Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 10-K

ITEM 9A – CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Management’s evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. Based on management’s evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are designed at a reasonable assurance level and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for our company. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act, as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a company’s principal executive and principal financial officer and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible enhancements to controls and procedures. We conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer conclude that, at December 31, 2025, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. This Annual Report does not include an attestation report by EisnerAmper LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. As a smaller reporting company, our management’s report was not subject to attestation by our registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit us to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report. 99 Changes in internal control over financial reporting. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B – OTHER INFORMATION During the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2025, our officers or directors, as those terms are defined in Rule 16a-1(f), adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K. ITEM 9C – DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS Not Applicable. 100 PART III ITEM 10 – DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The Board of Directors elects our executive officers annually. A majority vote of the directors who are in office is required to fill vacancies. Each director shall be elected for the term of one year and until his successor is elected and qualified or until his earlier resignation or removal. Our directors and executive officers are as follows: NAME AGE CURRENT POSITION Seth Lederman 68 President, CEO and Chairman of the Board of Directors Richard Bagger 65 Director Margaret Smith Bell 66 Director David Grange 78 Director James Hunter 70 Director Adeoye Olukotun 81 Director Newcomb Stillwell 69 Director Carolyn Taylor 66 Director James Treco 70 Lead Director Jessica Morris 48 Chief Operating Officer Bradley Saenger 52 Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer Gregory Sullivan 60 Chief Medical Officer and Secretary Siobhan Fogarty 57 Chief Technical Officer The following information with respect to the principal occupation or employment of each nominee for director, the principal business of the corporation or other organization in which such occupation or employment is carried on, and such nominee’s business experience during the past five years, as well as the specific experiences, qualifications, attributes and skills that have led the Board to determine that such Board members should serve on our Board, has been furnished to the Company by the respective director nominees: Seth Lederman, MD became our President, Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board and a Director in October 2011. Dr. Lederman founded Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary, in 2007 and has acted as its Chairman of the Board of Directors since its inception, and as President since 2010. Prior to becoming a biopharma entrepreneur, Dr. Lederman served as an Associate Professor at Columbia University, where he directed basic science research in molecular immunology, infectious diseases and the development of therapeutics for autoimmune diseases. In addition to his research, Dr. Lederman served as attending physician in the Edward Daniels Arthritis and Autoimmunity Clinic on the Medical Service at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital. Dr. Lederman received his BA degree in Chemistry from Princeton University in 1979 and his M.D. from Columbia University in 1983. Dr. Lederman’s significant experience with drug discovery, development and commercialization and his experience as an biotechnology executive director were instrumental in his selection as a member of the Board. 101 Richard Bagger became a Director in June 2020. Mr. Bagger has been a Partner and Executive Director of Christie 55 Solutions, LLC, a New Jersey based consulting firm, since January 2020. Mr. Bagger has also been an Adjunct Faculty member at Rutgers University since 2018. From 2012 through 2019, Mr. Bagger was Executive Vice President of Corporate Affairs and Market Access for Celgene Corporation (NASDAQ: CELG), a global biopharmaceutical company, as well as a member of its Executive Committee. From 1993 to 2010, Mr. Bagger held roles of increasing responsibility with Pfizer Inc. (NYSE: PFE), a global pharmaceutical company, and served as Senior Vice President, Worldwide Public Affairs and Policy, from 2006 to 2009. Prior to joining Pfizer, Mr. Bagger was Assistant General Counsel of Blue Cross and Blue Shield of New Jersey, a health insurer, and practiced law with the law firm of McCarter & English. Mr. Bagger served as Board Chair of the National Pharmaceutical Council for 2019 and is a member of the Board of Directors of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. He is also on the advisory board for the Lerner Center for the Study of Pharmaceutical Management Issues at Rutgers University Business School. Mr. Bagger received an A.B. degree from Princeton University’s School of Public and International Affairs and a J.D. degree from Rutgers University Law School. Mr. Bagger’s extensive healthcare and public policy experience were instrumental in his selection as a member of the Board. Margaret Smith Bell became a Director in September 2017. Previously, Ms. Bell was a Vice President at Standard Life Investments where she was a portfolio manager and health care equity analyst. Ms. Bell was also a Managing Director at Putnam Investments and served as a senior health care analyst and a portfolio manager of the Putnam Health Sciences Trust. Ms. Bell was an analyst and vice president at State Street Research and a research analyst at Alex. Brown & Sons, Inc. Ms. Bell is a past member of the Board of Overseers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Ms. Bell holds a B.A. from Wesleyan University and an M.B.A. from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. Ms. Bell’s extensive healthcare and investment banking experience were instrumental in her selection as a member of the Board. Major General David Grange (U.S. Army, retired) became a director in February 2018. MG Grange has been President and founder of Osprey Global Solutions, LLC (“OGS”), a Service Disabled Veterans Organization, since 2011. MG Grange was Chief Executive Officer of Pharm-Olam International, Ltd., a contract research organization, from April 2017 to October 2019. Prior to founding OGS, MG Grange was a member of the Board of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Inc. (Nasdaq: PPDI), a contract research organization, from 2003 to 2009, and Chief Executive Officer from 2009 to 2011. Prior to PPDI MG Grange served in the McCormick Tribune Foundation for 10 years, most recently as Chief Executive Officer and President, where he also oversaw the support of Veteran Programs. MG Grange served 30 years in the U.S. Army as a Ranger, Green Beret, Aviator, Infantryman and a member of special operating units. At the Pentagon, he was Director of Army Current Operations, Readiness, and Mobilization. MG Grange commanded the Ranger Regiment and the First Infantry Division (the Big Red One). MG Grange holds a master’s degree in Public Service from Western Kentucky University. MG Grange’s extensive experience in the pharmaceutical industry and service with the U.S. military was instrumental in his selection as a member of our Board. James Hunter became a Director in June 2025. Mr. Hunter served as executive Vice President of Commercial Operations at Tonix Pharmaceuticals and President of Tonix Medicines from June 2023 to December 2024. Mr. Hunter was CEO and Co-founder of Validus Pharmaceuticals from 2007 to 2018. Before co-founding Validus, Mr. Hunter was Executive Director of Neuroscience Sales at Novartis Pharmaceuticals. Previously, Mr. Hunter served as Executive Director of the Northeast Business Unit at Ciba Geigy Pharmaceuticals. Mr. Hunter received his B.S. from Seton Hall University and earned his M.B.A from Fairleigh Dickinson University. Mr. Hunter’s extensive experience in the pharmaceutical industry was instrumental in his selection as a member of our Board. Adeoye Olukotun, MD became a Director in September 2018. Dr. Olukotun is a board member of Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals (ARWR), a publicly traded biopharmaceutical company. Dr. Olukotun has been the Chief Executive Officer of CR Strategies, LLC, a medical products consulting company, since 2000. Dr. Olukotun was the Chief Executive Officer of Genesis Unicorn Corporation, a special acquisition company listed on Nasdaq (GENQU) that became Genesis Unicorn Capital Corp. (GENQ), and later became ESGL Holdings Ltd trading on Nasdaq (ESGL). Dr. Olukoton was the Chief Executive Officer of EpiGen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, from 2014 to January of 2018. Dr. Olukotun served as Vice Chairman of CardoVax, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, from 2012 to 2016, and as its Chief Executive Officer from 2006 to 2012. He is also co-founder of VIA Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, and served as the company’s Chief Medical Officer from 2004 to 2008. Dr. Olukotun is a member of the board of directors of Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Olukotun received his B.A. from University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, his M.D. from Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and his M. P.H. from Harvard School of Public Health. Dr. Olukotun’s extensive medical background and experience in the pharmaceutical industry was instrumental in his selection as a member of our Board. R. Newcomb Stillwell became a director in March 2023. Mr. Stillwell has held positions of varying responsibility at the law firm of Ropes & Gray LLP from 1984 to 2021, including, most recently, as co-managing partner of the Ropes & Gray Boston office. Mr. Stillwell graduated from Harvard Law School and earned an A.B. from Princeton University. Mr. Stillwell’s extensive advisory experience on numerous transactions in the life science and healthcare sectors was instrumental in his selection as a member of the Board. 102 Carolyn Taylor became a director in July 2021. Ms. Taylor was general counsel of Strike Protocols Inc., a financial technology company, from 2019 to 2020, and held positions of varying responsibility, including partner, and most recently, of counsel, at the law firm of Covington & Burling LLP from 1989 to 2000 and 2004 to 2015. From 2000 to 2003, Ms. Taylor served as Executive Vice President and General Counsel of Longitude, Inc., a financial services company. Ms. Taylor graduated from Columbia Law School and earned a B.A. from Brown University. Ms. Taylor’s broad transactional experience was instrumental in her selection as a member of the Board. James Treco became a director in February 2019 and has been our Lead Director since March 2020. Mr. Treco continues to be involved with several small clinical research companies operating out of the Hanover, New Hampshire area. Mr. Treco has been a Managing Partner at First Chicago Advisors, Inc., a boutique financial advisory firm where he advised executives and boards of directors of a wide range of companies, from global, large-cap companies to emerging companies, from 2009 to 2012 and from 2014 to 2024. From 2012 to 2013 Mr. Treco was an investment banker with Gleacher & Company, a company that previously operated an investment banking business, providing corporate and institutional clients with strategic and financial advisory services. Mr. Treco held various positions of increasing responsibility at Salomon Brothers/Citigroup from 1984 to 2008, where he used his extensive experience in the global capital markets to advise a wide range of clients. Mr. Treco holds a B.A. from Yale University and an M.B.A. from the Stanford University Graduate School of Business. Mr. Treco’s extensive healthcare and investment banking experience were instrumental in his selection as a member of the Board. Jessica Morris is our Chief Operating Officer and has worked for the Company since April 2013, first as a consultant (April 2013 – September 2013), then as SVP of Finance (September 2013 – October 2015), followed by Chief Administrative Officer (October 2015 – January 2016), Acting Chief Financial Officer (January 2016 – February 2016), and Executive Vice President, Operations (February 2016 – January 2018). Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Morris was a Vice President in investment management at Zhong Rong Group. Previously, Ms. Morris was a Senior Associate in the Sponsor Finance Group at American Capital, a Vice President of the mezzanine debt fund at Calvert Street Capital Partners, an Associate in the commercial finance department of Silicon Valley Bank, and a Financial Analyst in the investment banking group at Deutsche Bank. Ms. Morris earned a B.S. in Commerce and a B.A. in Music from the University of Virginia, where she was an Echols Scholar. Bradley Saenger, CPA became Chief Financial Officer in February 2016 and joined Tonix in May 2014, where he held positions of increasing responsibility. Since November 2015, Mr. Saenger has been a director of Tonix Pharma Holdings Limited. Between June 2013 and March 2014, Mr. Saenger worked for Shire Pharmaceuticals as a consultant in the financial analyst research and development group. Between February 2013 and May 2013, Mr. Saenger worked for Stewart Health Care System, formerly a private, for-profit hospital operator, as a financial consultant. Between October 2011 and December 2012, Mr. Saenger was an Associate Director of Accounting at Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a publicly traded biotech company (Nasdaq: VRTX). Between January 2005 and September 2011, Mr. Saenger worked for Alere Inc., formerly a global manufacturer of rapid point-of-care diagnostic tests that was acquired by Abbott Laboratories, as a Manager of Corporate Accounting and Consolidations (2007 – 2011) and Manager of Financial Reporting (2005 – 2006). Mr. Saenger also worked for PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Shifren Hirsowitz, public accountants and auditors in Johannesburg, South Africa, Investec Bank in Johannesburg, South Africa and Norman Sifris and Company, public accountants and auditors in Johannesburg, South Africa. Mr. Saenger received his Bachelor’s and Honors’ degrees in Accounting Science from the University of South Africa. Mr. Saenger is a Chartered Accountant in South Africa and a Certified Public Accountant in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Gregory Sullivan, MD became our Chief Medical Officer on June 3, 2014 and our Secretary in March 2017. Prior to becoming our Chief Medical Officer, he served on our Scientific Advisory Board since October 2010, and had also provided ad hoc consulting services. Previously, Dr. Sullivan had been a member of the faculty of Columbia University since July 1999, where he served as an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry in the Department of Psychiatry at Columbia University Medical Center (“CUMC”) until June 2014. Between June 1997 and August 2014, Dr. Sullivan maintained a part-time psychiatry practice. He served as a Research Scientist at the New York State Psychiatric Institute (“NYSPI”) from December 2006 to June 2014. He Dr. Sullivan also served as a member of the Institutional Review Board of the NYSPI from January 2009 to June 2014. As Principal Investigator and Co-Investigator on several human studies of PTSD, Dr. Sullivan has administered the recruitment, biological assessments, treatment, and safety of participants with PTSD in clinical trials of the disorder. He has published more than 50 articles and chapters on research topics ranging from stress and anxiety disorders to abnormal serotonin receptor expression in depression, PTSD and panic disorder. He is a recipient of grants from the National Institute of Mental Health ("NIMH"), the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, NARSAD, the Dana Foundation, and the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. Dr. Sullivan received a BA in Biology from the University of California, Berkeley, and received his MD from the College of Physicians & Surgeons at Columbia University. He completed his residency training in psychiatry at CUMC, and then a two-year NIMH-sponsored research fellowship in anxiety and affective disorders before joining the faculty at Columbia. Siobhan Fogarty became our Chief Technical Officer in February 2025, prior to which. Siobhan has worked for she held roles of increasing responsibility Tonix Pharma Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, since September 2016, holding roles with increasing responsibility, most recently as Executive Vice President, Product Development, since February 2021, and prior to that as Vice President, Product Development, since February 2019. Ms. Fogarty started her career with Elan Corporation, an Irish pharmaceutical company, as a formulation scientist. Ms. Fogarty moved to Glaxo SmithKline, a publicly traded pharmaceutical company (NYSE: GSK), as a manufacturing strategist post following the merger of Glaxo and SmithKline Beecham. Ms. Fogarty established European product development sites for Fuisz Technologies, a privately held technology company, and Biovail Corporation, a privately held specialty pharmaceutical company. Subsequently Ms. Fogarty started her own consultancy company, eMSc, continuing to consult with pharmaceutical companies in product development and implementation of a phased approach to quality. Ms. Fogarty earned a Bachelor of Science in Industrial Chemistry from the University of Limerick, and a Masters in Pharmaceutical Science from the School of Pharmacy, Trinity College Dublin. 103 Directors serve until the next annual meeting of shareholders or until their successors are elected and qualified. Officers serve at the discretion of the Board. Board Independence The Board has determined that (i) because Seth Lederman is an executive officer of the Company, he has a relationship which, in the opinion of the Board, would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and is not an “independent director” as defined in the Marketplace Rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market, (ii) because James Hunter was a former employee of the Company, he has a relationship which, in the opinion of the Board, would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and is not an “independent director” as defined in the Marketplace Rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market, and (iii) Richard Bagger, Margaret Smith Bell, David Grange, Adeoye Olukotun, Newcomb Stillwell, Carolyn Taylor and James Treco are each an independent director as defined in the Marketplace Rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market. Board Leadership Structure Our CEO also serves as the chairman of the Board. An independent director serves as the Board’s lead director. This structure allows one person to speak for and lead both the Company and the Board, while also providing for effective independent board oversight through an independent lead director. Having Dr. Lederman, our CEO, serve as Chairman creates clear and unambiguous authority, which is essential to effective management. Our Board and management can respond more effectively to a clearer line of authority. By designating our CEO as its Chairman, our Board also sends as an important signal to our employees and shareholders about who is accountable. Further, since Dr. Lederman is the founder of our Company and is an inventor on key patents and patent applications underlying our programs, we believe that Dr. Lederman is best-positioned to set our Board’s agenda and provide leadership. We have established the position of lead director, which has been held by Mr. Treco since 2020. The lead director has the following responsibilities, as detailed in the Lead Director charter, adopted by the Board (and also performs any other functions the Board may request): ● Board leadership — provides leadership to the Board in any situation where the chairman’s role may be, or may be perceived to be, in conflict, and also chairs meetings when the chairman is absent; ● Leadership of independent director meetings — leads independent director meetings, which take place without any management directors or Tonix employees present; ● Additional meetings — calls additional independent director meetings as needed; ● Chairman-independent director liaison — regularly meets with the chairman and serves as liaison between the chairman and the independent directors; ● Stockholder communications — makes himself available for direct communication with our stockholders; ● Board agenda, schedule & information — works with the chairman regarding meeting agendas, meeting schedules and information sent to directors for Board meetings, including the quality, quantity, appropriateness and timeliness of such information; and ● Advisors and consultants — recommends to the Board the retention of outside advisors and consultants who report directly to the Board on Board-wide issues. 104 Board Role in Risk Oversight Risk is an integral part of the Board and Board committee deliberations throughout the year. While the Board has the ultimate oversight responsibility for the risk management process, various committees of the Board also have responsibility for risk management. In particular, the Audit Committee focuses on financial risk, including internal controls, and receives financial risk assessment reports from management. Risks related to the compensation programs are reviewed by the Compensation Committee. The Board is advised by these committees of significant risks and management’s response through periodic updates. Stockholder Communications with the Board The Company’s stockholders may communicate with the Board, including non-executive directors or officers, by sending written communications addressed to such person or persons in care of Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., Attention: Secretary, 200 Connell Drive, Suite 3100, Berkeley Heights, New Jersey 07922. All communications will be compiled by the Secretary and submitted to the addressee. If the Board modifies this process, the revised process will be posted on the Company’s website. Meetings and Committees of the Board During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, the Board held 10 meetings, the Audit Committee held eight meetings, the Compensation Committee held eight meetings and the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee held five meetings. The Board and Board committees also approved certain actions by unanimous written consent. Each of the directors attended at least 75% of the aggregate of the total number of meetings of our Board (held during the period for which such directors served on the Board). Each of the directors attended at least 75% of the total number of meetings of all committees of our Board on which the director served (during the periods for which the director served on such committee or committees). Dr. Lederman was the only member of the Board who attended last year’s annual meeting of stockholders. The Company does not have a formal policy requiring members of the Board to attend our annual meetings. Board Committees The Board has standing Audit, Compensation, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees. Information concerning the membership and function of each committee is as follows: Board Committee Membership Name Audit Committee Compensation Committee Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Richard Bagger * ** Margaret Smith Bell * ** David Grange * * Adeoye Olukotun * Newcomb Stillwell * * Carolyn Taylor * James Treco ** * * Member of Committee ** Chair of Committee Audit Committee Our Audit Committee consists of James Treco, Chair of the Committee, Richard Bagger, Margaret Smith Bell and Newcomb Stillwell. Our Board has determined each of the members are “independent” as that term is defined under applicable SEC rules and under the current listing standards of the NASDAQ Stock Market. Mr. Treco is our audit committee financial expert. Our Audit Committee’s responsibilities include: (i) reviewing the independence, qualifications, services, fees, and performance of the independent auditors, (ii) appointing, replacing and discharging the independent auditor, (iii) pre-approving the professional services provided by the independent auditor, (iv) reviewing the scope of the annual audit and reports and recommendations submitted by the independent auditor, and (v) reviewing our financial