Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 10-K

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024 ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Commission File Number 001-36019 TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Nevada 26-1434750 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (IRS Employer Identification No.) 26 Main Street , Suite 101 Chatham , New Jersey 07928 (Address of principal executive office) (Zip Code) (862) 799-8599 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, $0.001 par value TNXP The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined by Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 229.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and an “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ The aggregate market value of the voting common equity held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2024, based on the closing sales price of the common stock as quoted on The NASDAQ Global Market was $ 6,857,126 . For purposes of this computation, all officers and directors are deemed to be affiliates. Such determination should not be deemed an admission that such directors, officers, or 5 percent beneficial owners are, in fact, affiliates of the registrant. As of March 17, 2025, there were 6,434,881 shares of registrant’s common stock outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE None. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PART I Item 1. Business 3 Item 1A. Risk Factors 65 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 98 Item 1C. Cybersecurity Disclosures 98 Item 2. Properties 99 Item 3. Legal Proceedings 99 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 99 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 100 Item 6. Reserved 100 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 101 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 114 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data F-1 – F-35 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures 115 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures 115 Item 9B. Other Information 116 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections 116 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 117 Item 11. Executive Compensation 125 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 135 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 136 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services 137 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules 138 Signatures 144 2 PART I ITEM 1 – BUSINESS This Annual Report on Form 10-K (including the section regarding Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations) contains forward-looking statements regarding our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates” and similar expressions or variations of such words are intended to identify forward-looking statements, but are not deemed to represent an all-inclusive means of identifying forward-looking statements as denoted in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Additionally, statements concerning future matters are forward-looking statements. Although forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reflect the good faith judgment of our Management, such statements can only be based on facts and factors currently known by us. Consequently, forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties and actual results and outcomes may differ materially from the results and outcomes discussed in or anticipated by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences in results and outcomes include, without limitation, those specifically addressed under the heading “Risks Factors” below, as well as those discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Readers are urged not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We file reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). You can read and copy any materials we file or will file with the SEC, which, among other places, can be found on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov, as well as on our corporate website at www.tonixpharma.com). We undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements in order to reflect any event or circumstance that may arise after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made throughout the entirety of this Annual Report, which attempt to advise interested parties of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Forward-looking statements include, but are not necessarily limited to, those relating to: ● Our prospects are dependent on the success of TNX 102-SL for the management of Fibromyalgia (“FM”) and progressing our pipeline through development stages. To the extent regulatory approval of TNX-102 SL is delayed or not granted or, if approved, TNX-102 SL is not commercially successful, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected and the price of our common stock may decline. ● The commercial success and market acceptance of our products, including the coverage of our products by payors and pharmacy benefit managers; our ability to successfully develop and execute our sales, marketing and non-personal and digital promotion strategies, including developing and maintaining relationships with customers, physicians, payors and other constituencies, the entry of other products competitive with our commercial products; ● Our ability to successfully execute business development, strategic partnerships, and investment opportunities to build and grow for the future; ● Our ability to achieve the expected financial performance from our marketed products Tosymra® and Zembrace® Symtouch®, as well as delays, challenges and expenses, and unexpected costs associated with integrating and operating this commercial business; ● The ability of our third-party manufacturers to manufacture adequate quantities of commercially saleable inventory and active pharmaceutical ingredients for each of our products, and our ability to maintain our supply chain; ● Our ability to raise additional capital, if necessary; 3 ● The timing and results of any future research and development efforts including potential clinical studies relating to any future product candidates; ● Our common stock maintaining compliance with Nasdaq’s minimum closing bid requirement of at least $1.00 per share. Business Overview Tonix Pharmaceuticals (“Tonix” or the “Company”) is a fully-integrated biopharmaceutical company developing and commercializing therapeutics to treat, and vaccines to prevent, disease and alleviate suffering. Tonix’s primary focus is to obtain U.S. marketing authorization for TNX-102 SL (cyclobenzaprine HCl sublingual tablet) 5.6 mg (2 x 2.8 mg tablets) for the management of fibromyalgia (“FM”) from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”). The FDA assigned a prescription drug user fee act (“PDUFA”) goal date of August 15, 2025, for a decision on marketing authorization for TNX-102 SL. In addition, we market two FDA-approved, prescription products for the treatment of acute migraine, and we are developing a robust pipeline of potential new products. Our pipeline has been generated from internal discovery, as well as licenses, acquisitions and collaborations with academic institutions and non-profit organizations. Our development portfolio is focused on central nervous system (“CNS”), disorders, but also consists of immunology, infectious disease and rare disease, product candidates. The CNS portfolio includes small molecules and biologics to treat pain, neurologic, psychiatric and addiction conditions and includes TNX-1300 which is in Phase 2 clinical development to treat cocaine intoxication partially funded by the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Our immunology portfolio includes TNX-1500 (anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody, or mAb), a biologic which has shown encouraging results in Phase 1, which we plan to study to prevent organ transplant rejection and treat autoimmune diseases. Our infectious disease portfolio includes TNX-801 (horsepox, live virus vaccine) a vaccine in development to prevent smallpox and mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) and TNX-4200, which is a discovery program for broad spectrum antiviral drugs funded by a U.S Department of Defense contract for up to $34 million over five years. TNX-4200 is being developed at our R&D facility located in Frederick, Maryland, (“RDC”), which has biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) with BSL-3 components. Tonix’s product development candidates are investigational new drugs or biologics and have not been approved for any indication. Central Nervous System (CNS) Pipeline In October 2024, Tonix submitted a New Drug Application (“NDA”) to the FDA for TNX-102 SL 5.6 mg for the management of FM, a proprietary sublingual tablet formulation of cyclobenzaprine (“CBP”) designed for bedtime administration, and in December 2024, the FDA assigned a PDUFA goal date of August 15, 2025, for a decision on marketing authorization for TNX-102 SL. FM is a chronic pain disorder characterized by widespread pain, non-restorative sleep, fatigue and impaired cognition. TNX-102 SL is a centrally-acting, non-opioid analgesic designed for long-term bedtime use and has been studied in three Phase 3 trials using TNX-102 SL 5.6 mg, two studies reported statistically significant results. The FDA granted TNX-102 SL Fast Track designation in July 2024. We are preparing for a commercial launch of TNX-102 SL in the fourth quarter of 2025, conditional on FDA approval. In March 2024, Tonix announced it selected two contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs), one of which is Almac Pharma Services, a member of the privately owned Almac Group, as dual supply sources for the potential launch and commercialization of TNX-102 SL in the U.S. 4 TNX-102 SL also is being developed also as a treatment for acute stress reaction (“ASR”) and to prevent acute stress disorder (“ASD”) and posttraumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”) under a physician-initiated Investigational New Drug Application (“IND”) in partnership with the University of North Carolina (“UNC”) Institute for Trauma Recovery. In addition, TNX-102 SL has active INDs for the treatment of PTSD, agitation in Alzheimer’s disease (“AAD”), alcohol use disorder (“AUD”) and the management of multi-site pain associated with Long COVID (also known as Post-Acute SARS-CoV-2 or PASC). TNX-102 SL for AAD has been granted Fast Track designation by the FDA. We are currently not actively studying TNX-102 SL in PTSD, AAD or AUD. Tonix is continuously evaluating further indications for which TNX-102 SL could potentially provide benefit. Another CNS candidate in development is TNX-1300 (double-mutant cocaine esterase) which is in Phase 2 for the treatment of cocaine intoxication. TNX-1300 has been granted Breakthrough Therapy designation by the FDA. TNX-1300 was licensed from Columbia University in 2019 after a Phase 2 study showed that it rapidly and efficiently disintegrates cocaine in the blood of volunteers who received intravenous (i.v.) cocaine. In August of 2022, we received a Federal Grant from the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse (“NIDA”) a part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (“NIH”) to advance the development of TNX-1300 as a treatment for cocaine intoxication. Finally, we are developing TNX-1900 (intranasal potentiated oxytocin) for several CNS disorders through investigator-initiated studies. TNX-1900 is in development through investigator-initiated studies at Massachusetts General Hospital (“MGH”) for the treatment of binge eating disorder (“BED”), adolescent obesity, and bone health in pediatric autism. TNX-1900 is in development through an investigator-initiated study at the University of Washington for the treatment of social anxiety disorder. Immunology Pipeline Our lead candidate in the immunology pipeline is TNX-1500, an Fc-modified humanized monoclonal antibody (“mAb”), directed against CD40-ligand (CD40L, also known as CD154). TNX-1500 was engineered to modulate binding to Fc receptors with the goal of maintaining the activity of first-generation mAbs, yet with reduced risk of thrombotic complications. TNX-1500 is being developed to prevent organ transplant rejection as well as to treat autoimmune conditions. Topline results from a Phase 1 single ascending dose escalation study at 3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg of TNX-1500 in healthy volunteers was reported in the first quarter of 2025. 5 TNX-1500 has also been studied in combination with other immunosuppressive agents in allogeneic transplants in non-human primates at MGH. In experiments at MGH, TNX-1500 is being studied as monotherapy or in combination with other immunosuppressive agents in heart and kidney allogeneic organ transplants in non-human primates. Results from experiments in kidney and heart transplants indicate that TNX-1500 appears to have comparable efficacy to historical experiments using the chimeric mouse/human IgG1 version (5c8H1) of the anti-CD40L mAb 5c8. TNX-1500 also is being studied in combination with other immunosuppressive agents in xenogeneic organ transplants in non-human primates at MGH. In some of these studies, genetically engineered (“GE”) pigs in baboon transplants were treated with cold perfused ischemia minimization and a novel co-stimulation-based immunosuppressive regimen including TNX-1500. The results of these preclinical studies were encouraging and demonstrated the potential of GE pig hearts in the context of a clinically applicable regimen. The multi-GE pigs were provided by eGenesis and Revivicor. Revivicor is a subsidiary of United Therapeutics. Some results from the collaboration with MGH and eGenesis were published in the peer-reviewed journal, Nature in 2023. In March of 2024, MGH announced the first GE pig kidney transplant into a living recipient supported in part by the pre-clinical work with TNX-1500. Subsequently, several other GE pig kidney transplants have been performed. TNX-1500 treatment has not been used in any human transplant recipient. Our immunology pipeline also includes TNX-1700, a recombinant Trefoil Factor Family 2 (“hTFF2-HSA”) fusion protein that was licensed from Columbia University in 2019. TNX-1700 consists of TFF2 fused to human serum albumin and is a biologic being developed to treat gastric and colorectal cancers by an immune-oncology mechanism, in combination with PD1 blockers, and is in the preclinical stage of development. We presented data that show a murine version of TNX-1700 consisting of a fusion protein with murine serum albumin was able to evoke anti-tumor immunity in the MC38 mouse model of colorectal cancer as monotherapy and that TNX-1700 augmented the efficacy of anti-PD1 therapy in both the MC38 model and the CT26.wt mouse models of colorectal cancer. We plan to request an INTERACT meeting with the FDA in 2025 to seek early guidance on program development. Infectious Disease Pipeline Our infectious disease portfolio includes vaccines based on our live virus vaccine or recombinant pox vaccine (“RPV”) platform. Live virus vaccines are believed to protect against poor clinical outcomes of infectious diseases by eliciting T cell responses in addition to antibody responses. TNX-801, a live minimally replicative vaccine based on synthesized horsepox, is in the pre-IND stage of development to protect against smallpox and mpox. In 2022 the WHO determined that the upsurge of mpox Clade IIb constituted a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). Mpox Clade IIB subsequently has become endemic in the U.S. mostly in populations of men who have sex with men. In August 2024, the WHO determined that the upsurge of mpox clade Ib in a growing number of countries in Africa constituted a PHEIC. The WHO reaffirmed the PHEIC status of mpox clade Ib in February of 2025. Mpox cases of the new clade Ib mpox have been detected in the United States and many other countries outside of Africa. Non-human primates vaccinated with TNX-801 were protected from mpox clade Ia in studies reported in the first quarter of 2020 and published in the peer-reviewed journal Vaccines in 2023. In September 2024, at the DoD’s MHSRS conference and in October 2024 at the World Vaccine Congress in Barcelona, Spain, Tonix presented new data on a potential mpox vaccine, TNX-801, demonstrating tolerability and no evidence of spreading to blood or tissues, even at high doses, in immunocompromised animals. After a single-dose vaccination, TNX-801 prevented clinical disease and lesions, and also decreased shedding in the mouth and lungs of animals after a lethal challenge with clade Ia monkeypox. These findings are consistent with TNX-801 inducing mucosal immunity and suggest TNX-801 may block forward transmission. In September 2024, the Company also announced that the WHO’s preferred target product profile (“TPP”) aligns with the characteristics of TNX-801. Key elements of the WHO draft TPP include single-dose, durable protection, administration without special equipment, and stability at ambient temperature. Other potential beneficial characteristics include the ability to limit forward transmission, use in case-contact vaccination strategies and suitability for use in immunocompromised individuals. 6 In October 2023, at the World Vaccine Congress - Europe, we reported that the TNX-801 vaccine was shown to be greater than 10 to 1,000-fold more minimally replicative than older vaccinia-based smallpox vaccines in both human primary cell lines and immunocompromised mice. In October 2024, at the World Vaccine Congress - Europe, we highlighted positive preclinical efficacy data of TNX-801, demonstrating tolerability in immunocompromised animals and showed that TNX-801 is unable to spread in blood or tissues in these animals, even at an approximately 100-fold higher dose than 20th century vaccinia vaccines in immune-comprised mice. These data were published in the peer-reviewed journal mSphere in 2024. TNX-801 also serves as the live virus vaccine platform for other infectious diseases for which subsequent products will be designed by expressing other viral antigens in the horsepox vector. The company’s Good Manufacturing Practice (“GMP”)-capable advanced manufacturing facility in Dartmouth, MA was purpose-built to manufacture TNX-801. The GMP suites are currently decommissioned but are ready to be reactivated in case of a national or international emergency. TNX-1800 is a live virus vaccine on the RPV platform that expresses the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from the ancestral Wuhan strain, which has shown encouraging results in non-human primates. In June 2024, the Company announced preclinical data, demonstrating immunity and tolerability, during an oral keynote talk at the Vaccine Congress 2024. Like TNX-801, TNX-1800 is a live minimally replicative vaccine based on horsepox that is believed to provide immune protection with better tolerability than modern vaccinia viruses. TNX-1800 was selected by the NIH’s Project NextGen for inclusion in clinical trials as part of a select group of next generation COVID-19 vaccine candidates with the intent to identify promising vaccine platforms. If Tonix is able to provide TNX-1800 to NIH, they would conduct a Phase 1 trial and cover the full cost. However, Tonix has not prioritized the production of TNX-1800, so it is uncertain whether or how quickly this project will progress. The COVID-19 vaccines approved for use in the U.S. have provided significant health benefits to the vaccinated population; however, they have shown limitations in the durability of protection conferred, and in their ability to block forward transmission. Live virus vaccines that protect against other viral diseases by eliciting T cell responses have shown durability of protection that lasts years to decades, and some live virus vaccines have significantly inhibited forward transmission. With respect to TNX-1800 vaccination, we reported positive efficacy data from animal challenge studies using live SARS-CoV-2 in the first quarter of 2021. These data were published in the peer-reviewed journal Vaccines in 2023. In this study, TNX-1800 vaccinated, SARS-CoV-2 challenged animals had undetectable SARS-CoV-2 in the upper airways, which we believe relates to potential inhibition of forward transmission of this respiratory pathogen. Tonix is developing potential broad-spectrum antiviral drugs in three programs: CD45-targeted therapeutics (TNX-4200), cathepsin inhibitors (TNX-3900) and viral glycan-targeted engineered biologics (TNX-4000). The DoD announced in December 2022 a plan to move beyond a ‘one bug, one drug’ approach and are seeking broad-spectrum drugs since it may be hard to predict which or how many viruses may be deployed on the battlefield. In July 2024 Tonix was awarded a contract with a potential for up to $34 million over five years by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), an agency within the DoD. The objective of the contract is to develop small molecule broad-spectrum antiviral agents for the prevention or treatment of infections to improve the medical readiness of military personnel in biological threat environments. Tonix’s program will focus on optimization and development of its TNX-4200 program, to develop an orally available CD45 antagonist with broad-spectrum efficacy against a range of viral families through preclinical evaluation. The program is expected to establish physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, and safety attributes to support an IND submission and to fund a first-in-human Phase 1 clinical study. Tonix plans to leverage previous research on phosphatase inhibitors, specifically compounds that target CD45, to optimize lead compounds for therapeutic intervention of biothreat agents and provide the government with a complete and cost-effective solution for a broad-spectrum medical countermeasure. Tonix’s premise is that partial inhibition of CD45 will provide optimal antiviral protection while requiring lower plasma drug concentrations, a lower dose, and a better safety profile. Tonix will utilize its state-of-the-art research laboratory capabilities, including a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) lab and an Animal Biosafety Level 3 (ABSL-3) facility at the RDC, as well as experienced personnel in-house. 7 Rare Disease Pipeline Our rare disease portfolio consists of TNX-2900 (intranasal potentiated oxytocin) for Prader-Willi syndrome (“PWS”), a genetic disorder characterized by complex symptoms. The formulation technology for TNX-2900 was acquired from Trigemina, Inc. and licensed from Stanford University in 2020. The potentiated formulation includes magnesium, which has been shown in animal studies to potentiate binding of oxytocin to the oxytocin receptor. The therapeutic technology was licensed from Inserm, the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research. TNX-2900 was granted Orphan-Drug Designation by the FDA in the second half of 2023 and the IND was cleared by the FDA in the fourth quarter of 2023 and received Rare Pediatric Disease Designation on March 21, 2024. PWS, an orphan condition, is a rare genetic disorder of failure to thrive in infancy, associated with uncontrolled appetite beginning in childhood with complications of obesity and diabetes. We have sponsored a research program at Inserm to study oxytocin on suckling behavior in mice that have been engineered to express one of the PWS gene mutations. Marketed Medicines Our commercial portfolio consists of two FDA-approved prescription products for the treatment of migraine: Zembrace SymTouch (sumatriptan injection) 3 mg and Tosymra (sumatriptan nasal spray) 10 mg. Zembrace SymTouch and Tosymra are both indicated for the treatment of acute migraine with or without aura in adults. Zembrace SymTouch is the only branded sumatriptan autoinjector professionally promoted in the United States and is designed for ease of use and favorable tolerability with a low 3 mg dose. Tosymra is a novel intranasal sumatriptan product formulated with a permeation enhancer that provides rapid and efficient absorption of sumatriptan. Tosymra was approved on the basis of bioequivalence to subcutaneous ( s.c. ) sumatriptan. Tonix Medicines is the only manufacturer with both a branded injectable and nasal spray indicated for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults. In September 2024, Tonix announced that the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) issued U.S. Patent No. 12,097,183 to the Company, claiming use of a pre-filled autoinjector comprising a composition of Zembrace® SymTouch® for treating migraines via subcutaneous administration. This patent, excluding possible patent term extensions, is expected to fortify protection and market exclusivity into 2036. Additionally, Tonix announced that the USPTO issued U.S. Patent No. 12,090,139 to the Company, claiming a pharmaceutical composition, a method of treating migraine via intranasal administration, and an intranasal delivery system for Tosymra®. This patent is expected to fortify protection and market exclusivity into 2030. In June 2024, the Company presented data at the 66th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Headache Society (AHS) comparing real-world data with real-world usage of non-oral migraine products with the most recent AHS consensus statement. This data stressed the need for customizing treatment of migraine headaches to the needs of patients. Thus far, real world data show that conformity with the guidelines and the consensus statement have yet to be achieved but has the potential to be increased. The data show the use of non-oral drugs for treating an acute migraine attack was only 7% in 2012 and has decreased to below 4% in 2023, when the potential need for such drugs is anticipated to be a more substantial percentage of migraineurs based on epidemiological data. In 2024, Tonix Medicines launched a national educational campaign focusing on the link between migraine, gastroparesis, and the need for non-oral acute migraine therapies. Facilities Relating to our development programs, we own and operate the RDC in Frederick, Maryland consisting of one building totaling approximately 48,000 square feet. The RDC conducts research on CNS, immunology, and infectious disease candidates. The RDC facility is mostly biosafety level 2 (BSL-2), with some components designated BSL-3. We also own an Advanced Development Center (“ADC”) located in the New Bedford business park in Dartmouth, Massachusetts. This approximately 45,000 square foot BSL-2 facility is intended to accelerate development, clinical and commercial scale manufacturing of live-virus vaccines and biologics to support clinical trials. This facility was decommissioned in 2024 but Tonix has the ability to reactivate it should we choose to do so. 8 We are led by a management team with significant industry experience in commercialization and drug development. We complement our management team with a network of scientific, clinical, and regulatory advisors that includes recognized experts in their respective fields. Our Strategy Our strategy is to use our integrated development and marketing capabilities to advance innovative programs across multiple therapeutic areas through the drug development process, with the ultimate objectives of FDA approval and commercialization. The principal components of our strategy are to: ● Pursue CNS, rare disease, immunology, and infectious disease indications with high unmet medical need and significant commercial potential. We are pursuing multiple indications that are underserved with limited, effective treatment options. Our latest stage product candidate is TNX-102 SL for the management of FM, a condition which affects between 6-12 million adults in the U.S. Fewer than half of those treated for FM receive relief from the three FDA-approved drugs. Our broader development strategy is to leverage the patented formulation and proven mechanism of action to explore the clinical potential of TNX-102 SL in multiple other, psychiatric, and addiction conditions, including ASR, ASD, AAD and AUD, all of which are underserved by currently approved medications or have no approved treatment. Within CNS, Tonix is also developing TNX-1300 to treat cocaine intoxication and TNX-1900 to treat binge eating disorder, adolescent obesity, social anxiety disorder and improvement in bone health in autism. Cocaine intoxication is one of the leading causes of overdose deaths and for which there is no currently approved drug. With TNX-1500, we are pursuing a treatment to prevent organ transplant rejection as well as autoimmune conditions. TNX-1500 is a third generation humanized mAb targeting CD40L that has the potential to deliver efficacy without compromising safety, based on modulated binding to Fc receptors. At this time, no mAb against CD40L has been licensed anywhere in the world. Within infectious diseases, we are currently focusing on the development of TNX-801 to prevent smallpox and mpox. While there are FDA-approved vaccines to prevent smallpox and mpox, we believe TNX-801 has potential to provide durable protection. While there are FDA-approved COVID-19 vaccines which use mRNA technology, or other technologies, we believe that there are limitations to these vaccines relating to durability of protection and their relative inability to block forward transmission. ● Maximize the commercial potential of our lead product candidates . We plan to commercialize each of our lead product candidates, including our latest stage candidate, TNX-102 SL, either on our own or through collaboration with partners. We believe the acquisition of our two FDA-approved, marketed products for the treatment of acute migraine (Zembrace SymTouch and Tosymra) positions Tonix to build out commercial capability to market the migraine products and to launch TNX-102 SL for fibromyalgia. An alternative strategy would be to enter into partnership agreements with drug companies that already have significant marketing capabilities in the same, or similar, therapeutic areas. If we determine that such a strategy would be more favorable than developing our own sales capabilities, we will seek to enter into collaborations with pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies for commercialization. In preparation for the launch of TNX-102 SL, we have added to our team of professionals to market and distribute our products. Our commercial team is engaged in marketing and distributing our products and is also engaged in planning the launch of TNX-102 SL contingent on FDA approval. ● Pursue a broad intellectual property strategy to protect our product candidates . We are pursuing a broad patent strategy for our product candidates, and we endeavor to generate new patent applications as supported by our innovations and conceptions as well as to advance their prosecution. In the case of TNX-102 SL, we own patents and patent applications protecting its composition-of-matter, certain methods of its use, its formulation, and its pharmacokinetic properties. In the case of TNX-801 and TNX-1800, we own patent applications protecting their composition-of-matter and certain methods of use. We also own patents through in-licensing transactions for TNX-1300, TNX-1900, TNX-2900, and TNX-1700. We have filed patent applications for TNX-1500. We plan to opportunistically apply for new patents to protect our product candidates. 9 ● Pursue additional indications and commercial opportunities for our product candidates. We plan to maximize the value of our other product candidates by pursuing other indications and commercial opportunities for such candidates. For example, we own rights related to the development and commercialization of TNX-102 SL for generalized anxiety disorder, depression, and fatigue related to disordered sleep. For TNX-1900, we own the rights to develop this for craniofacial pain, and insulin resistance. Finally, our live virus platform using our RPV technology may be developed as vaccines for future pandemics, infectious diseases generally, in addition to smallpox and mpox, and for oncology applications. Disease and Market Overview Our product candidates address disorders that are not well served by currently available therapies or have no approved treatment which represent large potential commercial market opportunities. Background information on the disorders and related commercial markets that may be addressed by our product candidates in or nearing the clinical stage of development is set forth below. Central Nervous System Fibromyalgia (FM) Fibromyalgia is a common chronic pain disorder that is understood to result from amplified sensory and pain signaling within the central nervous system, called central sensitization. Brain imaging studies have localized the functional disorder to the brain’s insular and anterior cingulate cortex. Fibromyalgia afflicts more than 10 million adults in the U.S., the majority of whom are women. Symptoms of fibromyalgia include chronic widespread pain, non-restorative sleep, fatigue, and brain fog (or cognitive dysfunction). Other associated symptoms include mood disturbances, including depression, anxiety, headaches, and abdominal pain or cramps. Individuals suffering from fibromyalgia often struggle with their daily activities, have impaired quality of life, and frequently are disabled. Physicians and patients report common dissatisfaction with currently marketed products. Fibromyalgia is now recognized as the prototypic nociplastic syndrome. Nociplastic pain is the third primary type of pain in addition to nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain. Many patients present with pain syndromes that are combinations of the three primary types of pain. Nociplastic syndromes can involve components of both central and peripheral sensitization. Fibromyalgia can occur without any identifiable precipitating event. However, many fibromyalgia cases follow one or more precipitating event(s) including: chronic nociceptive or neuropathic pain states; recovery from an infectious illness; a cancer diagnosis or cancer treatment; a metabolic or endocrine stress; or a traumatic event. In the cases of recovery from an infectious illness, fibromyalgia is considered an Infection-Associated Chronic Condition. In addition to fibromyalgia cases associated with other conditions or stressors, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, has concluded that fibromyalgia is a diagnosable condition that occurs after recovery from COVID-19 in the context of Long COVID. Fibromyalgia is also recognized as a Chronic Overlapping Pain Condition, due to shared symptoms with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis, irritable bowel syndrome, endometriosis, low back pain, post-concussive syndrome (also known as mild traumatic brain injury), chronic Lyme disease, chronic diabetic neuropathy and chronic post-herpetic neuralgia. We believe that diagnosing fibromyalgia in Long COVID patients will increase the potential market for TNX-102 SL as compared to market estimates from before the COVID-19 pandemic. Tonix has previously presented its analysis of real-world evidence from the TriNetX claims database suggesting that over 40% of Long COVID patients present with a constellation of symptoms that overlap with fibromyalgia. According to reports by Frost and Sullivan and Eversana that we commissioned, despite the availability of approved medications, the majority of patients fail therapy due to either insufficient efficacy, poor tolerability, or both. Prescription pain and sleep medications are frequently prescribed off-label for symptomatic relief, despite the lack of evidence that such medications provide a meaningful or durable therapeutic benefit, and many of these medications carry significant safety risks and risk of dependence. For example, based on U.S. claims data, approximately 50% of patients diagnosed with FM are prescribed opioids within 18 months of diagnosis, despite the lack of evidence for their effectiveness and the risk of addiction and toxicity, including overdose. 10 Cocaine Intoxication Cocaine is an illegal recreational drug taken for its pleasurable effects and associated euphoria. Pharmacologically, cocaine blocks the reuptake of the neurotransmitter dopamine from central nervous system synapses, resulting in the accumulation of dopamine within the synapse and an amplification of dopamine signaling that is related to its role in creating positive feeling. With the continued use of cocaine, however, intense cocaine cravings occur resulting in a high potential for abuse and addiction, or dependence, as well as the risk of cocaine intoxication. Cocaine intoxication refers to the deleterious effects on other parts of the body, especially those involving the cardiovascular system. Common symptoms of cocaine intoxication include tachyarrhythmias and elevated blood pressure, either of which can be life-threatening. As a result, individuals with known or suspected cocaine intoxication are sent immediately to the emergency department, preferably by ambulance in case cardiac arrest occurs during transit. There are approximately 505,000 emergency room visits for cocaine abuse each year in the U.S., of which 61,000 require detoxification services. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, cocaine-involved deaths rose nearly 54% from 2019 to 2021, resulting in over 24,486 deaths total. Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) ASD is a mental health condition that can occur within the first month of experiencing a traumatic event. The symptoms are similar to those of PTSD and can affect both civilian and military populations. According to the National Center for PTSD, in the U.S. about 60% of men and 50% of women experience at least one trauma in their lives. In the U.S. alone, one-third of emergency department visits (40-50 million patients per year) involve evaluation after trauma exposures, and in a 2014 study involving U.S. veterans, 87% reported exposure to at least one potentially traumatic event during their service. No medications are currently available at or near the point of care to treat patients suffering from acute traumatic events and to support long-term health. 11 Immunology Organ Transplant Rejection Organ transplant rejection occurs when the immune system of the organ recipient attacks the new organ as if it was an infection or tumor. Often transplantation is the last resort for most end-stage organ failure patients, affecting either kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, and/or pancreas. Genetic disparity between organ donor and recipient is often at the root of the rejection. Mismatched or not closely matched organs triggers an immune reaction that leads to rejection. Overcoming this difficulty is paramount to a patient’s survival as organ donations are in limited supply. Gastric and Colorectal cancers Gastric or stomach cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells line the inner lumen of the stomach. Development of this form of cancer is often influenced by age, diet and other stomach diseases. This type of cancer begins to form in the mucosa, the surface of the lumen that is in direct contact with the contents of the stomach, and spreads through the outer layers of the stomach as the tumor grows. Currently, per the National Cancer Institute, the 5-year relative survival for stomach cancer is 36.4%. According to 2018-2021 data, approximately 0.8 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with stomach cancer during their lifetime. In 2021, there were an estimated 130,263 people living with stomach cancer in the U.S. As of 2024, there were approximately 26,890 new cases with 10,880 deaths. Colorectal cancer includes cancers in the colon and the rectum, organs that are crucial to absorption of water by the body and the elimination of food-waste. Most colorectal cancers start as a growth or polyp on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. Some types of polyps can change into cancer over time (usually many years), but not all polyps become cancer. Adenomatous polyps are the ones that turn malignant with time. Similar to gastric cancer, malignancy begins in the mucosal layer and spreads outwards. The 5-year relative survival rate with colorectal cancer is 65.0%, per the National Cancer Institute. Based on 2018-2021 data, approximately 4.0 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer during their lifetime. In 2021, there were an estimated 1,392,445 people living with colorectal cancer in the United States. As of 2024, there were approximately 152,810 new cases with 53,010 deaths. It is the 3 rd leading cause of cancer death in women, and 2 nd in men. Infectious Diseases Smallpox and Mpox Smallpox is an acute contagious disease caused by the variola virus, or VARV, which is a member of the orthopoxvirus family. Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980 following a global immunization campaign. Smallpox is transmitted from person to person by infective droplets during close contact with infected symptomatic people. Mpox is an acute contagious disease caused by the monkeypox virus or MPXV, which is also a member of the orthopoxvirus family. Mpox symptoms are similar to those of smallpox, although less severe. Mpox is emerging as an important zoonotic infection in humans in Central and West Africa. Until 2022, only a few cases of mpox had been reported outside of Africa in patients who had been infected while in Africa. Starting in May of 2022, mpox clade II cases spread rapidly in the U.S. and other countries. The Clade II mpox affects mostly men who have sex with men in the U.S., where it has become endemic. In August 2024, the World Health Organization (“WHO”) declared mpox Clade Ib to be a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) due to an outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo that spread globally, including to the United States. Clade Ib affects children as well as adults. The WHO reaffirmed the PHEIC status of mpox clade Ib in February of 2025. Smallpox was eradicated by a World Health Organization program that vaccinated individuals with live replicating vaccinia vaccines wherever smallpox appeared. In the 1970s, vaccination of civilians to protect against smallpox was discontinued in the U.S.; however, smallpox remains a material threat to national security and a proportion of military personnel, including members of the Global Response Force continue to be vaccinated. Vaccines for smallpox and mpox are stockpiled by the U.S. government in the strategic national stockpile and for potential widespread immunization in the event of malicious reintroduction of VARV. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences has recently issued a consensus report raising concerns about the state of new mpox vaccines in development. 12 COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 is a contagious virus causing the disease COVID-19 that became a global pandemic in 2019 and has resulted in more than three million deaths. While the infection and mortality rates have slowed in regions of the world with high vaccination rates, the struggle with the pathogen is ongoing and evolving since SARS-CoV-2 is mutating into new variants. COVID-19 is characterized by fever, sore throat, acute shortness of breath, cough, and oxygen desaturation in the blood. New variants continue to sweep across the world in successive waves. With new variants of the virus emerging, therapeutic research is addressing the challenge of keeping up with this rapidly mutating virus. The early vaccines have been effective in limiting the severity of disease in vaccinated individuals. Vaccines that elicit strong T cell responses are believed to have the potential to provide long-term or durable protection. Rare Disease Prader-Willi Syndrome PWS is recognized as the most common genetic cause of life-threatening childhood obesity and affects males and females with equal frequency and all races and ethnicities. The hallmarks of PWS are lack of suckling in infants and, in children and adults, severe hyperphagia, an overriding physiological drive to eat, leading to severe obesity and other complications associated with significant morbidity and mortality. PWS is an orphan disease that occurs in approximately one in 15,000 births. There is currently no approved treatment for obesity and hyperphagia in adults and older children associated with PWS. Tonix’s Marketed Migraine Products Zembrace SymTouch and Tosymra – Acute Migraine in Adults In June 2023, we acquired two FDA-approved, marketed products from Upsher-Smith: Zembrace SymTouch (sumatriptan injection) 3 mg and Tosymra (sumatriptan nasal spray) 10 mg. Zembrace SymTouch and Tosymra are both indicated for the treatment of acute migraine with or without aura in adults. Zembrace SymTouch is the only actively promoted brand of sumatriptan autoinjector in the United States. It has a unique low dose and has demonstrated onset of migraine pain relief in as few as 10 minutes (17% of patients vs. 5% for placebo). Zembrace SymTouch also demonstrated migraine pain freedom for 46% of patients (vs 27% for placebo) at 2 hours in a single-attack, double-blind study (N=230). Zembrace SymTouch currently has patent protection to 2036. Tosymra employs Intravail® permeation enhancer technology and is pharmacokinetically equivalent to 4 mg subcutaneous sumatriptan. Tosymra delivers migraine pain relief in as little as 10 minutes with just one spray for some patients (13% vs. 5% for placebo). Tosymra® currently has patent protection to 2031. 13 Lead Product Candidates We believe that our product candidates offer innovative therapeutic approaches and may provide significant advantages relative to available therapies. We have worldwide commercialization rights to all of our product candidates listed below. The following table summarizes our later stage product candidates that are in or nearing the clinic: Product Candidate Indication Stage of Development TNX-102 SL Fibromyalgia NDA submitted and accepted by FDA for review; PDUFA goal date of August 15, 2025 TNX-102 SL Acute Stress Reaction Phase 2 ready* – investigator-initiated IND TNX-1300 Cocaine Intoxication Mid-Phase 2 TNX-1900 Adolescent Obesity, Binge Eating Disorder, and Bone Health in Pediatric Autism; Social Anxiety Disorder Phase 2 currently enrolling* Phase 2 clinical phase completed* TNX-1500 Kidney Transplant Rejection Phase 1 topline reported 1Q’25 TNX-801 Smallpox and Mpox vaccine Preclinical, pre-IND TNX-1800 COVID-19 vaccine Preclinical, pre-IND TNX-2900 Prader-Willi Syndrome Phase 2 ready TNX-4200 Treatment or Prevention of Viral Disease Preclinical, pre-IND TNX-1700 Gastric and colorectal Cancer Preclinical, pre-IND *Investigator Initiated Studies TNX-102 SL Overview TNX-102 SL is a proprietary sublingual tablet formulation of cyclobenzaprine (“CBP”) that efficiently delivers CBP across the oral mucosal membrane into the systemic circulation. We have active IND’s for TNX-102 SL as a bedtime treatment for fibromyalgia, PTSD, of multi-site pain associated with Long COVID, AAD and AUD. The University of North Carolina has an investigator-initiated IND for ASD that references our INDs. We own all rights to TNX-102 SL in all geographies, and we bear no obligations to third parties for any future development or commercialization. Excipients used in TNX-102 SL are approved for pharmaceutical use. Some of the excipients were specially selected to promote a local oral environment that facilitates transmucosal absorption of CBP. The current TNX-102 SL sublingual tablets each contain 2.8 mg of CBP. We selected this dose with the goal of providing a balance of efficacy, safety, and tolerability that would be acceptable as a first-line therapy and for long-term use, and in-patient populations characterized by burdensome symptoms and sensitivity to medications. The active ingredient in TNX-102 SL is CBP, a multi-functional drug that blocks the serotonin-2A, alpha-1 adrenergic, muscarinic M1 and histaminergic H1 receptors. CBP is a tertiary amine tricyclic, that is the listed active ingredient of two products that are approved in the U.S. for the treatment of muscle spasm: Flexeril® (5 mg and 10 mg oral immediate-release, or IR, tablet) and Amrix ® (15 mg and 30 mg oral extended-release capsule or ER capsule). The Flexeril brand of CBP IR tablet has been discontinued since May 2013. There are numerous generic versions of CBP IR tablets on the market. CBP-containing products are approved for short term use (two to three weeks) only as an adjunct to rest and physical therapy for relief of muscle spasm associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions. CBP IR tablets are recommended for three times per day dosing, which results in relatively stable blood levels of CBP after several days of treatment. Extended-release (ER) CBP capsules taken once a day mimic, and flatten, the pharmacokinetic profile of three times per day CBP IR tablets. 14 Both the IR and ER tablet formulations of CBP result in accumulation of the persistent metabolite norcyclobenzaprine (“norCBP”) to blood levels that exceed the levels of CBP. NorCBP is a secondary amine tricyclic with a relatively stronger inhibitory activity of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) than the parent CBP. We believe that the accumulation of norCBP is undesirable in a medicine to be taken chronically at bedtime because norCBP accumulates over weeks, potentially interfering with the dynamic receptor effects of CBP and also may interrupt sleep quality by inhibiting the NET. We designed TNX-102 SL to be administered once-daily at bedtime and with the intention for long-term use. We believe the selected dose of TNX-102 SL and its unique pharmacokinetic profile will enable it to achieve a desirable balance of efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Our Phase 1 pharmacokinetic comparative trials showed that, on a dose-adjusted basis, TNX-102 SL results in faster systemic absorption and significantly higher plasma levels of CBP in the first hour following sublingual administration relative to oral IR CBP tablets. It also showed that the sublingual route of administration, which bypasses the “first pass” hepatic metabolism that swallowed medications undergo, results in a higher plasma level of CBP relative to norcyclobenzaprine during sleeping hours when taken at bedtime. We believe the dynamic changes in CBP after TNX-102 SL administration at steady state during chronic use contribute to its activity in treating fibromyalgia. We believe this is the first drug designed to increase the activity of the tertiary amine tricyclic parent and decrease the activity of the secondary amine tricyclic metabolite. In clinical studies, TNX-102 SL 2.8 mg and TNX-102 SL 5.6 mg were generally well-tolerated, with no drug-related serious and unexpected adverse reactions reported in these studies. The most common adverse event was transient numbness in the mouth after TNX-102 SL administration. In September 2024, at the 11th Global Conference on Pharmaceutics and Novel Drug Delivery Systems (PDDS 2024), the Company announced data highlighting the proprietary formulation technology and pharmacokinetic properties of TNX-102 SL, including composition and methods patents based on the proprietary eutectic formulation of TNX-102 SL that are expected to provide market exclusivity until at least 2034 in the U.S., EU, Japan, China and other jurisdictions. The eutectic protects cyclobenzaprine HCl from interacting with the basifying agent that is also part of the formulation and required for efficient transmucosal absorption. The formulation of TNX-102 SL was designed specifically for sublingual administration and transmucosal absorption for bedtime dosing to target disturbed sleep, improve pain and other fibromyalgia symptoms, while reducing the risk of daytime somnolence. We have successfully completed the pivotal exposure bridging study with TNX-102 SL compared to Amrix. Results from this study support the approval of TNX-102 SL under Section 505(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”) with Amrix as the listed drug. We believe that TNX-102 SL has the potential to provide clinical benefit in fibromyalgia and PTSD and possibly other CNS indications that are underserved by currently marketed products or have no approved treatment. We have also successfully completed a bridging pharmacokinetic study in ethnic Japanese and Chinese volunteers that shows similar characteristics to our historical data in Caucasian volunteers. We believe this will satisfy one of the criteria for approval in Japan and China and will allow us to reference the U.S. efficacy data to support marketing applications in those countries. TNX-102 SL (cyclobenzaprine HCl sublingual tablets) – FM program We are developing TNX-102 SL as a bedtime treatment for FM. Clinical Development Plan NDA Acceptance and PDUFA Goal Date In October 2024, Tonix submitted its NDA to the FDA for TNX-102 SL 5.6 mg for the management of fibromyalgia and in December 2024, the FDA assigned a PDUFA goal date of August 15, 2025, for a decision on marketing authorization for TNX-102 SL. We are preparing for a commercial launch of TNX-102 SL in the fourth quarter of 2025, conditional on FDA approval. 15 Pre-NDA Meetings and Fast Track Designation In July 2024, Tonix was granted Fast Track designation by the FDA for TNX-102 SL for FM. The designation validates that FM is a serious condition and that TNX-102 SL has the potential to address this unmet medical need. Tonix previously announced alignment with the FDA regarding the content of its proposed NDA submission, following completion of the Company’s pre-NDA meetings. During the second quarter of 2024, Tonix successfully completed two positive pre-NDA meetings with the FDA for TNX-102 SL for the management of fibromyalgia. The first, with minutes announced in June 2024, was a Type B Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) meeting to seek alignment and agreement with the FDA on key CMC topics to support the planned NDA submission for TNX-102 SL. Based on formal meeting minutes, the Company believes it is aligned with the FDA on proposed drug substance and drug product commercial specifications, shelf life assignment, manufacturing and commercial drug packaging. At the second pre-NDA meeting announced in July 2024, the Company and the FDA aligned on nonclinical, clinical pharmacology and clinical matters and agreed that the proposed data package is sufficient to support the NDA submission. Completed Phase 3 RESILIENT Study (F307) with Statistically Significant Improvement in Primary Endpoint of Pain Reduction The first patient was enrolled in the pivotal Phase 3 RESILIENT study in April 2022. The RESILIENT study was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled adaptive design trial designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TNX-102 SL in FM. The two-arm trial enrolled 457 participants in the U.S. The first two weeks of treatment consist of a run-in period in which participants start on TNX-102 SL 2.8 mg (1 tablet) or placebo. Thereafter, all participants increase their dose to TNX-102 SL 5.6 mg (2 x 2.8 mg tablets) or two placebo tablets for the remaining 12 weeks. The RESILIENT study achieved statistical significance on the pre-specified primary efficacy endpoint: change from baseline in the weekly average of daily diary pain severity numerical rating scale (NRS) scores for TNX-102 SL 5.6 mg (LS mean [SE]: -1.8 [0.12] units) versus placebo (-1.2 [0.12] units), analyzed by mixed model repeated measures with multiple imputation (LS mean [SE] difference: -0.7 [0.16] units, p=0.00005). In addition, all pre-specified sensitivity analyses of the primary endpoint were statistically significant (p≤0.001). We observed reduction in pain across all weeks of the 14-week study, with nominal p<0.01 for every week. The rapid onset of action with separation from placebo at Week 1 was sustained throughout all weeks of dosing. TNX-102 SL was well tolerated and consistent with prior trials, with no new safety signals observed. Among participants randomized to the TNX-102 SL and placebo arms, 81.0% and 79.2%, respectively, completed the 14-week dosing period. As expected, based on prior TNX-102 SL studies, administration site reactions were the most commonly reported adverse events and were higher in the TNX-102 SL treatment group. Hypoaesthesia oral and paraesthesia oral, or tongue and mouth numbness or tingling, product taste abnormal (typically a bitter aftertaste upon dosing), and tongue discomfort were local effects nearly always temporally related to dose administration and transiently expressed (<60 minutes) in most occurrences. The only treatment-emergent adverse events that occurred at a rate of 3.0% or greater in either arm were these four oral adverse events, along with COVID-19, somnolence, and headache. Adverse events resulted in premature study discontinuation in 6.1% of those who received TNX-102 SL compared with 3.5% of placebo recipients. There were a total of seven serious adverse events in five patients, five of which were experienced by three patients in the placebo arm, and two of which were in the TNX-102 SL arm. Of the two in the TNX-102 SL arm, one was renal cancer, deemed unrelated to study drug, and the other was acute pancreatitis with onset 14 days after dosing was completed, reported as possibly related to study drug, and was resolved before the final study visit. 16 Completed Phase 3 RALLY Study (F306) The RALLY study was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled adaptive design trial intended to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TNX-102 SL in FM. The trial was designed to enroll approximately 670 patients across approximately 40 U.S. sites. For the first two weeks of treatment, there was a run-in period in which patients started on TNX-102 SL 2.8 mg (1 tablet) or placebo. After the first two weeks, all patients had the dose increased to TNX-102 SL 5.6 mg (2 x 2.8 mg tablets) or two placebo tablets for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was daily diary pain severity score change from baseline to Week 14 (using the weekly averages of the daily numerical rating scale scores), analyzed by mixed model repeated measures with multiple imputation. We reported pre-planned interim analysis results from a Phase 3 study, RALLY (F306), in July 2021. Based on the recommendation from the independent data monitoring committee that the RALLY trial was unlikely to demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in the primary endpoint, we stopped enrollment of new participants but allowed those participants who were already enrolled to complete the study. We reported topline data from the completed study in March of 2022. As expected, based on interim analysis results, TNX-102 SL did not achieve statistical significance over placebo on the primary endpoint of reduction in daily pain. Relative to the previous positive Phase 3 Study (RELIEF), RALLY had an unexpected increase in study participant adverse event-related discontinuations in both drug and placebo groups (~80% higher in each), which we believe may have been impacted by conducting the study in the period of highest mortality across the U.S. from the COVID-19 pandemic (September 2020 through March 2021 for the interim analysis sample). Completed Phase 3 RELIEF Study (F304) with Statistically Significant Improvement in Primary Endpoint of Pain Reduction In the fourth quarter of 2020, we announced the results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week Phase 3 study of TNX-102 SL in 503 participants with FM, which we refer to as the RELIEF study. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the potential clinical benefit of using TNX-102 SL to treat FM at a dose of 5.6 mg, administered sublingually once daily at bedtime for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint of the RELIEF trial was the daily diary pain severity score change from baseline to Week 14 (using the weekly averages of the daily numerical rating scale scores), analyzed by mixed model repeated measures with multiple imputation. The RELIEF study achieved statistical significance on the primary efficacy endpoint: change from baseline in the weekly average of daily diary pain severity numerical rating scale (NRS) scores for TNX-102 SL 5.6 mg (LS mean [SE]: -1.9 [0.12] units) versus placebo (-1.5 [0.12] units), analyzed by mixed model repeated measures with multiple imputation (LS mean [SE] difference: -0.4 [0.16] units, p=0.010). The statistically significant improvement in pain is further substantiated when diary pain was analyzed by another standard statistical approach, a 30 percent responder analysis, with 46.8% on active and 34.9% on placebo having a 30 percent or greater reduction in pain (logistic regression; odds ratio [95% CI]: 1.67 [1.16, 2.40]; p=0.006, uncorrected). Consistent with the proposed mechanism that TNX-102 SL acts in fibromyalgia through improving sleep quality, TNX-102 SL showed nominal improvement of sleep by several measures. For daily diary sleep quality ratings, TNX-102 SL (-2.0 [0.12] units) compared to placebo (-1.5 [0.12] units) was nominally significant (LS mean difference: -0.6 [0.17] units; p<0.001). For the PROMIS Sleep Disturbance instrument, TNX-102 SL was also nominally significant over placebo on T-scores (LS mean difference: -2.9 [0.82] units; p<0.001). The effect sizes on the diary sleep quality ratings and PROMIS Sleep Disturbance instrument were 0.31 and 0.32, respectively. In the RELIEF study, TNX-102 SL was similarly well tolerated as in the prior Phase 2 BESTFIT and Phase 3 AFFIRM studies, which both studied TNX-102 SL at a lower dose of 2.8 mg daily. There were no new safety signals observed in the RELIEF study at the 5.6 mg daily dose. Among participants randomized to the TNX-102 SL and placebo arms, 82.3% and 83.5%, respectively, completed the 14-week dosing period. As expected, based on prior studies, administration site reactions are the most commonly reported adverse events and were higher in the TNX-102 SL treatment group, including rates of hypoaesthesia oral (17.3% vs. 0.8%), oral pain/discomfort (11.7% v. 2.0%), product taste abnormal (6.5% vs. 0.4%), and paraesthesia oral (5.6% v. 0.4%). Hypoaesthesia or paraesthesia oral and product taste abnormal were local administration site effects nearly always temporally related to dose administration and transiently expressed (<60 minutes) in most occurrences. The only systemic treatment-emergent adverse events that occurred at a rate of 5.0% or greater in either arm was somnolence/sedation at 5.6% in the TNX-102 SL arm vs. 1.2% in placebo, which was consistent with known side effects of marketed oral cyclobenzaprine. Adverse events resulted in premature study discontinuation in 8.9% of those who received TNX-102 SL compared with 3.9% of placebo recipients. There was a total of seven serious adverse events reported during the study, none of which were deemed related to investigational product; five in placebo arm, and two in TNX-102 SL arm. Of the two in the TNX-102 SL arm, one was a motor vehicle accident with multiple bone fractures, and the other was a case of pneumonia secondary to an infection. 17 Global NDA Requirements We are planning to develop TNX-102 SL for the treatment of FM in Japan. Cyclobenzaprine, the active ingredient of TNX-102 SL, has not been approved in Japan, and is considered a new chemical entity (NCE). In February 2022, we held an End of Phase 2 Consultation with the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, or PMDA, an independent administrative institution responsible for ensuring the safety, efficacy and quality of pharmaceuticals and medical devices in Japan, to discuss the Japan development plan. Agreement was reached on the design of a Phase 1 bridging study (TNX-CY-F108/F108) in ethnic Japanese healthy volunteers to enable clinical studies of TNX-102 SL in Japan. PMDA also provided guidance on the overall nonclinical package to support a Japan NDA filing for TNX-102 SL for the treatment of FM. 18 The F108 Phase 1 study was initiated in March 2022 and the clinical phase was completed in May 2022. Since the similarity in PK profile between people of Japanese and Chinese descent was confirmed, the PK data from the two ethnic groups were pooled as for Asian data (n=20) and compared retrospectively with the Caucasian study data from Study TNX-CY-F110 (n=16). The Asian/Caucasian geometric mean ratios of cyclobenzaprine Cmax, AUC 0-T and AUC 0-∞ were between 0.9 and 1.11 after both the 5.6 mg dose and the 2.8 mg dose. The 90% CI of Asian/Caucasian geometric mean ratios for Cmax, AUC 0-T and AUC 0-∞ , were all within the formal narrow equivalence limit of 0.8 to 1.25 after both the 5.6 mg dose and 2.8 mg dose, respectively. These results support similarity in cyclobenzaprine PK between Asian (pooled Japanese and Chinese) and Caucasian samples. Long-Term Safety Exposure Study for TNX-102 SL In October 2019, we completed long-term safety exposure studies in participants with PTSD to evaluate the tolerability of TNX-102 SL 5.6 mg to support an NDA for the treatment of PTSD. The data provide us with exposure data of daily dosing of TNX-102 SL 5.6 mg for at least 12 months in more than 50 individuals, and daily dosing of TNX-102 SL 5.6 mg for at least 6 months in more than 100 individuals. The data was collected in open-label extension studies of the PTSD program. Based on the FDA’s guidance, the long-term safety exposure studies in PTSD was used to support the NDA for the management of fibromyalgia. Manufacturing of TNX-102 SL TNX-102 SL drug product for Phase 3 and the associated registration batches for the NDA were manufactured at commercial cGMP facilities. We currently have 36-month stability data in the proposed packaging configurations ready for commercialization. The FDA has reviewed the proposed CMC data package to support TNX-102 SL’s NDA approval and commercial manufacturing plans as part of the IND process. Tonix is ready to manufacture TNX-102 SL commercial product for the forecasted fibromyalgia market. During the second quarter of 2024, Tonix successfully completed a pre-NDA meeting with the FDA for TNX-102 SL for a Type B Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) meeting to seek alignment and agreement with the FDA on key CMC topics to support the planned NDA submission for TNX-102 SL. Based on formal meeting minutes, the Company believes it is aligned with the FDA on proposed drug substance and drug product commercial specifications, shelf life assignment, manufacturing and commercial drug packaging. In March 2024, Tonix announced it selected two contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs), one of which is Almac Pharma Services, a member of the privately owned Almac Group, as dual supply sources for the potential launch and commercialization of TNX-102 SL in the U.S. TNX-102 SL – Acute Stress Disorder Program TNX-102 SL is being developed as a bedtime treatment for ASR in collaboration with the University of North Carolina under an investigator-initiated IND. Phase 2 OASIS Study This investigator-initiated study will be conducted by the University of North Carolina Institute for Trauma Recovery. The University of North Carolina has been awarded a $3 million grant from the DoD to investigate the potential of Tonix’s TNX-102 SL to reduce the frequency and severity of adverse effects of acute trauma. The proposed Optimizing Acute Stress reaction Interventions with TNX-102 SL (OASIS) trial will examine the safety and efficacy of TNX-102 SL to reduce adverse posttraumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae among patients presenting to the emergency department (“ED”) after a motor vehicle collision. The trial will enroll approximately 180 individuals who acutely experienced trauma at ED study sites across the U.S. and participants will be randomized in the ED to receive a two-week course of either TNX-102 SL or placebo. We expect enrollment in the OASIS study to begin in the first half of 2025. The OASIS trial will examine the safety and efficacy of TNX-102 SL to reduce adverse posttraumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae among patients in the ED after a motor vehicle collision. A fourteen day course of bedtime TNX-102 SL will be tested in the immediate aftermath of motor vehicle collision trauma. The study will test the potential for TNX-102 SL to target trauma-related sleep disturbance and its ability to facilitate recovery from ASR and to prevent PTSD. The results may ultimately provide military personnel with a new treatment option that, when administered in the early aftermath of a traumatic event to individuals with ASR symptoms, improves warfighter function. The OASIS trial will build upon a foundation of knowledge and infrastructure developed through the University of North Carolina-led, $40 million AURORA initiative. The AURORA study is a major national research initiative to improve the understanding, prevention, and recovery of individuals who have experienced a traumatic event. AURORA is supported by funding from the NIH, leading brain health nonprofit One Mind, private foundations, and partnerships with leading tech companies such as Mindstrong Health and Verily Life Sciences, the health care arm of Google’s parent company Alphabet. 19 Initiation of patient enrollment in the proposed investigator sponsored OASIS trial is anticipated in the first half of 2025. The FDA granted IND clearance in the first quarter of 2024. In August 2024 at the DoD’s MHSRS conference, the Company presented clinical data and rationale supporting the potential for TNX-102 SL to be studied for the treatment of ASR and prevention of PTSD. Prior studies showed that treatment with TNX-102 SL showed effects on sleep and PTSD symptoms in PTSD patients at two and four weeks. This supportive data on the effects of TNX-102 SL on reducing PTSD symptoms suggest early intervention immediately after trauma using TNX-102 SL has the potential to reduce ASR/ASD symptoms which are similar to those of PTSD. Data from these trials support testing of TNX-102 SL within 24 hours of index trauma for effects on ASR symptoms and the subsequent incidence of newly developed PTSD. TNX-1300 – Cocaine Intoxication TNX-1300 (T172R/G173Q double-mutant cocaine esterase 200 mg, i.v. solution) is being developed for the treatment of cocaine intoxication. TNX-1300 is a recombinant protein enzyme produced through rDNA technology in a non-disease-producing strain of E. coli bacteria. Cocaine Esterase (CocE) was identified in bacteria (Rhodococcus) that use cocaine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen and that grow in soil surrounding coca plants. The gene encoding CocE was identified and the protein was extensively characterized. CocE catalyzes the breakdown of cocaine into metabolite ecgonine methyl ester and benzoic acid. Wild-type CocE is unstable at body temperature, so targeted mutations were introduced in the CocE gene and resulted in the T172R/G173Q double-mutant CocE, which is active for approximately 6 hours at body temperature. Currently there is no specific pharmacotherapy indicated for cocaine intoxication, a state characterized by acute agitation, hyperthermia, tachycardia, arrhythmias, and hypertension, with the potential life-threatening sequalae of myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, rhabdomyolysis, respiratory failure, and seizures. Patients are currently managed only by supportive care for the adverse effects of cocaine overdose on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. By targeting the cause of cocaine intoxication, rather than the symptoms like other medicines in emergency usage, we believe TNX-1300 may offer significant advantages to the current standard of care for cocaine overdose. TNX-1300 was developed by Columbia University, University of Kentucky and University of Michigan, and in-licensed by Tonix from Columbia University in 2019. In a Phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study, TNX-1300 at 100 mg or 200 mg i.v . doses was well tolerated and interrupted cocaine effects after cocaine 50 mg i.v . challenge. In August 2022, we announced that we received a Cooperative Agreement grant from NIDA, part of NIH, to support development of TNX-1300. A positive Phase 2a study of volunteer cocaine users in a controlled laboratory setting has been previously completed. TNX-1300 has been granted Breakthrough Therapy designation by the FDA. As a biologic and new molecular entity, TNX-1300 is eligible for 12 years of U.S. market exclusivity upon approval by the FDA, in addition to expected patent protection through 2029. Since in-licensing, Tonix has requalified existing inventory, developed a lyophilized drug product to facilitate enhanced stability and handling conditions applicable for an ER treatment, updated the process and analytical methods to current standards and manufactured Phase 2 drug product clinical supply. We initiated a Phase 2 clinical trial, CATALYST, of TNX-1300 in the third quarter of 2024. The Phase 2 trial is a single-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept study comparing the safety of a single 200 mg dose of TNX-1300 to standard of care alone in approximately 60 emergency department patients presenting with cocaine intoxication. Because of the challenges of recruiting eligible patients into this study, we are not guiding to a timeline for completion of enrollment or topline data. TNX-1900 –Adolescent Obesity, Binge Eating Disorder. Social Anxiety and Bone Health in Autism TNX-1900 (intranasal potentiated oxytocin) is a proprietary formulation of oxytocin primarily in development under investigator-initiated INDs for the treatment of adolescent obesity, binge eating disorder, bone health in pediatric autism, and social anxiety disorder. In 2020, TNX-1900 was acquired from Trigemina, Inc. and licensed from Stanford University. TNX-1900 is a drug-device combination product, based on an intranasal actuator device that delivers oxytocin into the nose. 20 Oxytocin is a naturally occurring human hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. Oxytocin has no recognized addiction potential. It has been observed that low oxytocin levels in the body can lead to an increase in migraine headache frequency, and that increased oxytocin levels can relieve migraine headaches. Certain other chronic pain conditions are also associated with decreased oxytocin levels. With TNX-1900, the addition of magnesium to the oxytocin formula enhances oxytocin receptor binding as well as its effects on trigeminal neurons and craniofacial analgesic effects in animal models. Intranasal oxytocin has been well tolerated in several clinical trials in both adults and children. There are three ongoing Phase 2 investigator-initiated studies enrolling at MGH: the POWER study for the treatment of adolescent obesity, the STROBE study for the treatment of BED, and the BOX study for the treatment of bone health in pediatric autism. In addition to the studies at MGH, University of Washington is conducting an investigator-initiated study of TNX-1900 in SAD using functional MRI, in which the clinical phase has been completed, and data analyses are in progress. TNX-1500 – Organ Transplant Rejection/Autoimmune Conditions TNX-1500 is a humanized mAb directed against CD40-ligand, or CD40L (also known as CD154), engineered to modulate binding to Fc receptors, that is being developed to prevent and treat organ transplant rejection as well as to treat autoimmune conditions. TNX-1500 incorporates the antigen binding fragment (Fab) region of hu5c8, which has been extensively characterized including at the atomic level in complex with CD40-ligand. CD40-ligand is a protein expressed on the surface of activated T lymphocytes that mediates T cell helper function. CD40-ligand is also known as CD154, the T cell-B cell activating molecule (T-BAM), TRAP and gp39. CD154 is a member of the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Super Family. No mAb against CD154 has been approved for commercial use anywhere in the world. Other TNF Super Family members have been successfully targeted by antagonist mAbs. Approved mAbs against TNFα include: infliximab (Remicade®), adalimumab (Humira®), certolizumab pegol (Cimzia®), and golimumab (Simponi®) for the treatment of certain autoimmune conditions. Also, etanercept (Enbrel®) is a TNFα antagonist receptor fusion protein. An approved mAb against RANKL (CD254) is denosumab (Prolia® or Xgeva®) for the treatment of osteoporosis, treatment-induced bone loss, metastases to bone, and giant cell tumor of bone. TNX-1500 was engineered to modulate binding to Fc receptors with the goal of maintaining the activity of first-generation monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), yet with reduced risk of thrombotic complications. TNX-1500 is being developed as a prophylaxis against organ transplant rejection as well as to treat autoimmune conditions. The IND was cleared for the prevention of kidney transplant, and a Phase 1 single ascending dose escalation study at 3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg of TNX-1500 in healthy volunteers was initiated in the second quarter of 2023. The objectives of the Phase 1 trial were to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of intravenous TNX-1500, as well as to support dosing in a planned Phase 2 trial in kidney transplant recipients. We reported positive topline data related to the Phase 1 in February of 2025. TNX-1500 showed suppression of the primary and secondary antibody responses to KLH antigen challenges for the 10 and 30 mg/kg doses. Additionally, preliminary pharmacokinetic results showed mean half-life (t 1/2 ) for the 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg dose groups of 34-38 days, consistent with monthly dosing. In healthy volunteers, TNX-1500 was generally well-tolerated with a favorable safety profile. Anti-CD40L has multiple potential indications in addition to solid organ and bone marrow transplantation including autoimmune diseases: potential pipeline in a product. Tonix plans to discuss these results with the FDA in an End-of-Phase 1 meeting. Pending alignment with the FDA, a Phase 2 study of TNX-1500 in kidney transplant recipients will be pursued. TNX-1500 has also been studied in combination with other immunosuppressive agents in allogeneic transplants in non-human primates at MGH. In experiments at MGH, TNX-1500 is being studied as monotherapy or in combination with other immunosuppressive agents in heart and kidney allogeneic organ transplants in non-human primates. Results from experiments in kidney and heart transplants indicate that TNX-1500 appears to have comparable efficacy to historical experiments using the chimeric mouse/human IgG1 version (5c8H1) of the anti-CD40L mAb 5c8. Some results from this collaboration were published in the peer-reviewed journal, American Journal of Transplantation in 2023. In June 2024, at the American Transplant Congress 2024, Tonix announced data demonstrating the combined use of TNX-1500 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody, VEL-101 is associated with durable protection and graft survival and function in a nonhuman primate model. Further data demonstrated that TNX-1500 has promise to prevent rejection of 9-, or 10-gene-edited (GE) pig hearts. All research has been directed by the faculty of the Center for Transplantation Sciences at Massachusetts General Hospital. 21 TNX-1500 also is being studied in combination with other immunosuppressive agents in xenogeneic organ transplants in non-human primates at MGH. In some of these studies, genetically engineered (“GE”) pigs in baboon transplants were treated with cold perfused ischemia minimization and a novel costimulation-based immunosuppressive regimen including TNX-1500. The results of these preclinical studies were encouraging and demonstrated the potential of genetically engineered pig hearts in the context of a clinically applicable regimen. The multi-GE pigs were provided by eGenesis and Revivicor. Revivicor is a subsidiary of United Therapeutics. Some results from the collaboration with MGH and eGenesis were published in the peer-reviewed journal, Nature in 2023. In March of 2024, MGH announced the first GE pig kidney transplant into a living recipient supported in part by the pre-clinical work with TNX-1500. TNX-1500 therapy was not used in the human transplant recipient. In pre-clinical experiments at MGH, TNX-1500 is being studied as monotherapy or in combination with immunosuppressive drugs in heart and kidney organ transplants in animals. The data demonstrates that TNX-1500 showed activity in preventing organ rejection and was well tolerated in animals. Blockade of CD40L with TNX-1500 monotherapy consistently prevented pathologic alloimmunity in animal models of cardiac and kidney allograft model without evidence of clinical thrombosis. In January 2021, the World Intellectual Property Organization published a patent application filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty covering TNX-1500, a humanized mAb directed against CD40-ligand, which is also known as CD154. The patent application is titled “Anti-CD154 Antibodies and Uses Thereof” and published under International Publication No. WO 2021/001458 A1. The application entered national phase in December 2021. The patent applications include claims related to proprietary anti-human CD40-ligand mAbs that were engineered to have modified effector function, including TNX-1500, which have reduced potential for Fc binding to FcγRII. The patent applications also claim uses of TNX-1500 for preventing and treating conditions, such as organ transplant rejection and autoimmune disorders. If claims are granted, a patent issuing from a national stage of this application could potentially provide U.S. patent coverage for the TNX-1500 composition of matter through 2040 excluding possible patent term extensions or patent term adjustments. We also have filed a PCT patent application, PCT/US2022/011404, in January 2022, entitled “Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies.” It claims methods of inducing immune tolerance in transplant recipients using anti-CD154 antibodies having modified effector functions. Remicade® and Simponi® are trademarks of Janssen; Humira® is a trademark of AbbVie Inc.; Cimzia® is a trademark of UCB S. A.; Enbrel®, Prolia® and Xgeva® are trademarks of Amgen Inc. TNX-1700 — Gastric and Colorectal Cancers TNX-1700 is a recombinant Trefoil Family Factor 2 (hTFF2-HSA) fusion protein in development to treat gastric and colorectal cancers. We have licensed rights from The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York to develop a potential product, TNX-1700, for the treatment of gastric and colorectal cancers. The licensed patents are directed to TFF2 compositions and methods of treatment. The licensed patents U.S. Patent No. 10,124,037 and U.S. Patent No. 11,167,010. The licensed patents provide TNX-1700 with US market exclusivity until April 2033, subject to any patent term extensions. On August 27, 2020, we filed International Patent Application No. PCT/IB2020/000699 entitled “Modified TFF2 Polypeptides.” The PCT application is now nationalized in 12 countries. 