Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
OVERVIEW.
Our revenues and net income are derived primarily from investment advisory services provided to individual and institutional investors in U.S. mutual funds, subadvised funds, separately managed accounts, collective investment trusts, and other T. Rowe Price products. The other T. Rowe Price products include: open-ended investment products offered to investors outside the U.S., and products offered through variable annuity life insurance plans in the U.S. We also provide certain investment advisory clients with related administrative services, including distribution, mutual fund transfer agent, accounting, and shareholder services; participant recordkeeping and transfer agent services for defined contribution retirement plans; brokerage; and trust services.
We manage a broad range of U.S., international and global stock, bond, and money market mutual funds and collective investment trusts and other investment products, which meet the varied needs and objectives of individual and institutional investors. Investment advisory revenues depend largely on the total value and composition of assets under our management. Accordingly, fluctuations in financial markets and in the composition of assets under management affect our revenues and results of operations. Additionally, approximately one-third of our operating expenses are impacted by fluctuations in our assets under management.
We incur significant expenditures to develop new products and services and improve and expand our capabilities and distribution channels in order to attract new investment advisory clients and additional investments from our existing clients. These efforts often involve costs that precede any future revenues that we may recognize from an increase to our assets under management.
The general trend to passive investing has been persistent and accelerated in recent years, which has negatively impacted our new client inflows. However, over the long term we expect well-executed active management to play an important role for investors. In this regard, we remain debt-free with ample liquidity and resources that allow us to take advantage of attractive growth opportunities. We are investing in key capabilities, including investment professionals, distribution professionals, technologies, and new product offerings; and, most importantly, we provide our clients with strong investment management expertise and service both now and in the future.
MARKET TRENDS.
Led by large-cap growth stocks, U.S. equities generated strong returns in the third quarter. Stocks rose for much of the summer, helped by better-than-expected second-quarter corporate earnings reports amid very low earnings expectations, as well as largely positive news flow about potential vaccines and treatments for the coronavirus. In fact, the S&P 500 Index hit an all-time high during the quarter, surpassing its previous peak in February 2020. Stocks retreated a bit in September amid concerns about valuations in some sectors due to significant gains since late March. Some investors were also concerned about the durability of the economic recovery and disappointed that Congress failed to agree on new fiscal stimulus legislation.
Stocks in developed non-U.S. equity markets also advanced in U.S. dollar terms. European stock markets were mostly positive, led by Denmark, Ireland, and Sweden—in all three countries, equities returned about 15%. Developed Asian and Far East markets were mixed, but Japanese shares led the way, returning more than 7%.
Emerging markets stocks outperformed developed non-U.S. equity markets. Asian emerging markets were mostly positive; Taiwanese shares led the region with a 17% gain. Latin American shares were mixed, as Argentine shares rose about 7% while Chilean shares fell 4%. Most emerging European markets declined. Turkey experienced one of the steepest drops, with stocks falling more than 15% in U.S. dollar terms amid an 11% decline in the lira versus the U.S. dollar.
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Returns of several major equity market indexes for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, were as follows:
Three months ended Nine months ended
Index 9/30/2020 9/30/2020
S&P 500 Index 8.9% 5.6%
NASDAQ Composite Index (1)
11.0% 24.5%
Russell 2000 Index 4.9% (8.7)%
MSCI EAFE (Europe, Australasia, and Far East) Index 4.9% (6.7)%
MSCI Emerging Markets Index 9.7% (.9)%
(1) Returns exclude dividends
Global bonds produced mostly positive returns. In the U.S. investment-grade market, corporate bonds were among the best performers, as credit spreads remained relatively narrow and, in some cases, tightened amid healthy demand for securities with a yield advantage. Treasuries and mortgage-backed securities lagged with close to flat returns. The Federal Reserve kept short-term interest rates near 0%; the 10-year U.S. Treasury note yield increased from 0.66% to 0.69%. Tax-free municipal bonds produced positive returns and outperformed the broad taxable bond market. High yield corporate bonds easily outperformed the investment-grade market.
Bonds in developed non-U.S. markets produced strong gains in U.S. dollar terms. Dollar weakness against the euro, the pound, and the yen boosted European and Japanese bond returns in dollar terms. Emerging markets bonds generally rose, but weakness in certain currencies weighed on the performance of some local bond markets in U.S. dollar terms.
Returns for several major bond market indexes for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, were as follows:
Three months ended Nine months ended
Index 9/30/2020 9/30/2020
Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index .6% 6.8%
JPMorgan Global High Yield Index 4.9% (1.1)%
Bloomberg Barclays Municipal Bond Index 1.2% 3.3%
Bloomberg Barclays Global Aggregate Ex-U.S. Dollar Bond Index 4.1% 4.7%
JPMorgan Emerging Markets Bond Index Plus 1.8% 1.3%
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ASSETS UNDER MANAGEMENT.
Assets under management ended the third quarter of 2020 at $1,310.4 billion, an increase of $90.4 billion from June 30, 2020. This increase was driven by market appreciation, partially offset by net cash outflows of $5.3 billion. In addition, we acquired client contracts from PNC Bank in September 2020 that added $1.2 billion of stable value assets under management. Clients transferred $2.4 billion in net assets from the U.S. mutual funds to collective investment trusts and other investment products, of which $1.6 billion transferred into the retirement date trusts. Market appreciation and income, net of dividends not reinvested, increased our assets under management by $94.5 billion in the third quarter of 2020.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020,assets under management increased $103.6 billion from the end of 2019. This increase was driven by market appreciation, partially offset by net cash inflows of $3.4 billion. In addition, we acquired client contracts from PNC Bank in September 2020 that added $1.2 billion of stable value assets under management. Clients transferred $11.2 billion in net assets from the U.S. mutual funds to collective investment trusts and other investment products, of which $7.7 billion transferred into the retirement date trusts. Market appreciation and income, net of dividends not reinvested, increased our assets under management by $99.0 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2020.
The following tables detail changes in our assets under management, by vehicle and asset class during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020:
Three months ended 9/30/2020 Nine months ended 9/30/2020
(in billions) U.S. mutual funds Subadvised funds and separate accounts Collective investment trusts and other investment products Total U.S. mutual funds Subadvised funds and separate accounts Collective investment trusts and other investment products Total
Assets under management at beginning of period $ 670.8 $ 327.5 $ 221.7 $ 1,220.0 $ 682.7 $ 313.8 $ 210.3 $ 1,206.8
Net cash flows before client transfers (3.9) (.1) (1.3) (5.3) (8.0) 7.0 4.4 3.4
Client transfers (1)
(2.4) — 2.4 — (11.2) 1.5 9.7 —
Net cash flows after client transfers (6.3) (.1) 1.1 (5.3) (19.2) 8.5 14.1 3.4
Net market appreciation and income 51.8 26.9 15.9 94.6 53.1 32.0 14.3 99.4
Net distributions not reinvested (.1) — — (.1) (.4) — — (.4)
Acquired AUM — — 1.2 1.2 — — 1.2 1.2
Change during the period 45.4 26.8 18.2 90.4 33.5 40.5 29.6 103.6
Assets under management at September 30, 2020 $ 716.2 $ 354.3 $ 239.9 $ 1,310.4 $ 716.2 $ 354.3 $ 239.9 $ 1,310.4
Three months ended 9/30/2020 Nine months ended 9/30/2020
(in billions) Equity Fixed income, including money market Multi-asset (2)
Total Equity Fixed income, including money market Multi-asset (2)
Total
Assets under management at beginning of period $ 718.9 $ 153.0 $ 348.1 $ 1,220.0 $ 698.9 $ 147.9 $ 360.0 $ 1,206.8
Net cash flows (3.8) 4.7 (6.2) (5.3) .3 10.0 (6.9) 3.4
Net market appreciation and income (3)
70.7 2.2 21.6 94.5 86.6 2.0 10.4 99.0
Acquired AUM — 1.2 — 1.2 — 1.2 — 1.2
Change during the period 66.9 8.1 15.4 90.4 86.9 13.2 3.5 103.6
Assets under management at September 30, 2020 $ 785.8 $ 161.1 $ 363.5 $ 1,310.4 $ 785.8 $ 161.1 $ 363.5 $ 1,310.4
(1) Client transfers for subadvised funds and separate accounts as well as collective investment trusts and other investment products in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 have been updated to reflect an adjustment from the second quarter of 2020.