reporting and accounting policies, including any significant changes, with management and the independent auditor. The Audit Committee reviewed and discussed with management the Company’s audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025. Our Board has adopted a written charter for the Audit Committee, a copy of which is posted under the “Investors” tab under “Governance” on our website, which is located at www.tonixpharma.com. 105 Compensation Committee Our Compensation Committee consists of Margaret Smith Bell, Chair of the Committee, David Grange, Adeoye Olukotun and Carolyn Taylor. Our Board has determined that all of the members are “independent” under the current listing standards of the NASDAQ Stock Market. Our Board has adopted a written charter setting forth the authority and responsibilities of the Compensation Committee. Our Compensation Committee has responsibility for, among other things, evaluating and making decisions regarding the compensation of our executive officers, assuring that the executive officers are compensated effectively in a manner consistent with our stated compensation strategy, producing an annual report on executive compensation in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC and periodically evaluating and administering the terms and administration of our incentive plans and benefit programs. In addition, our Compensation Committee reviews and makes recommendations to the Board regarding incentive compensation plans that require shareholder approval, director compensation and the related executive compensation information for inclusion in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K and proxy statement, and employment and severance agreements relating to the chief executive officer. Our Compensation Committee has engaged Aon plc, an independent executive compensation consultant, to provide guidance with respect to the development and implementation of our compensation programs. Our Board has adopted a written charter for the Compensation Committee, a copy of which is posted under the “Investors” tab under “Governance” on our website, which is located at www.tonixpharma.com. Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee consists of Richard Bagger, Chair of the Committee, David Grange, Newcomb Stillwell and James Treco. The Board has determined that all of the members are “independent” under the current listing standards of the NASDAQ Stock Market. Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee has responsibility for assisting the Board in, among other things, effecting the organization, membership and function of the Board and its committees. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee identifies and evaluates the qualifications of all candidates for nomination for election as directors, and seeks director nominees that complement and enhance the effectiveness of the existing Board to ensure that its members have varied and relevant backgrounds, skills, knowledge, perspectives and experiences. In addition, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for developing, recommending and evaluating corporate governance standards and a code of business conduct and ethics. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is also responsible for developing, recommending and evaluating corporate governance standards and a code of business conduct and ethics. Our Board has adopted a written charter for the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, a copy of which is posted under the “Investors” tab under “Governance” on our website, which is located at www.tonixpharma.com . Nomination of Directors As provided in its charter and our Company’s corporate governance principles, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for identifying individuals qualified to become directors. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee seeks to identify director candidates based on input provided by a number of sources, including (1) the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee members, (2) our other directors, (3) our shareholders, (4) our Chief Executive Officer or Chairman, and (5) third parties such as professional search firms. In evaluating potential candidates for director, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee considers the entirety of each candidate’s credentials. Qualifications for consideration as a director nominee may vary according to the particular areas of expertise being sought as a complement to the existing composition of the Board. However, at a minimum, candidates for director must possess: ● high personal and professional ethics and integrity; ● the ability to exercise sound judgment; 106 ● the ability to make independent analytical inquiries; ● a willingness and ability to devote adequate time and resources to diligently perform Board and committee duties; and ● the appropriate and relevant business experience and acumen. In addition to these minimum qualifications, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee also takes into account when considering whether to nominate a potential director candidate the following factors: ● whether the person possesses specific industry expertise and familiarity with general issues affecting our business; ● whether the person’s nomination and election would enable the Board to have a member that qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as such term is defined by the SEC in Item 401 of Regulation S-K; ● whether the person would qualify as an “independent” director under the listing standards of the Nasdaq Stock Market; ● the importance of continuity of the existing composition of the Board to provide long term stability and experienced oversight; and ● the importance of diversified Board membership, in terms of both the individuals involved and their various experiences and areas of expertise. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will consider director candidates recommended by shareholders provided such recommendations are submitted in accordance with the procedures set forth below. In order to provide for an orderly and informed review and selection process for director candidates, the Board has determined that shareholders who wish to recommend director candidates for consideration by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee must comply with the following: ● The recommendation must be made in writing to the Corporate Secretary at Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.; ● The recommendation must include the candidate’s name, home and business contact information, detailed biographical data and qualifications, information regarding any relationships between the candidate and the Company within the last three years and evidence of the recommending person’s ownership of the Company’s common stock; ● The recommendation shall also contain a statement from the recommending shareholder in support of the candidate; professional references, particularly within the context of those relevant to board membership, including issues of character, judgment, diversity, age, independence, expertise, corporate experience, length of service, other commitments and the like; and personal references; and ● A statement from the shareholder nominee indicating that such nominee wants to serve on the Board and could be considered “independent” under the Rules and Regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market and the SEC, as in effect at that time. All candidates submitted by shareholders will be evaluated by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee according to the criteria discussed above and in the same manner as all other director candidates. Prohibition Against Certain Transactions All of our employees and directors are prohibited from hedging or pledging Tonix stock, or engaging in short sales or trading in standardized options under our Statement of Company Policy on Insider Trading and Policy Regarding Special Trading Procedures (the “Insider Trading Policy”). 107 Insider Trading Policies and Procedures We have adopted the Insider Trading Policy. These policies and procedures apply to all of our directors, officers and employees. We believe that the Insider Trading Policy is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards applicable to us. A copy of the Insider Trading Policy is filed as Exhibit 19.01 to this Form 10-K. Code of Ethics We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees which can be found on our website at https://ir.tonixpharma.com/corporate-governance/governance-documents. We intend to disclose future amendments to certain provisions of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, or waivers of such provisions applicable to any principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions, and our directors, on our website identified above or in filings with the SEC. Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires our directors, executive officers and persons who beneficially own more than 10% of our outstanding common shares to file reports with the SEC regarding their share ownership and changes in their ownership of our common shares. Based on our records and representations from our directors and executive officers, we believe that all Section 16(a) filing requirements applicable to our directors and executive officers were complied with during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. ITEM 11 – EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Compensation Philosophy and Practices We believe that the performance of our executive officers significantly impacts our ability to achieve our corporate goals. We, therefore, place considerable importance on the design and administration of our executive officer compensation program. This program is intended to enhance stockholder value by attracting, motivating and retaining qualified individuals to perform at the highest levels and to contribute to our growth and success. Our executive officer compensation program is designed to provide compensation opportunities that are tied to individual and corporate performance. Our compensation packages are also designed to be competitive in our industry. The Compensation Committee from time-to-time consults with compensation consultants, legal counsel and other advisors in designing our compensation program, including in evaluating the competitiveness of individual compensation packages and in relation to our corporate goals. 108 Our overall compensation philosophy has been to pay our executive officers an annual base salary and to provide opportunities, through cash and equity incentives, to provide higher compensation if certain key performance goals are satisfied. We believe that many of our key practices and programs demonstrate good governance. The main principles of our fiscal year 2024 compensation strategy included the following: ● An emphasis on pay for performance . A significant portion of our executive officers’ total compensation is variable and at risk and tied directly to measurable performance, including pre-specified corporate, strategic or developmental goals, which aligns the interests of our executives with those of our stockholders; ● Performance results are linked to Company and individual performance . When looking at performance over the year, we equally weigh individual performance as well as that of the Company as a whole. Target annual compensation is positioned to allow for above-median compensation to be earned through an executive officer’s and the Company’s extraordinary performance; ● Equity as a key component to align the interests of our executives with those of our stockholders. Our Compensation Committee believes that keeping executives interests aligned with those of our stockholders is critical to driving toward achievement of long-term goals of both our stockholders and the Company. Accordingly, a significant portion of our executives’ compensation are stock based, including stock options that are exercisable at a percentage above market value at the time of grant; and ● Peer group positioning . While the Compensation Committee considers the level of compensation paid by the companies in our peer group as a reference point that provides a framework for its compensation decisions, in order to maintain competitiveness and flexibility, the Compensation Committee does not employ a formal benchmarking strategy or rely upon specific peer–derived targets. In 2025, we also continued practices that demonstrate good governance and careful stewardship of corporate