22 Preclinical data has shown that mTFF2-CTP augmented the efficacy of mAb anti-PD-1 therapy. Anti-PD-1 in combination with mTFF2-CTP showed greater anti-tumor activity in PD-L1-overexpressing mice. The mechanism of action is to suppress myeloid-derived suppressor cells and activate anti-cancer CD8+ T cells, which is different from checkpoint inhibitors. There is potential synergy with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 mAbs. TNX-801 –Smallpox and Mpox Vaccine TNX-801 is a novel potential smallpox- and mpox-preventing vaccine based on a synthetic version of live horsepox virus, grown in cell culture. Though it shares structural characteristics with vaccinia-based vaccines, TNX-801 has unique properties that we believe indicate potential safety advantages over existing live replicating vaccinia virus vaccines, which have been associated with adverse side effects such as myopericarditis in some individuals. Emergent BioSolutions’ ACAM2000® is the only replicating vaccinia virus vaccine currently approved by the FDA to protect against smallpox and mpox. We believe replicating virus vaccines have potential efficacy advantages over non-replicating vaccines, relating to the stimulation of cell mediated immunity. Bavarian Nordic’s Jynneos®, the only non-replicating virus vaccine, is currently approved by the FDA to protect against smallpox and mpox. Jynneos® requires two-doses, with an efficacy of approximately 35% after one dose. During the most recent mpox outbreak in the United States, dropout between doses was 24%. We believe TNX-801 has the potential to have improved tolerability relative to replicating vaccinia vaccines and the potential to have improved efficacy relative to non-replicating vaccinia vaccines. We also believe that TNX-801 would require only one dose. Smallpox was eradicated by a World Health Organization program that vaccinated individuals with live replicating vaccinia vaccines wherever smallpox appeared. In the 1970s, vaccination of civilians to protect against smallpox was discontinued in the U.S.; however, smallpox remains a material threat to national security and a proportion of military personnel, including members of the Global Response Force, continue to be vaccinated. The Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense (2024) noted that “Smallpox and other orthopoxviruses pose significant threats to the United States and the world due to their potential for weaponization, accidental release, and vulnerability of populations who stopped routinely vaccinating against smallpox in the 1970s” (Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense). We are developing TNX-801 as a potential smallpox- and mpox-preventing vaccine for the U.S. strategic national stockpile and for potential widespread immunization in the event of malicious reintroduction of variola, the virus that causes smallpox. Mpox has become endemic in the U.S. since it spread in the U.S. and other countries outside of Africa, mostly in populations of gay men. In August 2024, the WHO determined that the upsurge of mpox in a growing number of countries in Africa constitutes a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), the second such declaration in the past two years in response to transmission of the virus. Mpox cases of the new clade Ib mpox have since also been detected in multiple countries outside of Africa, including the U.S.. Animals vaccinated with TNX-801 were protected from mpox in studies reported in the first quarter of 2020. These data were published in the peer-reviewed journal Vaccines in 2023. In November 2024, Tonix announced that it has entered into a sponsored research agreement with the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) to design, plan and seek regulatory approval for a Phase 1 clinical study in Kenya to test the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of TNX-801 as a vaccine to prevent mpox and smallpox. Tonix will be the sponsor and KEMRI will lead the execution of the proposed clinical trial. In September 2024, at the DoD’s MHSRS conference and in October 2024 at the World Vaccine Congress in Barcelona, Spain, Tonix presented new data on potential mpox vaccine, TNX-801, demonstrating tolerability and no evidence of spreading to blood or tissues, even at high doses, in immunocompromised animals. After a single-dose vaccination, TNX-801 prevented clinical disease and lesions, and also decreased shedding in the mouth and lungs of animals after a lethal challenge with clade Ia monkeypox. These findings are consistent with TNX-801 inducing mucosal immunity and suggest TNX-801 has the ability to block forward transmission. In September 2024, the Company also announced that the WHO’s preferred TPP aligns with the characteristics of TNX-801. Key elements of the WHO draft TPP include single-dose, durable protection, administration without special equipment, and stability at ambient temperature. Other potential beneficial characteristics include the ability to limit forward transmission, use in case-contact vaccination strategies and suitability for use in immunocompromised individuals. 23 In August 2024, Tonix and Bilthoven Biologicals, part of the world’s largest vaccine manufacturer the Cyrus Poonawalla Group, which includes the Serum Institute of India, announced a collaboration to advance TNX-801. In October 2023, at the World Vaccine Congress - Europe, we reported that the TNX-801 vaccine was shown to be greater than 10 to 1,000-fold more minimally replicative than older vaccinia-based smallpox vaccines in both human primary cell lines and immunocompromised mice. Similar data was also published in the peer-reviewed journal mSphere which presented data demonstrating that TNX-801 is less virulent than 20th Century vaccinia vaccines in immune-compromised mice. In August 2023 we received pre-IND meeting written responses from the FDA. Tonix believes the FDA feedback provides a path to agreement on the design of a Phase 1/2 study and the overall clinical development plan. The Phase 1/2 clinical trial will assess the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of TNX-801, following the submission and clearance of an IND. We are actively working to develop a vaccine meeting cGMP quality to support a clinical study. In January 2020 at the American Society of Microbiology Biothreats conference, we reported the results of experiments on TNX-801 that were performed in collaboration with Southern Research, that showed TNX-801 vaccinated macaques were protected against monkeypox challenge. The TNX-801 vaccinated macaques showed no overt clinical signs after monkeypox challenge. Furthermore, eight of eight animals vaccinated with two different doses of TNX-801 showed no lesions after monkeypox challenge. These results were published in the peer-reviewed journal Viruses in 2023. We hold a U.S. Patent for TNX-801 smallpox and mpox vaccine and Recombinant Pox Virus (RPV) platform technology. This patent is expected to provide Tonix with U.S. market exclusivity until 2037, excluding any possible patent term extensions or patent term adjustments. In addition, we expect that TNX-801 will be eligible for 12 years of non-patent-based exclusivity under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or PPACA. TNX-801 also serves as the live virus vaccine platform for other infectious diseases for which subsequent products will be designed by expressing other viral antigens in the horsepox vector. The company’s Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-capable advanced manufacturing facility in Dartmouth, MA was purpose-built to manufacture TNX-801 and the GMP suites are ready to be reactivated in case of a national or international emergency. TNX-1800 – COVID-19 Vaccine TNX-1800 is a minimally replicative, live virus vaccine based on our RPV platform that expresses the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from the ancestral Wuhan strain. TNX-1800 is being further developed to rapidly address new variants as they emerge. The vaccine platform itself can carry a payload of genes. The vaccine protects against COVID-19 by eliciting a durable T cell, humoral and mucosal immune response. It is delivered in only one dose. In November 2023, Tonix announced that the NIAID, a part of the NIH, will conduct a Phase 1 clinical trial with TNX-1800 as part of the Project NextGen Covid-19 Vaccine initiative. This NIAID/NIH program is funded to take selected NextGen vaccine candidates into Phase 1 and Phase 2 trials. Because of extensive reviews of NIH programs, the future of this program is uncertain. 24 The COVID-19 vaccines that are approved for use in the U.S. have provided significant health benefits to the vaccinated population; however, they have shown limitations in the durability of protection conferred and in their limited ability to block the spread of infection (forward transmission). Live virus vaccines that protect against other viral diseases by eliciting T cell responses have shown durability of protection that lasts years to decades and some live virus vaccines have significantly inhibited forward transmission (e.g. smallpox). The TNX-1800 vaccine development plan is wholly consistent with priority vaccine attributes advanced by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy’s Pandemic Preparedness Plan from September 2021, the National Biodefense Science Board report from August 2023, and the BARDA Strategic Plan 2022-2026. Tonix believes its RPV platform can address a wide variety of disease targets of public health interest. The results of an animal study data showing the protective effect of TNX-1800 vaccine was published in the peer-reviewed journal Vaccines in 2023 and show that TNX-1800 induces complete protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as evidence that indicates an impact on spread of infection. These data also confirm that “take” is a biomarker of protection of upper and lower airways from SARS-CoV-2 challenge, and a biomarker of immunological response to TNX-1800’s cargo COVID-19 antigen, which is the CoV-2 spike protein. Tonix has also began undertaking studies to show attenuation of the RPV platform itself in order to evaluate the potential use of the live vaccine platform in the immunocompromised host by the use of mouse model system. These data (detailed below) demonstrate that the RPV vaccine platform that is used for TNX-1800 is >10- to 1,000-fold more minimally replicative than older VACV-based smallpox vaccines in human primary cell lines and immunocompromised mice. We received pre-IND meeting written responses from the FDA in 2021 regarding our investigational plan to establish the safety and effectiveness evidence in support of the licensure of TNX-1800. We believe that the FDA feedback provides a clear pathway forward towards utilizing its underlying RPV platform for a COVID-19 vaccine. We announced the issuance of U.S. Patent for TNX-801 smallpox and mpox vaccine and RPV platform technology. This patent is expected to provide Tonix with U.S. market exclusivity until 2037, excluding any possible patent term extensions or patent term adjustments, and also expect 12 years of non-patent-based exclusivity under PPACA. At the World Vaccine Congress in October 2023, Tonix presented its positive, published non-human primate data for the TNX-1800 (spike from Wuhan strain) from animal challenge studies using live SARS-CoV- 2. In this study TNX-1800 vaccinated, SARS-CoV-2 challenged animals had undetectable SARS-CoV-2 in the upper airways, which we believe relates to potential inhibition of forward transmission of this respiratory pathogen. Further, as an expected additional outcome, all 16 animals vaccinated with either dose of TNX-1800 or the control TNX-801 manifested a “take”, or cutaneous response, signaling that the horsepox vector elicits a strong T cell immune response. These results support the expectation that TNX-1800 at the low dose of 1 x 10 6 PFU is an appropriate dose for a one-dose vaccine in humans. These data were published in the peer-reviewed journal Vaccines in 2023. Additional studies have been undertaken to show attenuation of the RPV platform alone (TNX-801) in order to evaluate the potential use of this live vaccine in the immunocompromised host. These data demonstrate that the RPV platform used with TNX-1800 is >10- to 1,000-fold more minimally replicative than older VACV-based smallpox vaccines in human primary cell lines and immunocompromised mice. TNX-4200 – Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Tonix is developing CD45-targeted therapeutics (TNX-4200). In July 2024 Tonix was awarded a contract with a potential for up to $34 million over five years by DTRA. The objective of the contract is to develop small molecule broad-spectrum antiviral agents for the prevention or treatment of infections to improve the medical readiness of military personnel in biological threat environments. Tonix’s program will focus on optimization and development of its TNX-4200 program, to develop an orally available CD45 antagonist, with broad-spectrum efficacy against a range of viral families through preclinical evaluation. The program is expected to establish physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, and safety attributes to support an IND submission and to fund a first-in-human Phase 1 clinical study. Tonix plans to leverage previous research on phosphatase inhibitors, specifically compounds that target CD45, to optimize lead compounds for therapeutic intervention of biothreat agents and provide the government with a complete and cost-effective solution for a broad-spectrum medical countermeasure. Tonix’s hypothesis is that partial inhibition of CD45 will provide optimal antiviral protection while requiring lower plasma drug concentrations, a lower dose, and a better safety profile. 25 TNX-2900 – Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) TNX-2900 is based on our patented intranasal potentiated oxytocin formulation, or TNX-1900, but being developed for PWS. Tonix licensed technology using oxytocin-based therapeutics for the treatment of PWS and non-organic failure to thrive disease from Inserm. The licensing agreement has been negotiated and signed by Inserm Transfert, the private subsidiary of Inserm, on behalf of Inserm, Aix-Marseille Université and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Toulouse. PWS is recognized as the most common genetic cause of life-threatening childhood obesity and affects males and females with equal frequency and all races and ethnicities. There is currently no approved treatment for either the suckling deficit in infants or the obesity and hyperphagia in older children associated with PWS. Since PWS is an orphan disease that occurs in approximately one in 15,000 births, TNX-2900 for PWS has been granted Orphan Drug Designation and Rare Pediatric Disease Designation by the FDA. Tonix completed a pre-IND meeting with the FDA in November 2022 to discuss the most efficient and appropriate investigational plan to establish the safety and effectiveness evidence to support the approval of TNX-2900, and Tonix has received IND clearance. In 2022, Tonix entered into a research collaboration with Inserm involving in vitro and in vivo animal studies designed to validate and characterize the role of oxytocin in suckling and in the maturation of feeding behavior during infancy in order to support an intranasal therapeutic approach to restore a normal nutritive suckling. The studies will include mice that have been engineered to precisely recapitulate the genetic issue underlying PWS in humans. The mechanisms involved in suckling activity required for normal feeding and the role of oxytocin system in this process will be investigated. The results of this work are expected to be useful in the clinical care of infants requiring support to achieve efficient suckling behavior. Intranasal oxytocin has previously been shown to improve suckling in newborn animals and suppress feeding behaviors in adult animal models. Tonix’s Facilities Overview The Research & Development Center (RDC) We own the approximately 48,000 square foot RDC facility in Frederick, Maryland. The RDC facility is operational and focuses on our development of vaccines and antiviral drugs against COVID-19, its variants, and other infectious diseases. The RDC is the principal site for the research on TNX-4200, a broad-spectrum antiviral targeting CD45 funded by the U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Threat Agency contract. The RDC also conducts research on CNS and immunology drugs. The RDC facility is biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) with BSL-3 components. The Advanced Development Center (ADC) The ADC located in the New Bedford business park in Dartmouth, Massachusetts is intended to accelerate development, clinical and commercial scale manufacturing of live-virus vaccines and biologics. ADC includes single-use bioreactors and purification suites with equipment for Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) production of vaccines and biologics for clinical trials, including the capability of producing sterile vaccines in glass vials. The ADC is an approximately 45,000 square foot BSL-2 facility which can employ up to 70 researchers, scientists, manufacturing, and technical support staff. This facility was decommissioned in May 2024 but Tonix has the ability to reactivate it should we choose to do so. 26 Marketing, Sales and Distribution Marketing activity for Zembrace Symtouch and Tosymra in the United States is conducted by our wholly-owned subsidiary, Tonix Medicines, Inc. We focus our sales and marketing efforts on physicians in private practice and in public treatment systems. We employ standard pharmaceutical marketing practices to promote our products, encompassing advertisements, professional symposia, sales initiatives, and educational outreach aimed at physicians, nurses, social workers, counselors, and other stakeholders involved in treating acute migraine in adults. We have established contracts with third-party vendors to handle logistics, offer customer services, and manage other related aspects for our products. These services include managing product-specific websites, conducting insurance research, processing orders, and handling delivery and fulfillment services. Zembrace Symtouch and Tosymra are primarily sold to pharmaceutical wholesalers, pharmacies, and specialty distributors. We intend to implement patient access programs and expand distribution channels in our marketing efforts for our migraine drugs. In 2024, Tonix engaged EVERSANA to support the launch strategy and commercial planning of TNX-102 SL for the management of fibromyalgia. Specifically, EVERSANA worked with Tonix to assess the fibromyalgia landscape and help plan an efficient go-to-market strategy. In 2024, Tonix hired a new head of Commercial Operations as well as Vice Presidents to run Medical Affairs and Marketing, each with decades of experience successfully launching and commercializing new CNS products. In January 2025, Tonix announced the appointment of a vice president to oversee Market Access. In 2025, we will continue to build out our commercial team and capabilities as we look forward to a targeted launch of TNX-102 SL in the fourth quarter of 2025, contingent on FDA approval. Competition Our sector faces intense competition and experiences rapid, substantial technological advancements both domestically and internationally. Our potential competitors encompass major pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms, specialty pharmaceutical and generic drug manufacturers, academic institutions, government agencies, and research organizations. We consider efficacy, safety, tolerability, reliability, pricing, and reimbursement levels as crucial competitive factors influencing the development and commercial success of our product candidates. Numerous potential competitors, including some of the organizations listed below, possess considerably larger financial, technical, and human resources, as well as extensive experience in discovering and developing product candidates, securing FDA and other regulatory approvals, and commercializing those products, far surpassing our own capabilities. Hence, our competitors might achieve greater success in securing FDA approval for drugs and gaining widespread market acceptance compared to us. The drugs offered by our competitors may prove to be more effective or better marketed and sold than any product we bring to market, potentially rendering our product candidates obsolete or non-competitive before we can recoup the expenses incurred in their development and commercialization. We expect to encounter heightened competition as the market sees the introduction of new drugs and the emergence of advanced technologies. Additionally, the evolution of novel treatment approaches for the conditions we are focusing on may potentially diminish the competitiveness or relevance of our drugs. Below, we provide an overview of the competitive landscape for the indications where Tonix has product candidates either in or nearing the clinical stages of development. Migraine Zembrace Symtouch and Tosymra are indicated for the treatment of acute migraine and compete with generic versions of sumatriptan. Zembrace is an autoinjector formulation of sumatriptan and competes with generic subcutaneous products. Tosymra is an intranasal formulation of sumatriptan and competes with generic intranasal products. Zembrace and Tosymra also compete with the new molecular entities including oral migraine therapies such as Nurtec® (Rimegepant) from Pfizer Inc. and Ubrelvy® (Ubrogepant) and QULIPTA® (atogepant) from AbbVie Inc. and intranasal migraine therapies such as Zavzpret™ (vazegepant) by Pfizer, Inc. Most recently, Axsome Therapeutics announced FDA approval of SYMBRAVO® (meloxicam and rizatriptan) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults. We also note that the PDUFA goal date for Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd and Satsuma Pharmaceuticals is April 30, 2025 for their intranasal asset STS101 (dihydroergotamine) for the treatment of migraine headaches. 27 Fibromyalgia We are currently awaiting an FDA decision on marketing authorization for TNX-102 SL for the management of fibromyalgia. There are 3 products approved for the treatment of fibromyalgia which include Lyrica® (pregabalin), developed by Pfizer, Inc., Cymbalta® (duloxetine), developed by Eli Lilly and Company, and Savella® (milnacipran) marketed by AbbVie. Pregabalin and duloxetine are available as generics, while Savella is still on patent. There has not been a new product approved for this indication in 15 years. Tonix is aware of multiple companies actively developing treatments for fibromyalgia. Axsome Therapeutics Inc. expects to submit an NDA for AXS-14 (esreboxetine) for the management of fibromyalgia to the FDA for AXS-14 in Q1 2025. Virios Therapeutics, Inc. announced the initiation of a Phase 3 trial in the U.S. for IMC-1 for the treatment of fibromyalgia. IMC-1 is a fixed dose combination of famciclovir + celecoxib, is a 505(b)(2) and has been granted Fast Track Designation by the FDA. Tonix is also focused on developments for fibromyalgia outside of the U.S. and keeps abreast of the progress made by Australian company Tryptamine Therapeutics Ltd who announced positive data from a Phase IIa clinical trial of TRP-8802 for fibromyalgia which was presented in an abstract at the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) 2024 World Congress on August 9, 2024. Long COVID (Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection or PASC) As of now, there are no specific drugs approved by the FDA solely for the treatment of Long COVID (formerly known as Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC)). Tonix is aware of several companies developing therapeutics for the treatment of Long COVID including, but not limited to, Direct Biologics, LLC (Phase III for DB-001 was completed in the fourth quarter of 2024 and American CryoStem Corporation. Other developments include Organicell Regenerative Medicine, Inc. is conducting a Phase 2 for Zofin as a potential therapeutic for Long COVID. PaxMedica, Inc. is developing PAX-101 for the treatment of Long COVID and currently conducting a Phase1b in South Africa. In October 2024, Resolve Therapeutics, LLC, announced the results from its Phase II Long COVID study of RSLV-132. Furthermore, GeNeuro announced the data from Phase II GNC-501 clinical trial in patients suffering from Long COVID, testing temelimab against placebo. Finally, in June 2024, Berlin Cures Holding AG announced that it is preparing for a Phase III study in Long COVID and Statera BioPharma, Inc. is comparing STAT-205 with placebo for reducing fatigue in Long COVID. Acute Stress Reaction/Acute Stress Disorder (ASR/ASD) There are no approved drugs for treating ASR or for the prevention of ASD or PTSD. In October 2024, BioXcel Therapeutics announced a Phase IIa efficacy and safety trial of BXCL501 in patients experiencing ASD resulting from motor vehicle collisions to begin in the first half of 2025. BXCL501 is an orally dissolvable film formulation of the α2A adrenergic receptor agonist dexmedetomidine that is FDA approved as IGALMI® for the acute treatment of agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar I or II disorder in adults. Cocaine Intoxication There are no approved antidotes for the treatment of cocaine intoxication. Patients generally receive supportive care. We are not aware of any drugs in development for the treatment of cocaine intoxication. We are aware of companies that are targeting cocaine use disorder and we monitor their progress. Embera NeuroTherapeutics currently lists EMB-001 in Phase II development for the treatment of cocaine use disorder in its pipeline. 28 Transplantation Rejection and Autoimmune Treatments with Anti-CD40-ligand Monoclonal Antibodies We are aware of multiple companies advancing the development of biologics targeting the CD40L molecule including Sanofi, UCB, Eledon Pharmaceuticals, and Amgen Inc. Eledon Pharmaceuticals revealed promising results from the Phase I/II trial of tegoprubart, aimed at preventing islet transplant rejection in individuals with type 1 diabetes. The trial showed that the first human cases of insulin independence were achieved using an anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody therapy, without relying on tacrolimus, the current standard treatment for preventing transplant rejection. Sanofi’s SAR441344 (Frexalimab), a second-generation anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody, is being tested in multiple sclerosis. In a Phase II trial involving participants with relapsing multiple sclerosis (NCT04879628), frexalimab demonstrated effectiveness in quickly reducing the number of new gadolinium-enhancing T1-lesions at week 12. Amgen Inc. is currently conducting a Phase III trial to test Dazodalibep for Sjogren’s Syndrome (NCT06104124) with an estimated completion date for the first half of 2026. H. Lundbeck is testing Lu AG22515 for Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) and plans to report results from the Phase Ib TED study in the second half of 2026. In 2024, UCB and Biogen announced positive results from a Phase III trial testing Dapirolizumab Pegol for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. In November 2024, UCB and Biogen announced the initiation of their potentially confirmatory Phase III trial to test Dapirolizumab Pegol for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (NCT06617325). These are a few key highlights that underscore the focus of major pharmaceutical companies in this area and we monitor the activity of other companies in the process of developing antagonistic anti-CD40 mAbs, including Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Kiniska Pharmaceuticals, Boston Immune Therapies, and NapaJen Pharma Inc. Prader Willi Syndrome Somatropin, which targets the Growth Hormone Receptor is approved in the U.S. and marketed by Pfizer Inc. and Novo Nordisk. Novartis AG markets Omnitrope® in Europe. There are no approved products for the treatment of hyperphagia or over-eating in PWS. Patients generally receive care to best manage individual symptom presentation. ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc. currently have ACP-101 (intranasal carbetocin) (acquired Levo Therapeutics in June 2022) in a Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 8-week clinical study to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability, of ACP-101 in PWS with long term follow-up. Acadia anticipates the enrollment of the final patient in by the fourth quarter of 2025, with top-line results expected to be announced in the first half of 2026. Soleno is developing diazoxide chloride controlled release (DCCR) which had positive results in a randomized withdrawal study of PWS. The PDUFA goal date for a decision on marketing authorization is in March 2025. Carmot Therapeutics Inc. announced that they plan to release Phase I single ascending dose (SAD)/MAD data for CT-PYY in 2025 for the treatment of PWS. Harmony Biosciences Holdings, Inc. received Orphan Drug Designation for their asset Wakix (pitolisant hydrochloride) for the treatment of PWS. Harmony Biosciences announced initial topline results from its Phase II proof-of-concept study in patients with PWS, which showed a signal on improvement in the primary outcome related to excessive daytime sleepiness in November 2022. At the end of 2024, Neuren Pharmaceuticals Limited announced the suspension of its Phase II open-label study of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of oral NNZ-2591 in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS-001) due to a revised development strategy. Tonix is knowledgeable about several companies dedicated to developing a therapy for the treatment of PWS including, but not limited to, Aardvark Therapeutics, ConSynance Therapeutics, Lipidio Pharma, Helsinn, Inversago Pharma, Saniona, 9 Meters Biopharma, Neuracle Science, Harmony Biosciences Holding Inc., and Notitia Biotechnologies. Gastric and Colorectal Cancer TNX-1700 asset is a recombinant TFF2 (albumin fusion peptide) and has demonstrated that by targeting myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) using TFF2-MSA fusion protein synergizes well with PD-1 blockade therapy in advanced and metastatic syngeneic mouse models of colorectal cancer. Tonix is aware of several companies that are focused on MDSCs to treat Gastric and Colorectal Cancer. Anbogen announced a drug supply collaboration to evaluate the combination of Anbogen’s ABT-301, with BeiGene’s tislelizumab, in patients with mismatch repair–proficient or microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer (“mCRC”) in a global Phase II trial. Gilead Sciences and Arcus Biosciences announced new data from Cohort B of ARC-9, a Phase Ib/II study evaluating the safety and efficacy of etrumadenant, a dual A2a/b adenosine receptor antagonist, plus anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody zimberelimab, FOLFOX chemotherapy and bevacizumab (EZFB) in third-line mCRC. In 2023, TriSalus Life Sciences announced it plans to initiate a Phase II trial of SD-101 (Nelitolimod) for colorectal cancer. NextCure, Inc. have NC410 in the clinic for Colorectal Cancer. Faron Pharmaceuticals Oy have Bexmarilimab in the clinic for Colorectal Cancer. Merck & Co., Inc. and Agenus are collaborating on MK-4830 for Colorectal Cancer. 29 Smallpox / Mpox BioNTech SE is conducting a Phase I/II study in the U.S. evaluating the safety, tolerability, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the investigational RNA-based multivalent vaccine candidate BNT166a for active immunization against mpox. The study is expected to complete in the first quarter of 2026. In 2023, Moderna announced it has mRNA-1769 in preclinical development for the treatment of Mpox. Moderna is conducting a P1/2 study of mpox vaccine in the U.K. Emergent BioSolutions, Inc. has enabled the enrolment of the first patients for the MOSA, a pan-African randomized platform adaptive trial to test Tembexa to treat mpox at Mbandaka Hospital in Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. A first interim analysis is expected by the end of the first quarter of 2025. Other companies we monitor include GeoVax Labs, Inc., NanoViricides, Inc., EpiVax, Inc., Gylden Pharma Limited. Covid-19 There are many vaccine products in development for the treatment or prevention of Covid-19 globally. Approved products include Pfizer-BioNTech’s (BNT162b2), Moderna’s (mRNA-1273) and Novavax’s (NVX-CoV2373) which are routinely updated to address new variants. CSL and Arcturus announced that the European Commission has granted marketing authorization for KOSTAIVE (ARCT-154), an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, KOSTAIVE is currently marketed in Japan against COVID-19. Codagenix is developing CoviLiv™ as an intranasal vaccine candidate and in Phase 3 for COVID-19. Other companies working in the area include: Vaxart Inc. which is developing a potentially orally administered vaccine based on the adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad-5) vector to express the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2; CastleVax USA which is developing a potential nasally administered vaccine based on a Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vector to express the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Intellectual Property We believe that we have an extensive patent portfolio and substantial know-how relating to TNX-102 SL, Zembrace®, Tosymra®, TNX-1300, TNX-1500, TNX-2900, TNX-1900, TNX-801, TNX-1800 and TNX-1700, and our other product candidates. Our patent portfolio, described more fully below, includes claims directed to various compositions and methods of use related to our product candidates. As of March 10, 2025, the patents we are either the owner of record of or own the contractual right to include 42 issued U.S. patents and 432 issued non-U.S. patents. We are actively pursuing an additional 23 U.S. non-provisional patent applications, 3 international patent applications, and 244 non-U.S./non-international patent applications. We strive to protect the proprietary technology that we believe is important to our business, including our proprietary technology platform, our product candidates, and our processes. We seek patent protection in the U.S. and internationally for our products, their methods of use and processes of manufacture, and any other technology to which we have rights, where available and when appropriate. We also rely on trade secrets that may be important to the development of our business. Our success will depend on 1) the ability to obtain and maintain patent and other proprietary rights in commercially important technology, inventions and know-how related to our business, 2) the validity and enforceability of our patents, 3) the continued confidentiality of our trade secrets, and 4) our ability to operate without infringing the valid and enforceable patents and proprietary rights of third parties. We also rely on continuing technological innovation and in-licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our proprietary position. 30 We cannot be certain that patents will be granted with respect to any of our pending patent applications or with respect to any patent applications we may own or license in the future, nor can we be certain that any of our existing patents or any patents we may own or license in the future will be useful in protecting our technology. For this and more comprehensive risks related to our intellectual property, please see “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property.” The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the date of filing the first non-provisional priority application. In the United States, a patent’s term may be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the PTO in granting a patent or may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over another patent. The term of a U.S. patent that covers a drug approved by the FDA or methods of making or using that drug may also be eligible for patent term extension, which permits patent term restoration as compensation for the patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, also known as the Hatch-Waxman Act, is a federal law that encourages new drug research by restoring patent term lost to regulatory delays by permitting a patent term extension of up to five years beyond the statutory 20-year term of the patent for the approved product or its methods of manufacture or use if the active ingredient has not been previously approved in the U.S. The length of the patent term extension is related to the length of time the drug is under regulatory review. A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval and only one patent applicable to an approved drug may be extended. Similar provisions are available in Europe and some other foreign jurisdictions to extend the term of a patent that covers an approved drug. When possible, depending upon the length of clinical trials and other factors involved in the filing of an NDA, we expect to apply for patent term extensions for patents covering our product candidates and their methods of use. The patent portfolios for our proprietary technology platform and our most advanced product candidates as of February 10, 2025 are summarized below. TNX-102 SL — Central Nervous System Conditions Our patent portfolio for TNX-102 SL includes patents and patent applications directed to compositions of matter of CBP, formulations containing CBP, and methods for treating CNS conditions, such as TNX-102 SL for PTSD, for pain, fatigue and sleep disturbances in fibromyalgia, for treating or managing fibromyalgia (early onset response, favorable tolerability, or side effect profile), for alcohol abuse, for disordered sleep, for sexual dysfunction, for depression in fibromyalgia, for fatigue and disordered sleep (e.g., CAP rates), for post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, for acute stress reaction/acute stress disorder, and for agitation in neurodegenerative conditions, e.g., AD. Certain eutectic compositions were discovered by development partners and are termed the “Eutectic Technology.” The patent portfolio for CBP compositions (e.g., TNX-102 SL) relating to the Eutectic Technology includes patents and patent applications directed to eutectic compositions containing CBP, eutectic CBP formulations, methods for treating PTSD and other CNS conditions utilizing eutectic CBP compositions and formulations, and methods of manufacturing eutectic CBP compositions. The Eutectic Technology patent portfolio includes U.S. patents, such as U.S. Patent No. 9,636,408, U.S. Patent No. 9,956,188, U.S. Patent No. 10,117,936, U.S. Patent No. 10,357,465, U.S. Patent No. 10,864,175, U.S. Patent No. 11,026,898, and U.S. Patent No. 11,839,594. These U.S. patents and counterpart non-U.S. patents, and any U.S. and non-U.S. patents that issue in the future from this portfolio would expire in 2034 or 2035, excluding any patent term adjustments or extensions. The unique pharmacokinetic profile of TNX-102 SL, or the PK Technology, was discovered by Tonix and its development partners. The patent portfolio for TNX-102 SL relating to the PK Technology includes patent applications directed to compositions of matter of CBP, formulations containing CBP, methods for treating PTSD, agitation in neurodegenerative conditions, and other CNS conditions utilizing these compositions and formulations. The PK Technology patent portfolio includes U.S. Patent Application No. 13/918,692. If U.S. and non-U.S. patents claiming priority from those applications issue, those patents would expire in 2033, excluding any patent term adjustments or extensions. 