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(2) The underlying assets under management of the multi-asset portfolios have been aggregated and presented in this category and not reported in the equity and fixed income columns.
(3) Includes distributions reinvested and not reinvested.
Investment advisory clients outside the U.S. account for about 8.7% of our assets under management at September 30, 2020 and 6.9% at December 31, 2019.
Our target date retirement products, which are included in the multi-asset totals shown above, continue to be a significant part of our assets under management. Assets under management in these portfolios were as follows:
As of
(in billions) 9/30/2020 6/30/2020 12/31/2019
Target date retirement U.S. mutual funds $ 159.6 $ 153.0 $ 164.8
Target date separate accounts 9.2 8.5 8.4
Target date retirement trusts 127.8 122.7 119.2
$ 296.6 $ 284.2 $ 292.4
Our target date retirement products experienced net cash outflows of $5.5 billion in the third quarter of 2020 and net cash outflows of $5.0 billion in the first nine months of 2020.
INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE.
S trong investment performance is a key driver to attracting and retaining assets—and to our long-term success. We have expanded our performance disclosures to include specific asset classes, assets under management weighted performance, mutual fund performance against passive peers and composite performance against benchmarks. The following table presents investment performance for the one-, three-, five-, and 10-years ended September 30, 2020. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
% of U.S. mutual funds that outperformed Morningstar median 1,2
1 year 3 years 5 years 10 years
Equity 60% 67% 70% 85%
Fixed Income 55% 61% 59% 62%
Multi-Asset 83% 80% 88% 90%
All Funds 65% 69% 72% 79%
% of U.S. mutual funds that outperformed passive peer median 1,3
1 year 3 years 5 years 10 years
Equity 63% 67% 59% 65%
Fixed Income 63% 60% 55% 40%
Multi-Asset 76% 68% 61% 92%
All Funds 67% 65% 58% 65%
% of composites that outperformed benchmarks 4
1 year 3 years 5 years 10 years
Equity 56% 59% 70% 73%
Fixed Income 49% 50% 52% 68%
All Composites 53% 56% 63% 71%
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AUM Weighted Performance
% of U.S. mutual funds AUM that outperformed Morningstar median 1,2
1 year 3 years 5 years 10 years
Equity 74% 79% 83% 92%
Fixed Income 49% 55% 55% 62%
Multi-Asset 91% 91% 97% 97%
All Funds 76% 80% 84% 90%
% of U.S. mutual funds AUM that outperformed passive peer median 1,3
1 year 3 years 5 years 10 years
Equity 77% 77% 73% 73%
Fixed Income 49% 46% 44% 34%
Multi-Asset 87% 91% 94% 96%
All Funds 77% 78% 76% 76%
% of composites AUM that outperformed benchmarks 4
1 year 3 years 5 years 10 years
Equity 59% 61% 67% 78%
Fixed Income 44% 47% 34% 73%
All Composites 56% 58% 62% 77%
As of September 30, 2020, 74 of 124 (60%) of our rated U.S. mutual funds (across primary share classes) received an overall rating of 4 or 5 stars. By comparison, 32.5% of Morningstar's fund population is given a rate of four or five stars (5) . In addition, 85% (5) of AUM in our rated U.S. mutual funds (across primary share classes) ended the third quarter of 2020 with an overall rating of four or five stars.
(1) Source: © 2020 Morningstar, Inc. All rights reserved. The information contained herein: 1) is proprietary to Morningstar and/or its content providers; 2) may not be copied or distributed; and 3) is not warranted to be accurate, complete, or timely. Neither Morningstar nor its content providers are responsible for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information.
(2) Source: Morningstar. Primary share class only. Excludes money market mutual funds, funds with an operating history of less than one year, T. Rowe Price passive funds, and T. Rowe Price funds that are clones of other funds. The top chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price funds with 1-year, 3-year, 5-year, and 10-year track record that are outperforming the Morningstar category median. The bottom chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price funds AUM that has outperformed for the time periods indicated. Total AUM included for this analysis includes $456B for 1 year, $456B for 3 years, $456B for 5 years, and $449B for 10 years.
(3) Passive Peer Median was created by T. Rowe Price using data from Morningstar. Primary share class only. Excludes money market mutual funds, funds with an operating history of less than one year, funds with fewer than three peers, T. Rowe Price passive funds, and T. Rowe Price funds that are clones of other funds. This analysis compares T. Rowe Price active funds to the applicable universe of passive/index open-end funds and ETFs of peer firms. The top chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price funds with 1-year, 3-year, 5-year, and 10-year track record that are outperforming the passive peer universe. The bottom chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price funds AUM that has outperformed for the time periods indicated. Total AUM included for this analysis includes $436B for 1 year, $396B for 3 years, $394B for 5 years, and $377B for 10 years.
(4) Composite net returns are calculated using the highest applicable separate account fee schedule. Excludes money market composites. All composites compared to official GIPS composite primary benchmark. The top chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price composites with 1-year, 3-year, 5-year, and 10-year track record that are outperforming their benchmarks. The bottom chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price composite AUM that has outperformed for the time periods indicated. Total AUM included for this analysis includes $1,207B for 1 year, $1,195B for 3 years, $1,180B for 5 years, and $1,146B for 10 years.
(5) The Morningstar Rating™ for funds is calculated for funds with at least a three-year history. Exchange-traded funds and open-ended mutual funds are considered a single population for comparative purposes. It is calculated based on a Morningstar Risk-Adjusted Return measure that accounts for variation in a managed product's monthly excess performance, placing more emphasis on downward variations and rewarding consistent performance. Morningstar gives its best ratings of 5 or 4 stars to the top 32.5% of all funds (of the 32.5%, 10% get 5 stars and 22.5% get 4 stars). The Overall Morningstar Rating™ is derived from a weighted average of the performance figures associated with a fund’s 3-, 5-, and 10-year (if applicable) Morningstar Rating™ metrics.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
The following table and discussion sets forth information regarding our consolidated financial results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 on a U.S. GAAP basis as well as a non-GAAP basis. The non-GAAP basis adjusts for the impact of our consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products, the impact of market appreciation/depreciation on the supplemental savings plan liability and related economic hedges, investment gains/losses related to certain other investments, and certain nonrecurring charges and gains.
