisition cost, a non-GAAP financial measure, is calculated in a reporting period as GAAP new pet acquisition expense, excluding stock-based compensation expense and other business segment expense, offset by sign-up fee revenue. We exclude stock-based compensation expense because the amount varies from period to period based on the number of awards issued and market-based valuation inputs. We offset sign-up fee revenue because it is a one-time charge to new members collected at the time of enrollment used to partially offset initial setup costs, which are included in new pet acquisition expenses. We exclude other business segment pet acquisition expense because it does not relate to subscription enrollments. The following tables reconcile GAAP new pet acquisition expense to non-GAAP net acquisition cost (in thousands) for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, and for each of the last eight fiscal quarters: Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 New pet acquisition expense $ 78,647 $ 47,837 $ 35,451 Net of sign-up fee revenue (4,954) (3,292) (2,957) Excluding: Stock-based compensation expense (9,160) (2,773) (2,120) Other business segment pet acquisition expense (499) (820) (414) Net acquisition cost $ 64,034 $ 40,952 $ 29,960 Three Months Ended Dec. 31, 2021 Sept. 30, 2021 Jun. 30, 2021 Mar. 31, 2021 Dec. 31, 2020 Sept. 30, 2020 Jun. 30, 2020 Mar. 31, 2020 New pet acquisition expense $ 19,845 $ 19,708 $ 19,390 $ 19,704 $ 14,809 $ 13,344 $ 9,242 $ 10,442 Net of sign-up fee revenue (1,162) (1,268) (1,260) (1,264) (919) (827) (781) (765) Excluding: Stock-based compensation expense (2,136) (2,112) (2,181) (2,731) (801) (741) (675) (556) Other business segment pet acquisition expense (76) (134) (118) (171) (201) (265) (191) (163) Net acquisition cost $ 16,471 $ 16,194 $ 15,831 $ 15,538 $ 12,888 $ 11,511 $ 7,595 $ 8,958 Components of Operating Results General We operate in two business segments: subscription business and other business. Our subscription business segment primarily relates to subscription fees from our “Trupanion” branded products. Our other business segment includes revenue from other product offerings that generally have a business-to-business relationship and different margin profiles than our subscription segment, including revenue from writing policies on behalf of third parties and revenue from other products and software solutions. Revenue We generate revenue in our subscription business segment primarily from subscription fees for our pet medical insurance. Fees are paid at the beginning of each subscription period, which automatically renews on a monthly basis. In most cases, our members authorize us to directly charge their credit card, debit card or bank account through automatic funds transfer. Subscription revenue is recognized on a pro rata basis over the monthly enrollment term. Membership may be canceled at any time without penalty, and we issue a refund for the unused portion of the canceled membership. We generate revenue in our other business segment primarily from writing policies on behalf of third parties where we do not undertake the direct consumer marketing. This segment also includes revenue from other products and software solutions that have a different margin profile from our subscription business. 44 Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue in each of our segments is comprised of the following: Veterinary invoice expense Veterinary invoice expense includes our costs to review veterinary invoices, administer the payments, and provide member services, and other operating expenses directly or indirectly related to this process. We also accrue for veterinary invoices that have been incurred but not yet received. This also includes amounts paid by unaffiliated general agents, and an estimate of amounts incurred and not yet paid for our other business segment. Other cost of revenue Other cost of revenue for the subscription business segment includes direct and indirect member service expenses, Territory Partner renewal fees, credit card transaction fees and premium tax expenses. Other cost of revenue for the other business segment includes the commissions we pay to unaffiliated general agents, costs to administer the programs in the other business segment and premium taxes on the sales in this segment. Operating Expenses Our operating expenses are classified into four categories: technology and development, general and administrative, new pet acquisition expense, and depreciation and amortization. For each category, excluding depreciation and amortization, the largest component is personnel costs, which include salaries, employee benefit costs, bonuses and stock-based compensation expense. Technology and development Technology and development expenses primarily consist of personnel costs and related expenses for our technology staff, which includes information technology development and infrastructure support, including third-party services. It also includes expenses associated with development of new products and offerings. General and administrative General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs and related expenses