assets, including: ● Limited personal benefits . Our executive officers are eligible for the same benefits as our non-executive salaried employees, and they do not receive any additional perquisites. ● No retirement benefits . We do not provide our executive officers with a traditional retirement plan, or with any supplemental deferred compensation or retirement benefits. ● No tax gross-ups . We do not provide our executive officers with any tax gross-ups. ● No single-trigger cash change in control benefits . We do not provide cash benefits to, or accelerate the vesting of unvested equity grants issued to, our executives upon a change in control, absent an actual termination of employment. At our annual meeting in May 2025, we conducted our tri-annual advisory vote on executive compensation, commonly referred to as a “say-on-pay” vote. At that time, a majority of the votes affirmatively cast on the advisory say-on-pay proposal were voted in favor of the compensation of our named executive officers. The Compensation Committee understood this level of approval to indicate strong stockholder support for our executive compensation policies and programs generally, and as a result, our Compensation Committee made no fundamental changes to our executive compensation programs. We will hold our next say-on-pay vote at the 2028 annual meeting. Our Compensation Committee and our Board will consider shareholder feedback through the say-on-pay vote and remains committed to engaging with shareholders and are open to feedback from shareholders. Summary Compensation Table The following table provides certain summary information concerning compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to our Chief Executive Officer, and the two next most highly paid executive officers for fiscal years 2025 and 2024. Name & Principal Position Year Salary ($) Bonus ($) Stock Awards ($) Option Awards ($) (1) Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($) All Other Compensation ($) Total ($) Seth Lederman 2025 702,000 596,700 — 1,870,130 — — 3,168,830 Chief Executive Officer 2024 675,000 417,656 — 717,111 — — 1,809,767 Jessica Morris 2025 522,912 261,450 — 441,907 — — 1,226,269 Chief Operations Officer 2024 494,000 180,310 — 213,431 — — 887,741 Bradley Saenger 2025 502,944 251,450 — 389,119 — — 1,143,513 Chief Financial Officer 2024 483,600 176,514 — 189,867 — — 849,981 Gregory Sullivan 2025 519,168 259,600 — 437,774 — — 1,216,542 Chief Medical Officer 2024 499,200 182,208 — 241,036 — — 922,444 (1) Represents the aggregate grant date fair value of options granted in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 718, “Stock Compensation.” For the relevant assumptions used in determining these amounts, refer to Note 18 to our audited financial statements. 109 Grants of Plan-Based Awards in Fiscal 2025 The following table provides information with regard to each grant of plan-based award made to a named executive officer under any plan during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. Name Grant Date All Other Option Awards: Number of Securities Underlying Options (#) Exercise or Base Price of Option Awards ($/Share) Grant Date Fair Value of Stock and Option Awards ($) (1) Seth Lederman 2/25/2025 123,958 8.05 938,610 2/25/2025 123,958 10.06 (2) 931,520 Bradley Saenger 2/25/2025 25,792 8.05 195,297 2/25/2025 25,792 10.06 (2) 193,822 Jessica Morris 2/25/2025 29,291 8.05 221,791 2/25/2025 29,291 10.06 (2) 220,116 Gregory Sullivan 2/25/2025 29,017 8.05 219,717 2/25/2025 29,017 10.06 (2) 218,057 (1) Represents the aggregate grant date fair value of options granted in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. (2) Represents an exercise price at a 125% premium of the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. Policies and Practices Related to the Grant of Certain Equity Awards Close in Time to the Release of Material Nonpublic Information We do not have any formal policy that requires us to grant, or avoid granting, stock options at particular times. Consistent with our annual compensation cycle, if options are to be granted, the Compensation Committee generally seeks to grant annual stock option awards in connection with their conducting and completing such annual review, which typically occurs in approximately February of each year. Options are awarded to our non-employee directors pursuant to our Amended and Restated 2020 Plan, which is awarded on the date of our annual meeting of stockholders. The timing of any stock option grants in connection with new hires, promotions, or other non-routine grants may be tied to the event giving rise to the award (such as an employee’s commencement of employment or promotion effective date), and in other cases such grants may be awarded at the same time with other annual grants. As a result, in all cases, the timing of grants of stock options occurs independent of the release of any material nonpublic information, and we do not time the disclosure of material nonpublic information for the purpose of affecting the value of executive compensation. 110 No stock options were issued to executive officers in 2025 during any period beginning four business days before the filing of a periodic report or current report disclosing material non-public information (other than a current report on Form 8-K disclosing a material new option award grant under Item 5.02(e) of that form) and ending one business day after the filing or furnishing of such report with the SEC. Outstanding Equity Awards at December 31, 2025 The following table presents information regarding outstanding equity awards held by our named executive officers as of December 31, 2025. Name Number of Securities underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable Number of Securities underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable Option Exercise Price ($/Sh) Option Expiration Date Seth Lederman 1 — $ 3,219,200,000.00 2/9/2026 — 1 (1) $ 3,219,200,000.00 2/9/2026 1 — $ 352,000,000.00 3/1/2027 1 — $ 217,600,000.00 2/13/2028 1 — $ 272,000,000.00 2/13/2028 1 — $ 12,096,000.00 2/26/2029 1 — $ 15,104,000.00 2/26/2029 1 — $ 13,120,000.00 5/6/2029 1 — $ 16,384,000.00 5/6/2029 1 — $ 256,000.00 2/25/2030 1 — $ 320,000.00 2/25/2030 4 — $ 492,800.00 5/4/2030 4 — $ 614,400.00 5/4/2030 5 — $ 780,800.00 2/23/2031 5 — $ 979,200.00 2/23/2031 8 — (2) $ 134,400.00 2/15/2032 5 3 (2) $ 262,400.00 2/15/2032 5 3 (2) $ 396,800.00 2/15/2032 5 3 (2) $ 531,200.00 2/15/2032 34 1 (3) $ 14,624.00 2/23/2033 34 1 (3) $ 18,208.00 2/23/2033 410 — (4) $ 1,177.60 2/27/2034 46 28 (5) $ 1,177.60 2/27/2034 369 226 (5) $ 1,472.00 2/27/2034 — 123,958 (6) $ 8.05 2/25/2035 — 123,958 (6) $ 10.06 2/25/2035 Jessica Morris 1 — $ 3,219,200,000.00 2/9/2026 — 1 (1) $ 3,219,200,000.00 2/9/2026 1 — $ 352,000,000.00 3/1/2027 1 — $ 217,600,000.00 2/13/2028 1 — $ 272,000,000.00 2/13/2028 1 — $ 12,096,000.00 2/26/2029 1 — $ 15,104,000.00 2/26/2029 1 — $ 13,120,000.00 5/6/2029 1 — $ 16,384,000.00 5/6/2029 1 — $ 256,000.00 2/25/2030 1 — $ 320,000.00 2/25/2030 1 — $ 492,800.00 5/4/2030 1 — $ 614,400.00 5/4/2030 1 — $ 780,800.00 2/23/2031 1 — $ 979,200.00 2/23/2031 2 — (2) $ 134,400.00 2/15/2032 1 1 (2) $ 262,400.00 2/15/2032 1 1 (2) $ 396,800.00 2/15/2032 1 1 (2) $ 531,200.00 2/15/2032 7 4 (3) $ 14,624.00 2/23/2033 7 4 (3) $ 18,272.00 2/23/2033 63 37 (5) $ 1,177.60 2/27/2034 63 37 (5) $ 1,472.00 2/27/2034 — 29,291 (6) $ 8.05 2/25/2035 — 29,291 (6) $ 10.06 2/25/2035 Bradley Saenger 1 — $ 3,219,200,000.00 2/9/2026 — 1 (1) $ 1,548,800,000.00 5/27/2026 1 — $ 1,548,800,000.00 5/27/2026 1 — $ 352,000,000.00 3/1/2027 1 — $ 217,600,000.00 2/13/2028 1 — $ 272,000,000.00 2/13/2028 1 — $ 12,096,000.00 2/26/2029 1 — $ 15,104,000.00 2/26/2029 1 — $ 13,120,000.00 5/6/2029 1 — $ 16,384,000.00 5/6/2029 1 — $ 256,000.00 2/25/2030 1 — $ 320,000.00 2/25/2030 1 — $ 492,800.00 5/4/2030 1 — $ 614,400.00 5/4/2030 1 — $ 780,800.00 2/23/2031 1 — $ 979,200.00 2/23/2031 1 1 (2) $ 134,400.00 2/15/2032 1 1 (2) $ 262,400.00 2/15/2032 1 1 (2) $ 396,800.00 2/15/2032 1 1 (2) $ 531,200.00 2/15/2032 7 3 (3) $ 14,624.00 2/23/2033 7 3 (3) $ 18,272.00 2/23/2033 60 29 (5) $ 1,177.60 2/27/2034 60 29 (5) $ 1,472.00 2/27/2034 — 25,792 (6) $ 8.05 2/25/2035 — 25,792 (6) $ 10.06 2/25/2035 Gregory Sullivan 1 — $ 3,219,200,000.00 2/9/2026 — 1 (1) $ 3,219,200,000.00 2/9/2026 1 — $ 352,000,000.00 3/1/2027 1 — $ 217,600,000.00 2/13/2028 1 — $ 272,000,000.00 2/13/2028 1 — $ 12,096,000.00 2/26/2029 1 — $ 15,104,000.00 2/26/2029 1 — $ 13,120,000.00 5/6/2029 1 — $ 16,384,000.00 5/6/2029 1 — $ 256,000.00 2/25/2030 1 — $ 320,000.00 2/25/2030 1 — $ 492,800.00 5/4/2030 1 — $ 614,400.00 5/4/2030 1 — $ 780,800.00 2/23/2031 1 — $ 979,200.00 2/23/2031 2 — (2) $ 134,400.00 2/15/2032 1 1 (2) $ 262,400.00 2/15/2032 1 1 (2) $ 396,800.00 2/15/2032 1 1 (2) $ 531,200.00 2/15/2032 8 3 (3) $ 14,624.00 2/23/2033 8 3 (3) $ 18,272.00 2/23/2033 70 42 (5) $ 1,177.60 2/27/2034 70 42 (5) $ 1,472.00 2/27/2034 — 29,017 (6) $ 8.05 2/25/2035 — 29,017 (6) $ 10.06 2/25/2035 (1) The shares subject to this stock option vest 1/3 rd upon the date(s) that certain stock price goals are achieved. The stock price goals are such date(s) when the Company’s common stock has an average closing sales price equal to or exceeding each of $3,840,000,000.00, $4,480,000,000.00 and $5,120,000,000.00 per share for 20 consecutive trading days, subject to a one year minimum service period prior to vesting. (2) The shares subject to this stock option vested as to 10% of the shares on February 15, 2023, 10% of the shares on February 15, 2024, 40% of the shares on February 15, 2025 and 40% of the shares on February 15, 2026. (3) The shares subject to this stock option vested as to 1/3 rd of the shares on February 23, 2024, with the remaining shares vesting on an equal monthly basis over the following 24 months. (4) The shares subject to this stock option were in lieu of a cash award, Dr. Lederman’s 2024 cash bonus was paid in the form of a stock option award granted pursuant to the 2020 Plan, with 100% of such options vesting on the six-month anniversary of issuance, expiring 10 years from date of issuance. (5) The shares subject to this stock option vested as to 1/3 of the shares on February 23, 2025, with the remaining shares vesting on an equal monthly basis over the following 24 months. (6) The shares subject to this stock option vested as to 1/3 of the shares on February 25, 2026, with the remaining shares vesting on an equal monthly basis over the following 24 months. 111 Option Exercises and Stock Vested No options were exercised by any of the named executive officers and no named executive officers held restricted stock units during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. Equity Compensation Plan Information The following table provides certain information with respect to our equity compensation plans in effect as of December 31, 2025. Plan Category Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (A) Weighted- average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (B) Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column A) (2) (C) Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (1) 1,150,551 $ 43,825.73 2,000,159 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders — — — Total 1,150,551 $ 43,825.73 2,000,159 (1) Consists of the Company’s 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2016 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2017 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, the 2019 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2020 Stock Incentive Plan, the Amended and Restated 2020 Stock Incentive Plan and the 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, the 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, and the 2025 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). (2) Consists of shares available for future issuance under the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan and our ESPP. As of December 31, 2025, 159 shares of common stock were available for issuance under the Amended and Restated 2023 Plan and 2,000,000 shares of common stock were available for issuance under the 2025 ESPP. 112 Employment Contracts and Termination of Employment and Change-In-Control Arrangements Employment Agreement with Seth Lederman On February 11, 2014, the Company entered into an employment agreement (the “Lederman Agreement”) with Dr. Seth Lederman to continue to serve as our President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board. The base salary for Dr. Lederman under the Lederman Agreement was $425,000 per annum and as of March 