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Three months ended Q3 2020 vs. Q3 2019 Nine months ended YTD 2020 vs. YTD 2019
(in millions, except per-share data) 9/30/2020 9/30/2019 $ change % change 9/30/2020 9/30/2019 $ change % change
U.S. GAAP basis
Investment advisory fees
$ 1,469.3 $ 1,303.4 $ 165.9 12.7 % $ 4,090.9 $ 3,767.8 $ 323.1 8.6 %
Net revenues
$ 1,595.8 $ 1,426.7 $ 169.1 11.9 % $ 4,473.8 $ 4,149.2 $ 324.6 7.8 %
Operating expenses
$ 866.9 $ 767.6 $ 99.3 12.9 % $ 2,484.0 $ 2,342.5 $ 141.5 6.0 %
Net operating income
$ 728.9 $ 659.1 $ 69.8 10.6 % $ 1,989.8 $ 1,806.7 $ 183.1 10.1 %
Non-operating income (1)
$ 191.6 $ 43.0 $ 148.6 n/m $ 106.4 $ 370.3 $ (263.9) n/m
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group
$ 643.2 $ 545.9 $ 97.3 17.8 % $ 1,589.3 $ 1,586.0 $ 3.3 .2 %
Diluted earnings per common share
$ 2.73 $ 2.23 $ .50 22.4 % $ 6.66 $ 6.47 $ .19 2.9 %
Weighted average common shares outstanding assuming dilution
229.4 238.2 (8.8) (3.7) % 231.9 239.0 (7.1) (3.0) %
Adjusted non-GAAP basis (2)
Operating expenses $ 830.5 $ 765.1 $ 65.4 8.5 % $ 2,434.2 $ 2,286.3 $ 147.9 6.5 %
Net operating income $ 768.0 $ 664.2 $ 103.8 15.6 % $ 2,046.9 $ 1,869.2 $ 177.7 9.5 %
Non-operating income (1)
$ 25.6 $ 18.8 $ 6.8 n/m $ 50.2 $ 98.8 $ (48.6) n/m
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group $ 602.7 $ 521.7 $ 81.0 15.5 % $ 1,596.6 $ 1,480.4 $ 116.2 7.8 %
Diluted earnings per common share $ 2.55 $ 2.13 $ .42 19.7 % $ 6.69 $ 6.04 $ .65 10.8 %
Assets under management (in billions)
Average assets under management
$ 1,292.9 $ 1,130.2 $ 162.7 14.4 % $ 1,198.9 $ 1,091.5 $ 107.4 9.8 %
Ending assets under management $ 1,310.4 $ 1,126.3 $ 184.1 16.3 % $ 1,310.4 $ 1,126.3 $ 184.1 16.3 %
(1) The percentage change in non-operating income (loss) is not meaningful (n/m).
(2) See the reconciliation to the comparable U.S. GAAP measures at the end of the Results of Operations section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis.
Results Overview - Quarter ended September 30, 2020
Investment advisory revenues. Investment advisory fees are earned based on the value and composition of our assets under management, which change based on fluctuations in financial markets and net cash flows. As our average assets under management increase or decrease in a given period, the level of our investment advisory fee revenue for that same period generally fluctuates in a similar manner. Our annualized effective fee rates can be impacted by market or cash flow related shifts among asset and share classes, price changes in existing products, and asset level changes in products with tiered-fee structures.
Investment advisory revenues earned in the third quarter of 2020 increased over the comparable 2019 quarter as average assets under our management increased $162.7 billion, or 14.4%, to $1,292.9 billion. In the third quarter of 2020, we voluntarily waived $6.4 million, or less than 1% of our investment advisory fees from certain of our money market mutual funds, trusts and other investment portfolios in order to maintain a positive yield for investors. At September 30, 2020, combined net assets of the investment portfolios in which we waived fees in the third quarter of 2020 were $23.2 billion. We expect to continue to waive fees for at least the remainder of 2020.
The average annualized effective fee rate earned during the third quarter of 2020 was 45.2 basis points, compared with 45.8 basis points earned during the third quarter of 2019. Our annualized effective fee rate declined primarily due to client transfers within the complex to lower fee vehicles or share classes over the last twelve months and the money market fee waivers.
Operating expenses. Operating expenses were $866.9 million in the third quarter of 2020 compared with $767.6 million in the third quarter of 2019. The increase in operating expenses for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the third quarter of 2019 was primarily due to a $33.3 million increase in operating expenses related to the supplemental savings plan from higher market returns, higher salaries and annual bonus accrual, and the firm’s
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continued strategic investments. For the third quarter of 2020, the higher expense related to the supplemental savings plan was largely offset by the non-operating gains earned on the investments used to economically hedge the related liability.
On a non-GAAP basis, our operating expenses in the third quarter of 2020 increased 8.5% to $830.5 million compared to the third quarter of 2019. Our non-GAAP operating expenses do not include the impact of our supplemental savings plan and consolidated sponsored investment products. See our non-GAAP reconciliations later in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis section.
Operating margin. Our operating margin in the third quarter of 2020 was 45.7%, compared to 46.2% earned in the 2019 quarter. The decrease in our operating margin for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the 2019 period was primarily driven by the higher expense related to our supplemental savings plan as market returns in the third quarter of 2020 outperformed the same period in 2019, partially offset by higher investment advisory fee revenue.
Diluted earnings per share. Diluted earnings per share was $2.73 for the third quarter of 2020 as compared to $2.23 for the third quarter of 2019. The 22.4% increase was primarily driven by higher operating income and net investment gains recognized in the third quarter of 2020 as compared to the third quarter of 2019 as well as a 3.7% decline in weighted average shares outstanding. The primary drivers for the increase were partially offset by a higher effective income tax rate in 2020 quarter as compared to the 2019 quarter.
On a non-GAAP basis, diluted earnings per share was $2.55 for the third quarter of 2020 as compared to $2.13 for the third quarter of 2019. The increase in diluted earnings per share was primarily due to higher operating income and lower weighted average shares outstanding.
Results Overview - Year-to-Date ended September 30, 2020
Investment advisory revenues. Investment advisory revenues earned in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 increased over the comparable 2019 period as average assets under our management increased $107.4 billion, or 9.8%, to $1,198.9 billion.
In the second quarter of 2020, we began voluntarily waiving a portion of our money market advisory fees and fund expenses in order to maintain a positive yield for investors. We waived $9.1 million, or less than 1% of total investment advisory fees from certain of our money market mutual funds, trusts and other investment portfolios during the nine months ended September 30, 2020.
The average annualized effective fee rate earned on our assets under management during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was 45.6 basis points compared with 46.2 basis points earned during the same period of 2019. Our annualized effective fee rate declined primarily due to client transfers within the complex to lower fee vehicles or share classes over the last twelve months and the money market fee waivers.
Operating expenses. Operating expenses were $2,484.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared with $2,342.5 million in the 2019 period. The increase in operating expenses was primarily due to higher salary and benefits expense, annual bonus accrual, stock-based compensation expense and our continued strategic investments. These increases were partially offset by a $6.5 million decrease in operating expenses related to the supplemental savings plan due to lower market returns in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
On a non-GAAP basis, our operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 increased 6.5% to $2,434.2 million compared to the 2019 period. Our non-GAAP operating expenses do not include the impact of our supplemental savings plan and consolidated sponsored investment products. See our non-GAAP reconciliations later in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis section.