for our finance, actuarial, human resources, regulatory, legal and general management functions, as well as facilities and professional services. New pet acquisition expense New pet acquisition expenses primarily consist of costs, including employee compensation, to educate veterinarians and consumers about the benefits of Trupanion, to generate leads and to convert leads into enrolled pets, as well as print, online and promotional advertising costs. New pet acquisition expense was previously termed “sales and marketing” on the consolidated statement of operations. This update represents a change in name only. It does not denote a change in method of accounting. Depreciation and amortization Depreciation and amortization expenses consist of depreciation of property, equipment, and software developed for internal use, as well as amortization of finite-lived intangible assets. Gain (loss) from investment in joint venture Gain (loss) from investment in joint venture consists of the share of income and losses from our equity method investment in a joint venture, as well as income and expenses associated with administrative services provided to the joint venture. Stock-based compensation Stock-based compensation is included in the cost and expense line items above. Stock-based compensation will vary depending on corporate performance pursuant to our pre-approved equity incentive plan. For example, when we have delivered strong performance, stock-based compensation may increase as a result of incentive-based awards under our equity incentive plan. 45 Factors Affecting Our Performance Average monthly retention. Our performance depends on our ability to continue to retain our existing and newly enrolled pets and is impacted by our ability to provide a best-in-class value and member experience. Our ability to retain enrolled pets depends on a number of factors, including the actual and perceived value of our services and the quality of our member experience, the ease and transparency of the process for reviewing and paying veterinary invoices for our members, and the competitive environment. In addition, other initiatives across our business may temporarily impact retention and make it difficult for us to improve or maintain this metric. For example, if the number of new pets enrolled increases at a faster rate than our historical experience, our average monthly retention rate could be adversely impacted, as our retention rate is generally lower during the first year of member enrollment. Investment in pet acquisition. We have made and plan to continue to make significant investments to grow our member base. Our net acquisition cost and the number of new members we enroll depends on a number of factors, including the amount we elect to invest in pet acquisition activities in any particular period in the aggregate and by channel, the frequency of existing members adding a pet or referring their friends or family, the effectiveness of our sales execution and marketing initiatives, changes in costs of media, the mix of our pet acquisition expenditures and the competitive environment. Our average pet acquisition cost has in the past significantly varied, and in the future may significantly vary, from period to period based upon specific marketing initiatives and estimated rates of return on pet acquisition spend. We also regularly test new member acquisition channels and marketing initiatives, which may be more expensive than our traditional marketing channels and may increase our average acquisition costs. We continually assess our pet acquisition activities by monitoring the estimated return on PAC spend both on a detailed level by acquisition channel and in the aggregate. Timing of initiatives. Over time we plan to implement new initiatives to improve our member experience, make modifications to our subscription plan, introduce new coverage plans, pursue pet food or other adjacent opportunities, improve our technology, increase the number of veterinary hospitals using our direct pay software, and find other ways to maintain a strong value proposition for our members. These initiatives will sometimes be accompanied by price adjustments, in order to compensate for an increase in benefits received by our members. The implementation of such initiatives may not always coincide with the timing of price adjustments, resulting in fluctuations in revenue and profitability in our subscription business segment. Geographic mix of sales. The relative mix of our business between the United States and Canada impacts the monthly average revenue per pet we receive. Prices for our plan in Canada are generally higher than in the United States (in local currencies), which is consistent with the relative cost of veterinary care in each country. As our mix of business between the United States and Canada changes, our metrics, such as our monthly average revenue per pet, and our exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations will be impacted. Any expansion into other international markets could have similar effects. Other business segment. Our other business segment primarily includes other product offerings that generally have a business-to-business relationship. These products have been in the past, and may be in the future, materially different from our subscription segment. Our relationships in our other business segment are generally subject to termination provisions and are non-exclusive. Accordingly, we cannot control the volume of business, even if a contract is not terminated. Loss of an entire program via contract termination could result in the associated policies and revenue being lost over a period of 12 to 18 months, which could have a material impact on our results of operations. We may enter into additional relationships in the future to the extent we believe they will be profitable to us, which could also impact our operating results. 