1, 2026, the base salary is $743,000. The Lederman Agreement has an initial term of one year and automatically renews for successive one year terms unless either party delivers written notice not to renew at least 60 days prior to the end of the current term. Pursuant to the Lederman Agreement, if the Company terminates Dr. Lederman’s employment without Cause (as defined in the Lederman Agreement) or Dr. Lederman resigns for Good Reason (as defined in the Lederman Agreement), Dr. Lederman is entitled to the following payments and benefits: (1) his fully earned but unpaid base salary through the date of termination at the rate then in effect, plus all other benefits, if any, under any group retirement plan, nonqualified deferred compensation plan, equity award plan or agreement, health benefits plan or other group benefit plan to which Dr. Lederman may be entitled to under the terms of such plans or agreements; (2) a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to 12 months of his base salary as in effect immediately prior to the date of termination; (3) continuation of health benefits for Dr. Lederman and his eligible dependents for a period of 12 months following the date of termination; and (4) the automatic acceleration of the vesting and exercisability of outstanding unvested stock awards as to the number of stock awards that would have vested over the 12-month period following termination had Dr. Lederman remained continuously employed by the Company during such period. Pursuant to the Lederman Agreement, if Dr. Lederman’s employment is terminated as a result of death or permanent disability, Dr. Lederman or his estate, as applicable, is entitled to the following payments and benefits: (1) his fully earned but unpaid base salary through the date of termination at the rate then in effect; (2) a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to six months of his base salary as in effect immediately prior to the date of termination; and (3) the automatic acceleration of the vesting and exercisability of outstanding unvested stock awards. If Dr. Lederman is terminated without Cause or resigns for Good Reason during the period commencing 90 days prior to a Change in Control (as defined below) or 12 months following a Change in Control, Dr. Lederman shall be entitled to receive, in lieu of the severance benefits described above, the following payments and benefits: (1) a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to 36 months of his base salary as in effect immediately prior to the date of termination, except that, if and while Dr. Lederman is still entitled to the Sale Bonus (as defined below), it will only be 18 months; (2) continuation of health benefits for Dr. Lederman and his eligible dependents for a period of 24 months following the date of termination, except that, if and while Dr. Lederman is still entitled to the Sale Bonus it will only be 12 months; and (3) the automatic acceleration of the vesting and exercisability of outstanding unvested stock awards. If during the term of the Lederman Agreement or within 120 days after Dr. Lederman is terminated without Cause or resigns for Good Reason, following a Change in Control, the Company consummates a Change in Control transaction in which the Enterprise Value (as defined below) equals or exceeds $50 million, Dr. Lederman shall be entitled to receive a lump sum payment equal to 4.4% of the Enterprise Value (the “Sale Bonus”). The Sale Bonus provision of the Lederman Agreement will terminate upon the Company granting Dr. Lederman long-term incentive compensation mutually agreed to by the Board and Dr. Lederman. For purposes of the Lederman Agreement, “Cause” generally means (1) commission of an act of fraud, embezzlement or dishonesty or some other illegal act that has a demonstrable material adverse impact on the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company, (2) conviction of, or entry into a plea of “guilty” or “no contest” to, a felony, (3) unauthorized use or disclosure of the Company’s confidential information or trade secrets or any successor or affiliate of the Company that has, or may reasonably be expected to have, a material adverse impact on any such entity; (4) gross negligence, failure to follow a material, lawful and reasonable request of the Board or material violation of any duty of loyalty to the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company, or any other demonstrable material willful misconduct by Dr. Lederman, (5) ongoing and repeated failure or refusal to perform or neglect of his duties as required by his employment agreement, which failure, refusal or neglect continues for 30 days following Dr. Lederman’s receipt of written notice from the Board stating with specificity the nature of such failure, refusal or neglect, provided that such failure to perform is not as a result of illness, injury or medical incapacity, or (6) material breach of any Company policy or any material provision of the Lederman Agreement. 113 For purposes of the Lederman Agreement, “Good Reason” generally means (1) a material diminution in Dr. Lederman’s title, authority, duties or responsibilities, (2) a material diminution in Dr. Lederman’s base compensation, unless such a reduction is imposed across-the-board to the Company’s senior management, and such reduction is not greater than 15%, (3) a material change in the geographic location at which Dr. Lederman must perform his duties, (4) any other action or inaction that constitutes a material breach by the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company’s obligations to Dr. Lederman under the Lederman Agreement, or (5) the Company elects not to renew the Lederman Agreement for another term. For purposes of the Lederman Agreement, “Change in Control” generally means: ● A transaction or series of transactions (other than public offerings) that results in any person or entity or related group of persons or entities (other than the Company, its subsidiaries, an employee benefit plan maintained by the Company or any of its subsidiaries or a person or entity that, prior to such transaction, directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, the Company) of beneficial ownership (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act) of more than 40% of the total combined voting power of the Company’s securities outstanding immediately after such acquisition; ● (1) a merger, consolidation, reorganization, or business combination or (2) the sale, exchange or transfer of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets in any single transaction or series of transactions or (3) the acquisition of assets or stock of another entity, in each case other than a transaction: ○ which results in the Company’s voting securities outstanding immediately before the transaction continuing to represent, directly or indirectly, at least 60% of the combined voting power of the successor entity’s outstanding voting securities immediately after the transaction, and ○ after which no person or group beneficially owns voting securities representing 40% or more of the combined voting power of the Company or its successor; provided, however, that no person or group is treated as beneficially owning 40% or more of combined voting power of the Company or its successor solely as a result of the voting power held in the Company prior to the consummation of the transaction. For purposes of the Lederman Agreement, “Enterprise Value” generally means (1) in a Change in Control in which consideration is received by the Company, the total cash and non-cash consideration, including debt assumed, received by the Company, net of any fees and expenses in connection with the transaction and (2) in a Change in Control in which consideration is payable to the stockholders of the Company, the total cash and non-cash consideration, including debt assumed, payable to the Company’s stockholders net of any fees and expenses in connection with the transaction. Enterprise Value also includes any cash or non-cash consideration payable to the Company or to the Company’s stockholders on a contingent, earnout or deferred basis. Employment Agreement with Gregory Sullivan On June 3, 2014, the Company entered into an employment agreement (the “Sullivan Agreement”) with Dr. Gregory Sullivan to serve as our Chief Medical Officer. The base salary for Dr. Sullivan under the Sullivan Agreement was $225,000 per annum and as of March 1, 2026, the base salary is $550,000. The Sullivan Agreement had an initial term of one year and automatically renews for successive one year terms unless either party delivers written notice not to renew at least 60 days prior to the end of the current term. Pursuant to the Sullivan Agreement, if the Company terminates Dr. Sullivan’s employment without Cause (as defined below) or Executive resigns for Good Reason (as defined below), Dr. Sullivan is entitled to the following payments and benefits: (1) his fully earned but unpaid base salary through the date of termination at the rate then in effect, plus all other benefits, if any, under any group retirement plan, nonqualified deferred compensation plan, equity award plan or agreement, health benefits plan or other group benefit plan to which Dr. Sullivan may be entitled to under the terms of such plans or agreements; (2) a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to 12 months of his base salary as in effect immediately prior to the date of termination; (3) continuation of health benefits for Dr. Sullivan and his eligible dependents for a period of 12 months following the date of termination; and (4) the automatic acceleration of the vesting and exercisability of outstanding unvested stock awards as to the number of stock awards that would have vested over the 12-month period following termination had Dr. Sullivan remained continuously employed by the Company during such period. Pursuant to the Sullivan Agreement, if Dr. Sullivan’s employment is terminated as a result of death or permanent disability, Dr. Sullivan or his estate, as applicable, is entitled to his fully earned but unpaid base salary through the end of the month in which termination occurs at the rate then in effect. 114 For purposes of the Sullivan Agreement, “Cause” generally means (1) commission of an act of fraud, embezzlement or dishonesty or some other illegal act that has a demonstrable material adverse impact on the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company, (2) conviction of, or entry into a plea of “guilty” or “no contest” to, a felony, (3) unauthorized use or disclosure of the Company’s confidential information or trade secrets or any successor or affiliate of the Company that has, or may reasonably be expected to have, a material adverse impact on any such entity, (4) gross negligence, failure to follow a material, lawful and reasonable request of the Company or material violation of any duty of loyalty to the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company, or any other demonstrable material misconduct by Dr. Sullivan, (5) ongoing and repeated failure or refusal to perform or neglect of his duties as required by his employment agreement, which failure, refusal or neglect continues for 30 days following Dr. Sullivan’s receipt of written notice from the Company stating with specificity the nature of such failure, refusal or neglect, or (6) material breach of any Company policy or any material provision of the Sullivan Agreement. For purposes of the Sullivan Agreement, “Good Reason” generally means (1) a material diminution in Dr. Sullivan’s title, authority, duties or responsibilities, (2) a material diminution in the executive officer’s base compensation, unless such a reduction is imposed across-the-board to the Company’s senior management and such reduction is not greater than 15%, (3) a material change in the geographic location at which the executive officer must perform his duties, (4) any other action or inaction that constitutes a material breach by the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company’s obligations to Dr. Sullivan under the Agreement, or (5) the Company elects not to renew the Agreement for another term. Employment Agreement with Bradley Saenger On February 23, 2021, the Company entered into an employment agreement (the “Saenger Agreement”) with Mr. Bradley Saenger to serve as our Chief Financial Officer. The base salary for Mr. Saenger under the Saenger Agreement was $545,000 per annum as of March 1, 2026. The Saenger Agreement has an initial term of one year and automatically