We are narrowing our full-year 2020 non-GAAP operating expense growth guidance from a range of 3%-6% to a range of 4%-6%. The non-GAAP operating expense growth in the fourth quarter of 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 is expected to be lower than the 6.5% growth experienced year-to-date. For 2021, we currently estimate that our non-GAAP operating expenses will grow in the range of 6%-9%. These ranges include investments in our critical strategic initiatives to promote long-term growth of the business. We could elect to further adjust our expense growth should unforeseen circumstances arise, including significant market movements.
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Operating margin. Our operating margin in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was 44.5%, compared to 43.5% earned in the 2019 period. The increase in our operating margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the 2019 period was primarily driven by higher net revenues and lower expense related to our supplemental savings plan.
Diluted earnings per share. Diluted earnings per share was $6.66 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to $6.47 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The 2.9% increase was primarily driven by higher operating income and lower weighted average outstanding shares. These drivers of the increase were partially offset by lower net investment gains recognized in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the 2019 period.
On a non-GAAP basis, diluted earnings per share was $6.69 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to $6.04 for the 2019 period. The increase in adjusted diluted earnings per share was primarily due to higher operating income, lower weighted average outstanding shares, and a lower effective tax rate. The impact of these drivers were partially offset by lower net investment gains recognized in the 2020 period. See our non-GAAP reconciliations later in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis section.
Net revenues
Three months ended Q3 2020 vs. Q3 2019 Nine months ended YTD 2020 vs. YTD 2019
(in millions) 9/30/2020 9/30/2019 $ change % change 9/30/2020 9/30/2019 $ change % change
Investment advisory fees
U.S. mutual funds $ 939.5 $ 881.0 $ 58.5 6.6 % $ 2,638.8 $ 2,557.6 $ 81.2 3.2 %
Subadvised funds, separate accounts, collective investment trusts, and other investment products 529.8 422.4 107.4 25.4 % 1,452.1 1,210.2 241.9 20.0 %
1,469.3 1,303.4 165.9 12.7 % 4,090.9 3,767.8 323.1 8.6 %
Administrative, distribution, and servicing fees
Administrative fees 98.0 93.2 4.8 5.2 % 300.8 291.0 9.8 3.4 %
Distribution and servicing fees 28.5 30.1 (1.6) (5.3) % 82.1 90.4 (8.3) (9.2) %
126.5 123.3 3.2 2.6 % 382.9 381.4 1.5 .4 %
Net revenues $ 1,595.8 $ 1,426.7 $ 169.1 11.9 % $ 4,473.8 $ 4,149.2 $ 324.6 7.8 %
Investment advisory fees.
U.S. mutual funds
Investment advisory revenues earned in the third quarter of 2020 from our U.S. mutual funds were $939.5 million, an increase of 6.6% from the comparable 2019 quarter. Average assets under management in these funds for the third quarter of 2020 increased 9.0% from the 2019 quarter to $708.8 billion.
Investment advisory revenues earned in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 from the firm's U.S. mutual funds were $2,638.8 million, an increase of 3.2% from the comparable 2019 period. Average assets under management in these funds for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 increased 4.9% from the 2019 period to $664.0 billion.
The difference in the percentage of change in revenue compared with assets under management for both the 2020 quarter and year-to-date periods from the comparable 2019 periods is primarily due to client transfers within the complex to lower fee vehicles or shares classes during the last twelve months and the money market fee waivers.
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Subadvised funds, separate accounts, collective investment trusts and other investment products (Other Portfolios)
Investment advisory revenues earned in the third quarter of 2020 from these other portfolios were $529.8 million, an increase of 25.4% from the comparable 2019 quarter. Average assets under management for these products increased 21.8% from the 2019 quarter to $584.1 billion.
Investment advisory revenues earned in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 from these other portfolios were $1,452.1 million, an increase of 20.0% from the 2019 period. Average assets under management for these products increased 16.7% from the 2019 period to $534.9 billion.
Inflows into the Japanese ITMs, which have a higher fee rate relative to other products, have caused total investment advisory fees earned from other portfolios to outpace the increase in average assets under management. These investment advisory revenues include distribution-related services we provide to the Japanese ITMs and then contract with third-party intermediaries to distribute these products. The costs we incur to pay the third-party intermediaries are recorded as part of distribution and servicing expenses.
Administrative, distribution, and servicing fees. Administrative, distribution, and servicing fees in the third quarter of 2020 were $126.5 million, an increase of $3.2 million, or 2.6%, from the comparable 2019 quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, these fees were $382.9 million, an increase of $1.5 million, or .4%, from the 2019 period. The increase for both periods was primarily due to increased retail transfer agent servicing activities. These increases were partially offset by lower 12b-1 revenue earned on certain share classes, including the Advisor and R classes, of the U.S. mutual funds as lower markets in 2020 as well as client transfers to lower fee vehicles and share classes over the last twelve months have reduced assets under management in these share classes. The decline in 12b-1 revenue is offset entirely by a reduction in the costs paid to third-party intermediaries that source these assets and reported in distribution and servicing expense.
Our net revenues reflect the elimination of advisory and administrative fee revenue earned from our consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products. The corresponding expenses recognized by these products, and consolidated in our financial statements, were also eliminated from operating expenses. For the third quarter, we eliminated net revenue of $2.7 million in 2020 and $2.6 million in 2019. For the nine months ended September 30, we eliminated net revenue of $7.3 million in 2020 and $6.3 million in 2019.
Operating expenses
Three months ended Q3 2020 vs. Q3 2019 Nine months ended YTD 2020 vs. YTD 2019
(in millions) 9/30/2020 9/30/2019 $ change % change 9/30/2020 9/30/2019 $ change % change
Compensation and related costs $ 552.3 $ 466.3 $ 86.0 18.4 % $ 1,542.0 $ 1,441.0 $ 101.0 7.0 %
Distribution and servicing 73.5 64.5 9.0 14.0 % 201.2 195.3 5.9 3.0 %
Advertising and promotion 14.2 17.1 (2.9) (17.0) % 52.5 58.5 (6.0) (10.3) %
Product-related costs 36.8 38.0 (1.2) (3.2) % 118.0 115.6 2.4 2.1 %
Technology, occupancy, and facility costs 115.6 106.5 9.1 8.5 % 332.3 309.5 22.8 7.4 %
General, administrative, and other 74.5 75.2 (.7) (.9) % 238.0 222.6 15.4 6.9 %
Total operating expenses $ 866.9 $ 767.6 $ 99.3 12.9 % $ 2,484.0 $ 2,342.5 $ 141.5 6.0 %
Compensation and related costs. Compensation and related costs were $552.3 million in the third quarter of 2020, an increase of $86.0 million, or 18.4%, compared to the 2019 quarter. The increase from the 2019 quarter was primarily due to $33.3 million in higher expense for our supplemental savings plan as strong market returns in the third quarter of 2020 increased the liability compared with a minor increase from market returns in the 2019 quarter. Additionally, increases in salaries, benefits, and related employee costs, which increased $25.7 million from the 2019 period, as well as higher non-cash stock-based compensation expense contributed to the increase in compensation and related costs in the 2020 period. An increase of 5.6% in our average staff size and, to a lesser extent, the modest increases in base salaries at the beginning of 2020, have contributed to higher associate-related costs. Our interim accrual for annual variable compensation, primarily bonus compensation, also increased $22.6 million in the third quarter of 2020 compared to the 2019 quarter. We recognize the interim bonus accrual ratably over the year using the ratio of recognized quarterly net revenues to currently forecasted annual net revenues. The interim bonus accrual each quarter will reflect changes in the annual bonus pool from fluctuations in annual net
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revenues. These increases in compensation and related costs were offset in part by higher labor capitalization related to internally developed software.