31 On May 2, 2017, U.S. Patent No. 9,636,408 entitled “Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride”, issued. The patent claims recite pharmaceutical compositions comprising the eutectic. The patent claims also recite methods of manufacturing the eutectic. On September 13, 2017, European patent 2,501,234, entitled “Methods and Compositions for Treating Symptoms Associated with PTSD Using Cyclobenzaprine”, issued. This patent recites the use of CBP for the treatment of PTSD. On January 11, 2024, the European Patent Office Technical Board of Appeal reversed the October 2019 decision of the Opposition Division of the European Patent Office maintaining the patent in unamended form and held the patent to be invalid. No appeal may be taken from that decision. On December 15, 2017, Japanese Patent No. 6259452, entitled “Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption,” issued. These claims relate to the pharmacokinetic profile of TNX-102 SL. On August 3, 2022, European Patent No. 2861223, entitled “Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption,” issued. These claims relate to the pharmacokinetic profile of TNX-102 SL. On March 20, 2018, U.S. Patent No. 9,918,948 entitled “Methods and Compositions for Treating Symptoms Associated with PTSD Using Cyclobenzaprine,” issued. The claims recite a method of using TNX-102 SL’s active ingredient cyclobenzaprine to treat PTSD and provides US market exclusivity until 2030, excluding any patent term extensions. On March 23, 2018, Japanese Patent No. 6310542 entitled “Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride”, issued. The claims recite pharmaceutical compositions comprising the eutectics and methods of manufacturing these eutectic formulations. On May 1, 2018, U.S. Patent No. 9,956,188, entitled “Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride”, issued. The claims recite a eutectic of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride and mannitol and methods of making those eutectics. On November 6, 2018, U.S. Patent No. 10,117,936, entitled “Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride”, issued. The claims recite pharmaceutical compositions of eutectics of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride and mannitol and methods of making those compositions. On April 16, 2019, Chinese Patent No. ZL 201480024011.1 entitled “Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride”, issued. The claims recite pharmaceutical compositions comprising eutectics of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride and mannitol and methods of making those compositions. On August 4, 2023, Chinese Patent No. ZL201910263541.6, entitled “Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride,” issued. The claims recite a eutectics of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride and beta-mannitol and methods of making those eutectics. On July 23, 2019, U.S. Patent No. 10,357,465 entitled “Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride”, issued. The claims recite a eutectic of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride and mannitol and methods of making those eutectics. On December 11, 2019, European patent 2968992, entitled “Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride”, issued. This patent recites pharmaceutical compositions comprising a eutectic of mannitol and Cyclobenzaprine HCl and methods of making the same. In response to an opposition filed in September 2020 by Hexal AG, the European Patent Office’s Opposition Division upheld the patent in unamended form after the January 2022 oral proceedings. Hexal AG did not appeal that decision. 32 On December 25, 2019, European patent 2,683,245, entitled “Methods and Compositions for Treating Depression Using Cyclobenzaprine”, issued. The claims recite the use of CBP for the treatment of depression in a FM patient. This patent provides TNX-102 SL with European market exclusivity until March 2032 and may be extended based on the timing of the European marketing authorization of TNX-102 SL for depression in a FM patient. In September 2020, Hexal AG filed an opposition against this patent. The European Patent Office’s Opposition Division upheld the patent claims in unamended form after the February 2022 oral proceedings. Hexal AG did not appeal that decision. On June 4, 2024, U.S. Patent No. 11,998,516, entitled “Methods and Compositions for Treating Depression Using Cyclobenzaprine,” issued. The claims recite methods for treating major depressive disorder in a fibromyalgia patient using a composition comprising cyclobenzaprine or its salts. On December 15, 2020, U.S. Patent No. 10,864,175 entitled “Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride”, issued. The claims recite a eutectic comprising cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride and beta-mannitol. On December 12, 2023, U.S. Patent No. 11,839,594 entitled “Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride”, issued. The claims recite a method of manufacturing a eutectic comprising cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride and beta-mannitol comprising mixing or milling. On February 14, 2024, European Patent No. 3,650,081, entitled “Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride”, issued. The claims recite a eutectic of mannitol and cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride and methods of manufacturing a eutectic. On April 8, 2021, U.S. non-provisional Patent Application No. 17/226,058 and International Patent Application No. PCT/US2021/026492, entitled “Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Sexual Dysfunction” were filed. The PCT application is now nationalized in Australia, Canada, China, European Patent Office, Japan, and Hong Kong. On October 5, 2022, International Patent Application No. PCT/US2022/045791, entitled “Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Sexual Dysfunction,” was filed and is now nationalized in European Patent Office and U.S. (U.S. Patent Application No. 18/698,483). The claims of these applications are directed to methods using pharmaceutical compositions and combinations for treating sexual dysfunction with cyclobenzaprine or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of cyclobenzaprine. On October 25, 2016 and July 28, 2020, U.S. Patent No. 9,474,728 and U.S. Patent No. 10,722,478, entitled “Methods and Compositions for Treating Fatigue Associated with Disordered Sleep Using Very Low Dose Cyclobenzaprine”, issued, respectively. The claims are directed to a method for monitoring the effectiveness of cyclobenzaprine treatment for disordered sleep and method for reducing CAP rates A2 or A3 by treating a subject with a pharmaceutical composition comprising cyclobenzaprine. On December 11, 2018, International Patent Application No. PCT/IB2018/001509, entitled “Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions,” was filed. The PCT application is now nationalized in 16 countries. The claims are directed to methods for treating or preventing agitation, cognitive decline, psychosis, and associated symptoms thereof using pharmaceutical compositions and combinations with cyclobenzaprine or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of cyclobenzaprine. On November 28, 2023, U.S. Patent No. 11,826,321, entitled “Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions,” issued. The claims are directed to a method for treating or preventing one or more agitation associated symptoms comprising administering a eutectic of cyclobenzaprine HCl and mannitol. On August 20, 2019, International Patent Application No. PCT/IB2019/000940, entitled “Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” was filed. The PCT application is now nationalized in 18 countries. The claims are directed to methods of treating acute stress disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder in a subject who has experienced a traumatic event using pharmaceutical compositions with cyclobenzaprine, amitriptyline or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of cyclobenzaprine or amitriptyline. 33 On November 19, 2021, International Patent Application No. PCT/US2021/060011, entitled “Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder,” was filed. The PCT application is now nationalized in 13 countries. The claims are directed to methods for treating alcohol use disorder and associated symptoms using pharmaceutical compositions with cyclobenzaprine or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of cyclobenzaprine. On December 7, 2021, International Patent Application No. PCT/US2021/062244, entitled, “Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia,” was filed. The PCT is now nationalized in 15 countries. The claims are directed to methods for treating fibromyalgia and its associated symptoms of pain, sleep disturbance and/or fatigue by transmucosally administering a eutectic of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride and mannitol in dosage units with a basifying agent. On June 21, 2023, U.S. non-provisional Patent Application No. 18/212,500 and International Patent Application No. PCT/US2023/025895, entitled “Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Post-Acute Sequelae of (SARS)-CoV-2 Infection (PASC),” were filed. The PCT is now nationalized in 9 countries. The claims are directed to methods of treating PASC or one or more associated symptoms comprising administering cyclobenzaprine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts of cyclobenzaprine. On December 19, 2024, U.S. non-provisional Patent Application No. 18/988,194 and International Patent Application No. PCT/US2024/061125, entitled “Early Onset Response, Favorable Tolerability, and Side Effect Profile in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia,” were filed. The claims are directed to methods for treating or managing fibromyalgia and its associated symptoms in subjects characterized by an early onset of one or more of: (1) a reduction in widespread pain; (2) a reduction in sleep disturbance; (3) a reduction in fatigue; or (4) an improved sleep quality. The claims are also directed to methods for preventing or avoiding clinically meaningful changes in mean weight, in mean systolic blood pressure or mean diastolic blood pressure, or a decline in sexual functioning. On January 23, 2025, International Patent Application No. PCT/US2025/012803, entitled Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Acute Stress Reaction or Acute Stress Disorder,” was filed. The claims are directed to methods for treating or preventing acute stress reaction (ASR) or acute stress disorder (ASD) and associated symptoms thereof using a composition with cyclobenzaprine or its salts in. TNX-1900 — Oxytocin-Based Treatments for Obesity, Eating Disorders, Pain, Insulin Resistance, and Diabetes We have acquired the migraine and pain treatment technologies of Trigemina, Inc., and have assumed its license rights to related technologies from The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. TNX-1900, an enhanced formulation of nasal oxytocin, has demonstrated activity in several non-clinical studies in pain, including migraine. As part of our acquisition, we acquired International Patent Application No. PCT/US2016/012512, filed on January 7, 2016, entitled “Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use” (nationalized in 13 countries). We also acquired U.S. Patent Nos. 9,629,894 and 11,389,473, entitled “Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use”, which will expire in January 2036, excluding any patent term extensions. On October 4, 2023, European Patent No. 3242676, entitled “Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use,” issued. We also acquired International Patent Application No. PCT/US2017/027265, filed April 12, 2017, entitled “Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use” (nationalized in 9 countries). On December 3, 2024, U.S. Patent No. 12,156,897, entitled “Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use,” issued. The patent, which claims methods for treating autism spectrum disorder, social anxiety disorder, or a social communication disorder, will expire in April 2037, excluding any patent term extensions. We also have rights to International Patent Application No. PCT/US2019/020419, filed on April 12, 2017, entitled “Labeled Oxytocin and Method of Manufacture and Use” (nationalized in the U.S., European Patent Office and Japan). On April 30, 2024, U.S. Patent No. 11,970,554, entitled “Labeled Oxytocin and Method of Manufacture and Use,” issued. 34 We have entered into an exclusive license to the University of Geneva’s technology for using oxytocin to treat insulin resistance and related syndromes, including obesity. This license expands our intranasal potentiated oxytocin development program, TNX-1900, into cardiometabolic syndromes. Under the license, we have rights to European Patent No. EP2571511B1, entitled “New Uses of Oxytocin-like Molecules and Related Methods.” We also have rights to U.S. Patent No. 9,101,569, entitled “Methods for the Treatment of Insulin Resistance.” The U.S. and non-U.S. patents expire in May 2031, excluding any patent term adjustments or extensions. TNX-2900 — Oxytocin-Based Therapeutics Treatments for Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) We have licensed technology using oxytocin-based therapeutics for the treatment of PWS and non-organic failure to thrive disease from the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM). The co-exclusive license relates to TNX-2900, an intranasal potentiated oxytocin, for the treatment of Prader-Willi syndrome and other feeding disorders. Under the license, we have rights to European Patent No. EP2575853B1, entitled “Methods and Pharmaceutical Composition for the Treatment of a Feeding Disorder with Early-Onset in a Patient”; U.S. Patent No. 8,853,158, entitled “Methods for the Treatment of a Feeding Disorder with Onset During Neonate Development Using an Agonist of the Oxytocin Receptor”; and U.S. Patent No. 9,125,862, entitled “Methods for the Treatment of Prader-Willi-like Syndrome or Non-Organic Failure to Thrive (NOFITT) Feeding Disorder Using an Agonist of the Oxytocin Receptor.” The U.S. and non-U.S. patents expire in May 2031, excluding any patent term extensions. TNX-1300 — Cocaine Intoxication Treatment We have licensed rights from The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York, The Regents of the University of Michigan, and University of Kentucky Research Foundation to develop a potential product, TNX-1300, for the treatment of cocaine intoxication. The licensed patents are directed to mutant cocaine esterase polypeptides and methods of using these polypeptides as anti-cocaine therapeutics. They include U.S. Patent Nos. 8,318,156 and 9,200,265, entitled “Anti-Cocaine Compositions and Treatment” and various counterpart patents outside of the U.S (e.g., European Patent 2046368). These patents provide TNX-1300 with US market exclusivity until February 2029, and market exclusivity outside of the U.S. until July 10, 2027, subject to any patent term extensions. TNX-1500 — anti-CD40L Therapeutics We are developing TNX-1500, a humanized mAb that targets CD40L for the prevention and treatment of organ transplant rejection. In this regard, we filed International Application No. PCT/EP2020/068589, entitled “Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof” on July 1, 2020 (nationalized in 15 countries). We also filed International Patent Application No. PCT/US2020/028002 on April 13, 2020, entitled “Inhibitors of CD40-CD154 Binding” (nationalized in U.S., Canada, China, European Patent Office and Japan). We also filed International Patent Application No. PCT/US2022/011404, entitled “Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies” on January 6, 2022 (nationalized in 14 countries). On August 28, 2024, European Patent No. 3993876, entitled “Anti-CD154 Antibodies and Uses Thereof,” issued (validated in 37 countries). The claims recite an isolated antibody that binds CD154, compositions comprising the antibody, and use of the compositions for treating or preventing a transplant rejection. TNX-801 — Live Horsepox Vaccine for Prevention of Smallpox and Mpox We own the rights to develop a potential biodefense technology, TNX-801, a live horsepox that is being developed as a new smallpox and mpox preventing vaccine, we have filed patent applications directed to synthetic chimeric poxviruses and methods of using these poxviruses to protect individuals against smallpox. These applications include U.S. non-provisional Patent Application No. 15/802,189 and International Patent Application No. PCT/US2017/059782 (nationalized in 15 countries and filed in 4 non-PCT countries). We also own the rights to develop other vaccine candidates against smallpox. With respect to these vaccine candidates, we own International Patent Application No. PCT/US2019/030486 and the non-convention and national phase applications related thereto (nationalized in 17 countries and filed in 2 non-PCT countries). The smallpox vaccine technologies relate to proprietary forms of live horsepox and vaccinia vaccines which may be safer than ACAM2000, the only currently available replication competent, live vaccinia vaccine to protect against smallpox disease. We believe that this technology, after further development, may be of interest to biodefense agencies in the U.S. and other countries. 35 On May 31, 2022, U.S. Patent No. 11,345,896 was issued. The claims recite a synthetic chimeric orthopoxvirus (scOPV), a synthetic chimeric horsepox virus (scHPXV), methods of generating the scOPV and scHPXV, and compositions comprising the scOPV or scHPXV. TNX-1800 and TNX-1850 — Live Modified Horsepox Vaccine for Prevention of COVID-19 We are developing TNX-1800 and TNX-1850, live minimally replicative modified HPXVs, as a COVID-19 preventing vaccine against different strains of SARS-CoV-2. On February 26, 2021, we filed International Patent Application No. PCT/US2021/020119, entitled “Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2.” On the same date, we also filed applications in Argentina and Taiwan and we filed U.S. Application No. 17/187,678. The PCT application is now nationalized in 19 countries. These applications are directed to synthetic poxviruses comprising a SARS-CoV-2 virus protein, poxvirus delivery vectors for SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins and methods of using these modified poxviruses to protect individuals against COVID-19. TNX-1700 — Recombinant Trefoil Family Factor 2 (rTFF2) to Treat Gastric and Colorectal Cancers We have licensed rights from The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York to develop a potential product, TNX-1700, for the treatment of gastric and colorectal cancers. The licensed patents are directed to rTFF2 compositions and methods of treatment. The licensed patents U.S. Patent No. 10,124,037 and U.S. Patent No. 11,167,010. The licensed patents provide TNX-1700 with US market exclusivity until April 2033, subject to any patent term extensions. On August 27, 2020, we filed International Patent Application No. PCT/IB2020/000699 entitled “Modified TFF2 Polypeptides.” The PCT application is now nationalized in 12 countries. TNX-3900 — Antiviral Drugs We have acquired the intellectual property rights of Healion Bio, Inc. to develop antiviral drugs. These rights include International Patent Application No. PCT/US2021/032461 (nationalized in 6 countries) and U.S. Patent Application No. 18/055,596, both entitled “Compositions and Methods for Increasing Efficacy of a Drug.” TNX-4300 — Estianeptine for Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases We are developing TNX-4300, the (S)-isomer of tianeptine, for psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. On March 27, 2024, we filed International Patent Application No. PCT/US2024/021799, entitled “(S)-Tianeptine and Use in Treating Disorders and Conditions Associated with Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor.” 36 Zembrace and Tosymra — Sumatriptan We have acquired the intellectual property rights of Zembrace SymTouch and Tosymra and their uses in treating migraine from Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC. These rights include U.S. Patent No. 9,211, 282, U.S. Patent No. 9,610,280, U.S. Patent No. 9,974,770, U.S. Patent No. 10,603,305, U.S. Patent No. 11,337,962, U.S. Patent No. 10,537,554, and U.S. Patent No. 11,364, 224. These rights also include International Patent Application No. PCT/US2016/015961, entitled “Pharmaceutical Composition Comprising Sumatriptan for Treating Migraine,” (nationalized in 7 countries, excluding rights in Brazil and China) and International Patent Application No. PCT/IB2010/001708, entitled “Formulations Comprising Triptan Compounds,” (nationalized in 11 countries, excluding rights in Brazil, Russia, India, and China). Trade Secrets In addition to patents, we rely on trade secrets and know-how to develop and maintain our competitive position. For example, significant aspects of our proprietary technology platform are based on unpatented trade secrets and know-how. Trade secrets and know-how can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by confidentiality agreements and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors, contractors, and commercial partners. These agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and, in the case of the invention assignment agreements, to grant us ownership of technologies that are developed through a relationship with a third party. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. While we have confidence in these individuals, organizations and systems, agreements or security measures may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our contractors use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to rights in related or resulting inventions and know-how. Issued Patents Our current patents owned or licensed include: Anti-Cocaine Therapeutics Patent No. Title Country / Region Expiration Date 8,318,156 Anti-Cocaine Compositions and Treatment U.S.A. February 14, 2029 9,200,265 Anti-Cocaine Compositions and Treatment U.S.A. December 30, 2027 2007272955 Anti-Cocaine Compositions and Treatment Australia July 10, 2027 2014201653 Anti-Cocaine Compositions and Treatment Australia July 10, 2027 2657246 Anti-Cocaine Compositions and Treatment Canada July 10, 2027 612929 Anti-Cocaine Compositions and Treatment New Zealand July 10, 2027 2046368 (602007045044.6 in Germany; 502016000056543 in Italy) Anti-Cocaine Compositions and Treatment European Patent Office – Germany, Spain, France, United Kingdom, and Italy July 10, 2027 2009/00197 Anti-Cocaine Compositions and Treatment South Africa July 10, 2027 305483 Anti-Cocaine Compositions and Treatment Mexico July 10, 2027 196411 Mutants of Cocaine Esterase (CocE) Polypeptide, Nucleic Acids Encoding Them, Pharmaceutical Compositions Comprising Them and Uses Thereof Israel July 10, 2027 37 Sublingual CBP/Amitriptyline Patent No. Title Country / Region Expiration Date 6259452 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Japan June 14, 2033 631144 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption New Zealand June 14, 2033 I590820 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Taiwan R.O.C. June 14, 2033 2013274003 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Australia June 14, 2033 I642429 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Taiwan R.O.C. June 14, 2033 726488 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption New Zealand June 14, 2033 I683660 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Taiwan R.O.C. June 14, 2033 2018241128 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Australia June 14, 2033 2876902 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Canada June 14, 2033 IDP000076019 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Indonesia June 14, 2033 382516 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Mexico June 14, 2033 2861223 (AL/P/2022/458 in Albania; P20221325T in Croatia; 602013082236.0 in Germany; 3111421 in Greece; 502022000069474 in Italy; P912561 in North Macedonia; SM-T-202200436 in San Marino; RS63822B1 in Serbia; and 2022-GE-787024 in Turkey) Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption European Patent Office – Italy, Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, San Marino, Serbia, Croatia, North Macedonia and Turkey June 14, 2033 236268 Compositions for Transmucosal Delivery and Uses Thereof Israel June 14, 2033 2015/00288 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption South Africa June 14, 2033 BR112014031394-6 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Brazil June 14, 2033 1209361 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Hong Kong June 14, 2033 398632 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Mexico June 14, 2033 A059897 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Venezuela June 14, 2033 MY-194495-A Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Malaysia June 14, 2033 3,118,913 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Canada June 14, 2033 10201605407T Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Singapore June 14, 2033 38 CBP – Depression Patent No. Title Country / Region Expiration Date 11,998,516 Methods and Compositions for Treating Depression Using Cyclobenzaprine U.S.A. March 5, 2032 2012225548 Methods and Compositions for Treating Depression Using Cyclobenzaprine Australia March 6, 2032 2016222412 Methods and Compositions for Treating Depression Using Cyclobenzaprine Australia March 6, 2032 2018204633 Methods and Compositions for Treating Depression Using Cyclobenzaprine Australia March 6, 2032 2020203874 Methods and Compositions for Treating Depression Using Cyclobenzaprine Australia March 6, 2032 614725 Methods and Compositions for Treating Depression Using Cyclobenzaprine New Zealand March 6, 2032 714294 Methods and Compositions for Treating Depression Using Cyclobenzaprine New Zealand March 6, 2032 2,829,200 Methods and Compositions for Treating Depression Using Cyclobenzaprine Canada March 6, 2032 2683245 (AL/P/2020/15 in Albania; P20200142 in Croatia; MK/P/2020/68 in North Macedonia; 602012066717.6 in Germany; 3103147 in Greece; HU/E048596 in Hungary; 502020000014740 in Italy; 10476 in North Macedonia; SM-T-202000083 in San Marino; 60240 in Serbia; 2773834 in Spain; and 2020-GE-5216 in Turkey) Methods and Compositions for Treating Depression Using Cyclobenzaprine European Patent Office – Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Cyprus, Czechia, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Spain, Finland, France, United Kingdom, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Ireland, Iceland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Monaco, Republic of North Macedonia, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Sweden, Slovenia, Slovakia, San Marino, and Turkey March 6, 2032 39 CBP – PTSD Patent No. Title Country / Region Expiration Date 9,918,948 Methods and Compositions for Treating Symptoms Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Using Cyclobenzaprine U.S.A. November 18, 2030 CBP Fatigue Patent No. Title Country / Region Expiration Date 9,474,728 Methods and Compositions for Treating Fatigue Associated with Disordered Sleep Using Very Low Dose Cyclobenzaprine U.S.A. June 9, 2031 10,722,478 Methods and Compositions for Treating Fatigue Associated with Disordered Sleep Using Very Low Dose Cyclobenzaprine U.S.A. June 9, 2031 CBP – Agitation in Neurodegenerative Condition Patent No. Title Country / Region Expiration Date 11,826,321 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions U.S.A. December 11, 2038 275289 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions Israel December 11, 2038 411601 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions Mexico December 11, 2038 3,083,341 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions Canada December 11, 2038 2020/03243 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions South Africa December 11, 2038 MY-207073-A Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions Malaysia December 11, 2038 40 CBP/Amitriptyline Eutectic Formulations Patent No. Title Country / Region Expiration Date 631152 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride New Zealand March 14, 2034 747040 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride New Zealand March 14, 2034 9,636,408 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride U.S.A. March 14, 2034 9,956,188 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride U.S.A. March 14, 2034 10,117,936 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride U.S.A. March 14, 2034 10,322,094 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride U.S.A. March 14, 2034 10,357,465 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride U.S.A. September 18, 2035 10,736,859 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride U.S.A. March 14, 2034 10,864,175 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride U.S.A. March 14, 2034 10,864,176 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride U.S.A. March 14, 2034 11,026,898 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride U.S.A. September 18, 2035 11,737,991 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride U.S.A. March 14, 2034 11,839,594 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride U.S.A. March 14, 2034 6310542 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Japan March 14, 2034 6614724 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride Japan September 18, 2035 6717902 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride Japan September 18, 2035 6088 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Saudi Arabia March 14, 2034 ZL201480024011.1 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride China March 14, 2034 ZL.201580050140.2 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride China September 18, 2035 2014233277 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Australia March 14, 2034 2015317336 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride Australia September 18, 2035 I661825 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Taiwan R.O.C. March 14, 2034 I740136 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Taiwan R.O.C. March 14, 2034 IDP000055516 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Indonesia March 14, 2034 IDP000063221 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride Indonesia September 18, 2035 IDP000076872 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Indonesia March 14, 2034 2968992 (1211591 in Austria, CZ2014-762323 in Czechia, 602014058260.5 in Germany, E018723 in Estonia, P20200055 in Croatia, 201361792757 P in Ireland, 2020.67 in Monaco, P-2020/0094 in Serbia, 201431487 in Slovenia, 33269 in Slovakia, 2020000045 in San Marino, AL/P/2019/906 in Albania, MK/P/2020/67 in Republic of North Macedonia, 3102655 in Greece, 502020000007756 in Italy) Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride European Patent Office - Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Republic of North Macedonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom March 14, 2034 41 3650081 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride European Patent Office - Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Republic of North Macedonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom March 14, 2034 241353 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Israel March 14, 2034 251218 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Methods of Producing Same Israel September 18, 2035 277814 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Methods of Producing Same Israel September 18, 2034 370021 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Mexico March 14, 2034 387402 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride Mexico September 18, 2035 388137 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Mexico March 14, 2034 2015/07443 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride South Africa March 14, 2034 42 2017/01637 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride South Africa September 18, 2035 BR112015022095-9 Pharmaceutical Composition, Method of Fabrication, Eutectic Composition and Use of Compositions Containing Cyclobenzaprine HCl and Mannitol Brazil March 14, 2034 2904812 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Canada March 14, 2034 3119755 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Canada March 14, 2034 HK1218727 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Hong Kong March 14, 2034 MY-186047-A Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride Malaysia September 18, 2035 398845 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride India September 18, 2035 441374 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride India March 14, 2034 MY-196014-A Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Malaysia March 14, 2034 ZL201910263541.6 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride China March 14, 2034 2020289838 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride Australia September 18, 2035 HK40047283 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride Hong Kong September 18, 2035 ZL202011576351.9 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride China September 18, 2035 730379 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride New Zealand September 18, 2035 768064 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride New Zealand September 18, 2035 40013124 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Hong Kong March 14, 2034 40030559 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Hong Kong March 14, 2034 Analogs of CBP Patent No. Title Country / Region Expiration Date 11,517,557 Analogs of Cyclobenzaprine and Amitryptilene U.S.A. July 13, 2038 12,156,864 Analogs of Cyclobenzaprine and Amitryptilene U.S.A. July 13, 2038 7330964 Analogs of Cyclobenzaprine and Amitryptilene Japan July 13, 2038 Oxytocin therapeutics Patent No. Title Country / Region Expiration Date 9,629,894 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use U.S.A. January 7, 2036 11,389,473 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use U.S.A. January 7, 2036 11201705591P Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Singapore January 7, 2036 388286 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Mexico January 7, 2036 253347 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Israel January 7, 2036 43 7030517 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Japan January 7, 2036 ZL201680013809.5 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use China January 7, 2036 3242676 (P20231438 in Croatia; 602016083177.5 in Germany; 3114323 in Greece; HU/E065385 in Hungary; 65034 in Serbia; SM-T-202400020 in San Marino; and 2023-GE-778438 in Turkey) Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Europe – (Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom) January 7, 2036 2017/05176 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use South Africa January 7, 2036 1252942 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Hong Kong January 7, 2036 2020286221 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Australia January 7, 2036 734097 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use New Zealand January 7, 2036 771693 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use New Zealand January 7, 2036 10-2677904 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Republic of Korea January 7, 2036 7455402 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Japan January 7, 2036 BR112017014545-6 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Brazil January 7, 2036 11,970,554 Labeled Oxytocin and Method of Manufacture and Use U.S.A. March 1, 2039 7093559 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Japan April 12, 2037 2017250505 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Australia April 12, 2037 ZL201780036185.3 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use China April 12, 2037 40005263 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Hong Kong April 12, 2037 12,156,897 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use U.S.A. April 12, 2037 44 417307 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Mexico April 12, 2037 3442560 (602017086259.2 in Germany; and SM/T/2025/000041 in San Marino) Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Europe – (Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and United Kingdom) April 12, 2037 2575853 (2595251 in Spain) Methods and Pharmaceutical Composition for the Treatment of a Feeding Disorder with Early-Onset in a Patient Europe – (Spain, France, and United Kingdom) May 25, 2031 8,853,158 Methods for the Treatment of a Feeding Disorder with Onset During Neonate Development Using an Agonist of the Oxytocin Receptor U.S.A. May 25, 2031 9,125,862 Methods for the Treatment of Prader-Willi-like Syndrome or Non-Organic Failure to Thrive (NOFITT) Feeding Disorder Using an Agonist of the Oxytocin Receptor U.S.A. May 25, 2031 2571511 (2526672 in Spain) New Uses of Oxytocin-like Molecules and Related Methods Europe – (Switzerland, Spain, France, United Kingdom, and Ireland) May 17, 2031 9,101,569 Methods for the Treatment of Insulin Resistance U.S.A. June 22, 2031 Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ therapeutics Patent No. Title Country / Region Expiration Date 8,551,949 Methods for treatment of pain U.S.A. August 11, 2031 9,238,053 Methods for treatment of pain U.S.A. October 12, 2030 2010281436 Methods for treatment of pain Australia July 27, 2030 ZL 201080042858.4 Methods for treatment of pain China July 27, 2030 2459183 (602010028120.5 in Germany) Methods for treatment of pain Europe – (Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, France, and United Kingdom) July 27, 2030 1169804 Methods for treatment of pain Hong Kong July 27, 2030 329837 Methods for treatment of pain Mexico July 27, 2030 597763 Methods for treatment of pain New Zealand July 27, 2030 10201406930U Methods for treatment of pain Singapore July 27, 2030 201200584 Methods for treatment of pain South Africa July 27, 2030 2,769,347 Methods for treatment of pain Canada July 27, 2030 413642 Methods for treatment of pain India July 27, 2030 45 Tianeptine – Neurocognitive Dysfunction Patent No. Title Country / Region Expiration Date 9,314,469 Method for Treating Neurocognitive Dysfunction U.S.A. September 24, 2030 2723688 Method for Treating Neurodegenerative Dysfunction Canada April 30, 2029 2299822 (602009047361.1 in Germany; 2644511 in Spain; and E911827 in Austria) Method for Treating Neurodegenerative Dysfunction European Patent Office – Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, France, United Kingdom, Ireland, Luxembourg, Monaco, and Portugal April 30, 2029 3246031 (602009057284.9 in Germany; 2727851 in Spain; and E1100344 in Austria) Method for Treating Neurocognitive Dysfunction European Patent Office – Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, France, United Kingdom, Ireland, Luxembourg, Monaco, and Portugal April 30, 2029 46 TFF2 therapeutics Patent No. Title Country / Region Expiration Date 10,124,037 Trefoil family factor proteins and uses thereof U.S.A April 2, 2033 11,167,010 Trefoil family factor proteins and uses thereof U.S.A April 2, 2033 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Patent No. Title Country / Region Expiration Date 11,345,896 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses U.S.A November 2, 2037 397516 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Mexico November 2, 2037 2019/02868 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses South Africa November 2, 2037 MY-200354-A Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Malaysia November 