renews for successive one year terms unless either party delivers written notice not to renew at least 60 days prior to the end of the current term. Pursuant to the Saenger Agreement, if the Company terminates Mr. Saenger’s employment without Cause (as defined below) or Executive resigns for Good Reason (as defined below), Mr. Saenger is entitled to the following payments and benefits: (1) his fully earned but unpaid base salary through the date of termination at the rate then in effect, plus all other benefits, if any, under any group retirement plan, nonqualified deferred compensation plan, equity award plan or agreement, health benefits plan or other group benefit plan to which Mr. Saenger may be entitled to under the terms of such plans or agreements; (2) a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to 12 months of his base salary as in effect immediately prior to the date of termination; (3) continuation of health benefits for Mr. Saenger and his eligible dependents for a period of 12 months following the date of termination; and (4) the automatic acceleration of the vesting and exercisability of outstanding unvested stock awards as to the number of stock awards that would have vested over the 12-month period following termination had Mr. Saenger remained continuously employed by the Company during such period. Pursuant to the Saenger Agreement, if Mr. Saenger’s employment is terminated as a result of death or permanent disability, Mr. Saenger or his estate, as applicable, is entitled to his fully earned but unpaid base salary through the end of the month in which termination occurs at the rate then in effect. For purposes of the Saenger Agreement, “Cause” generally means (1) commission of an act of fraud, embezzlement or dishonesty or some other illegal act that has a demonstrable material adverse impact on the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company, (2) conviction of, or entry into a plea of “guilty” or “no contest” to, a felony, (3) unauthorized use or disclosure of the Company’s confidential information or trade secrets or any successor or affiliate of the Company that has, or may reasonably be expected to have, a material adverse impact on any such entity, (4) gross negligence, failure to follow a material, lawful and reasonable request of the Company or material violation of any duty of loyalty to the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company, or any other demonstrable material misconduct by Mr. Saenger, (5) ongoing and repeated failure or refusal to perform or neglect of his duties as required by his employment agreement, which failure, refusal or neglect continues for 30 days following Mr. Saenger’s receipt of written notice from the Company stating with specificity the nature of such failure, refusal or neglect, or (6) material breach of any Company policy or any material provision of the Saenger Agreement. For purposes of the Saenger Agreement, “Good Reason” generally means (1) a material diminution in Mr. Saenger’s title, authority, duties or responsibilities, (2) a material diminution in the executive officer’s base compensation, unless such a reduction is imposed across-the-board to the Company’s senior management and such reduction is not greater than 15%, (3) a material change in the geographic location at which the executive officer must perform his duties, (4) any other action or inaction that constitutes a material breach by the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company’s obligations to Mr. Saenger under the Agreement, or (5) the Company elects not to renew the Agreement for another term. Employment Agreement with Jessica Morris On February 23, 2021, the Company entered into an employment agreement (the “Morris Agreement”) with Ms. Jessica Morris to serve as our Chief Operating Officer. The base salary for Ms. Morris under the Morris Agreement was $580,000 per annum as of March 1, 2026. The Morris Agreement has an initial term of one year and automatically renews for successive one year terms unless either party delivers written notice not to renew at least 60 days prior to the end of the current term. 115 Pursuant to the Morris Agreement, if the Company terminates Ms. Morris’s employment without Cause (as defined below) or Executive resigns for Good Reason (as defined below), Ms. Morris is entitled to the following payments and benefits: (1) her fully earned but unpaid base salary through the date of termination at the rate then in effect, plus all other benefits, if any, under any group retirement plan, nonqualified deferred compensation plan, equity award plan or agreement, health benefits plan or other group benefit plan to which Ms. Morris may be entitled to under the terms of such plans or agreements; (2) a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to 12 months of her base salary as in effect immediately prior to the date of termination; (3) continuation of health benefits for Ms. Morris and her eligible dependents for a period of 12 months following the date of termination; and (4) the automatic acceleration of the vesting and exercisability of outstanding unvested stock awards as to the number of stock awards that would have vested over the 12-month period following termination had Ms. Morris remained continuously employed by the Company during such period. Pursuant to the Morris Agreement, if Ms. Morris’s employment is terminated as a result of death or permanent disability, Ms. Morris or her estate, as applicable, is entitled to her fully earned but unpaid base salary through the end of the month in which termination occurs at the rate then in effect. For purposes of the Morris Agreement, “Cause” generally means (1) commission of an act of fraud, embezzlement or dishonesty or some other illegal act that has a demonstrable material adverse impact on the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company, (2) conviction of, or entry into a plea of “guilty” or “no contest” to, a felony, (3) unauthorized use or disclosure of the Company’s confidential information or trade secrets or any successor or affiliate of the Company that has, or may reasonably be expected to have, a material adverse impact on any such entity, (4) gross negligence, failure to follow a material, lawful and reasonable request of the Company or material violation of any duty of loyalty to the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company, or any other demonstrable material misconduct by Ms. Morris, (5) ongoing and repeated failure or refusal to perform or neglect of her duties as required by her employment agreement, which failure, refusal or neglect continues for 30 days following Ms. Morris’s receipt of written notice from the Company stating with specificity the nature of such failure, refusal or neglect, or (6) material breach of any Company policy or any material provision of the Morris Agreement. For purposes of the Morris Agreement, “Good Reason” generally means (1) a material diminution in Ms. Morris’s title, authority, duties or responsibilities, (2) a material diminution in the executive officer’s base compensation, unless such a reduction is imposed across-the-board to the Company’s senior management and such reduction is not greater than 15%, (3) a material change in the geographic location at which the executive officer must perform her duties, (4) any other action or inaction that constitutes a material breach by the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company’s obligations to Ms. Morris under the Agreement, or (5) the Company elects not to renew the Agreement for another term. Directors Compensation Table Each of our non-employee directors, other than the lead director, receives an annual cash retainer of $55,000; the retainer for the lead director is $75,000. In addition, during 2025, each of our non-employee directors received stock options to purchase shares of our common stock valued at $188,830 as determined by the Black Scholes method on the date of grant, which vest on the next annual meeting of stockholders. The following table sets forth summary information concerning the total compensation paid to our non-employee directors in 2025 for services to our Company. Name Cash Compensation ($) Option Awards ($) (1) Total ($) Richard Bagger $ 55,000 $ 188,830 $ 243,830 Margaret Smith Bell $ 55,000 $ 188,830 $ 243,830 David Grange $ 55,000 $ 188,830 $ 243,830 James Hunter $ 30,250 $ 249,957 $ 280,207 Adeoye Olukotun $ 55,000 $ 188,830 $ 243,830 Newcomb Stillwell $ 55,000 $ 188,830 $ 243,830 Carolyn Taylor $ 55,000 $ 188,830 $ 243,830 James Treco (2) $ 75,000 $ 188,830 $ 263,830 Total: $ 435,250 $ 1,571,767 $ 2,007,017 (1) Represents the aggregate grant date fair value of stock options granted in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For the relevant assumptions used in determining these amounts, refer to Note 14 to our audited financial statements. These amounts do not necessarily correspond to the actual value that may be recognized from the stock option grant. (2) Mr. Treco received additional cash compensation for serving as lead director. As of December 31, 2025, our non-employee directors listed in the table above held outstanding stock options, as follows: Name Number of Shares Underlying Outstanding Stock Options Richard Bagger 10,042 Margaret Smith Bell 10,045 David Grange 10,045 James Hunter 7,744 Adeoye Olukotun 10,044 Newcomb Stillwell 10,041 Carolyn Taylor 10,041 James Treco 10,045 116 ITEM 12 – SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The following table sets forth certain information regarding beneficial ownership of our common stock as of March 11, 2026: ● by each person who is known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of our common stock; ● by each of our officers and directors; and ● by all of our officers and directors as a group. Unless otherwise indicated in the footnotes to the following table, each person named in the table has sole voting and investment power and that person’s address is c/o Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., 200 Connell Drive, Suite 3100, Berkeley Heights, New Jersey 07922. NAME OF OWNER TITLE OF CLASS NUMBER OF SHARES OWNED PERCENTAGE OF COMMON STOCK (1) 5% Holders The Vanguard Group Common Stock 673,605 (2) 5.0 BlackRock, Inc. Common Stock 845,544 (3) 6.3 Point72 Asset Management, L.P. Common Stock 1,235,058 (4) 9.2 Directors and Executive Officers Seth Lederman Common Stock 87,588 (5) * Jessica Morris Common Stock 19,708 (6) * Bradley Saenger Common Stock 17,357 (7) * Gregory Sullivan Common Stock 19,543 (8) * Siobhan Fogarty Common Stock 9,033 (9) * Richard Bagger Common Stock 42 (10) * Margaret Smith Bell Common Stock 45 (11) * David Grange Common Stock 45 (12) * James Hunter Common Stock 2 (13) * Adeoye Olukotun Common Stock 43 (14) * Newcomb Stillwell Common Stock 41 (15) * Carolyn Taylor Common Stock 459 (16) * James Treco Common Stock 294 (17) * Officers and Directors as a Group (11 persons) Common Stock 154,200 (18) * % * Denotes less than 1% (1) Percentage based upon 13,405,401 shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of March 11, 2026. (2) Based solely on Amendment No. 1 to the stockholder’s Schedule 13G filed on January 20, 2026. The stockholder has shared voting power with respect to 79,137 shares of common stock and shared dispositive power with respect to 673,605 shares of common stock. The address of the stockholder is 100 Vanguard Blvd., Malvern, PA 19355. (3) Based solely on Amendment No. 1 to the stockholder’s Schedule 13G filed on January 20, 2026. The stockholder has sole voting and dispositive power with respect to 845,544.00 shares of common stock. The address of the stockholder is 50 Hudson Yards New York, NY 10001. (4) Based solely on the Schedule 13G filed by Point72 Asset Management, L.P., Point72 Capital Advisors, Inc., and Steven A. Cohen on December 31, 2025. The address of the stockholder is 72 Cummings Point Road, Stamford, CT 06902. Includes 615,025 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants. (5) Includes 83,581 shares of common stock underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days, 1 share of common stock owned by Lederman & Co, and 1 share owned through an IRA account. Seth Lederman, as the Managing Member of Lederman & Co has investment and voting control over the shares held by these entities. (6) Includes 19,708 shares of common stock underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days. (7) Includes 17,357 shares of common stock underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days. (8) Includes 19,543 shares of common stock underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days. (9) Includes 9,033 shares of common stock underlying options and restricted stock units which are currently exercisable or vested or become exercisable within 60 days. (10) Includes 42 shares of common stock underlying options and restricted stock units which are currently exercisable or vested or become exercisable within 60 days. (11) Includes 45 shares of common stock underlying options and restricted stock units which are currently exercisable or vested or become exercisable within 60 days. (12) Includes 45 shares of common stock underlying options and restricted stock units which are currently exercisable or vested or become exercisable within 60 days. (13) Includes 2 shares of common stock underlying options and restricted stock units which are currently exercisable or vested or become exercisable within 60 days. (14) Includes 43 shares of common stock underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days (15) Includes 41 shares of common stock underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days (16) Includes 41 shares of common stock underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days (17) Includes 44 shares of common stock underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days (18) Includes 149,525 shares of common stock underlying options which are currently exercisable or vested or become exercisable within 60 days, 1 share of common stock owned by Lederman & Co, and 1 share owned through an IRA account of Dr. Lederman. 