Compensation and related costs were $1,542.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, an increase of $101.0 million, or 7.0%, compared to the 2019 period. The increase in compensation and related costs from the 2019 period was primarily due to an increase in salaries, benefits and related employee costs, which have increased $57.8 million from the 2019 period. An increase of 5.6% in our average staff size and modest increases in base salaries at the beginning of 2020, and higher non-cash stock-based compensation expense have contributed to higher associate-related costs. Our interim accrual for annual variable compensation, primarily bonus compensation, also increased $33.4 million in 2020 from the 2019 period. These increases in compensation and related costs were offset in part by $6.5 million in lower expense for our supplemental savings plan and $21.7 million in higher labor capitalization related to internally developed software in 2020 period.
Distribution and servicing. Distribution and servicing costs were $73.5 million for the third quarter of 2020, an increase of 14.0% from the $64.5 million recognized in the 2019 quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, these costs were $201.2 million, an increase of 3.0% over the $195.3 million recognized in the comparable 2019 period. The increase for both periods is primarily driven by higher distribution costs as a result of continued inflows into our Japanese ITMs. These increases were partially offset by client transfers to lower fee vehicles or share classes over the last twelve months that reduced assets under management for those mutual funds for which we pay distribution and servicing costs.
Distribution and servicing costs paid to third-party intermediaries that source the assets of certain share classes of our U.S. mutual funds are recognized in this expense line and are offset entirely by the 12b-1 revenue we earn and report in administrative, distribution, and servicing fees.
Advertising and promotion. Advertising and promotion costs were 14.2 in the third quarter of 2020, a decrease of $2.9 million, or 17.0%, compared to the $19.8 million recognized in the 2019 quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, these costs were $52.5 million, a decrease of $6.0 million, or 10.3%, compared to the 2019 period. The decrease for both periods is due primarily to fewer conference and promotional events in 2020 as compared to 2019.
Technology, occupancy, and facility costs. Technology, occupancy, and facility costs were $115.6 million in the third quarter of 2020, an increase of $9.1 million, or 8.5%, compared to the $106.5 million recognized in the 2019 quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, these costs were $332.3 million, an increase of $22.8 million, or 7.4%, compared to the 2019 period. The increase for both periods is due primarily to the ongoing investment in our technology capabilities, including related depreciation and hosted solution licenses.
General, administrative, and other. General, administrative, and other expenses were $74.5 million in the third quarter of 2020, a decrease of $.7 million, or 1%, compared to the $75.2 million recognized in the 2019 quarter. The decrease in the third quarter of 2020 as compared to the 2019 period is due primarily to lower travel-related expenses that were largely offset by higher professional fees and third-party investment research costs.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, general, administrative, and other expenses were $238.0 million, an increase of $15.4 million, or 6.9%, compared to the 2019 period. The increase in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the 2019 period is due to certain nonrecurring administrative expenses, along with higher third-party investment research costs and higher professional fees. These increases were partially offset by lower travel-related expenses.
Non-operating income
Non-operating income for the third quarter of 2020 was $191.6 million, an increase of $148.6 million from non-operating income of $43.0 million in the 2019 quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, non-operating income was $106.4 million, a decrease of $263.9 million from non-operating income in the comparable 2019 period of $370.3 million. The following table details the components of non-operating income for the quarter and year-to-date periods.
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Three months ended Nine months ended
(in millions) 9/30/2020 9/30/2019 9/30/2020 9/30/2019
Net gains (losses) from non-consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products
Cash and discretionary investments
Dividend income $ 4.3 $ 18.1 $ 19.7 $ 52.2
Market related gains and equity in earnings 21.3 .7 30.5 46.6
Total cash and discretionary investments 25.6 18.8 50.2 98.8
Seed capital investments
Dividend income .2 .2 1.4 1.0
Market related gains and equity in earnings 14.3 2.6 8.3 30.9
Net gain (loss) recognized upon deconsolidation — (.1) .1 .1
Investments used to hedge the supplemental savings plan liability 33.3 1.7 29.2 44.8
Total net gains from non-consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products 73.4 23.2 89.2 175.6
Other investment income 11.2 8.9 11.4 18.4
Net gains on investments 84.6 32.1 100.6 194.0
Net gains on consolidated sponsored investment portfolios 101.2 11.6 13.3 176.3
Other income (loss), including foreign currency gains and losses 5.8 (.7) (7.5) —
Non-operating income $ 191.6 $ 43.0 $ 106.4 $ 370.3
Our investment portfolio recognized significant gains in the third quarter of 2020 as strong markets continued into the third quarter of 2020. Our consolidated investment products and supplemental savings plan hedge portfolio comprised about 70% of the net gains recognized during the third quarter of 2020. Our cash and discretionary investment portfolio also experienced net investment gains of $25.6 million in the third quarter of 2020.
Despite the global economies and markets disruption caused by the coronavirus pandemic in the first quarter of 2020, strong markets in the second quarter and third quarter of 2020 reversed net investment losses experienced in the first quarter of 2020. Our cash and discretionary investments and supplemental savings plan hedge portfolio comprised approximately 75% of the net gains recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The net investment gains returned by cash and discretionary investment portfolio was $50.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020.
The table above includes the net investment income of the underlying portfolios included in the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products and not just the net investment income related to our interest. The table below shows the impact that the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products had on the individual lines of our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and the portion attributable to our interest:
Three months ended Nine months ended
(in millions) 9/30/2020 9/30/2019 9/30/2020 9/30/2019
Operating expenses reflected in net operating income $ (4.4) $ (3.7) $ (11.7) $ (10.6)
Net investment income reflected in non-operating income 101.2 11.6 13.3 176.3
Impact on income before taxes $ 96.8 $ 7.9 $ 1.6 $ 165.7
Net income (loss) attributable to our interest in the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products $ 41.4 $ 8.7 $ (2.8) $ 96.7
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests (unrelated third-party investors) 55.4 (.8) 4.4 69.0
$ 96.8 $ 7.9 $ 1.6 $ 165.7
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Provision for income taxes
Our effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2020 was 24.1%, compared with 22.4% in the 2019 quarter. The effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2020 increased as compared to the third quarter of 2019 primarily due to lower estimated annual net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests held in the firm's consolidated investment products, which are not taxable to the firm despite being included in pre-tax income, and lower discrete tax benefits associated with option exercises. These impacts were partially offset by a lower state effective tax rate, resulting primarily from the remeasurement of deferred tax liabilities related to the firm's investment portfolio.