2, 2037 2017353868 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Australia November 2, 2037 ZL201780078546.0 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses China November 2, 2037 40014109 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Hong Kong November 2, 2037 2022/04981 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses South Africa November 2, 2037 Triptan Compound – Formulations Patent No. Title Country / Region Expiration Date 9,211,282 Formulations Comprising Triptan Compounds U.S.A July 19, 2031 9,610,280 Formulations Comprising Triptan Compounds U.S.A June 16, 2030 9,974,770 Formulations Comprising Triptan Compounds U.S.A June 16, 2030 10,603,305 Formulations Comprising Triptan Compounds U.S.A June 16, 2030 11,337,962 Formulations Comprising Triptan Compounds U.S.A. June 16, 2030 12,090,139 Formulations Comprising Triptan Compounds U.S.A. June 16, 2030 2010299607 Formulations Comprising Triptan Compounds Australia June 17, 2030 2775404 Formulations Comprising Triptan Compounds Canada June 17, 2030 2480197 (E760080 in Austria; 502016000000073 in Italy; 602010028995.8 in Germany; and 2553862 in Spain) Formulations Comprising Triptan Compounds European Patent Office - Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, and United Kingdom June 17, 2030 5845183 Formulations Comprising Triptan Compounds Japan June 17, 2030 101646079 Formulations Comprising Triptan Compounds Republic of Korea June 17, 2030 338110 Formulations Comprising Triptan Compounds Mexico June 17, 2030 599344 Formulations Comprising Triptan Compounds New Zealand June 17, 2030 2012/02168 Formulations Comprising Triptan Compounds South Africa June 17, 2030 Triptan Compound – Migraine Patent No. Title Country / Region Expiration Date 10,537,554 Pharmaceutical Composition for Treating Migraine U.S.A January 29, 2036 11,364,224 Pharmaceutical Composition for Treating Migraine U.S.A January 29, 2036 12,097,183 Pharmaceutical Composition for Treating Migraine U.S.A January 29, 2036 385725 Pharmaceutical Composition Comprising Sumatriptan for Treating Migraine Mexico February 1, 2036 2994748 Pharmaceutical Composition Comprising Sumatripan for Treating Migraine Canada February 1, 2036 47 CD40 and anti-CD154 Therapeutics Patent No. Title Country / Region Expiration Date 3993876 (E1717312 in Austria; P20241602 in Croatia; 602020036714.4 in Germany; 3116977 in Greece; HU/E069680 in Hungary; 502024000056334 in Italy; 66218 in Serbia; 2994684 in Spain; and SM-T-202400527 in San Marino) Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof Europe – (Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom) July 1, 2040 CBP - ASD and PTSD Patent No. Title Country / Region Expiration Date 420368 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Mexico August 20, 2039 Pending Patent Applications Our current pending patent applications are as follows: CD40 and anti-CD154 Therapeutics Application No. Title Country / Region 17/623,710 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof U.S.A. 2020300002 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof Australia BR112021026410-8 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof Brazil BR122024022801-7 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof Brazil 3145453 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof Canada 202080059891.1 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof (Allowed) China 24195755.4 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof European Patent Office 202217004870 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof India P00202200763 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof Indonesia 289354 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof Israel 2021-578262 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof Japan PI 2021007835 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof Malaysia PI 2024006778 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof Malaysia MX/a/2022/000133 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof Mexico 784548 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof New Zealand 11202114433Y Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof Singapore 2022/01378 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof South Africa 2024/09160 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof South Africa 62022063693.5 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof (Allowed) Hong Kong 62022062573.0 Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof Hong Kong 18/271,098 Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies U.S.A. 2022205313 Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies Australia BR112023013285-1 Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies Brazil 3207098 Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies Canada 202280019221.6 Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies China 22701768.8 Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies European Patent Office P00202307159 Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies Indonesia 304253 Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies Israel 2023-541043 Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies Japan PI 2023003993 Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies Malaysia MX/a/2023/008055 Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies Mexico 801414 Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies New Zealand 11202305000R Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies Singapore 2023/06791 Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies South Africa 62024090562.5 Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies Hong Kong 62024091450.2 Methods of Inducing Immune Tolerance with Modified Anti-CD154 Antibodies Hong Kong 3136725 Inhibitors of CD40-CD154 Binding Canada 2021-560713 Inhibitors of CD40-CD154 Binding Japan 17/603,260 Inhibitors of CD40-CD154 Binding U.S.A. 202080033531.4 Inhibitors of CD40-CD154 Binding China 48 CBP/Amitriptyline Eutectic Formulations Application No. Title Country / Region 18/385,468 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride U.S.A. BR112017005231-8 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride Brazil BR122020020968-2 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride Brazil 2,961,822 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride Canada 15841528.1 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride European Patent Office 18101200.4 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride Hong Kong 2023-188486 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Japan 2023-116057 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride Japan Application No. Title Country / Region PI 2023000078 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Malaysia 517381123 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride Saudi Arabia 10201707528W Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Singapore 10201902203V Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride Singapore 2014-000391 Eutectic Formulations of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Venezuela 49 Sublingual CBP/Amitriptyline Application No. Title Country / Region 13/918,692 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption U.S.A. P20130102101 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Argentina 20230100254 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Argentina 202010024102.2 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption China 2013/24661 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Gulf Cooperation Council 2013/37088 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Gulf Cooperation Council 2013/40660 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Gulf Cooperation Council 42020020336.2 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Hong Kong P-00 2021 01421 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Indonesia 2024-14696 Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Japan 10202401383X Compositions and Methods for Transmucosal Absorption Singapore CBP – Agitation in Neurodegenerative Condition Application No. Title Country / Region 2018383098 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions (Allowed) Australia BR112020011345-0 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions Brazil 201880079917.1 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions China 18847270.8 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions European Patent Office P00202004178 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions Indonesia 202017023747 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions India 2020-531611 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions Japan 62020022462.9 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions Hong Kong 62021029558.5 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions Hong Kong 42024101171.7 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions Hong Kong 10202303446R Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions Singapore 2023-186441 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions Japan 202410396685.X Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Agitation, Psychosis and Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Conditions China 50 Analogs of CBP Application No. Title Country / Region 18/950,382 3069699 201880050758.2 18831505.5 Analogs of Cyclobenzaprine and Amitriptyline Analogs of Cyclobenzaprine and Amitriptyline Analogs of Cyclobenzaprine and Amitriptyline Analogs of Cyclobenzaprine and Amitriptyline U.S.A. Canada China European Patent Office 2024-027046 Analogs of Cyclobenzaprine and Amitriptyline Japan CBP – ASD and PTSD Application No. Title Country / Region 2019/38140 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Gulf Cooperation Council 108129709 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Taiwan R.O.C. 17/269,106 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder U.S.A. 2019323764 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Australia PI2021000802 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Malaysia 772889 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder New Zealand 813830 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder New Zealand BR112021003107-3 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Brazil 3109258 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Canada 201980062283.3 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder China 202510112547.9 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder China 19802247.7 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder European Patent Office 62021045278.0 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Hong Kong 62022046260.5 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Hong Kong 202117011223 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder India P00202101716 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Indonesia 280921 Cyclobenzaprine or Amitriptyline Containing Compositions for Use in Treating Stress Disorders Israel 2021-509201 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Japan 2025-32822 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Japan 10-2024-02502Q Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Singapore 2021/01121 Methods of Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder South Africa 51 CBP – Fibromyalgia Application No. Title Country / Region 18/265,525 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia U.S.A. 2021396509 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia Australia 3204202 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia Canada 202180089897.8 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia China 21844438.8 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia European Patent Office 62024089847.3 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia Hong Kong 62024090216.8 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia Hong Kong 202317044026 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia India P00202306147 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia Indonesia 303497 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia Israel 2023-542924 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia Japan PI 2023003286 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia Malaysia MX/a/2023/006720 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia Mexico 800700 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia New Zealand 523441103 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia Saudi Arabia 524462219 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia Saudi Arabia 10202403823V Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia Singapore 2023/06139 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Fibromyalgia South Africa CBP – Fibromyalgia (Early Onset Response, Favorable Tolerability, and Side Effect Profile) Application No. Title Country / Region PCT/US2024/061125 Early Onset Response, Favorable Tolerability, and Side Effect Profile in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia PCT 18/988,194 Early Onset Response, Favorable Tolerability, and Side Effect Profile in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia U.S.A. CBP – Acute Stress Reaction or Acute Stress Disorder Application No. Title Country / Region PCT/US2025/012803 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Acute Stress Reaction or Acute Stress Disorder PCT CBP – Alcohol Use Disorder Application No. Title Country / Region 18/037,815 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder U.S.A. 2021382668 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder Australia 112023009731-2 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder Brazil 3202722 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder Canada 202180088339.X Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder China 21827298.7 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder European Patent Office 62024087606.5 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder Hong Kong 62024089500.8 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder Hong Kong 202317038485 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder India 303050 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder Israel 2023-530204 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder Japan MX/a/2023/005899 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder Mexico 800112 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder New Zealand 11202303835Y Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder Singapore 2023/05747 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder South Africa 52 CBP – Sexual dysfunction Application No. Title Country / Region 17/226,058 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Sexual Dysfunction U.S.A 2021253592 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Sexual Dysfunction Australia 3179754 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Sexual Dysfunction Canada 202180040673.8 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Sexual Dysfunction (Allowed) China 21721779.3 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Sexual Dysfunction European Patent Office 2022-562023 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Sexual Dysfunction Japan 62023077251.4 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Sexual Dysfunction Hong Kong 62023078964.1 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Sexual Dysfunction Hong Kong 62025103395.2 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Sexual Dysfunction Hong Kong 18/698,483 Cyclobenzaprine for Treatment or Prevention of Sexual Dysfunction Associated with Mental Health Conditions in Female Patients U.S.A. 22800445.3 Cyclobenzaprine for Treatment or Prevention of Sexual Dysfunction Associated with Mental Health Conditions in Female Patients European Patent Office CBP – Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) Application No. Title Country / Region 18/212,500 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Post-Acute Sequelae of (SARS)-CoV-2 Infection (PASC) U.S.A. 2023286504 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Post-Acute Sequelae of (SARS)-CoV-2 Infection (PASC) Australia 36260042 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Post-Acute Sequelae of (SARS)-CoV-2 Infection (PASC) Canada Not Yet Assigned Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Post-Acute Sequelae of (SARS)-CoV-2 Infection (PASC) China 23744274.4 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Post-Acute Sequelae of (SARS)-CoV-2 Infection (PASC) European Patent Office 317836 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Post-Acute Sequelae of (SARS)-CoV-2 Infection (PASC) Israel 2024-575083 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Post-Acute Sequelae of (SARS)-CoV-2 Infection (PASC) Japan MX/a/2025/000142 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Post-Acute Sequelae of (SARS)-CoV-2 Infection (PASC) Mexico 817589 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Post-Acute Sequelae of (SARS)-CoV-2 Infection (PASC) New Zealand 2025/00293 Cyclobenzaprine Treatment for Post-Acute Sequelae of (SARS)-CoV-2 Infection (PASC) South Africa Oxytocin therapeutics Application No. Title Country / Region 2024203428 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Australia BR122024008322-1 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Brazil 2972975 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Canada 42024096348.8 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Hong Kong 23201255.9 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use European Patent Office 2024-33983 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Japan 18/621,985 Labeled Oxytocin and Method of Manufacture and Use U.S.A. 19710979.6 Labeled Oxytocin and Method of Manufacture and Use European Patent Office 2020-545532 Labeled Oxytocin and Method of Manufacture and Use Japan 2024-9405 Labeled Oxytocin and Method of Manufacture and Use Japan 18/921,777 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use U.S.A. 3,020,179 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use (Allowed) Canada 2023100344997 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use China 24214056.4 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use European Patent Office 2024-196703 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Japan 747221 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use New Zealand 787097 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use New Zealand 2023203831 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Australia 42023079422.4 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Hong Kong MX/a/2023/008840 Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use Mexico 53 Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ therapeutics Application No. Title Country / Region BR122021007932-3 Methods for Treatment of Pain Brazil Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Application No. Title Country / Region 17/827,320 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses U.S.A. P 20170103043 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Argentina 2017/34209 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Gulf Cooperation Council 2017/41626 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Gulf Cooperation Council 106137976 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses (Allowed) Taiwan R.O.C. BR112019008781-8 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Brazil 3,042,694 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Canada 17868045.0 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses European Patent Office 201917021814 PID201904682 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses India Indonesia 266399 2019-545700 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses (Allowed) Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Israel Japan 2024-93677 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Japan 752893 11201903893P Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses New Zealand Singapore 2024/03393 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses South Africa 2017-000418 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Venezuela 62020003684.1 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Hong Kong 792675 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses New Zealand P00202402600 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Indonesia 113144133 Synthetic Chimeric Poxviruses Taiwan 54 Synthetic Vaccinia Virus Application No. Title Country / Region 2019/37492 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus Gulf Cooperation Council 2019/41458 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus Gulf Cooperation Council 20190101165 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus Argentina 108115290 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus Taiwan R.O.C. 17/050,946 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus U.S.A. 2019262149 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus Australia BR112020022181-3 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus Brazil 3099330 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus Canada 201980029677.9 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus China 19796145.1 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus European Patent Office 202017052398 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus India P00202008694 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus Indonesia 278419 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus Israel 2024-28557 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus Japan PI 2020005696 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus Malaysia MX/a/2020/011586 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus Mexico 768999 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus New Zealand 10202401171Y Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus Singapore 2020/06350 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus South Africa 62021036744.2 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus Hong Kong 62021038254.0 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus Hong Kong PI 2024003859 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus Malaysia 810669 Synthetic Chimeric Vaccinia Virus New Zealand Poxvirus vaccine against COVID-19 Application No. Title Country / Region 17/187,678 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus U.S.A. 110107179 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus Taiwan 20210100512 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus Argentina 1202200348 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus African Intellectual Property Organization AP/P/2022/014318 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus African Regional Intellectual Property Organization 2021226592 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus Australia BR112022016992-2 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus Brazil 3173996 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus Canada 202180027983.6 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus China 202292431 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus Eurasian Patent Office 21715007.7 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus European Patent Office 202217053476 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus India P00202210244 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus Indonesia 295925 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus Israel 2022-551297 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus Japan PI 2022004613 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus Malaysia MX/a/2022/010588 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus Mexico 791924 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus New Zealand 10-2022-7033014 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus Republic of Korea 522440323 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus Saudi Arabia 2022/09895 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus South Africa 523451920 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus Saudi Arabia 62023075022.1 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus Hong Kong 62023083678.0 Recombinant Poxvirus Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus Hong Kong 55 TFF2 therapeutics Application No. Title Country / Region 17/638,761 Modified TFF2 polypeptides U.S.A. 2020338947 Modified TFF2 polypeptides Australia 3152665 Modified TFF2 polypeptides Canada 202080071768.1 Modified TFF2 polypeptides China 20781063.1 Modified TFF2 polypeptides European Patent Office 202217016249 Modified TFF2 polypeptides India 290910 Modified TFF2 polypeptides Israel 2022-513154 Modified TFF2 polypeptides Japan MX/a/2022/002337 Modified TFF2 polypeptides Mexico 786004 Modified TFF2 polypeptides New Zealand 2022/03355 Modified TFF2 polypeptides South Africa 62023066535.3 Modified TFF2 polypeptides Hong Kong 62023066928.0 Modified TFF2 polypeptides Hong Kong Antiviral Drugs – Cathepsin Inhibitors Application No. Title Country / Region 18/055,596 Compositions and Methods for Increasing Efficacy of a Drug U.S.A. 2022-569505 Compositions and Methods for Increasing Efficacy of a Drug Japan 202217072271 Compositions and Methods for Increasing Efficacy of a Drug India 62023079383.3 Compositions and Methods for Increasing Efficacy of a Drug Hong Kong Triptan Compound – Formulations Application No. Title Country / Region 18/782,922 Formulations Comprising Triptan Compounds U.S.A. Triptan Compound – Migraine Application No. Title Country / Region 18/797,812 Methods of Treating Migraine U.S.A. 18/783,734 Pharmaceutical Composition for Treating Migraine U.S.A. Tianeptine – Conditions Associated with Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Application No. Title Country / Region PCT/US2024/021799 (S)-Tianeptine and Use in Treating Disorders and Conditions Associated with Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor PCT Trademarks and Service Marks Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. We seek trademark and service mark protection in the United States and outside of the United States where available and when appropriate. We are the owner of the following U.S. federally registered mark: TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS (Reg. No. 4656463, issued December 16, 2014). 56 We are the owner of the following marks for which applications for U.S. federal registration are currently pending: FYMRALIN (Serial No. 98/327953, filed December 22, 2023), MODALTIN (Serial No. 97/424052, filed May 23, 2022), RAPONTIS (Serial No. 97/424058, filed May 23, 2022), PROTECTIC (Serial No. 97/424071, filed May 23, 2022), TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS (Serial No. 98/577945, filed May 31, 2024), ANGSTRO-TECHNOLOGY (Serial No. 98/006538, filed May 22, 2023) and TNX-102 SL (Serial No. 97/185424, filed December 22, 2021). Tonix Medicines, Inc. We seek trademark and service mark protection in the United States and outside of the United States where available and when appropriate. We are the owner of the following U.S. federally registered marks: NOTIME4MIGRAINES (Reg. No. 5392512, issued January 30, 2018); SYMTOUCH (Reg. No. 5186988, issued April 18, 2017); TOSYMRA (Reg. No. 5981221, issued February 11, 2020); TOSYMRA & DROPLET Design (Reg. No. 6142333, issued August 11, 2020); ZEMBRACE (Reg. No. 5186989, issued April 18, 2017); ZEMBRACE SYMTOUCH (Reg. No.5478282, issued May 29, 2018); DROPLET Design (Reg. No. 6117797, issued August 4, 2020); TONIX ONE LOGO Design (Serial No. 99/057051, filed February 26, 2025). We are the owner of the following International Registrations under the Madrid Protocol: TOSYMRA (Reg. No. 1501060, issued October 16, 2019 – Extensions of Protection to: Canada, European Union, Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom); ZEMBRACE (Reg. No. 1683288, issued August 17, 2022 – Extensions of Protection to: Canada (still pending), China, European Union, Israel, Mexico, United Kingdom); DROPLET Design (Reg. No. 1545038, issued June 29, 2020 – Extensions of Protection to: Canada, European Union, Israel, Japan, Norway, Republic of Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom); European Union: TONIX ONE LOGO Design (Application No. 19151272, filed March 4, 2025). Research and Development We have approximately 45 employees dedicated to research and development. Our research and development operations are located in Chatham, NJ, Frederick, Maryland, Dublin, Ireland and Montreal, Canada. We have used, and expect to continue to use, third parties to conduct our nonclinical and clinical studies. Marketing We have nine employees supporting sales administration and marketing initiatives. We also have three sales employees who are focused on customer service requests and top-tier headache specialists. We utilize third party vendors to support trade, managed markets, marketing initiatives, and promotional compliance programs. Manufacturing We have contracted with third-party cGMP-compliant contract manufacturer organizations(“CMOs”), for the manufacture of TNX-102 SL drug substance and drug products for clinical and commercial supply. Our manufacturing operations are managed and controlled out of our Dublin, Ireland offices. All of our small molecules drug candidates are synthesized using industry standard processes, and our drug products are formulated using commercially available pharmaceutical grade excipients. We own a 45,000 square foot facility in Massachusetts, to house our new Advanced Development Center for accelerated development and manufacturing of vaccines and biologics. This facility is currently decommissioned. It was designed for the manufacture of nonclinical and clinical investigational products for our Infectious Disease portfolio. The current focus of which is TNX-801 a Smallpox and Mpox Preventing Vaccine and TNX-1800 a COVID vaccine selected by NIH/NIAID Project NextGen for Inclusion in Clinical Trials. This facility was decommissioned in 2024 but Tonix has the ability to reactivate it should we choose to do so. 57 Our two marketed products, Zembrace and Tosymra, are manufactured at cGMP compliant, FDA audited, U.S. based CMOs with expertise in pre-filled syringe and inhalation expertise. Government Regulations The FDA and other federal, state, local and foreign regulatory agencies impose substantial requirements upon the clinical development, approval, labeling, manufacture, marketing and distribution of drug products. These agencies regulate, among other things, research and development activities and the testing, approval, manufacture, quality control, safety, effectiveness, labeling, storage, record keeping, advertising and promotion of our product candidates. The regulatory approval process is generally lengthy and expensive, with no guarantee of a positive result. Moreover, failure to comply with applicable requirements by the FDA or other requirements may result in civil or criminal penalties, recall or seizure of products, injunctive relief including partial or total suspension of production, or withdrawal of a product from the market. The FDA regulates, among other things, the research, manufacture, promotion and distribution of drugs in the U.S. under the FDCA and other statutes and implementing regulations. The process required by the FDA before prescription drug product candidates may be marketed in the U.S. generally involves the following: ● completion of extensive nonclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies, all performed in accordance with the FDA’s Good Laboratory Practice regulations; ● submission to the FDA of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin; ● performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with the FDA’s regulations, including Good Clinical Practices, to establish the safety and efficacy of the product candidate for each proposed indication; ● submission to the FDA of an NDA for drug products, or a Biologics License Application, or BLA, for biologic products; ● satisfactory completion of a preapproval inspection by the FDA of the manufacturing facilities at which the product is produced to assess compliance with cGMP regulations; and ● the FDA’s review and approval of the NDA or BLA prior to any commercial marketing, sale or shipment of the drug. The testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and we cannot be certain that any approvals for our product candidates will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. Nonclinical tests include laboratory evaluations of product chemistry, formulation and stability, as well as studies to evaluate toxicity in animals and other animal studies. The results of nonclinical tests, together with manufacturing information and analytical data, are submitted as part of an IND to the FDA. Some nonclinical testing may continue even after an IND is submitted. The IND also includes one or more protocols for the initial clinical trial or trials and an investigator’s brochure. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day time period, raises concerns or questions relating to the proposed clinical trials as outlined in the IND and places the clinical trial on a clinical hold. In such cases, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns or questions before any clinical trials can begin. Clinical trial holds also may be imposed at any time before or during studies due to safety concerns or non-compliance with regulatory requirements. An independent Institutional Review Board, or IRB, at each of the clinical centers proposing to conduct the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that center. An IRB considers, among other things, whether the risks to individuals participating in the trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the consent form signed by the trial participants and must monitor the study until completed. 58 Clinical Trials Clinical trials involve the administration of the product candidate to human subjects under the supervision of qualified medical investigators according to approved protocols that detail the objectives of the study, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor participant safety. Each protocol for a U.S. study is submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap, or be combined. ● Phase 1 clinical trials typically involve the initial introduction of the product candidate into healthy human volunteers. In Phase 1 clinical trials, the product candidate is typically tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution, excretion and pharmacodynamics. ● Phase 2 clinical trials are generally conducted in a limited patient population to gather evidence about the efficacy of the product candidate for specific, targeted indications; to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage; and to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks. Phase 2 clinical trials, in particular Phase 2b trials, can be undertaken to evaluate clinical efficacy and to test for safety in an expanded patient population at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites. ● Phase 3 clinical trials are undertaken to evaluate clinical efficacy and to test for safety in an expanded patient population at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites. The size of Phase 3 clinical trials depends upon clinical and statistical considerations for the product candidate and disease. Phase 3 clinical trials are intended to establish the overall risk-benefit ratio of the product candidate and provide an adequate basis for product labeling. Post-approval clinical trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, may be conducted after initial approval. These clinical trials are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication, particularly for long-term safety follow-up. Clinical testing must satisfy the extensive regulations of the FDA. Reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and safety reports must be submitted for serious and unexpected adverse events. Success in early-stage clinical trials does not assure success in later-stage clinical trials. The FDA, an IRB or we may suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. New Drug Applications Assuming successful completion of the required clinical trials, the results of product development, nonclinical studies and clinical trials are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA (or BLA, in the case of a biologic product). An NDA or BLA also must contain extensive manufacturing information, as well as proposed labeling for the finished product. An NDA or BLA applicant must develop information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the drug and finalize a process for manufacturing the product in accordance with cGMP. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality product within specifications approved by the FDA. The manufacturer must develop methods for testing the quality, purity and potency of the final product. In addition, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested, and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the product does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life. Prior to approval, the FDA will conduct an inspection of the manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMP. The FDA reviews all NDAs and BLAs submitted before it accepts them for filing. The FDA may request additional information rather than accept an NDA for filing. In this event, the NDA or BLA must be resubmitted with the additional information and is subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. After an application is filed, the FDA may refer the NDA or BLA to an advisory committee for review, evaluation and recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers them carefully when making decisions. The FDA may deny approval of an NDA or BLA if the applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than we interpret the same data. 59 The FDA may issue a complete response letter, which may require additional clinical or other data or impose other conditions that must be met in order to secure final approval of the NDA or BLA. If a product receives regulatory approval, the approval may be significantly limited to specific diseases and dosages or the indications for use may otherwise be limited, which could restrict the commercial value of the product. In addition, the FDA may require us to conduct Phase 4 testing which involves clinical trials designed to further assess a drug’s safety and effectiveness after NDA or BLA approval, and may require surveillance programs to monitor the safety of approved products which have been commercialized. Once issued, the FDA may withdraw product approval if ongoing regulatory requirements are not met or if safety or efficacy questions are raised after the product reaches the market. Section 505(b) NDAs There are two types of NDAs: the Section 505(b)(1) NDA, or full NDA, and the Section 505(b)(2) NDA. A full NDA is submitted under Section 505(b)(1) of the FDCA, and must contain full reports of investigations conducted by the applicant to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the drug. A Section 505(b)(2) NDA may be submitted for a drug for which one or more of the investigations relied upon by the applicant was not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has no right of reference from the person by or for whom the investigations were conducted. A Section 505(b)(2) NDA may be submitted based in whole or in part on published literature or on the FDA’s finding of safety and efficacy of one or more previously approved drugs, which are known as reference drugs. Thus, the filing of a Section 505(b)(2) NDA may result in approval of a drug based on fewer clinical or nonclinical studies than would be required under a full NDA. The number and size of studies that need to be conducted by the sponsor depends on the amount and quality of data pertaining to the reference drug that are publicly available, and on the similarity of and differences between the applicant’s drug and the reference drug. In some cases, extensive, time-consuming, and costly clinical and nonclinical studies may still be required for approval of a Section 505(b)(2) NDA. Our drug approval strategy for our new formulations of approved chemical entities is to submit Section 505(b)(2) NDAs to the FDA. We submitted NDA under Section 505(b)(2) for TNX-102 SL for FM, and plan to submit an 505(b)(2)for TNX-2900 for Prader Willi Syndrome. The FDA may not agree that these product candidates are approvable as a Section 505(b)(2) NDA. If the FDA determines that a Section 505(b)(2) NDA is not appropriate and that a full NDA is required, the time and financial resources required to obtain FDA approval could substantially and materially increase and be less likely to be approved. If the FDA requires a full NDA or requires more extensive testing and development for some other reason, our ability to compete with alternative products that arrive on the market more quickly than our product candidates would be adversely impacted. If reference listed products are withdrawn from the market by the FDA for a safety reason, we may not be able to reference such products to support our anticipated 505(b)(2) NDAs, and we may be required to follow the requirements of Section 505(b)(1). Patent Protections An applicant submitting a Section 505(b)(2) NDA must certify to the FDA with respect to the patent status of the reference drug upon which the applicant relies in support of approval of its drug. With respect to every patent listed in the FDA’s Orange Book, which is the FDA’s list of approved drug products, as claiming the reference drug or an approved method of use of the reference drug, the Section 505(b)(2) applicant must certify that: (1) there is no patent information listed in the orange book for the reference drug; (2) the listed patent has expired; (3) the listed patent has not expired, but will expire on a particular date; (4) the listed patent is invalid or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, or sale of the product in the Section 505(b)(2) NDA; or (5) if the patent is a use patent, that the applicant does not seek approval for a use claimed by the patent. If the applicant files a certification to the effect of clause (1), (2) or (5), FDA approval of the Section 505(b)(2) NDA may be made effective immediately upon successful FDA review of the application, in the absence of marketing exclusivity delays, which are discussed below. If the applicant files a certification to the effect of clause (3), the Section 505(b)(2) NDA approval may not be made effective until the expiration of the relevant patent and the expiration of any marketing exclusivity delays. 