46 Results of Operations The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented both in absolute dollars and as a percentage of total revenue for those periods. The period-to-period comparison of financial results is not necessarily indicative of future results. Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 (in thousands) Revenue: Subscription business $ 494,862 $ 387,732 $ 321,163 Other business 204,129 114,296 62,773 Total revenue 698,991 502,028 383,936 Cost of revenue: Subscription business (1) 407,664 314,875 262,139 Other business 186,981 105,252 56,873 Total cost of revenue 594,645 420,127 319,012 Operating expenses: Technology and development (1) 16,866 9,947 7,025 General and administrative (1) 31,893 21,847 18,384 New pet acquisition expense (1) 78,647 47,837 35,451 Depreciation and amortization 11,965 7,071 5,632 Total operating expenses 139,371 86,702 66,492 Loss from investment in joint venture (171) (126) (352) Operating loss (35,196) (4,927) (1,920) Interest expense 10 1,381 1,349 Other expense (income), net 14 (581) (1,629) Loss before income taxes (35,220) (5,727) (1,640) Income tax expense 310 113 169 Net loss $ (35,530) $ (5,840) $ (1,809) (1) Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 (in thousands) Cost of revenue $ 7,148 $ 1,586 $ 1,050 Technology and development 3,056 758 364 General and administrative 8,862 3,795 3,312 New pet acquisition expense 9,160 2,773 2,120 Total stock-based compensation expense $ 28,226 $ 8,912 $ 6,846 47 Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 (as a percentage of revenue) Revenue 100 % 100 % 100 % Cost of revenue 85 84 83 Operating expenses: Technology and development 2 2 2 General and administrative 5 4 5 New pet acquisition expense 11 10 9 Depreciation and amortization 2 1 1 Total operating expenses 20 17 17 Loss from investment in joint venture — — — Operating loss (5) (1) (1) Interest expense — — — Other expense (income), net — — — Loss before income taxes (5) (1) — Income tax expense — — — Net loss (5) % (1) % — % Stock-based compensation expense: Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 (as a percentage of revenue) Cost of revenue 1 % — % — % Technology and development 1 1 1 General and administrative — — — New pet acquisition expense 1 1 1 Total stock-based compensation expense 4 % 2 % 2 % Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 (as a percentage of subscription revenue) Subscription business revenue 100 % 100 % 100 % Subscription business cost of revenue 82 81 82 48 Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 Revenue Year Ended December 31, % Change 2021 2020 2019 2021 vs. 2020 2020 vs. 2019 (in thousands, except percentages, pet and per pet data) Revenue: Subscription business $ 494,862 $ 387,732 $ 321,163 28% 21% Other business 204,129 114,296 62,773 79 82 Total revenue $ 698,991 $ 502,028 $ 383,936 39 31 Percentage of Revenue by Segment: Subscription business 71 % 77 % 84 % Other business 29 23 16 Total revenue 100 % 100 % 100 % Total pets enrolled (at period end) 1,176,778 862,928 646,728 36 33 Total subscription pets enrolled (at period end) 704,333 577,957 494,026 22 17 Monthly average revenue per pet $ 63.56 $ 60.37 $ 57.52 5 5 Average monthly retention 98.74 % 98.71 % 98.58 % Year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020. Total revenue increased by $197.0 million to $699.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, or 39%. Revenue from our subscription business segment increased by $107.1 million to $494.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, or 28%. This increase was primarily due to a 22% increase in total subscription pets enrolled as of December 31, 2021 compared to December 31, 2020 and increased average revenue per pet of 5% for the same period. Increases in pricing were due to the increased cost and utilization of veterinary care. Revenue from our other business segment increased by $89.8 million to $204.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, or 79%, primarily due to a 66% increase in enrolled pets in this segment. 