Our effective tax rate for both the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 was 24.0%. The year-to-date 2020 effective tax rate reflects a lower state effective tax rate and higher discrete tax benefits associated with option exercises in the 2020 period, offset by lower estimated annual net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests held by the firm’s consolidated investment products.
The following table reconciles the statutory federal income tax rate to our effective tax rate for both the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:
Three months ended Nine months ended
9/30/2020 9/30/2019 9/30/2020 9/30/2019
Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate
21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 %
State income taxes for current year, net of federal income tax benefits (1)
3.9 4.4 4.1 4.4
Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests (.3) (.8) — (.8)
Net excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation plans activity
(.8) (1.2) (1.3) (.9)
Other items
.3 (1.0) .2 .3
Effective income tax rate
24.1 % 22.4 % 24.0 % 24.0 %
(1) State income tax benefits are reflected in the total benefits for net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests and stock-based compensation plans activity.
Our effective tax rate will continue to experience volatility in future periods as the discrete tax benefits recognized from option exercises are impacted by market fluctuations in our stock price and timing of option exercises. The rate will also be impacted by net investment income recognized on our consolidated investment products that are driven by market fluctuations and changes in the proportion of their net income that is attributable to non-controlling interests.
The non-GAAP tax rate primarily adjusts for the impact of the consolidated investment products, including the net income attributable to the redeemable non-controlling interests. Our non-GAAP effective tax rate increased to 24.1% in the third quarter of 2020 compared with 23.6% in third quarter of 2019, primarily due to lower discrete tax benefits associated with option exercises in the third quarter of 2020. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, our non-GAAP effective tax rate was 23.9%, down from the 24.8% for the comparable 2019 period. The decrease in the non-GAAP effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the 2019 period is primarily due to the lower effective state tax rate and higher discrete tax benefits associated with option exercises.
We currently estimate that our GAAP and non-GAAP effective tax rate for the full-year 2020 will be in the range of 23% to 25%.
NON-GAAP INFORMATION AND RECONCILIATION.
We believe the non-GAAP financial measures below provide relevant and meaningful information to investors about our core operating results. These measures have been established in order to increase transparency for the purpose of evaluating our core business, for comparing current results with prior period results, and to enable more appropriate comparison with industry peers. However, non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered a substitute for financial measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP and may be calculated differently by other companies.
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The following schedules reconcile certain U.S. GAAP financial measures for the three months ended
September 30, 2020 and 2019.
Three months ended 9/30/2020
Operating expenses
Net operating income
Non-operating income (loss)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes (4)
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group
Diluted earnings per share (5)
U.S. GAAP Basis
$ 866.9 $ 728.9 $ 191.6 $ 221.9 $ 643.2 $ 2.73
Non-GAAP adjustments:
Consolidated T. Rowe Price
investment products (1)
(1.7) 4.4 (101.2) (18.1) (23.3) (.10)
Supplemental savings plan liability (2)
(34.7) 34.7 (33.3) .6 .8 —
Other non-operating income (3)
— — (31.5) (13.5) (18.0) (.08)
Adjusted Non-GAAP Basis
$ 830.5 $ 768.0 $ 25.6 $ 190.9 $ 602.7 $ 2.55
Three months ended 9/30/2019
Operating expenses
Net operating income
Non-operating income (loss)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes (4)
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group
Diluted earnings per share (5)
U.S. GAAP Basis $ 767.6 $ 659.1 $ 43.0 $ 157.0 $ 545.9 $ 2.23
Non-GAAP adjustments:
Consolidated T. Rowe Price
investment products (1)
(1.1) 3.7 (11.6) 4.6 (13.3) (.05)
Supplemental savings plan liability (2)
(1.4) 1.4 (1.7) (.6) .3 —
Other non-operating income (3)
— — (10.9) 0.3 (11.2) (.05)
Adjusted Non-GAAP Basis $ 765.1 $ 664.2 $ 18.8 $ 161.3 $ 521.7 $ 2.13
The following schedules reconcile certain U.S. GAAP financial measures for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.
Nine months ended 9/30/2020
Operating expenses
Net operating income
Non-operating income (loss)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes (4)
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group
Diluted earnings per share (5)
U.S. GAAP Basis
$ 2,484.0 $ 1,989.8 $ 106.4 $ 502.5 $ 1,589.3 $ 6.66
Non-GAAP adjustments:
Consolidated T. Rowe Price
investment products (1)
(4.4) 11.7 (13.3) (1.3) 4.1 .02
Supplemental savings plan liability (2)
(45.4) 45.4 (29.2) 6.2 10.0 .04
Other non-operating income (3)
— — (13.7) (6.9) (6.8) (.03)
Adjusted Non-GAAP Basis
$ 2,434.2 $ 2,046.9 $ 50.2 $ 500.5 $ 1,596.6 $ 6.69
Nine months ended 9/30/2019
Operating expenses
Net operating income
Non-operating income (loss)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes (4)
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group
Diluted earnings per share (5)
U.S. GAAP Basis
$ 2,342.5 $ 1,806.7 $ 370.3 $ 522.0 $ 1,586.0 $ 6.47
Non-GAAP adjustments:
Consolidated T. Rowe Price
investment products (1)
(4.3) 10.6 (176.3) (23.7) (73.0) (.30)
Supplemental savings plan liability (2)
(51.9) 51.9 (44.8) 1.7 5.4 .03
Other non-operating income (3)
— — (50.4) (12.4) (38.0) (.16)
Adjusted Non-GAAP Basis
$ 2,286.3 $ 1,869.2 $ 98.8 $ 487.6 $ 1,480.4 $ 6.04
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(1) These non-GAAP adjustments remove the impact that the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products have on our U.S. GAAP consolidated statements of income. Specifically, we add back the operating expenses and subtract the investment income of the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products. The adjustment to our operating expenses represents the operating expenses of the consolidated products, net of the elimination of related management and administrative fees. The adjustment to net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group represents the net income of the consolidated products, net of redeemable non-controlling interest. We remove the impact of the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products as we believe they impact the reader’s ability to understand our core operating results.
(2) These non-GAAP adjustments remove the compensation expense impact from market valuation changes in the supplemental savings plan liability and the related net gains (losses) on investments designated as an economic hedge against the related liability. Amounts deferred under the supplemental savings plan are adjusted for appreciation (depreciation) of hypothetical investments chosen by participants. We use T. Rowe Price investment products to economically hedge the exposure to these market movements. We believe it is useful to offset the non-operating investment income (loss) realized on the hedges against the related compensation expense and remove the net impact to help the reader's ability to understand our core operating results and to increase comparability period to period.
(3) This non-GAAP adjustment represents the other non-operating income (loss) and the net gains (losses) earned on our non-consolidated investment portfolio that are not designated as economic hedges of the supplemental savings plan liability, and non-consolidated seed investments and other investments that are not part of the cash and discretionary investment portfolio. We retain the investment gains recognized on our non-consolidated cash and discretionary investments as these assets and related income (loss) are considered part of our core operations. We believe adjusting for these non-operating income (loss) items helps the reader’s ability to understand our core operating results and increases comparability to prior years. Additionally, we do not emphasize the impact of the portion of non-operating income (loss) removed when managing and evaluating our core performance.