117 ITEM 13 – CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE We have adopted a written related-person transactions policy that sets forth our policies and procedures regarding the identification, review, consideration and oversight of “related-party transactions.” For purposes of our policy only, a “related-party transaction” is a transaction, arrangement or relationship (or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships) in which we and any “related party” are participants involving an amount that exceeds the lesser of $120,000 or one percent of the average of our total assets at year end for the last two completed fiscal years. A related party is any executive officer, director or a holder of more than five percent of our common stock, including any of their immediate family members and any entity owned or controlled by such persons. Where a transaction has been identified as a related-party transaction, our Chief Compliance Officer must present information regarding the proposed related-party transaction to our Audit Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee for review. The presentation must include a description of, among other things, the material facts, the direct and indirect interests of the related parties, the benefits of the transaction to us and whether any alternative transactions are available. To identify related-party transactions in advance, we rely on information supplied by our executive officers, directors and certain significant stockholders. In considering related-party transactions, our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will take into account the relevant available facts and circumstances including, but not limited to: ● whether the transaction was undertaken in the ordinary course of our business; ● whether the related party transaction was initiated by us or the related party; ● whether the transaction with the related party is proposed to be, or was, entered into on terms no less favorable to us than terms that could have been reached with an unrelated third party; ● the purpose of, and the potential benefits to us from the related party transaction; ● the approximate dollar value of the amount involved in the related party transaction, particularly as it relates to the related party; ● the related party’s interest in the related party transaction, and ● any other information regarding the related party transaction or the related party that would be material to investors in light of the circumstances of the particular transaction. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee shall then make a recommendation to the Board, who will determine whether or not to approve of the related party transaction, and if so, upon what terms and conditions. In the event a director has an interest in the proposed transaction, the director must recuse himself or herself from the deliberations and approval. Other than as set forth below, during the last two fiscal years, there have been no related party transactions. December 2025 Registered Direct Offering On December 29, 2025, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with an affiliate of Point72 Asset Management, L.P., a holder of 5% or more of our common stock, pursuant to which we sold 615,025 shares of common stock and pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 615,025 shares of common stock. The offering price per share of common stock was $16.26, and the offering price per share of pre-funded warrant was $16.259. Board Independence The Board has determined that (i) because Seth Lederman is an executive officer of the Company, he has a relationship which, in the opinion of the Board, would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and is not an “independent director” as defined in the Marketplace Rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market, (ii) because James Hunter was a former employee of the Company, he has a relationship which, in the opinion of the Board, would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and is not an “independent director” as defined in the Marketplace Rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market, and (iii) Richard Bagger, Margaret Smith Bell, David Grange, Adeoye Olukotun, Newcomb Stillwell, Carolyn Taylor and James Treco are each an independent director as defined in the Marketplace Rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market. 118 ITEM 14 – PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES Our independent registered public accounting firm is EisnerAmper LLP , Iselin, New Jersey , PCAOB ID: 274 . (1) Audit Fees The aggregate fees billed by our independent registered public accounting firm, for professional services rendered for the audit of our annual financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, including review of our interim financial statements as well as registration statement filings with the SEC and comfort letters issued to underwriters were $537,075 and $648,375, respectively. (2) Audit-Related Fees We did not incur fees to our independent registered public accounting firm for audit related fees during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. (3) Tax Fees We did not incur fees to our independent registered public accounting firm for tax services during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. (4) All Other Fees None. Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures Consistent with SEC policies and guidelines regarding audit independence, the Audit Committee is responsible for the pre-approval of all audit and permissible non-audit services provided by our principal accountants on a case-by-case basis. Our Audit Committee has established a policy regarding approval of all audit and permissible non-audit services provided by our principal accountants. Our Audit Committee pre-approves these services by category and service. Our Audit Committee has pre-approved all of the services provided by our principal accountants. 119 PART IV ITEM 15 – EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (c) Index to Exhibits The Exhibits listed below are identified by numbers corresponding to the Exhibit Table of Item 601 of Regulation S-K. The Exhibits designated by an asterisk (*) are management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements required to be filed pursuant to Item 15. EXHIBIT INDEX Exhibit No. Description 3.01 Articles of Incorporation, filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) on April 9, 2008 and incorporated herein by reference. 3.02 Articles of Merger between Tamandare Explorations Inc. and Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., effective October 11, 2011, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on October 17, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference. 3.03 Third Amended and Restated Bylaws, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 3, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference. 3.04 Certificate of Change of Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., dated March 13, 2017 and effective March 17, 2017, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on March 16, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference. 3.05 Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation, effective June 16, 2017, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 16, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference. 3.06 Certificate of Amendment to Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.’s Articles of Incorporation, as amended, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on May 3, 2019. 3.07 Form of Certificate of Designation of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on October 25, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference. 3.08 Form of Certificate of Designation of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on October 25, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference. 3.09 Certificate of Amendment to Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.’s Articles of Incorporation, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on May 16, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference. 3.10 Certificate of Amendment to Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.’s Articles of Incorporation, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on January 25, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference 4.01 Specimen Common Stock Certificate of the Registrant, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on May 24, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference. 4.02 Description of Registrant’s Securities, filed herewith. 4.03 Form of Common Warrant, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on July 28, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference. 4.04 Form of Series C Warrant. filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on December 21, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference. 4.05 Form of Series D Warrant. filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on December 21, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference. 4.06 Form of Series E Warrant, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on March 29, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference. 4.07 Amendment to Common Stock Purchase Warrant, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on March 29, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference. 4.08 Form of Pre-Funded Warrant, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on December 29, 2025 and incorporated herein by reference. 120 10.01 Employment Agreement, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and Seth Lederman, dated February 11, 2014, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 14, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference.* 10.02 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Annex A to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No. 001-36019), filed with the Commission on May 2, 2014.* 10.03 Lease Amendment and Expansion Agreement, dated February 11, 2014, by and between 509 Madison Avenue Associates, L.P. and Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., filed as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on February 27, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.04 Employment Agreement, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and Gregory Sullivan, dated June 3, 2014, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 3, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference.* 10.05 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 2016 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Annex A to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No. 001-36019), filed with the Commission on March 25, 2016.* 10.06 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 2017 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Appendix A to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No. 001-36019), filed with the Commission on May 2, 2017.