49 Cost of Revenue Year Ended December 31, % Change 2021 2020 2019 2021 vs. 2020 2020 vs. 2019 (in thousands, except percentages, pet and per pet data) Cost of Revenue: Subscription business: Veterinary invoice expense $ 356,448 $ 279,005 $ 232,415 28% 20% Other cost of revenue 51,216 35,870 29,724 43 21 Total cost of revenue 407,664 314,875 262,139 29 20 Other business: Veterinary invoice expense 129,614 72,119 38,532 80 87 Other cost of revenue 57,367 33,133 18,341 73 81 Total cost of revenue 186,981 105,252 56,873 78 85 Percentage of Revenue by Segment: Subscription business: Veterinary invoice expense 72 % 72 % 72 % Other cost of revenue 10 9 9 Total cost of revenue 82 81 82 Other business: Veterinary invoice expense 63 63 61 Other cost of revenue 28 29 29 Total cost of revenue 92 92 91 Total pets enrolled (at period end) 1,176,778 862,928 646,728 36 33 Total subscription pets enrolled (at period end) 704,333 577,957 494,026 22 17 Monthly average revenue per pet $ 63.56 $ 60.37 $ 57.52 5 5 Year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020. Cost of revenue for our subscription business segment was $407.7 million, or 82% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $314.9 million, or 81%, of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2020. This increase of 29% in subscription cost of revenue was primarily the result of a 22% increase in subscription pets enrolled and an increase of 5% in veterinary invoice expense per pet due to increases in the cost and utilization of veterinary care. Additionally, stock-based compensation expense increased $5.6 million during the period due to new performance grants in the first quarter of this year, including the full impact of one-time team grants in the first quarter of $2.3 million. Cost of revenue for our other business segment increased by $81.7 million, or 78%, to $187.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to the increase in enrolled pets in this segment. 50 Technology and Development Expenses Year Ended December 31, % Change 2021 2020 2019 2021 vs. 2020 2020 vs. 2019 (in thousands, except percentages) Technology and development $ 16,866 $ 9,947 $ 7,025 70% 42% Percentage of total revenue 2 % 2 % 2 % Year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020. Technology and development expenses increased by $6.9 million, or 70%, to $16.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Technology expense increased by $3.9 million year over year, primarily due to $2.3 million of increased stock-based compensation during the period due to new performance grants in the first quarter of this year, as well as $1.6 million increase in general technology expense to support the business growth. Development expense associated with developing new products and offerings was $3.7 million, or 0.5% of our total revenue, for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021. It increased by $3.0 million year over year, as a result of expenditures and investment in several pre-revenue initiatives. Excluding stock-based compensation, technology and development expenses in total remained consistent at approximately 2% as a percentage of revenue year over year. General and Administrative Expenses Year Ended December 31, % Change 2021 2020 2019 2021 vs. 2020 2020 vs. 2019 (in thousands, except percentages) General and administrative $ 31,893 $ 21,847 $ 18,384 46% 19% Percentage of total revenue 5 % 4 % 5 % Year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020. General and administrative expenses increased by $10.1 million, or 46%, to $31.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in expense was primarily due to a $5.1 million increase in stock-based compensation, a $2.6 million increase in compensation expense related primarily to increased headcount, a $1.2 million increase in facilities-related expenses, and a $1.0 million increase in legal, tax and other professional service fees. Excluding stock-based compensation, general and administrative expenses were 3.3% of revenue, compared to 3.6% of revenue in the prior year. 51 New Pet Acquisition Expense Year Ended December 31, % Change 2021 2020 2019 2021 vs. 2020 2020 vs. 2019 (in thousands, except pet and per pet data) New pet acquisition expense $ 78,647 $ 47,837 $ 35,451 64% 35% Percentage of total revenue 11 % 10 % 9 % Subscription Business: Total subscription pets enrolled (at period end) 704,333 577,957 494,026 22 17 Average pet acquisition cost (PAC) $ 287 $ 247 $ 212 16 17 Year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020. New pet acquisition expense increased by $30.8 million, or 64%, to $78.6 million, for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to a $13.7 million increase in expenses to generate leads and increase conversion rates and a $10.3 million increase in compensation expenses primarily related to headcount increases. Additionally, stock-based compensation expense increased $6.4 million during the period due to new performance grants in the first quarter of this year. Depreciation and Amortization Year Ended December 31, % Change 2021 2020 2019 2021 vs. 2020 2020 vs. 2019 (in thousands, except percentages) Depreciation and amortization $ 11,965 $ 7,071 $ 5,632 69% 26% Percentage of total revenue 2 % 1 % 1 % Depreciation and amortization expenses have been reclassified as a separate line item in the consolidated statement of operations since 2020 and prior period amounts have been reclassified from their original presentation to conform to the current period presentation. We elected to present depreciation and amortization expenses as a separate line to better align with management's view of our operating results. Year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020. Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $4.9 million, or 69%, to $12.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to a $4.1 million incremental amortization in 2021 as a result of acquired intangible assets in the fourth quarter of 2020, as well as increased depreciation in line with business growth. Stock-Based Compensation Year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020. Stock-based compensation is included in the cost and expense line items in the consolidated statements of operations, discussed above. Stock-based compensation expense in total was $28.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, up from $8.9 million in the prior year period. The amount of stock-based compensation recognized largely reflects the timing and vesting of our annual performance grants, including grants in the first quarter of this year for the strong 2020 performance, calculated according to our equity incentive plan. 52 Quarterly Results of Operations The following tables contain selected quarterly financial information for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The unaudited quarterly information has been prepared on a basis consistent with the audited consolidated financial statements and includes all adjustments that we consider necessary for a fair presentation of the information shown. These quarterly operating results for any fiscal quarter are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for any full fiscal year or future period. Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: Three Months Ended Dec. 31, 2021 Sept. 30, 2021 Jun. 30, 2021 Mar. 31, 2021 Dec. 31, 2020 Sept. 30, 2020 Jun. 30, 2020 Mar. 31, 2020 (in thousands) Revenue: Subscription business $ 134,120 $ 127,077 $ 120,373 $ 113,292 $ 106,416 $ 99,379 $ 92,453 $ 89,484 Other business 60,259 54,590 47,887 41,393 36,271 30,741 25,467 21,817 Total revenue 194,379 181,667 168,260 154,685 142,687 130,120 117,920 111,301 Cost of revenue: Subscription business (1) 108,627 103,754 99,746 95,537 85,761 81,098 74,594 73,422 Other business 55,217 49,747 43,969 38,048 33,333 28,433 23,459 20,027 Total cost of revenue 163,844 153,501 143,715 133,585 119,094 109,531 98,053 93,449 Operating expenses: Technology and development (1) 4,665 4,391 4,079 3,731 3,108 2,426 2,293 2,120 General and administrative (1) 8,996 8,246 7,435 7,216 6,502 5,412 5,073 4,860 New pet acquisition expense (1) 19,845 19,708 19,390 19,704 14,809 13,344 9,242 10,442 Depreciation and amortization 2,770 2,944 3,158 3,093 2,301 1,666 1,723 1,381 Total operating expenses 36,276 35,289 34,062 33,744 26,720 22,848 18,331 18,803 Gain (loss) from investment in joint venture (22) (69) 5 (85) (42) 2 (27) (59) Operating income (loss) (5,763) (7,192) (9,512) (12,729) (3,169) (2,257) 1,509 (1,010) Interest expense 9 — 3 (2) 337 324 341 379 Other expense (income), net 236 (61) (99) (62) (48) (49) (202) (282) Income (loss) before income taxes (6,008) (7,131) (9,416) (12,665) (3,458) (2,532) 1,370 (1,107) Income tax expense (benefit) 1,034 (312) (195) (217) 44 26 17 26 Net income (loss) $ (7,042) $ (6,819) $ (9,221) $ (12,448) $ (3,502) $ (2,558) $ 1,353 $ (1,133) (1) Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows (in thousands): Three Months Ended Dec. 31, 2021 Sept. 30, 2021 Jun. 30, 2021 Mar. 31, 2021 Dec. 31, 2020 Sept. 30, 2020 Jun. 30, 2020 Mar. 31, 2020 (in thousands) Cost of revenue $ 1,379 $ 1,311 $ 1,224 $ 3,234 $ 526 $ 448 $ 344 $ 268 Technology and development 843 749 800 664 392 133 133 100 General and administrative 2,450 2,271 2,322 1,819 883 1,108 1,075 729 New pet acquisition expense 2,136 2,112 2,181 2,731 801 741 675 556 Total stock-based compensation expense $ 6,808 $ 6,443 $ 6,527 $ 8,448 $ 2,602 $ 2,430 $ 2,227 $ 1,653 53 Three Months Ended Dec. 31, 2021 Sept. 30, 2021 Jun. 30, 2021 Mar. 31, 2021 Dec. 31, 2020 Sept. 30, 2020 Jun. 30, 2020 Mar. 31, 2020 Other Financial and Operational Data: Total Business: Total pets enrolled (at period end) 1,176,778 1,104,376 1,024,226 943,854 862,928 804,251 744,727 687,435 Subscription Business: Total subscription pets enrolled (at period end) 704,333 676,463 643,395 609,835 577,957 552,909 529,400 508,480 Monthly average revenue per pet $ 63.89 $ 63.6 $ 63.69 $ 62.97 $ 62.03 $ 60.87 $ 59.40 $ 58.96 Lifetime value of a pet, including fixed expenses $ 717 $ 697 $ 681 $ 684 $ 653 $ 615 $ 597 $ 535 Average pet acquisition cost (PAC) $ 306 $ 280 $ 284 $ 279 $ 272 $ 261 $ 199 $ 247 Average monthly retention 98.74 % 98.72 % 98.72 % 98.73 % 98.71 % 98.69 % 98.66 % 98.59 % Three Months Ended Dec. 31, 2021 Sept. 30, 2021 Jun. 30, 2021 Mar. 31, 2021 Dec. 31, 2020 Sept. 30, 2020 Jun. 30, 2020 Mar. 31, 2020 (as a percentage of revenue) Revenue 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % Cost of revenue 84 84 85 86 83 84 83 84 Operating expenses: Technology and development 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 General and administrative 5 5 4 7 5 4 4 4 New pet