(4) The income tax impacts were calculated in order to achieve an overall non-GAAP effective tax rate of 23.9% for the first nine months of 2020 and 24.8% for the first nine months of 2019. As such, the non-GAAP effective tax rate for the third quarter was 24.1% in 2020 and 23.6% in 2019. We estimate that our effective tax rate for the full-year 2020 on a non-GAAP basis will be in the range of 23% to 25%.
(5) This non-GAAP measure was calculated by applying the two-class method to adjusted net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group divided by the weighted-average common shares outstanding assuming dilution. The calculation of adjusted net income allocated to common stockholders is as follows:
Three months ended Nine months ended
9/30/2020 9/30/2019 9/30/2020 9/30/2019
Adjusted net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group $ 602.7 $ 521.7 $ 1,596.6 $ 1,480.4
Less: adjusted net income allocated to outstanding restricted stock and stock unit holders 16.8 13.3 44.1 37.7
Adjusted net income allocated to common stockholders $ 585.9 $ 508.4 $ 1,552.5 $ 1,442.7
CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY.
Sources of Liquidity
We remain debt-free with ample liquidity, including cash and investments in T. Rowe Price products, as follows:
(in millions) 9/30/2020 12/31/2019
Cash and cash equivalents $ 2,228.2 $ 1,781.8
Discretionary investments 2,119.1 1,899.6
Total cash and discretionary investments 4,347.3 3,681.4
Redeemable seed capital investments 1,097.4 1,325.6
Investments used to hedge the supplemental savings plan liability 605.7 561.1
Total cash and investments in T. Rowe Price products $ 6,050.4 $ 5,568.1
Our discretionary investment portfolio is comprised primarily of short duration bond funds, which typically yield higher than money market rates, and asset allocation products. Cash and discretionary investments returned gains
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of $25.6 million and $50.2 million in the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, as compared to investment gains of $18.8 million and $98.8 million in the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. Cash and discretionary investments in T. Rowe Price products held by our subsidiaries outside the U.S. were $778.7 million at September 30, 2020 and $665.8 million at December 31, 2019. Given the availability of our financial resources and cash expected to be generated through future operations, we do not maintain an available external source of additional liquidity.
Our seed capital investments are redeemable, although we generally expect to be invested for several years for the products to build an investment performance history and until unrelated third-party investors substantially reduce our relative ownership percentage.
The cash and investment presentation on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet is based on the accounting treatment for the cash equivalent or investment item. The following table details how T. Rowe Price Group’s interests in cash and investments relate to where they are presented on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2020.
(in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents
Investments
Net assets of consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products (1)
9/30/2020
Cash and discretionary investments $ 2,228.2 $ 1,834.7 $ 284.4 $ 4,347.3
Seed capital investments — 326.2 771.2 1,097.4
Investments used to hedge the supplemental savings plan liability — 605.7 — 605.7
Total cash and investments in T. Rowe Price products attributable to T. Rowe Price Group 2,228.2 2,766.6 1,055.6 6,050.4
Investment in UTI and other investments — 264.2 — 264.2
Total cash and investments attributable to T. Rowe Price Group 2,228.2 3,030.8 1,055.6 6,314.6
Redeemable non-controlling interests — — 1,340.2 1,340.2
As reported on unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2020 $ 2,228.2 $ 3,030.8 $ 2,395.8 $ 7,654.8
(1) The consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products are generally those products we provided seed capital at the time of their formation and we have a controlling interest. These products generally represent U.S. mutual funds as well as those funds regulated outside the U.S. The $284.4 million and the $771.2 million represent the total value at September 30, 2020 of our interest in the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products. The total net assets of the T. Rowe Price investment products at September 30, 2020 of $2,395.8 million includes assets of $2,442.3 million, less the liabilities of $46.5 million as reflected in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet reflects the cash and cash equivalents, investments, other assets and liabilities of those T. Rowe Price investment products we consolidate, as well as redeemable non-controlling interests for the portion of these T. Rowe Price investment products that are held by unrelated third-party investors. Although we can redeem our net interest in these T. Rowe Price investment products at any time, we cannot directly access or sell the assets held by the products to obtain cash for general operations. Additionally, the assets of these T. Rowe Price investment products are not available to our general creditors. Our interest in these
T. Rowe Price investment products was used as initial seed capital and is recategorized as discretionary when it is determined by management that the seed capital is no longer needed. We assess the discretionary investment products and, when we decide to liquidate our interest, we seek to do so in a way as to not impact the product and, ultimately, the unrelated third-party investors.
Additionally, in October 2020, UTI Asset Management Company Limited (India), one of our equity method investments, held an initial public offering in India. As part of the offering, we sold a portion of our 26% interest and received net proceeds of approximately $28.0 million and recorded a net gain on the sale of approximately $3.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2020. Subsequent to the sale, we have an ownership interest of 23% of UTI Asset Management Company Limited (India).
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Uses of Liquidity
We increased our quarterly recurring dividend per common share in February 2020 by 18.4% to $.90 per common share from $.76 per common share. Additionally, we expended $1.2 billion in the first nine months of 2020 to repurchase 10.8 million shares, or 4.6%, of our outstanding common stock at an average price of $108.77 per share. These dividends and repurchases were expended using existing cash balances and cash generated from operations. While opportunistic in our approach to stock buybacks, we will generally repurchase our common stock over time to offset the dilution created by our equity-based compensation plans.
Since the end of 2017, we have returned $5.0 billion to stockholders through stock repurchases and our regular quarterly dividends, as follows:
(in millions) Recurring dividend Stock repurchases Total cash returned to stockholders
2018 $ 694.7 $ 1,099.6 $ 1,794.3
2019 733.6 708.8 1,442.4
Nine months ended 9/30/2020 635.3 1,170.7 1,806.0
Total $ 2,063.6 $ 2,979.1 $ 5,042.7
We anticipate property and equipment expenditures for the full-year 2020 to be about $230 million, of which more than three-quarters is planned for technology initiatives. We expect to fund our anticipated capital expenditures with operating cash flows and other available resources.
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Cash Flows
The following table summarizes the cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, that are attributable to T. Rowe Price Group, our consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products, and the related eliminations required in preparing the statement.