* 10.07 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated herein by reference to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No. 001-36019), filed with the Commission on April 19, 2018.* 10.08 Purchase Agreement, dated October 18, 2018, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on October 24, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.09 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 2019 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Appendix A to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No. 001-36019), filed with the Commission on March 18, 2019.* 10.10 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Appendix B to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No. 001-36019), filed with the Commission on March 18, 2019.* 10.11 License Agreement, dated May 20, 2019, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 12, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference. 121 10.12 Asset Purchase Agreement, dated August 19, 2019, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and TRImaran Pharma, Inc., filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 8, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.13 First Amended and Restated Exclusive License Agreement, dated August 19, 2019, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and Wayne State University, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 8, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.14 Exclusive License Agreement, dated September 16, 2019, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 8, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.15 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Appendix A to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No. 001-36019), filed with the Commission on December 13, 2019.* 10.16 Research Collaboration Agreement between Tonix Pharmaceutical, Inc. and Southern Research Institute, dated November 7, 2018, filed as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Commission on March 24, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.17 License Agreement, dated May 5, 2020, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc. and The Governors of the University of Alberta, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the Commission on August 10, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.† 10.18 Asset Purchase Agreement, dated June 11, 2020, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Trigemina, Inc., filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the Commission on May 12, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.† 10.19 Amended and Restated Exclusive License Agreement, dated June 11, 2020, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the Commission on August 10, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.20 Assignment and Agreement, dated June 11, 2020, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the Commission on August 10, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.21 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Amended and Restated 2020 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Appendix A to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No. 001-36019), filed with the Commission on March 30, 2020.* 122 10.22 Employment Agreement, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and Jessica Morris, dated February 23, 2021, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 26, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.* 10.23 Employment Agreement, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and Bradley Saenger, dated February 23, 2021, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 26, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.* 10.24 License Agreement, dated April 14, 2021, between the Company and OyaGen, Inc., filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 10, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.† 10.25 Purchase Agreement, dated August 16, 2022, by and between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on August 17, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference. 10.26 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Appendix A to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed with the Commission on March 18, 2022.* 10.27 Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 23, 2023, by and among Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC, Tonix Medicines, Inc. and Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 26, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference. 10.28 Transition Services Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2023, by and among Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC and Tonix Medicines Inc., filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on July 3, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference. 123 10.29 Loan and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of December 8, 2023, by and among the Loan Parties, the Lenders and the JGB Agent, filed with the Commission on December 8, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference. 10.30 Placement Agent Agreement, dated March 28, 2024, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on March 29, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.31 Form of Series C Warrant. filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on December 21, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.32 Form of Series D Warrant. filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on December 21, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.33 Placement Agent Agreement, dated March 28, 2024, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on March 29, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.34 Placement Agency Agreement, dated June 12, 2024, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and Dawson James Securities Inc., filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 13, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference. 10.35 Warrant Agent Agreement, dated June 13, 2024, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and VStock Transfer, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 13, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.36 Placement Agency Agreement, dated June 27, 2024, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and Dawson James Securities Inc., filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 28, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.37 Warrant Agent Agreement, dated June 28, 2024, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and VStock Transfer, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 28, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.38 Placement Agency Agreement, dated July 9, 2024, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and Dawson James Securities Inc., filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on July 10, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.39 Warrant Agent Agreement, dated July 10, 2024, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and VStock Transfer, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on July 10, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.40 Form of Security Purchase Agreement, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on July 10, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.41 Sales Agreement, dated July 30, 2024, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and A.G.P./ Alliance Global Partners, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on July 30, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference. 124 10.42 Pay-Off Letter, dated February 3, 2025, by and among the Loan Parties, the Lenders and the JGB Agent, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on February 3, 2025 and incorporated herein by reference.† 10.43 Base Agreement between Advanced Technology International (ATI) and Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., dated July 17, 2023, filed as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Commission on March 18, 2025. 10.44 Project Agreement No. 1 by and between Advanced Technology International and Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., dated June 28, 2024, filed as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Commission on March 18, 2025.† 10.45 Sales Agreement, dated June 11, 2025, by and between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holdings Corp. and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 11, 2025 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.46 Purchase Agreement, dated June 11, 2025, by and between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 11, 2025 and incorporated herein by reference. † 10.47 Registration Rights Agreement, dated June 11, 2025, by and between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 11, 2025 and incorporated herein by reference. † 10.48 Amendment No. 1 to Sales Agreement, dated November 21, 2025, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on November 21, 2025 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.49 Placement Agency Agreement, dated December 29, 2025, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and TD Securities (USA) LLC, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on December 29, 2025 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.50 Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on December 29, 2025 and incorporated herein by reference. 10.51 Exclusive License Agreement, dated June 26, 2025, by and between University of Massachusetts and Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., filed herewith † 14.01 Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Employees, Executive Officers and Directors, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on February 16, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference. 19.01 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Insider Trading Policy, filed as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Commission on March 18, 2025. 21.01 List of Subsidiaries, filed herewith. 23.01 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, filed herewith. 31.01 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed herewith. 31.02 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed herewith. 32.01 Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed herewith. 97.01 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Compensation Recovery Policy, filed as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Commission on March 18, 2025. 101 The following materials from Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 104 The cover page from this Annual Report on Form 10-K, formatted as Inline XBRL. † Certain portions of this exhibit, that are not material and would likely cause competitive harm to the registrant if publicly disclosed, have been redacted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K. †† This certification is not deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. Such certification will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference. * Denotes a management compensatory agreement or arrangement. 125 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. Date: March 12, 2026 By: /s/ SETH LEDERMAN Seth Lederman Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Date: March 12, 2026 By: /s/ BRADLEY SAENGER Bradley Saenger Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Seth Lederman and Bradley Saenger, jointly and severally, his or her attorney-in-fact, with the power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his or her substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Name Position Date /s/ SETH LEDERMAN Chief Executive Officer, President and Director (Principal Executive Officer) March 12, 2026 Seth Lederman /s/ BRADLEY SAENGER Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) March 12, 2026 Bradley Saenger /s/ RICHARD BAGGER Director March 12, 2026 Richard Bagger /s/ MARGARET SMITH BELL Director March 12, 2026 Margaret Smith Bell /s/ DAVID GRANGE Director March 12, 2026 David Grange /s/ JAMES HUNTER Director March 12, 2026 James Hunter /s/ ADEOYE OLUKOTUN Director March 12, 2026 Adeoye Olukotun /s/ NEWCOMB STILLWELL Director March 12, 2026 Newcomb Stillwell /s/ CAROLYN TAYLOR Director March 12, 2026 Carolyn Taylor /s/ JAMES TRECO Director March 12, 2026 James Treco 126