acquisition expense 10 11 12 13 10 10 8 8 Depreciation and amortization 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 Total operating expenses 19 19 20 22 19 18 16 17 Gain (loss) from investment in joint venture — — — — — — — — Operating income (loss) (3) (4) (6) (8) (2) (2) 1 (3) Interest expense — — — — — — — — Other expense (income), net — — — — — — — — Income (loss) before income taxes (3) (4) (6) (8) (2) (2) 1 (1) Income tax expense (benefit) 1 — — — — — — — Net income (loss) (4) % (4) % (5) % (8) % (2) % (2) % 1 % (1) % Three Months Ended Dec. 31, 2021 Sept. 30, 2021 Jun. 30, 2021 Mar. 31, 2021 Dec. 31, 2020 Sept. 30, 2020 Jun. 30, 2020 Mar. 31, 2020 (as a percentage of subscription revenue) Subscription business revenue 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % Subscription business cost of revenue 81 82 83 84 81 82 81 82 54 Liquidity and Capital Resources The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 Net cash provided by operating activities $ 7,458 $ 21,544 $ 16,157 Net cash used in investing activities (51,913) (76,747) (28,008) Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (1,125) 170,848 14,044 Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents 252 (16) 423 Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ (45,328) $ 115,629 $ 2,616 As of December 31, 2021, we had $213.4 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. Most of the assets in our insurance subsidiaries are subject to certain capital and dividend rules and regulations prescribed by jurisdictions in which they are authorized to operate. As of December 31, 2021, total assets and liabilities held outside of our insurance entities were $210.8 million and $31.6 million, respectively, including $8.0 million of cash and cash equivalents that were segregated from other operating funds and held in trust for the payment of veterinary invoices on behalf of our insurance subsidiaries. For further information, refer to "—Regulation". Our primary sources of liquidity are our existing cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments, as well as cash provided by operations. We believe these sources are sufficient to fund our operations and capital requirements for the next 12 months. As we continue to grow and consider strategic opportunities, however, we may explore additional financing to fund our operations and growth or to meet capital requirements. Financing could include equity, equity-linked, or debt financing. Additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Our primary requirements for liquidity are paying veterinary invoices, funding operations and capital requirements, investing in new member acquisition, and investing in enhancements to our member experience. In December 2020, we elected to terminate our line of credit facility and repaid all then outstanding obligations. We have certain contractual obligations in the normal course of business, including obligations and commitments relating to non-cancellable vendor purchase agreements, as well as future payments of veterinary invoice claims. Refer to Note 10, Reserve for Veterinary Invoices, included in Item 8 of Part II of this 10-K, for further details on anticipated cash outflows. In April 2021, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program, pursuant to which the Company may, between May 2021 and May 2026, repurchase outstanding shares of our common stock. While our board of directors has approved the program, any repurchase will be subject to quarterly assessments based on parameters we set. We cannot predict the timing or extent of any repurchases of shares of common stock, as such repurchases will depend on a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control. These include uses of capital in a given quarter, available cash, our stock price relative to our estimated intrinsic value, and general market conditions. We have not repurchased any shares under this program. Operating Cash Flows We derive operating cash flows primarily from the sale of our subscription plans, which is used to pay veterinary invoices and other cost of revenue. Additionally, cash is used to support the growth of our business by reinvesting to acquire new pet enrollments and to fund projects that improve our members' experience. Net cash provided by operating activities was $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $21.5 million net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2020. The change was primarily driven by increased pet acquisition spend during the current period to drive new pet enrollments and future growth, faster payment of veterinary invoices as a result of increased utilization of claims automation, as well as timing differences between collections from members and payments of veterinary invoices and payments to vendors. Changes in accounts receivable and deferred revenue were primarily related to annual policies with monthly payment terms within our other business segment. Investing Cash Flows Net cash used in investing activities was $51.