Nine months ended
9/30/2020 9/30/2019
(in millions)
Cash flow attributable to T. Rowe Price Group
Cash flow attributable to consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products
Elims
As reported
Cash flow attributable to T. Rowe Price Group
Cash flow attributable to consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products
Elims
As reported
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income $ 1,589.3 $ 1.6 $ 2.8 $ 1,593.7 $ 1,586.0 $ 165.7 $ (96.7) $ 1,655.0
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment 144.0 — — 144.0 131.7 — — 131.7
Stock-based compensation expense 164.5 — — 164.5 136.1 — — 136.1
Net (gains) losses recognized on investments (72.5) — (2.8) (75.3) (234.0) — 96.7 (137.3)
Net investments in T. Rowe Price investment products used to economically hedge supplemental savings plan liability
(19.1) — — (19.1) (20.5) — — (20.5)
Net change in trading securities held by consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products — (350.8) — (350.8) — (688.1) — (688.1)
Other changes in assets and liabilities 458.8 2.5 (1.4) 459.9 428.8 (1.1) (3.9) 423.8
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 2,265.0 (346.7) (1.4) 1,916.9 2,028.1 (523.5) (3.9) 1,500.7
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities (100.6) (49.1) 96.6 (53.1) (230.0) (8.3) 161.6 (76.7)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (1,718.0) 393.9 (95.2) (1,419.3) (1,010.1) 544.8 (157.7) (623.0)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents of consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products — 3.4 — 3.4 — (2.2) — (2.2)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents during period 446.4 1.5 — 447.9 788.0 10.8 — 798.8
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 1,781.8 76.5 — 1,858.3 1,425.2 70.1 — 1,495.3
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 2,228.2 $ 78.0 $ — $ 2,306.2 $ 2,213.2 $ 80.9 $ — $ 2,294.1
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Operating Activities
Operating activities attributable to T. Rowe Price Group during the first nine months of 2020 provided cash flows of $2,265.0 million as compared to $2,028.1 million during the first nine months of 2019. Operating cash flows attributable to T. Rowe Price Group increased $236.9 million, including $203.6 million in higher non-cash adjustments, including unrealized investment gains/losses, depreciation, and stock-based compensation expense; timing differences on the cash settlement of our assets and liabilities of $30.0 million; and the $3.3 million increase in net income from the first nine months of 2019. The non-cash adjustments were driven by a $161.5 million decrease in net investment gains in the first nine months of 2020 compared with the first nine months of 2019. Our interim operating cash flows do not include the cash impact of variable compensation that is accrued throughout the year before being substantially paid out in December. The remaining change in reported cash flows from operating activities was attributable to the net change in trading securities held in our consolidated investment products’ underlying portfolios.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities that are attributable to T. Rowe Price Group totaled $100.6 million in the first nine months of 2020 compared with $230.0 million in the 2019 period. During 2020, we received net proceeds from the sale of certain of our discretionary investments of $141.6 million compared to net proceeds of $77.0 million during 2019. In addition, while we increased our property and equipment expenditures by $6.5 million, we decreased the level of seed capital provided by $65.0 million. We eliminate our seed capital in those T. Rowe Price investment products we consolidate in preparing our unaudited condensed consolidated statement of cash flows. The remaining $40.8 million change in reported cash flows from investing activities is related to the net cash removed from our balance sheet from consolidating and deconsolidating investment products.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities attributable to T. Rowe Price Group were $1,718.0 million in the first nine months of 2020 compared with $1,010.1 million in the 2019 period. During 2020, there was a $582.5 million increase in cash paid for common stock repurchases as we repurchased 5.1 million more shares of common stock in the first nine months of 2020 as compared to the first nine months of 2019. Additionally, there was a $85.3 million increase in dividends paid in 2020 as a result of an 18.4% increase in our quarterly dividend per share. The remaining change in reported cash flows from financing activities is primarily attributable to a $88.4 million decrease in net subscriptions received from redeemable non-controlling interest holders of our consolidated investment products during the first nine months of 2020 compared to the 2019 period.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES.
The preparation of financial statements often requires the selection of specific accounting methods and policies from among several acceptable alternatives. Further, significant estimates and judgments may be required in selecting and applying those methods and policies in the recognition of the assets and liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, the revenues and expenses in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income, and the information that is contained in our significant accounting policies and notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. Making these estimates and judgments requires the analysis of information concerning events that may not yet be complete and of facts and circumstances that may change over time. Accordingly, actual amounts or future results can differ materially from those estimates that we include currently in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, significant accounting policies, and notes.
There have been no material changes in the critical accounting policies previously identified in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
NEWLY-ISSUED BUT NOT YET ADOPTED ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE.
See Note 1 - The Company and Basis of Preparation note within Item 1. Financial Statements for a discussion of newly issued but not yet adopted accounting guidance.
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FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION.
From time to time, information or statements provided by or on behalf of T. Rowe Price, including those within this report, may contain certain forward-looking information, including information or anticipated information relating to: our revenues, net income, and earnings per share on common stock; changes in the amount and composition of our assets under management; our expense levels; our tax rate; and our expectations regarding financial markets, future transactions, dividends, stock repurchases, investments, new products and services, capital expenditures, changes in our effective fee rate, the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, and other market conditions. Readers are cautioned that any forward-looking information provided by or on behalf of T. Rowe Price is not a guarantee of future performance. Actual results may differ materially from those in forward-looking information because of various factors including, but not limited to, those discussed below and in Item 1A, Risk Factors, of this Form 10-Q and our Form 10-K Annual Report for 2019. Further, forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which it is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
Our future revenues and results of operations will fluctuate primarily due to changes in the total value and composition of assets under our management. Such changes result from many factors, including, among other things: cash inflows and outflows in the U.S. mutual funds, subadvised funds, separately managed accounts, collective investment trusts, and other investment products, fluctuations in global financial markets that result in appreciation or depreciation of the assets under our management, our introduction of new mutual funds and investment products, changes in retirement savings trends relative to participant-directed investments and defined contribution plans, and the impact of the recent coronavirus outbreak. The ability to attract and retain investors’ assets under our management is dependent on investor sentiment and confidence; the relative investment performance of the U.S. mutual funds and other managed investment products as compared with competing offerings and market indexes; the ability to maintain our investment management and administrative fees at appropriate levels; competitive conditions in the mutual fund, asset management, and broader financial services sectors; and our level of success in implementing our strategy to expand our business. Our revenues are substantially dependent on fees earned under contracts with the T. Rowe Price funds and could be adversely affected if the independent directors of one or more of the T. Rowe Price funds terminated or significantly altered the terms of the investment management or related administrative services agreements. Non-operating investment income will also fluctuate primarily due to the size of our investments, changes in their market valuations, and any other-than-temporary impairments that may arise or, in the case of our equity method investments, our proportionate share of the investees' net income.
Our future results are also dependent upon the level of our expenses, which are subject to fluctuation for the following or other reasons: changes in the level of our advertising and promotion expenses in response to market conditions, including our efforts to expand our investment advisory business to investors outside the U.S. and to further penetrate our distribution channels within the U.S.; the pace and level of spending to support key strategic priorities; variations in the level of total compensation expense due to, among other things, bonuses, restricted stock units and other equity grants, other incentive awards, our supplemental savings plan, changes in our employee count and mix, and competitive factors; any goodwill or other asset impairment that may arise; fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates applicable to the costs of our international operations; expenses and capital costs, such as technology assets, depreciation, amortization, and research and development, incurred to maintain and enhance our administrative and operating services infrastructure; the timing of the assumption of all third party research payments, unanticipated costs that may be incurred to protect investor accounts and the goodwill of our clients; and disruptions of services, including those provided by third parties, such as fund and product recordkeeping, facilities, communications, power, and the mutual fund transfer agent and accounting systems.
Our business is also subject to substantial governmental regulation, and changes in legal, regulatory, accounting, tax, and compliance requirements may have a substantial effect on our operations and results, including, but not limited to, effects on costs that we incur and effects on investor interest in T. Rowe Price investment products and investing in general or in particular classes of mutual funds or other investments.
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Text extracted from the filing as submitted to EDGAR. Formatting, tables and exhibits are simplified for reading; the original document is authoritative for anything you rely on.