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily related to net purchase of investments to increase our statutory capital, as well as purchases of property, equipment and intangible assets, primarily related to development of internal use software focused on new product initiatives and member experience improvements. 55 Financing Cash Flows Net cash used in financing activities was $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $170.8 million net cash provided by financing activities in the prior year. In October 2020, we entered into a Strategic Alliance Agreement, Shareholder Agreement, and a Stock Purchase Agreement with Aflac Incorporated (Aflac). To drive long-term alignment, Aflac invested $200.0 million cash in exchange for 3,636,364 newly issued shares of our common stock at a price of $55 per share, subject to a minimum holding period of three years. The financing cash flow change year over year was primarily due to net proceeds of $192.3 million received from the sale of common stock to Aflac, partially offset by repayment and termination of the line of credit facility in 2020. Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Estimates Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Critical accounting policies and estimates are those that we consider the most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations because they require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Generally, we base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Reserve for Veterinary Invoices We use the paid loss development method (chain-ladder method) to estimate reserves for veterinary invoices for our subscription and for the majority of our other business segment. Paid loss development factors are estimated based on historical paid loss triangles. The reserve represents our estimate of the future amount we will pay for veterinary invoices that are dated as of, or prior to, our balance sheet date. The reserve also includes our estimate of related internal processing costs. To determine the accrual, we make assumptions based on our historical experience, including the number of veterinary invoices we expect to receive, the average cost of those veterinary invoices, the length of time between the date of the veterinary invoice and the date we receive it, and our expected cost to process and administer the payments. As of each balance sheet date, we reevaluate our reserve and may adjust the estimate for new information. As of December 31, 2021, our reserve for veterinary invoices was $39.7 million, consisting of $37.3 million for the amount we expect to pay in the future for veterinary invoices dated between January 1, 2021 and December 31, 2021, inclusive of related processing costs, and a reserve of $2.4 million for invoices dated prior to January 1, 2021. We believe the reserve amount as of December 31, 2021 is adequate, and we do not believe that there are any reasonably likely changes in the facts or circumstances underlying key assumptions that would result in the reserve balance being insufficient in an amount that would have a material impact on our reported results, financial position or liquidity. The ultimate liability, however, may be in excess of or less than the amount we have reserved. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we paid $24.9 million for veterinary invoices dated on or before December 31, 2020, including related processing costs. Our reserve estimate for these expenses was $28.9 million as of December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2021, we reevaluated the remaining reserve for those periods prior to December 31, 2020 and recorded an adjustment to our income statement to decrease it by $1.6 million. Accounting for Business Acquisition As discussed in Item 8, Note 3—Business Combination, we acquired 100% of the equity of Aquarium Software Limited (Aquarium) for total consideration of approximately $48.3 million in net cash on October 30, 2020. Accounting for this business acquisition requires us to make certain estimates and assumptions, especially at the acquisition date with respect to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. We used our best estimates and assumptions to accurately assign fair value to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date as well as the useful lives of those acquired intangible assets. We used a discounted cash flow model to measure the acquired intangible assets. The key assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the intangible assets included discount rates and certain assumptions that form the basis of the forecasted results. These key assumptions are forward looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results. 56 Income Taxes We determine our deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities. The deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will not be recovered. We apply judgment in the determination of the consolidated financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Although we believe our assumptions, judgments and estimates are reasonable, changes in tax laws or our interpretation of tax laws and the resolution of any tax audits could significantly impact the amounts provided for income taxes in our consolidated financial statements. 57