60 If the Section 505(b)(2) NDA applicant provides a certification to the effect of clause (4), referred to as a paragraph IV certification, the applicant also must send notice of the certification to the patent owner and the holder of the NDA for the reference drug. The filing of a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days of the receipt of the notification may prevent the FDA from approving the Section 505(b)(2) NDA for 30 months from the date of the receipt of the notification unless the court determines that a longer or shorter period is appropriate because either party to the action failed to reasonably cooperate in expediting the action. However, the FDA may approve the Section 505(b)(2) NDA before the 30 months have expired if a court decides that the patent is invalid or not infringed, or if a court enters a settlement order or consent decree stating the patent is invalid or not infringed. Notwithstanding the approval of many products by the FDA pursuant to Section 505(b)(2), over the last few years certain brand-name pharmaceutical companies and others have objected to the FDA’s interpretation of Section 505(b)(2). If the FDA’s interpretation of Section 505(b)(2) is successfully challenged in court, the FDA may be required to change its interpretation of Section 505(b)(2) which could delay or even prevent the FDA from approving any Section 505(b)(2) NDA that we submit. The pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive, and it is not uncommon for a manufacturer of an approved product to file a citizen petition with the FDA seeking to delay approval of, or impose additional approval requirements for, pending competing products. If successful, such petitions can significantly delay, or even prevent, the approval of the new product. Moreover, even if the FDA ultimately denies such a petition, the FDA may substantially delay approval while it considers and responds to the petition. Marketing Exclusivity Market exclusivity provisions under the FDCA can delay the submission or the approval of Section 505(b)(2) NDAs, thereby delaying a Section 505(b)(2) product from entering the market. The FDCA provides five-year marketing exclusivity to the first applicant to gain approval of an NDA for an NCE, meaning that the FDA has not previously approved any other drug containing the same active moiety. This exclusivity prohibits the submission of a Section 505(b)(2) NDA for any drug product containing the active ingredient during the five-year exclusivity period. However, submission of a Section 505(b)(2) NDA that certifies that a listed patent is invalid, unenforceable, or will not be infringed, as discussed above, is permitted after four years, but if a patent infringement lawsuit is brought within 45 days after such certification, FDA approval of the Section 505(b)(2) NDA may automatically be stayed until 7½ years after the NCE approval date. The FDCA also provides three years of marketing exclusivity for the approval of new and supplemental NDAs for product changes, including, among other things, new indications, dosage forms, routes of administration or strengths of an existing drug, or for a new use, if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are deemed by FDA to be essential to the approval of the application. Five-year and three-year exclusivity will not delay the submission or approval of another full NDA; however, as discussed above, an applicant submitting a full NDA under Section 505(b)(1) would be required to conduct or obtain a right of reference to all of the nonclinical and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials necessary to demonstrate safety and effectiveness. Other types of exclusivities in the United States include orphan drug exclusivity and pediatric exclusivity. The FDA may grant orphan drug designation to a drug intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or more than 200,000 individuals in the United States and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making available in the United States a drug for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales in the United States for that drug. Seven-year orphan drug exclusivity is available to a product that has orphan drug designation and that receives the first FDA approval for the indication for which the drug has such designation. Orphan drug exclusivity prevents approval of another application for the same drug for the same orphan indication, for a period of seven years, regardless of whether the application is a full NDA or a Section 505(b)(2) NDA, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan exclusivity. Pediatric exclusivity, if granted, provides an additional six months to an existing exclusivity or statutory delay in approval resulting from a patent certification. This six-month exclusivity, which runs from the end of other exclusivity protection or patent delay, may be granted based on the voluntary completion of a pediatric study in accordance with an FDA-issued “Written Request” for such a study. 61 Section 505(b)(2) NDAs are similar to full NDAs filed under Section 505(b)(1) in that they are entitled to any of these forms of exclusivity if they meet the qualifying criteria. They also are entitled to the patent protections described above, based on patents that are listed in the FDA’s Orange Book in the same manner as patents claiming drugs and uses approved for NDAs submitted as full NDAs. Breakthrough Therapy Designation The Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act, or FDASIA, Section 902 provides for Breakthrough Therapy designation. A Breakthrough Therapy is a drug: ● intended alone or in combination with one or more other drugs to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition; and ● preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. Fast Track Designation A Fast Track is a designation by the FDA of an investigational drug which: ● intended alone or in combination with one or more other drugs to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition; and ● non-clinical or clinical data demonstrate the potential to address an unmet medical need Fast track is a process designed to facilitate the development and expedite the review of drugs to treat serious conditions and fill an unmet medical need. The benefits of a Fast Track designation include rolling submission of portions of the NDA for the drug candidate and eligibility for priority review of the NDA. Additionally, more frequent meetings and written communication with the FDA regarding the development plan and trial design for the drug candidate are encouraged throughout the entire drug development and review process, with the goal of having earlier drug approval and access for patients. Material Threat Medical Countermeasures In 2016, the 21 st Century Cures Act, or Act, was signed into law to support ongoing biomedical innovation. One part of the Act, Section 3086, is aimed at “Encouraging Treatments for Agents that Present a National Security Threat.” The Act created a new priority review voucher program for approved “material threat medical countermeasure applications.” The Act defines such countermeasures as drug or biological products, including vaccines intended to treat biological, chemical, radiological, or nuclear agents that present a national security threat or to treat harm from a condition that may be caused by administering a drug or biological product against such an agent. The Department of Homeland Security has identified 13 such threats, including anthrax, smallpox, Ebola/Marburg, tularemia, botulinum toxin, and pandemic influenza, which includes SARS-CoV-2. 62 Other Regulatory Requirements Maintaining substantial compliance with appropriate federal, state and local statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Drug manufacturers are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and after approval, the FDA and these state agencies conduct periodic unannounced inspections to ensure continued compliance with ongoing regulatory requirements, including cGMPs. In addition, after approval, some types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, manufacturing changes and additional labeling claims, are subject to further FDA review and approval. The FDA may require post-approval testing and surveillance programs to monitor safety and the effectiveness of approved products that have been commercialized. Any drug products manufactured or distributed by us pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including: ● record-keeping requirements; ● reporting of adverse experiences with the drug; ● providing the FDA with updated safety and efficacy information; ● reporting on advertisements and promotional labeling; ● drug sampling and distribution requirements; and ● complying with electronic record and signature requirements. In addition, the FDA strictly regulates labeling, advertising, promotion and other types of information on products that are placed on the market. There are numerous regulations and policies that govern various means for disseminating information to health-care professionals as well as consumers, including to industry sponsored scientific and educational activities, information provided to the media and information provided over the Internet. Drugs may be promoted only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. The FDA has very broad enforcement authority and the failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements can result in administrative or judicial sanctions being imposed on us or on the manufacturers and distributors of our approved products, including warning letters, refusals of government contracts, clinical holds, civil penalties, injunctions, restitution and disgorgement of profits, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, withdrawal of approvals, refusal to approve pending applications, and criminal prosecution resulting in fines and incarceration. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability. In addition, even after regulatory approval is obtained, later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product may result in restrictions on the product or even complete withdrawal of the product from the market. Coverage and Reimbursement Sales of our product candidates, if approved, will depend, in part, on the extent to which such products will be covered by third-party payors, such as government health care programs, commercial insurance and managed healthcare organizations. These third-party payors are increasingly limiting coverage or reducing reimbursements for medical products and services. In addition, the U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments have continued implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products. Third-party payors decide which therapies they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. Third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own coverage and reimbursement policies. However, decisions regarding the extent of coverage and amount of reimbursement to be provided for any drug candidates that we develop will be made on a payor-by-payor basis. Each payor determines whether or not it will provide coverage for a therapy, what amount it will pay the manufacturer for the therapy, and on what tier of its formulary it will be placed. The position on a payor’s list of covered drugs, or formulary, generally determines the co-payment that a patient will need to make to obtain the therapy and can strongly influence the adoption of such therapy by patients and physicians. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit our net revenue and results. Decreases in third-party reimbursement for our product candidates or a decision by a third-party payor to not cover our product candidates could reduce physician usage of our product candidates, once approved, and have a material adverse effect on our sales, results of operations and financial condition. Other Healthcare Laws Because of our current and future arrangements with healthcare professionals, principal investigators, consultants, customers and third-party payors, we will also be subject to healthcare regulation and enforcement by the federal government and the states and foreign governments in which we will conduct our business, including our clinical research, proposed sales, marketing and educational programs. Failure to comply with these laws, where applicable, can result in the imposition of significant civil penalties, criminal penalties, or both. 63 The U.S. laws that may affect our ability to operate, among others, include: the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, which governs the conduct of certain electronic healthcare transactions and protects the security and privacy of protected health information; certain state laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, some of which are more stringent than HIPAA and many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts; the federal healthcare programs’ Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for or to induce either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs; federal false claims laws which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid, or other third-party payors that are false or fraudulent; federal criminal laws that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters; the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, which requires manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics, and medical supplies to report annually to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors) and teaching hospitals, and ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members; and state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers. In addition, many states have similar laws and regulations, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws that may be broader in scope and may apply regardless of payor, in addition to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs. Additionally, to the extent that our product is sold in a foreign country, we may be subject to similar foreign laws. The Impact of New Legislation and Amendments to Existing Laws The FDCA is subject to routine legislative amendments with a broad range of downstream effects. In addition to new legislation, such as the FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017 or the FDASIA in 2012, Congress introduces amendments to reauthorize drug user fees and address emerging concerns every five years. We cannot predict the impact of these new legislative acts and their implementation of regulations on our business. The programs established or to be established under the legislation may have adverse effects upon us, including increased regulation of our industry. Compliance with such regulation may increase our costs and limit our ability to pursue business opportunities. In addition, the FDA’s regulations, policies and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the agency or the courts in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. We expect that additional federal and state, as well as foreign, healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could result in reduced demand for our products or additional pricing pressure. Human Capital Resources As of March 17, 2025, we had 81 full-time employees, of whom 12 hold M.D. or Ph.D. degrees. We have 45 employees dedicated to research and development. We have two employees supporting sales administration and marketing initiatives and three sales employees who are focused on customer service requests and top-tier headache specialists. None of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining agreement. We believe that the skills, experience and industry knowledge of our key employees significantly benefit our operations and performance. Our research and development operations are located in Chatham, New Jersey, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, Frederick, Maryland, Dublin, Ireland and Montreal, Canada. We have used, and expect to continue to use, third parties to conduct our nonclinical and clinical studies as well as part-time employees. Employee health and safety in the workplace is one of our core values. 64 Employee levels are managed to align with the pace of business and management believes it has sufficient human capital to operate its business successfully. Corporate Information We lease the space for our principal executive offices, which are located at 26 Main Street, Suite 101, Chatham, New Jersey 07928, and our telephone number is (862) 799 8599. Our website address is www.tonixpharma.com. We do not incorporate the information on our websites into this annual report, and you should not consider such information part of this annual report. We were incorporated on November 16, 2007 under the laws of the State of Nevada as Tamandare Explorations Inc. On October 11, 2011, we changed our name to Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. ITEM 1A – Risk Factors Summary of Risk Factors ● Our prospects are dependent on the continued successful commercialization of Tosymra and Zembrace, and on the success of TNX 102-SL. ● We are exposed to cybersecurity and data privacy risks that, if realized, could harm our business. ● We have a history of operating losses and may never reach profitability. We may struggle to continue operations without facing the risk of liquidation, as we don’t expect product sales to cover expenses. ● If novel product candidates are successfully developed, it is uncertain they will receive regulatory approval or successful commercialization. ● We are subject to extensive and costly government regulation, and we do not have, and may never obtain, the regulatory approvals we need to market our product candidates. ● Our product candidates may cause serious adverse events or undesirable side effects, which would delay or prevent approval, or lead to market removal, safety warnings, or sales limitations. ● We may be unable to meet our anticipated development and commercialization timelines for approval of any of our product candidates. ● Changes in the U.S. political and regulatory environment could affect availability of government funding that we may rely on, or cause delays in the development and approval of our product candidates. ● Any grant of priority review status by the FDA may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, nor assure FDA approval of our product candidates. ● Even if approved, our products may be subject to post-approval regulation or may not be accepted by the market. ● We may use our financial and human resources to pursue research programs or product candidates that are less profitable and have a lower likelihood of success than other programs. ● We may need additional capital, and, if unavailable, we may have to delay or scale-back operations. ● Outbreaks of communicable diseases may materially and adversely affect our business. ● Competition and technological change may make our product candidates and technologies less attractive or obsolete, and our product candidates may face competition sooner than expected. ● Failure to protect our intellectual property rights could negatively affect our development of products. 65 ● We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents, which could be costly. ● If we infringe the rights of third parties, we could suffer adverse effects, including defending against litigation. ● We may experience difficulties managing growth when we ultimately expand our operations. Our future success depends on our ability to retain our current executive officers and other key personnel. ● The failure of third parties to manufacture compounds used our studies, and any approved products for sale at sufficient quantities and at acceptable costs could harm our business. ● Failure by our third-party manufacturers to comply with regulatory guidelines set forth by the FDA could harm the development, approval and commercialization of our product candidates. ● Adverse global conditions, including economic uncertainty, may negatively impact our finances. ● Our internal computer systems may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our product development programs. ● Corporate and academic collaborators may take actions to undermine the success of our products. ● Data provided by collaborators and others upon which we rely that has not been independently verified could turn out to be false, misleading, or incomplete. ● If we fail to establish marketing, sales and distribution capabilities, we will not be able to create a market for our product candidates. ● Our relationships with customers, physicians, and third-party payors will be subject to federal and state healthcare laws and regulations. If we are unable to comply with such laws, including any newly adopted healthcare legislative reform measures, we could face substantial penalties. ● Coverage and adequate reimbursement may not be available for our current or any future drug candidates, which could make it difficult for us to sell profitably, if approved. ● Obtaining approval to commercialize products outside the U.S. would expose us to international risk. ● We face the risk of product liability claims and may not be able to obtain insurance. ● We use hazardous chemicals in our business which could expose us to costly and time consuming legal claims. ● If we retain collaborative partners and our partners do not satisfy their obligations, we will be unable to develop our partnered product candidates. ● We may be unsuccessful in obtaining a priority review voucher for material threat medical countermeasures. ● Government entities may take actions that directly or indirectly have the effect of limiting opportunities for our vaccines for COVID-19. ● If our technology is ever considered “dual use” technology, it will be subject to limitations on public disclosure or export. ● We face risks in connection with existing and future collaborations with respect to the development, manufacture, and commercialization of our product candidates. ● We face risks in connection with the testing, production and storage of our vaccine product candidates. ● Sales of additional shares of our common stock could cause the price of our common stock to decline, and the issuance of preferred stock may impair the rights of the holders of common stock. ● The market price of our common stock has been extremely volatile and may continue to be. We expect that our quarterly results of operations will fluctuate, which could cause our stock price to decline. 66 ● We could be delisted from Nasdaq, which could harm the liquidity of our stock and our capital raising. ● If we fail to comply with the rules under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 related to accounting controls and procedures, our stock price could decline significantly and raising capital could be more difficult. ● Other companies may have difficulty acquiring us, even if doing so would benefit our stockholders, due to provisions under our corporate charter and bylaws, as well as Nevada law. ● The Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County, Nevada as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of stockholder actions or proceedings, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us. RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS Our prospects are dependent on the success of TNX-102 SL. To the extent regulatory approval of TNX-102 SL is delayed or not granted or, if approved, TNX-102 SL is not commercially successful, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected and the price of our common stock may decline. The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, sale, import, export, marketing, and distribution of pharmaceutical product candidates are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA. We have focused a significant portion of our activities and resources on the development of TNX-102 SL, and we believe our prospects are also dependent on our ability to obtain regulatory approval for and successfully commercialize TNX-102 SL in the U.S. The regulatory approval and successful commercialization of TNX-102 SL is subject to many risks, including those discussed in other risk factors, and TNX-102 SL may not receive approval from the FDA. If the results or timing of regulatory filings, the regulatory process, regulatory developments, commercialization, or other activities, actions or decisions related to TNX-102 SL do not meet our or others’ expectations, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly. 67 The FDA assigned a PDUFA goal date of August 15, 2025, for a decision on marketing authorization for TNX-102 SL. and retains complete discretion in deciding whether to approve the NDA for TNX-102 SL, and there are many components to an NDA filing beyond the efficacy and safety data provided to the FDA. No assurances can be given that the FDA will approve TNX-102 SL for the treatment of FM, or that if approved, we will successfully commercialize TNX-102 SL. Coverage and adequate reimbursement may not be available for our products, which could make it difficult for us to sell our products profitably. Market acceptance and sales of our products depends in part on the extent to which reimbursement for these drugs and related treatments will be available from third-party payors, including government health administration authorities, p harmacy benefit managers (“PBMs”), managed care organizations and other private health insurers. Third-party payors decide which therapies they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. Third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own coverage and reimbursement policies. However, decisions regarding the extent of coverage and amount of reimbursement to be provided for any drug is made on a payor-by-payor basis. If PBMs other payers or payer affiliates deny formulary inclusion, impose unfavorable tiering, or require burdensome utilization management restrictions, patient access to our products could be significantly limited. Moreover, one payor’s determination to provide coverage for a drug does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage, and adequate reimbursement, for the drug. Additionally, a third-party payor’s decision to provide coverage for a therapy does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Each payor determines whether or not it will provide coverage for a therapy, what amount it will pay the manufacturer for the therapy, and on what tier of its formulary it will be placed. The position on a payor’s list of covered drugs, or formulary, generally determines the co-payment that a patient will need to make to obtain the therapy and can strongly influence the adoption of such therapy by patients and physicians. Patients who are prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers prescribing such services generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs. Patients are unlikely to use our drugs unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of our drugs. A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement will be available or continue to be available for any drug that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be. Inadequate coverage and reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any drug we commercialize. If coverage and adequate reimbursement are not available, or are available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our current and any future drug products. Access to prescription drugs in the U.S. commercial market is largely controlled by three dominant entities: Emisar/Optum/United HealthCare, Ascent/Express Scripts/Cigna, and Zinc/CVS Caremark/Aetna, which collectively manage a significant portion of formulary decisions and reimbursement policies. These entities have the ability to deny or restrict formulary access to our products through various techniques, including National Drug Code (“NDC”) blocks, exclusion lists, and unfavorable tier placement. Such actions could severely limit patient access to our therapies, reduce sales, and negatively impact our financial performance. Additionally, the consolidation of PBMs and insurers further strengthens their negotiating leverage, increasing the risk of unfavorable pricing and reimbursement terms for our products. Moreover, PBMs have significant influence over prescription drug access through formulary decisions, reimbursement policies, and utilization management practices. In some cases, PBMs may prioritize lower-cost alternatives, including off-label or unapproved therapies, over our FDA-approved products. This could include steering patients toward opioid-based treatments for fibromyalgia or barbiturates for migraine or other medications that do not meet the same regulatory and safety standards as our products. Such actions may limit patient access to clinically appropriate therapies and negatively impact our sales. Healthcare legislative or regulatory reform measures, including government restrictions on pricing and reimbursement, may have a negative impact on our business and results of operations. In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and continue to be, several legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing authorization of product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities, and affect our ability to profitably sell any of our commercialized products. Among policy makers and payors in the United States and elsewhere, there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and/or expanding access. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts and has been significantly affected by major legislative initiatives. For example, in the United States, the PPACA substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both the government and private insurers, and significantly affects the pharmaceutical industry. Many provisions of the ACA impact the biopharmaceutical industry, including that in order for a biopharmaceutical product to receive federal reimbursement under the Medicare Part B and Medicaid programs or to be sold directly to U.S. government agencies, the manufacturer must extend discounts to entities eligible to participate in the drug pricing program under the Public Health Services Act, or PHS. 68 Additionally, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 includes policies that are designed to have a direct impact on drug prices and reduce drug spending by the federal government. This legislation contains substantial drug pricing reforms, including the establishment of a drug price negotiation program within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that would require manufacturers to charge a negotiated “maximum fair price” for certain selected drugs covered by Medicare or pay an excise tax for noncompliance, the establishment of rebate payment requirements on manufacturers of certain drugs payable under Medicare Parts B and D to penalize price increases that outpace inflation, and requires manufacturers to provide discounts on Part D drugs. Legislative, administrative, and private payor efforts to control drug costs span a range of proposals, including drug price negotiation, Medicare Part D redesign, drug price inflation rebates, international mechanisms, generic drug promotion and anticompetitive behavior, manufacturer reporting, and reforms that could impact therapies utilizing the accelerated approval pathway. We cannot predict the ultimate content, timing or effect of any changes to the ACA, the Inflation Reduction Act, or other federal and state healthcare policy reform efforts including those aimed at drug pricing. There is no assurance that federal or state health care reform will not adversely affect our future business and financial results, and we cannot predict how future federal or state legislative, judicial or administrative changes relating to healthcare policy will affect our business. At the state level, legislatures are increasingly passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Other examples of proposed changes include, but are not limited to, expanding post-approval requirements, changing the Orphan Drug Act, and restricting sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether government regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes would be on the marketing approvals, sales, pricing, or reimbursement of our drug candidates or products, if any, may be. We expect that these and other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved drug. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability, or commercialize our drugs. In addition, FDA regulations and guidance may be revised or reinterpreted by the FDA in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. Any new regulations or guidance, or revisions or reinterpretations of existing regulations or guidance, may impose additional costs or lengthen FDA review times for our product candidates. We cannot determine how changes in regulations, statutes, policies, or interpretations when and if issued, enacted or adopted, may affect our business in the future. Such changes could, among other things, require: ● additional clinical trials to be conducted prior to obtaining approval; ● changes to manufacturing methods; ● recalls, replacements, or discontinuance of one or more of our products; and ● additional recordkeeping. Such changes would likely require substantial time and impose significant costs, or could reduce the potential commercial value of our product candidates. In addition, delays in receipt of or failure to receive regulatory clearances or approvals for any other products would harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. 69 Even if we obtain regulatory approval to market our product candidates, our product candidates may not be accepted by the market. Even if the FDA approves one or more of our product candidates, physicians and patients may not accept it or use it. Even if physicians and patients would like to use our products, our products may not gain market acceptance among healthcare payors such as managed care formularies, insurance companies or government programs such as Medicare or Medicaid. Acceptance and use of our products will depend upon a number of factors including: perceptions by members of the health care community, including physicians, about the safety and effectiveness of our drug or device product; cost-effectiveness of our product relative to competing products; availability of reimbursement for our product from government or other healthcare payors; and effectiveness of marketing and distribution efforts by us and our licensees and distributors, if any. The degree of market acceptance of any pharmaceutical product that we develop will depend on a number of factors, including: ● cost-effectiveness; ● the safety and effectiveness of our products, including any significant potential side effects (including drowsiness and dry mouth), as compared to alternative products or treatment methods; ● the timing of market entry as compared to competitive products; ● the rate of adoption of our products by doctors and nurses; ● product labeling or product insert required by the FDA for each of our products; ● reimbursement policies of government and third-party payors; ● effectiveness of our sales, marketing and distribution capabilities and the effectiveness of such capabilities of our collaborative partners, if any; and ● unfavorable publicity concerning our products or any similar products. Because we expect sales of our current product candidates, if approved, to generate substantially all of our product revenues for the foreseeable future, the failure of these products to find market acceptance would harm our business and could require us to seek additional financing. 70 Our prospects are dependent on the continued successful commercialization of Zembrace and Tosymra. To the extent we cannot maintain or increase sales of Zembrace and Tosymra, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected and the price of our common stock may decline. Zembrace and Tosymra are our only drugs that have been approved for sale. Continued commercialization of Zembrace and Tosymra is subject to many risks, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to maintain or increase sales of Zembrace and Tosymra. While we have established our commercial team and have hired our U.S. sales force, we will need to further expand and develop the team in order to continue to successfully grow the business. Even if we are successful in developing our commercial team, there are many factors that could negatively impact sales of Zembrace and Tosymra or cause the continued commercialization of Zembrace and Tosymra to be unsuccessful, including several factors that are outside our control. If the continued commercialization of Zembrace and Tosymra or future sales are less successful than expected or perceived as disappointing, our stock price could decline significantly, and the long-term success of the product and our company could be harmed. Additionally, our strategy in the U.S. includes distributing Zembrace and Tosymra solely through a limited network of third-party specialty distributors and specialty pharmacies. While we have entered into agreements with each of these distributors and pharmacies to distribute Zembrace and Tosymra in the U.S., they may not perform as agreed or they may terminate their agreements with us. Also, we may need to enter into agreements with additional distributors or pharmacies, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to do so on commercially reasonable terms or at all. In the event we are unable to maintain, or expand, if needed, our commercial team, including our U.S. sales force, or maintain and, if needed, expand, our network of third-party specialty distributors and specialty pharmacies, our ability to continue commercializing Zembrace and Tosymra would be limited, and Zembrace and Tosymra may not be profitable. We have a history of operating losses and expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future. We may never achieve profitability. We are focused on product development, and we started generating revenues from product sales in the third quarter of 2023. We have incurred losses in each year of our operations, and we expect to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future. These operating losses have adversely affected and are likely to continue to adversely affect our working capital, total assets and shareholders’ equity. We and our prospects should be examined in light of the risks and difficulties frequently encountered by new and early-stage companies in new and rapidly evolving markets. These risks include, among other things, the speed at which we can scale up operations, our complete dependence upon development of our product candidates that currently have no market acceptance, our ability to establish and expand our brand name, our ability to expand our operations to meet the commercial demand of our clients, our development of and reliance on strategic and customer relationships and our ability to minimize fraud and other security risks. The process of developing our products requires significant clinical, nonclinical and CMC development, laboratory testing and clinical studies. In addition, commercialization of our product candidates will require that we obtain necessary regulatory approvals and establish sales, marketing and manufacturing capabilities, either through internal hiring or through contractual relationships with others. We expect to incur substantial losses for the foreseeable future as a result of anticipated increases in our research and development costs, including costs associated with conducting preclinical and nonclinical testing and clinical studies, and regulatory compliance activities. We expect to incur substantial additional operating expenses over the next several years as our research, development, preclinical and nonclinical testing, and clinical study activities increase , and if and when we acquire rights to additional product candidates. The amount of future losses and when, if ever, we will achieve profitability are uncertain. We have two products that have generated commercial revenue starting in the third quarter of 2023, but we do not expect revenues from the commercial sale of products to exceed expenses in the near future. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability will depend on, among other things, successful completion of the development of our product candidates; obtaining necessary regulatory approvals from the FDA; establishing manufacturing, sales, and marketing arrangements with third parties; successfully commercializing our products; establishing a favorable competitive position; and raising sufficient funds to finance our activities. Many of these factors will depend on circumstances beyond our control. We might not succeed at any of these undertakings. If we are unsuccessful at some or all of these undertakings, our business, prospects, and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. 71 We expect a number of factors to cause our operating results to fluctuate on a quarterly and annual basis, which may make it difficult to predict our future performance. We have not yet obtained regulatory approvals for TNX-102 SL or any of our other product candidates. Consequently, any predictions made about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history or commercialized products. Our financial condition has varied significantly in the past and will continue to fluctuate from quarter-to-quarter or year-to-year due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Factors relating to our business that may contribute to these fluctuations include other factors described elsewhere in this annual report and also include, among other things: ● our ability to obtain additional funding to develop our product candidates; ● market acceptance of our product candidates; ● the ability of patients or healthcare providers to obtain coverage of or sufficient reimbursement for our products; ● our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval for our product candidate TNX-102 SL for FM, or any of our other product candidates in the United States and foreign jurisdictions; ● delays in the commencement, enrollment and timing of clinical studies; ● the success of our clinical studies through all phases of clinical development, including studies of our most advanced product candidate, TNX-102 SL for FM and potentially other CNS indications; ● any delays in regulatory review and approval of product candidates in clinical development; ● potential nonclinical toxicity and/or side effects of our product candidates that could delay or prevent commercialization, limit the indications for any approved drug, require the establishment of REMS, or cause an approved drug to be taken off the market; ● our ability to establish or maintain collaborations, licensing or other arrangements; ● competition from existing products or new products that may emerge; ● our ability to leverage our proprietary technology platform to discover and develop additional product candidates; ● our ability and our licensors’ abilities to successfully obtain, maintain, defend and enforce intellectual property rights important to our business; and ● potential product liability claims; Accordingly, the results of any quarterly or annual periods should not be relied upon as indications of future operating performance. Uncertainty in Government Funding and In-Kind Support Policies and Programs may adversely affect our business. Changes in federal funding policies, including the ongoing review of DoD contracts and NIH grants and in-kind support by the new administration of President Donald Trump, could materially impact our financial resources and the progress of research conducted with U.S.-based university collaborators. While we have secured certain DoD and NIH funding and NIH in-kind support through Project NextGen, there is no guarantee that such funding or in-kind support will not be rescinded or otherwise restricted. Additionally, DoD, NIH and Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (“BARDA”) funding for future projects may be delayed, reduced, or denied altogether. Any such changes could adversely affect our research programs, financial condition, and operational plans. Further, certain research projects conducted in collaboration with U.S.-based university collaborators could be slowed or discontinued. We are exposed to cybersecurity and data privacy risks that, if realized, could expose us to legal liability, damage our reputation and harm our business. We face risks of cyber-attacks, computer hacks, theft, viruses, malicious software, phishing, employee error, denial-of-service attacks and other security breaches that could jeopardize the performance of our software and expose us to financial and reputational harm. Any of these occurrences could create liability for us, put our reputation in jeopardy and harm our business. Such harm could be in the form of theft of our or our customers’ confidential information, the inability to access our systems. In some cases, we rely on the safeguards put in place by third parties to protect against security threats. These third parties, including vendors that provide products and services for our operations, could also be a source of security risk to us in the event of a failure or a security incident affecting their own security systems and infrastructure. Our network of partners could also be a source of vulnerability to the extent their applications interface with ours, whether unintentionally or through a malicious backdoor. We do not review the software code included in third-party integrations in all instances. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, we or these third parties may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. We have internal controls designed to prevent cyber-related frauds related to authorizing the transfer of funds, but such internal controls may not be adequate. With the increasing frequency of cyber-related frauds to obtain inappropriate payments and other threats related to cyber-attacks, we may find it necessary to expend resources to remediate cyber-related incidents or to enhance and strengthen our cybersecurity. Our remediation efforts may not be successful and could result in interruptions, delays or cessation of service. Although we have insurance coverage for losses associated with cyber-attacks, as with all insurance policies, there are coverage exclusions and limitations, and our coverage may not be sufficient to cover all possible claims, and we may still suffer losses that could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and business. 72 The increase in remote working arrangements by our employees, vendors, and other third parties also increase the risk of a data security compromise and the possible attack surfaces. Although we conduct training as part of our information security, cybersecurity, and data privacy efforts, that training cannot be completely effective in preventing those attacks from being successful. There can be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls, or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our systems and information. RISKS RELATED TO PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT, REGULATORY APPROVAL, MANUFACTURING AND COMMERCILAIZATION Our product candidates are novel and still in development. Our drug development methods may not lead to commercially viable drugs for any of several reasons. For example, we may fail to identify appropriate targets or compounds, our drug candidates may fail to be safe and effective in clinical studies, or we may have inadequate financial or other resources to pursue development efforts for our drug candidates. Our drug candidates will require significant additional development, clinical studies, regulatory clearances and additional investment by us or our collaborators before they can be commercialized. Further, we and our product candidates are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and comparable regulatory authorities in other countries governing, among other things, research, testing, clinical studies, manufacturing, labeling, promotion, selling, adverse event reporting and recordkeeping. We are not permitted to market any of our product candidates in the United States until we receive approval of an NDA for a product candidate from the FDA or the equivalent approval from a foreign regulatory authority. Obtaining FDA approval is a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process. The success of our business depends on the successful development, approval and commercialization of our product candidates. Any projected sales or future revenue predictions are predicated upon FDA approval and market acceptance. If projected sales do not materialize for any reason, it would have a material adverse effect on our business and our ability to continue operations. 73 To obtain revenues from sales of our product candidates, we must succeed, either alone or with third parties, in developing, obtaining regulatory approval for, manufacturing and marketing drugs with commercial potential. We may never succeed in these activities, and we may not generate sufficient revenues to continue our business operations or achieve profitability. Successful development of our products is uncertain. Our development of current and future product candidates is subject to the risks of failure and delay inherent in the development of new pharmaceutical products, including: delays in product development, clinical testing, or manufacturing; unplanned expenditures in product development, clinical testing, or manufacturing; failure to receive regulatory approvals; emergence of superior or equivalent products; inability to manufacture on our own, or through any others, product candidates on a commercial scale; and failure to achieve market acceptance. Because of these risks, our research and development efforts may not result in any commercially viable products. If a significant portion of these development efforts are not successfully completed, required regulatory approvals are not obtained or any approved products are not commercially successfully, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially harmed. If preclinical and nonclinical testing or clinical studies for our product candidates are unsuccessful or delayed, we will be unable to meet our anticipated development and commercialization timelines. We rely and expect to continue to rely on third parties, including contract research organizations, or CROs, and outside consultants, to conduct, supervise or monitor some or all aspects of preclinical and nonclinical testing and clinical studies involving our product candidates. We have less control over the timing and other aspects of these preclinical and nonclinical testing activities and clinical studies than if we performed the monitoring and supervision entirely on our own. Third parties may not perform their responsibilities for our preclinical and nonclinical testing and clinical studies on our anticipated schedule or, for clinical studies, consistent with a clinical study protocol. Delays in preclinical and nonclinical testing, and clinical studies could significantly increase our product development costs and delay product commercialization. In addition, many of the factors that may cause, or lead to, a delay in the clinical studies may also ultimately lead to denial of regulatory approval of a product candidate. The commencement of clinical studies can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including delays in: ● demonstrating sufficient safety and efficacy to obtain regulatory approval to commence a clinical study; ● reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective CROs and study sites; ● developing a stable formulation of a product candidate; ● manufacturing sufficient quantities of a product candidate; and ● obtaining institutional review board, or IRB, approval to conduct a clinical study at a prospective site. Once a clinical study has begun, it may be delayed, suspended or terminated by us or the FDA or other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors, including: ● ongoing discussions with the FDA or other regulatory authorities regarding the scope or design of our clinical studies; ● failure to conduct clinical studies in accordance with regulatory requirements; ● lower than anticipated recruitment or retention rate of patients in clinical studies; ● inspection of the clinical study operations or study sites by the FDA or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold; ● lack of adequate funding to continue clinical studies; ● negative results of clinical studies; ● investigational drug product out-of-specification; or ● nonclinical or clinical safety observations, including adverse events and SAEs. If clinical studies are unsuccessful, and we are not able to obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates under development, we will not be able to commercialize these products, and therefore may not be able to generate sufficient revenues to support our business. 74 We are subject to extensive and costly government regulation. Product candidates employing our technology are subject to extensive and rigorous domestic government regulation including regulation by the FDA, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, other divisions of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, the United States Department of Justice, state and local governments, and their respective foreign equivalents. The FDA regulates the research, development, preclinical and nonclinical testing and clinical studies, manufacture, safety, effectiveness, record-keeping, reporting, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale, distribution, import, and export of biopharmaceutical products. The FDA regulates small molecule chemical entities as drugs, subject to an NDA under the FDCA. The FDA applies the same standards for biologics, requiring an IND application, followed by a Biologic License Application, or BLA, prior to licensure. Other products, such as vaccines, are also regulated under the Public Health Service Act. FDA has conflated the standards for approval of NDAs and BLAs so that they require the same types of information on safety, effectiveness, and CMCs. If products employing our technologies are marketed abroad, they will also be subject to extensive regulation by foreign governments, whether or not they have obtained FDA approval for a given product and its uses. Such foreign regulation may be equally or more demanding than corresponding United States regulation. Government regulation substantially increases the cost and risk of researching, developing, manufacturing, and selling our products. The regulatory review and approval process, which includes preclinical and nonclinical testing and clinical studies of each product candidate, is lengthy, expensive, and uncertain. We or our collaborators must obtain and maintain regulatory authorization to conduct clinical studies. We or our collaborators must obtain regulatory approval for each product we intend to market, and the manufacturing facilities used for the products must be inspected and meet legal requirements. Securing regulatory approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical, nonclinical and clinical data and other supporting information for each proposed therapeutic indication in order to establish the product’s safety and efficacy, and in the case of biologics also potency and purity, for each intended use. The development and approval process takes many years, requires substantial resources, and may never lead to the approval of a product. Even if we are able to obtain regulatory approval for a particular product, the approval may limit the indicated medical uses for the product, may otherwise limit our ability to promote, sell, and distribute the product, may require that we conduct costly post-marketing surveillance, and/or may require that we conduct ongoing post-marketing studies. Material changes to an approved product, such as, for example, manufacturing changes or revised labeling, may require further regulatory review and approval. Once obtained, any approvals may be withdrawn, including, for example, if there is a later discovery of previously unknown problems with the product, such as a previously unknown safety issue. If we, our collaborators, or our CMOs fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements at any stage during the regulatory process, such noncompliance could result in, among other things, delays in the approval of applications or supplements to approved applications; refusal of a regulatory authority, including the FDA, to review pending market approval applications or supplements to approved applications; warning letters; fines; import and/or export restrictions; product recalls or seizures; injunctions; total or partial suspension of production; civil penalties; withdrawals of previously approved marketing applications or licenses; recommendations by the FDA or other regulatory authorities against governmental contracts; and/or criminal prosecutions. 75 We do not have, and may never obtain, the regulatory approvals we need to market our product candidates. Following completion of clinical studies, the results are evaluated and, depending on the outcome, submitted to the FDA in the form of an NDA or BLA in order to obtain FDA approval of the product and authorization to commence commercial marketing. In responding to an NDA, the FDA may require additional testing or information, may require that the product labeling be modified, may impose post-approval study and other commitments or reporting requirements or other restrictions on product distribution, or may deny the application. The FDA has established performance goals for review of NDAs or BLAs: six months for priority applications and ten months for standard applications. However, the FDA is not required to complete its review within these time periods. The timing of final FDA review and action varies greatly but can take years in some cases and may involve the input of an FDA advisory committee of outside experts. Product sales in the United States may commence only when an NDA or BLA is approved. To date, we have not received the regulatory approvals required for the commercial sale of any of our products in the United States or in any foreign jurisdiction. None of our product candidates have been determined to be safe and effective, and we have not submitted an NDA or BLA equivalent application to any foreign regulatory authorities for any of our product candidates. It is possible that none of our product candidates will be approved for marketing. Failure to obtain regulatory approvals, or delays in obtaining regulatory approvals, may adversely affect the successful commercialization of any drugs or biologics that we or our partners develop, may impose additional costs on us or our collaborators, may diminish any competitive advantages that we or our partners may attain, and/or may adversely affect our receipt of revenues or royalties. Our product candidates may cause serious adverse events, or SAEs, or undesirable side effects which may delay or prevent marketing authorization, or, if approval is received, require them to be taken off the market, require them to include safety warnings or otherwise limit their sales. SAEs or undesirable side effects from any of our other product candidates could arise either during clinical development or, if approved, after the approved product has been marketed. The results of future clinical studies may show that our product candidates cause SAEs or undesirable side effects, which could interrupt, delay or halt clinical studies, resulting in delay of, or failure to obtain, marketing authorization from the FDA and other regulatory authorities. If any of our other product candidates cause SAEs or undesirable side effects or suffer from quality control issues: ● regulatory authorities may impose a clinical hold or risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, or REMS, which could result in substantial delays, significantly increase the cost of development, and/or adversely impact our ability to continue development of the product; ● regulatory authorities may require the addition of statements, specific warnings, or contraindications to the product label, or restrict the product’s indication to a smaller potential treatment population; ● we may be required to change the way the product is administered or conduct additional clinical studies; ● we may be required to implement a risk minimization action plan, which could result in substantial cost increases and have a negative impact on our ability to commercialize the product; ● we may be required to limit the participants who can receive the product; ● we may be subject to limitations on how we promote the product; ● we may, voluntarily or involuntarily, initiate field alerts for product recall, which may result in shortages; 76 ● sales of the product may decrease significantly; ● regulatory authorities may require us to take our approved product off the market; ● we may be subject to litigation or product liability claims; and ● our reputation may suffer. Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product or could substantially increase commercialization costs and expenses, which in turn could delay or prevent us from generating significant revenues from the sale of our products. If we are required to generate additional data related to safety and efficacy in order to obtain approval for TNX-SL for FM under Section 505(b)(2), we may be unable to meet our anticipated development and commercialization timelines. We submitted the NDA for TNX-102 SL for FM under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA, which would enable us to rely in part on data in the public domain or elsewhere. Some of the data required by the FDA for approval may be related to products already approved by the FDA. If the data relied upon is related to products already approved by the FDA and covered by third-party patents, we would be required to certify that we do not infringe the listed patents or that such patents are invalid or unenforceable. As a result of the certification, the third-party would have 45 days from notification of our certification to initiate an action against us. In the event that an action is brought in response to such a certification, the approval of our NDA could be subject to a stay of up to 30 months or more while we defend against such a suit. Approval of our product candidates under Section 505(b)(2) may therefore be delayed until patent exclusivity expires or until we successfully challenge the applicability of those patents to our product candidates. Alternatively, we may elect to generate sufficient additional clinical data so that we no longer rely on data which triggers a potential stay of the approval of our product candidates. Even if no exclusivity periods apply to our applications under Section 505(b)(2), the FDA has broad discretion to require us to generate additional data on the safety and efficacy of our product candidates to supplement third-party data on which we may be permitted to rely. In either event, we could be required, before obtaining marketing authorization for any of our product candidates, to conduct substantial new research and development activities beyond those we currently plan to engage in order to obtain approval of our product candidates. Such additional new research and development activities would be costly and time-consuming. The FDA may not approve our NDA based on their review of the submitted data. If cyclobenzaprine-containing products are withdrawn from the market by the FDA for any safety reason, we may not be able to reference such products to support a 505(b)(2) NDA for TNX-102 SL, and we may need to fulfill the more extensive requirements of Section 505(b)(1). If we are required to generate additional data to support approval, we may be unable to meet our anticipated development and commercialization timelines, may be unable to generate the additional data at a reasonable cost, or at all, and may be unable to obtain marketing authorization of our lead product candidate. 77 Any breakthrough, fast track or orphan drug designation or grant of priority review status by the FDA may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, nor will it assure FDA approval of our product candidates. Additionally, our product candidates may treat indications that do not qualify for priority review vouchers. If a product candidate offers major advances in treatment, the FDA may designate it eligible for priority review. The FDA has broad discretion whether or not to grant these designations, so even if we believe a particular product candidate is eligible for these designations, we cannot assure you that the FDA would decide to grant them. Even if we do receive fast track designation or priority review, we may not experience a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. The FDA may withdraw fast track designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program. Even if approved, our product candidates will be subject to extensive post-approval regulation. Once a product is approved, numerous post-approval requirements apply. Among other things, the holder of an approved NDA is subject to periodic and other FDA monitoring and reporting obligations, including obligations to monitor and report adverse events and instances of the failure of a product to meet the specifications in the NDA. Application holders must submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling, or manufacturing process. Application holders must also submit advertising and other promotional material to the FDA and report on ongoing clinical studies. Depending on the circumstances, failure to meet these post-approval requirements can result in criminal prosecution, fines, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of pre-marketing product approvals, or refusal to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts. In addition, even if we comply with FDA and other requirements, new information regarding the safety or effectiveness of a product could lead the FDA to modify or withdraw product approval. Our relationships with customers, physicians, and third-party payors is subject, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws, health information privacy and security laws, and other healthcare laws and regulations. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face substantial penalties. Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors in the United States and elsewhere will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of our products. Our current and future arrangements with healthcare professionals, principal investigators, consultants, customers and third-party payors subject us to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws and other health care laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the federal civil and criminal false claims laws and the law commonly referred to as the Physician Payments Sunshine Act and regulations. These laws will impact, among other things, our clinical research, sales, marketing and educational programs. In addition, we may be subject to patient privacy laws by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct or may conduct our business. The laws that will affect our operations include, but are not limited to: ● the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe or rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, in return for the purchase, recommendation, leasing or furnishing of an item or service reimbursable under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs; ● federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including, without limitation, the False Claims Act, and civil monetary penalty laws which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment or approval from Medicare, Medicaid or other government payors that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government; ● the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit a person from knowingly and willfully executing a scheme or making false or fraudulent statements to defraud any healthcare benefit program, regardless of the payor (e.g., public or private); 78 ● HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, and its implementing regulations, and as amended again by the final HIPAA omnibus rule, Modifications to the HIPAA Privacy, Security, Enforcement, and Breach Notification Rules Under HITECH and the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act; Other Modifications to HIPAA, published in January 2013, which imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information without appropriate authorization by entities subject to the rule, such as health plans, health care clearinghouses and health care providers, and their respective business associates; ● federal transparency laws, including the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, which is part of PPACA, that require certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to report annually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, information related to: (i) payments or other “transfers of value’’ made to physicians and teaching hospitals; and (ii) ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members; ● state and foreign law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, state laws that require manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures, and state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government or to adopt compliance programs as prescribed by state laws and regulations, or that otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers; and ● state and foreign laws that govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts. Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion of drugs from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. The risk of our being found in violation of these laws is increased by the fact that many of them have not been fully interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are open to a variety of interpretations. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. The shifting compliance environment and the need to build and maintain robust and expandable systems to comply with multiple jurisdictions with different compliance and/or reporting requirements increases the possibility that a healthcare company may run afoul of one or more of the requirements. If we obtain approval to commercialize any approved products outside of the United States, a variety of risks associated with international operations could materially adversely affect our business. If TNX-102 SL or any of our other product candidates are approved for commercialization outside of the United States, we intend to enter into agreements with third parties to market them on a worldwide basis or in more limited geographical regions. We expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to entering into international business relationships, including: ● different regulatory requirements for drug approvals; ● reduced protection for intellectual property rights, including trade secret and patent rights; ● unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements; ● economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets; ● compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad; ● foreign taxes, including withholding of payroll taxes; 79 ● foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenues, and other obligations incident to doing business in another country; ● workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States; ● production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; ● business interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism, or natural disasters including earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and fires; and ● difficulty in importing and exporting clinical study materials and study samples. We may use our financial and human resources to pursue a particular research program or product candidate and fail to capitalize on programs or product candidates that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success. Because we have limited financial and human resources, we are currently focusing on development of our lead product candidates. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on existing and future product candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through strategic alliance, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate, or we may allocate internal resources to a product candidate in a therapeutic area in which it would have been more advantageous to enter into a partnering arrangement. The biopharmaceutical industry is subject to extensive regulatory obligations and policies that may be subject to change, including due to judicial challenges. The U. S. biopharmaceutical industry is highly regulated and subject to frequent and substantial changes, including as a result of new judicial or government actions. Legislative and regulatory agendas as they relate to the biopharmaceutical industry are currently uncertain. Changes in the regulatory approval process, or substantial reductions in the personnel who oversee that process, could affect our ability to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates or the timeline in which we can obtain that approval. We and our current and future third party collaborators rely on government programs and agencies, such as DTRA and the NIH, as a source of grant funding for scientific research relevant to our product candidates. Funding from government agencies such as DTRA and the NIH can fluctuate and is subject to the political process, which is often unpredictable. Reductions in government grants to us or our third party collaborators may adversely impact our ability to develop our existing product candidates and our ability to identify new product candidates. In addition, on June 28, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court issued an opinion holding that courts reviewing agency action pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) “must exercise their independent judgment” and “may not defer to an agency interpretation of the law simply because a statute is ambiguous.” The decision could have a significant impact on how lower courts evaluate challenges to agency interpretations of law, including those by the FDA and other agencies with significant oversight and impact of the biopharmaceutical industry. The new framework may increase both the frequency of such challenges and their odds of success by eliminating one way in which the government previously prevailed in such cases. As a result, significant regulatory policies could be subject to increased litigation and judicial scrutiny. We cannot predict how other future federal or state legislative or administrative changes relating to healthcare reform or the biopharmaceutical industry, or the regulatory agencies that oversee the biopharmaceutical industry, will affect our business. Reductions in staffing and funding at FDA and other federal agencies could cause delays in the development and approval of our products. Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, our products cannot be investigated in humans or marketed without approval from FDA. In addition, companies developing new therapies routinely seek and receive guidance from FDA regarding their methods and plans for developing their products. We and companies like us may also benefit from FDA-administered programs like orphan drug designation and expedited development pathways, e.g., breakthrough designation. Any material reductions in the ability of FDA to perform these and other functions may delay the development and approval of our product candidates. Recent actions by the United States federal government have caused concern in the industry that this may occur. For example, beginning on February 13, 2025, the Department of Health and Human Services began firing a large number of its probationary employees, a category that includes new federal employees and employees recently promoted or transferred to new positions or agencies. Larger layoffs may follow, according to a memorandum issued by the Office of Personnel Management on February 26, 2025. These terminations, if they withstand legal challenges, may significantly delay and impede our interactions with FDA. Similar results may stem from the recent confirmed resignations of some senior FDA employees with responsibility for regulation of drugs and biologics, as well as possible future layoffs and resignations. There are also reports that the United States federal government intends to request Congress to reduce FDA funding in upcoming budgets. Such funding cuts may also delay the development and approval of our products. RISKS RELATED TO OUR FINANCIAL CONDITION AND CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS; COMPETITION We may be unable to continue to operate without the threat of liquidation for the foreseeable future. Our independent registered public accounting firm has included an explanatory paragraph relating to our ability to continue as a going concern in its report on our audited financial statements. If we are unable to obtain sufficient funding, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected and we may be unable to continue as a going concern. For example, we anticipate that our existing cash and cash equivalents will enable us to maintain our current operations into the first quarter of 2026, but not beyond. If we are unable to continue as a going concern, we may have to liquidate our assets and may receive less than the value at which those assets are carried on our consolidated financial statements, and investors will likely lose all or a part of their investment. Future reports from our independent registered public accounting firm may also contain statements expressing substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. If we seek additional financing to fund our business activities in the future and there remains substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, investors or other financing sources may be unwilling to provide additional funding on commercially reasonable terms or at all. In connection with our management’s assessment, our report from our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 includes an explanatory paragraph stating that our recurring losses from operations and net capital deficiency raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We will need additional capital. If additional capital is not available or is available at unattractive terms, we may be forced to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate our research and development programs, reduce our commercialization efforts or curtail our operations. In order to develop and bring our product candidates to market, we must commit substantial resources to costly and time-consuming research, preclinical and nonclinical testing, clinical studies and marketing activities and the buildout of our research and development and manufacturing facilities. We anticipate that our existing cash and cash equivalents will enable us to maintain our current operations into the first quarter of 2026, but not beyond. We anticipate using our cash and cash equivalents to fund further research and development with respect to our lead product candidate. We will, however, need to raise additional funding sooner if our business or operations change in a manner that consumes available resources more rapidly than we anticipate. Our requirements for additional capital will depend on many factors, including: ● increased sales of our two commercialized products; ● successful commercialization of our product candidates; 80 ● the time and costs involved in obtaining regulatory approval for our product candidates; ● costs associated with protecting our intellectual property rights; ● development of marketing and sales capabilities; ● payments received under future collaborative agreements, if any; and ● market acceptance of our products. To the extent we raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities, the issuance of those securities could result in dilution to our shareholders. In addition, if we obtain debt financing, a substantial portion of our operating cash flow may be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on such indebtedness, thus limiting funds available for our business activities. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate our research and development programs, reduce our commercialization efforts or curtail our operations. In addition, we may be required to obtain funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or others that may require us to relinquish rights to technologies, product candidates or products that we would otherwise seek to develop or commercialize ourselves or license rights to technologies, product candidates or products on terms that are less favorable to us than might otherwise be available. We will require substantial additional funds to support our research and development activities, and the anticipated costs of preclinical and nonclinical testing and clinical studies, regulatory approvals and eventual commercialization. Such additional sources of financing may not be available on favorable terms, if at all. If we do not succeed in raising additional funds on acceptable terms, we may be unable to commence or complete clinical studies or obtain approval of any product candidates from the FDA and other regulatory authorities. In addition, we could be forced to discontinue product development, forego sales and marketing efforts and forego attractive business opportunities. Any additional sources of financing will likely involve the issuance of our equity securities, which will have a dilutive effect on our shareholders. There is no assurance that we will be successful in raising the additional funds needed to fund our business plan. If we are not able to raise sufficient capital in the near future, our continued operations will be in jeopardy and we may be forced to cease operations and sell or otherwise transfer all or substantially all of our remaining assets. Competition and technological change may make our product candidates and technologies less attractive or obsolete. We compete with established pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that are pursuing other forms of treatment for the same or similar indications we are pursuing and that have greater financial and other resources. Other companies may succeed in developing products earlier than us, obtaining FDA approval for products more rapidly, or developing products that are more effective than our product candidates. Research and development by others may render our technology or product candidates obsolete or noncompetitive, or result in treatments or cures superior to any therapy we develop. We face competition from companies that internally develop competing technology or acquire competing technology from universities and other research institutions. As these companies develop their technologies, they may develop competitive positions that may prevent, make futile, or limit our product commercialization efforts, which would result in a decrease in the revenue we would be able to derive from the sale of any products. 81 There can be no assurance that any of our product candidates will be accepted by the marketplace as readily as these or other competing treatments. Furthermore, if our competitors’ products are approved before ours, it could be more difficult for us to obtain approval from the FDA. For example, at least three vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19 have been approved to date, and we expect that other vaccines will be approved prior to the approval of our COVID-19 vaccine candidate, if it is approved at all. Even if our products are successfully developed and approved for use by all governing regulatory bodies, there can be no assurance that physicians and patients will accept our product(s) as a treatment of choice. Additionally, if a competitor receives FDA approval before we do for a drug that is similar to one of our product candidates, FDA approval for our product candidate may be precluded or delayed due to periods of non-patent exclusivity and/or the listing with the FDA by the competitor of patents covering its newly-approved drug product. Periods of non-patent exclusivity for new versions of existing drugs such as our current drug product candidate, TNX-102 SL, can extend up to three and one-half years. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical research industry is diverse, complex, and rapidly changing. By its nature, the business risks associated therewith are numerous and significant. The effects of competition, intellectual property disputes, market acceptance, and FDA regulations preclude us from forecasting revenues or income with certainty or even confidence. Although we have two approved products on the market, we do not expect revenues from product sales to exceed expenses in the foreseeable future, if at all. We have two approved products on the market and started generating product revenues in the second half of 2023. However, we have primarily funded our operations from sales of our securities and government funding. We expect to rely on investment capital for the foreseeable future. Outbreaks of communicable diseases may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may face risks related to health epidemics or outbreaks of communicable diseases. The outbreak of such communicable diseases, such as COVID-19, has and may result in future widespread health crisis that adversely affect general commercial activity and the economies and financial markets of many countries. An outbreak of communicable diseases, or the perception that such an outbreak could occur, and the measures taken by the governments of countries affected could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. For example, an outbreak could significantly disrupt our business by limiting our ability to travel or ship materials within or outside of an affected country and forcing temporary closure of facilities or service providers that we rely upon. An outbreak could also impact our ability to conduct our ongoing multicenter clinical trials if trial participant attendance at requisite study visits is substantially reduced and if a significant percentage of study participants and study staff are adversely affected by coronavirus or other infections and the resulting disease course. Moreover, government or community shutdowns such as those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, may impair our ability to analyze and submit the results from our clinical and preclinical trials, leading to further delays in the development and approval of our product candidates. RISKS RELATED TO OUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND REGULATORY EXCLUSIVITY If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights, our ability to pursue the development of our technologies and products would be negatively affected. Our success will depend in part on our ability to obtain patents and maintain adequate protection of our technologies and products. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property, competitors may be able to use our technologies to produce and market drugs using our technologies and patents in direct competition with us and erode our competitive advantage. Some foreign countries lack rules and methods for defending intellectual property rights and do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the United States. Many companies have had difficulty protecting their proprietary rights in these foreign countries. We may not be able to prevent misappropriation of our proprietary rights and intellectual property rights in these and other countries. We have received, and are currently seeking, patent protection for numerous compounds and methods of treating diseases. However, the patent process is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in protecting our products by obtaining and defending patents related to them. These risks and uncertainties include the following: patents that may be issued or licensed may be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented, or otherwise may not provide us any competitive advantage; our competitors, many of which have substantially greater resources than we and many of which have made significant investments in competing technologies, may seek, or may already have obtained, patents that will limit, interfere with, or eliminate our ability to make, use, and sell our potential products either in the United States or in international markets; there may be significant pressure on the United States government and other international governmental bodies to limit the scope of patent protection both inside and outside the United States for treatments that prove successful as a matter of public policy regarding worldwide health concerns; and countries other than the United States may have less robust patent laws than those upheld by United States courts, allowing foreign competitors the ability to exploit these laws to create, develop, and market competing products using our technologies and patents. 82 Moreover, any patents issued to us may not provide us with meaningful protection, or others may challenge, circumvent or narrow our patents. Third parties may also independently develop products similar to our products, duplicate our unpatented products or design around any patents or propriety technologies on products we develop. Additionally, extensive time is required for development, testing and regulatory review of a potential product. While extensions of patent term due to regulatory delays may be available, it is possible that, before any of our product candidates can be commercialized, any related patent, even with an extension, may expire or remain in force for only a short period following commercialization, thereby reducing any advantages to us of the patent. In addition, the PTO and patent offices in other jurisdictions have often required that patent applications concerning pharmaceutical and/or biotechnology-related inventions be limited or narrowed substantially to cover only the innovations specifically exemplified in the patent application, thereby limiting the scope of protection against competitive challenges. Thus, even if we or our licensors are able to obtain patents, the patents may be substantially narrower than anticipated. Our success depends on our patents and patent applications that may be licensed exclusively to us and other patents and patent applications to which we may obtain assignment or licenses. We may not be aware, however, of all patents, published applications or published literature that may affect our business either by blocking our ability to commercialize our product candidates, by preventing the patentability of our product candidates to us or our licensors, or by covering the same or similar technologies. These patents, patent applications, and published literature may limit the scope of our future patent claims or adversely affect our ability to market our product candidates. In addition to patents, we rely on a combination of trade secrets, confidentiality, nondisclosure and other contractual provisions, and security measures to protect our confidential and proprietary information. These measures may not adequately protect our trade secrets or other proprietary information. If they do not adequately protect our rights, third parties could use our technology, and we could lose any competitive advantage we may have. In addition, others may independently develop similar proprietary information or techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets, which could impair any competitive advantage we may have. Patent protection and other intellectual property protection is crucial to the success of our business and prospects, and there is a substantial risk that such protections will prove inadequate. We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents, which could be expensive and time consuming. The pharmaceutical industry has been characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights, and companies have employed intellectual property litigation to gain a competitive advantage. We may become subject to infringement claims or litigation arising out of present and future patents and other proceedings of our competitors. The defense and prosecution of intellectual property suits are costly and time-consuming to pursue, and their outcome is uncertain. Litigation may be necessary to determine the enforceability, scope, and validity of the proprietary rights of others. An adverse determination in litigation to which we may become a party could subject us to significant liabilities, require us to obtain licenses from third parties, or restrict or prevent us from selling our products in certain markets. Although patent and intellectual property disputes might be settled through licensing or similar arrangements, the costs associated with such arrangements may be substantial and could include our paying large, fixed payments and ongoing royalties. Furthermore, the necessary licenses may not be available on satisfactory terms or at all. Competitors may infringe our patents, and we may file infringement claims to counter infringement or unauthorized use. Third parties may assert that our patents are invalid and/or unenforceable in these proceedings. Such litigation can be expensive, particularly for a company of our size, and time-consuming. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover its technology. An adverse determination of any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly. Third parties may also assert that our patents are invalid in patent office administrative proceedings. These proceedings include oppositions in the European Patent Office and inter partes review and post-grant review proceedings in the PTO. The success rate of these administrative challenges to patent validity in the United States is higher than it is for validity challenges in litigation. 83 Interference or derivation proceedings brought before the PTO may be necessary to determine priority of invention with respect to innovations disclosed in our patents or patent applications. During these proceedings, it may be determined that we do not have priority of invention for one or more aspects in our patents or patent applications and could result in the invalidation in part or whole of a patent or could put a patent application at risk of not issuing. Even if successful, an interference or derivation proceeding may result in substantial costs and distraction to our management. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation or interference or derivation proceedings, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If investors perceive these results to be negative, the price of our common stock could be adversely affected. Except for the oppositions to European Patents 2501234, 2968992, and 2683245 (the Opposition Division in each of those oppositions maintained our claims in unamended form; Opponent has appealed that decision in the ’234 Opposition and we expect the opponents to appeal the decisions in the ’992 and ’245 oppositions), there are no unresolved communications, allegations, complaints or threats of litigation related to the possibility that our patents are invalid or unenforceable. Any litigation or claims against us, whether or not merited, may result in substantial costs, place a significant strain on our financial resources, divert the attention of management and harm our reputation. An adverse decision in litigation or administrative proceedings could result in inadequate protection for our product candidates and/or reduce the value of any license agreements we have with third parties. If we infringe the rights of third parties we could be prevented from selling products, forced to pay damages, and defend against litigation. If our products, methods, processes and other technologies infringe the proprietary rights of other parties, we could incur substantial costs and we may have to: obtain licenses, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all; abandon an infringing product candidate; redesign our products or processes to avoid infringement; stop using the subject matter claimed in the patents held by others; pay damages; and/or defend litigation or administrative proceedings which may be costly whether we win or lose, and which could result in a substantial diversion of our financial and management resources. There are risks to our intellectual property based on our international business initiatives. We may face risks to our technology and intellectual property as a result of our conducting strategic business discussions outside of the United States, and particularly in jurisdictions that do not have comparable levels of protection of corporate proprietary information and assets such as intellectual property, trademarks, trade secrets, know-how and customer information and records. While these risks are common to many companies, conducting business in certain foreign jurisdictions, housing technology, data and intellectual property abroad, or licensing technology to joint ventures with foreign partners may have more significant exposure. For example, we have shared intellectual properties with entities in China pursuant to confidentiality agreements in connection with discussions on potential strategic collaborations, which may expose us to material risks of theft of our proprietary information and other intellectual property, including technical data, manufacturing processes, data sets or other sensitive information. For example, our technology may be reverse engineered by the parties or other parties, which could result in our patents being infringed or our know-how or trade secrets stolen. The risk can be by direct intrusion wherein technology and intellectual property is stolen or compromised through cyber intrusions or physical theft through corporate espionage, including with the assistance of insiders, or via more indirect routes. 84 GENERAL COMPANY-RELATED RISKS We rely on third parties to conduct, supervise and monitor our clinical studies, and if those third parties perform in an unsatisfactory manner, it may harm our business. We rely on CROs and clinical study sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical studies. While we have agreements governing their activities, we will have limited influence over their actual performance. We will control only certain aspects of our CROs’ activities. Nevertheless, we will be responsible for ensuring that our clinical studies are conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our CROs are required to comply with the FDA’s cGCP for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical studies to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of clinical study participants are protected. The FDA enforces these cGCPs through periodic inspections of study sponsors, principal investigators and clinical study sites. If we or our CROs fail to comply with applicable cGCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical studies may be deemed unreliable and the FDA may require us to perform additional clinical studies before approving any marketing applications. Upon inspection, the FDA may determine that our clinical studies did not comply with cGCPs. Accordingly, if our CROs fail to comply with these regulations, we may be required to repeat such clinical studies, which would delay the regulatory approval process. 85 Our CROs are not our employees, and we are not able to control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our clinical studies. These CROs may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical studies, or other drug development activities which could harm our competitive position. If our CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations, fail to meet expected deadlines, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements, or for any other reasons, our clinical studies may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize our product candidates. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for such product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed. We also rely on other third parties to store and distribute drug products for our clinical studies. Any performance failure on the part of our distributors could delay clinical development or marketing authorization of our product candidates or commercialization of our products, if approved, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenue. In addition, we currently rely on foreign CROs and CMOs, and will likely continue to rely on foreign CROs and CMOs in the future. Foreign CMOs may be subject to U.S. legislation, including the proposed BIOSECURE Act, sanctions, trade restrictions and other foreign regulatory requirements which could increase the cost or reduce the supply of material available to us, delay the procurement or supply of such material or have an adverse effect on our ability to secure significant commitments from governments to purchase our potential therapies. For example, the biopharmaceutical industry in China is strictly regulated by the Chinese government. Changes to Chinese regulations or government policies affecting biopharmaceutical companies are unpredictable and may have a material adverse effect on our collaborators in China which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Evolving changes in China’s public health, economic, political, and social conditions and the uncertainty around China’s relationship with other governments, such as the United States and the U.K., could also negatively impact our ability to manufacture our product candidates for our planned clinical trials or have an adverse effect on our ability to secure government funding, which could adversely affect our financial condition and cause us to delay our clinical development programs. We will need to expand our operations and increase the size of our company, and we may experience difficulties in managing growth. As we advance our product candidates through preclinical and nonclinical testing and clinical studies, and develop new product candidates, buildout of our research and development and manufacturing facilities, and develop our commercialization organization, we will need to increase our product development, scientific, regulatory and compliance and administrative headcount to manage these programs. In addition, to meet our obligations as a public company, we will need to increase our general and administrative capabilities. Our management, personnel and systems currently in place may not be adequate to support this future growth. Our need to effectively manage our operations, growth and various projects requires that we: ● successfully attract and recruit new employees with the expertise and experience we will require; ● manage our clinical programs effectively, which we anticipate being conducted at numerous clinical sites; 86 ● maintain a marketing, distribution and sales infrastructure in addition to a post-marketing surveillance program; and ● continue to improve our operational, manufacturing, quality assurance, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures. If we are unable to successfully manage this growth and increased complexity of operations, our business may be adversely affected. Our executive officers and other key personnel are critical to our business, and our future success depends on our ability to retain them. Our success depends to a significant extent upon the continued services of Dr. Seth Lederman, our President and Chief Executive Officer and Dr. Gregory M. Sullivan, our Chief Medical Officer. Dr. Lederman has overseen Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary, since inception and provides leadership for our growth and operations strategy as well as being an inventor on many of our patents. Dr. Sullivan has served as our Chief Medical Officer since 2014 and directed the fibromyalgia program’s Phase 2 AtEase study, Phase 3 RELIEF study, the Phase 3 RALLY study and the Phase 3 RESILIENT study. Loss of the services of Drs. Lederman or Sullivan would have a material adverse effect on our growth, revenues, and prospective business. The loss of any of our key personnel, or the inability to attract and retain qualified personnel, may significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our research, development or business objectives and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any employment agreement we enter into will not ensure the retention of the employee who is a party to the agreement. In addition, we have only limited ability to prevent former employees from competing with us. Furthermore, our future success will also depend in part on the continued service of our key scientific and management personnel and our ability to identify, hire, and retain additional personnel. We experience intense competition for qualified personnel and may be unable to attract and retain the personnel necessary for the development of our business. Moreover, competition for personnel with the scientific and technical skills that we seek is extremely high and is likely to remain high. Because of this competition, our compensation costs may increase significantly. If we are unable to hire additional qualified personnel, our ability to grow our business may be harmed. Over time we will need to hire additional qualified personnel with expertise in drug development, product registration, clinical, preclinical and nonclinical research, quality compliance, government regulation, formulation and manufacturing, financial matters and sales and marketing. We compete for qualified individuals with numerous biopharmaceutical companies, universities and other research institutions. Competition for such individuals is intense, and we cannot be certain that our search for such personnel will be successful. Attracting and retaining qualified personnel will be critical to our success. We rely on third parties to manufacture our marketed products and the compounds used in our studies, and we intend to rely on them in the future. If these third parties do not manufacture our products and product candidates in sufficient quantities and at an acceptable cost, clinical development and commercialization of our products and product candidates could be delayed, prevented or impaired. We rely on CMOs to manufacture all of our product candidates in clinical studies and our commercial products. Completion of our clinical studies and commercialization of our products requires the manufacture of a sufficient supply of our products. We have contracted with outside sources to manufacture our development compounds and commercial products. If, for any reason, we become unable to rely on our current manufacturing sources, either for clinical studies or for commercial quantities, then we would need to identify and contract with additional or replacement third-party manufacturers. 87 We believe that there are a variety of manufacturers that we may be able to retain to produce these products. However, once we retain a manufacturing source, if our manufacturers do not perform in a satisfactory manner, we may not be able to develop or commercialize our products as planned. Certain specialized manufacturers are expected to provide us with modified and unmodified pharmaceutical compounds, including finished products, for use in our preclinical and nonclinical testing and clinical studies and final product. Some of these materials are available from only one supplier or vendor. Any interruption in or termination of service by such sole source suppliers could result in a delay or interruption in manufacturing until we locate an alternative source of supply. Any delay or interruption in manufacturing operations (or failure to locate a suitable replacement for such suppliers) could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, or results of operations. We do not have any short-term or long-term manufacturing agreements with many of these manufacturers. If we fail to contract for manufacturing on acceptable terms or if third-party manufacturers do not perform as we expect, our development programs could be materially adversely affected, and our efforts to commercialize our marketed products will be materially impaired. This may result in delays in filing for and receiving FDA approval for one or more of our products and impair our revenues from sales. Any such delays could cause our prospects and financial condition to suffer significantly. Failure by our third-party manufacturers to comply with the regulatory guidelines set forth by the FDA with respect to our products and product candidates could delay or prevent the completion of clinical studies, the approval of any product candidates or the commercialization of our products. Third-party manufacturers must be inspected by FDA for cGMP compliance before they can produce commercial product. We may be in competition with other companies for access to these manufacturers’ facilities and may be subject to delays in manufacture if the manufacturers give other clients higher priority than they give to us. If we are unable to secure and maintain third-party manufacturing capacity, the development and sales of our products and our financial performance may be materially affected. Manufacturers are obligated to operate in accordance with FDA-mandated requirements. A failure of any of our third-party manufacturers to establish and follow cGMP requirements and to document their adherence to such practices may lead to significant delays in the availability of material for clinical studies, may delay or prevent filing or approval of marketing applications for our products, and may cause delays or interruptions in the availability of our products for commercial distribution following FDA approval. This could result in higher costs to us or deprive us of potential product revenues. Drug manufacturers are subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA, the Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA, and corresponding state and foreign agencies to ensure strict compliance with cGMP requirements and other requirements under Federal drug laws, other government regulations and corresponding foreign standards. If we or our third-party manufacturers fail to comply with applicable regulations, sanctions could be imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, failure by the government to grant marketing approval of drugs, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, seizures or recalls of product, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions. Adverse global conditions, including economic uncertainty, may negatively impact our financial results. Global conditions, dislocations in the financial markets, or inflation could adversely impact our business. In addition, the global macroeconomic environment has been and may continue to be negatively affected by, among other things, instability in global economic markets, increased U.S. trade tariffs and trade disputes with other countries, instability in the global credit markets, supply chain weaknesses, instability in the geopolitical environment, political tensions, and foreign governmental debt concerns. Such challenges have caused, and may continue to cause, uncertainty and instability in local economies and in global financial markets, which may adversely affect our business. 88 Our internal computer systems, or those of our CROs or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our product development programs. Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our CROs and other contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage or disruption from computer viruses, software bugs, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war, and telecommunication, equipment and electrical failures. While we have not, to our knowledge, experienced any significant system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our programs. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or ongoing clinical trials for any of our product candidates could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Moreover, our information security systems and those of our CROs are also subject to laws and regulations requiring that we take measures to protect the privacy and security of certain information gathered and used in our business. For example, HIPAA and its implementing regulations impose, among other requirements, certain regulatory and contractual requirements regarding the privacy and security of personal health information. In the European Union the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, is even more restrictive with respect to all personal information, including information masked by a coding system. In addition to HIPAA and GDPR, numerous other federal and state laws, including, without limitation, state security breach notification laws, state health information privacy laws and federal and state consumer protection laws, govern the collection, use, disclosure and storage of personal information. To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure or theft of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability, the further development of our product candidates could be delayed, our competitive position could be compromised, or our business reputation could be harmed. Corporate and academic collaborators may take actions to delay, prevent, or undermine the success of our products. Our operating and financial strategy for the development, clinical testing, manufacture, and commercialization of drug candidates is heavily dependent on our entering into collaborations with corporations, academic institutions, licensors, licensees, and other parties. Our current strategy assumes that we will successfully establish these collaborations, or similar relationships; however, there can be no assurance that we will be successful establishing such collaborations. Some of our existing collaborations are, and future collaborations may be, terminable at the sole discretion of the collaborator. Replacement collaborators might not be available on attractive terms, or at all. The activities of any collaborator will not be within our control and may not be within our power to influence. There can be no assurance that any collaborator will perform its obligations to our satisfaction or at all, that we will derive any revenue or profits from such collaborations, or that any collaborator will not compete with us. If any collaboration is not pursued, we may require substantially greater capital to undertake development and marketing of our proposed products and may not be able to develop and market such products effectively, if at all. In addition, a lack of development and marketing collaborations may lead to significant delays in introducing proposed products into certain markets and/or reduced sales of proposed products in such markets. Data provided by collaborators and others upon which we rely that has not been independently verified could turn out to be false, misleading, or incomplete. We rely on third-party vendors, scientists, and collaborators to provide us with significant data and other information related to our projects, clinical studies, and our business. If such third parties provide inaccurate, misleading, or incomplete data, our business, prospects, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. Our product candidates may face competition sooner than expected. We intend to seek data exclusivity or market exclusivity for our product candidates provided under the FDCA and similar laws in other countries. We believe that TNX-801 could qualify for 12 years of data exclusivity under the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, or BPCIA. Under the BPCIA, an application for a biosimilar product or BLA cannot be submitted to the FDA until four years, or if approved by the FDA, until 12 years, after the original brand product identified as the reference product is approved under a BLA. The BPCIA provides an abbreviated pathway for the approval of biosimilar and interchangeable biological products. The new abbreviated regulatory pathway establishes legal authority for the FDA to review and approve biosimilar biologics, including the possible designation of a biosimilar as “interchangeable” based on its similarity to an existing brand product. If the BPCIA is repealed or amended to shorten this exclusivity period, potentially creating the opportunity for biosimilar competition sooner than anticipated after the expiration of our patent protection, or business may be harmed. Moreover, the extent to which a biosimilar, once approved, will be substituted for any reference product in a way that is similar to traditional generic substitution for non-biological products is not yet clear, and will depend on a number of marketplace and regulatory factors that are still developing. 89 Our product candidates that are not, or are not considered, biologics that would qualify for exclusivity under the BPCIA may be eligible for market exclusivity as drugs under the FDCA. The FDCA provides a five-year period of non-patent marketing exclusivity within the U.S. to the first applicant to gain approval of an NDA for an new chemical entity (“NCE”). A drug is an NCE if the FDA has not previously approved any other new drug containing the same active moiety, which is the molecule or ion responsible for the action of the drug substance. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not accept for review an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, or a 505(b)(2) NDA, submitted by another company for another version of such drug where the applicant does not own or have a legal right of reference to all the data required for approval. However, an application may be submitted after four years if it contains a certification of patent invalidity or non-infringement. The FDCA also provides three years of marketing exclusivity for an NDA, 505(b)(2) NDA or supplement to an existing NDA if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are deemed by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application, for example, for new indications, dosages, or strengths of an existing drug. This three-year exclusivity covers only the conditions associated with the new clinical investigations and does not prohibit the FDA from approving ANDAs for drugs containing the original active agent. Even if, as we expect, our product candidates are considered to be reference products eligible for 12 years of exclusivity under the BPCIA or five years of exclusivity under the FDCA, another company could market competing products if the FDA approves a full BLA or full NDA for such product containing the sponsor’s own preclinical data and data from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate the safety, purity and potency of the products. Moreover, an amendment or repeal of the BPCIA could result in a shorter exclusivity period for our product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. If we fail to establish marketing, sales and distribution capabilities, or fail to enter into arrangements with third parties, we will not be able to create a market for our product candidates. Our strategy for our marketed products and our product candidates is to control, directly or through contracted third parties, all or most aspects of the product development process, including marketing, sales and distribution. We are in the process of establishing sales, marketing or distribution capabilities. In order to successfully generate and increase sales of our marketed products or any of our product candidates that receive regulatory approval, we must either acquire or develop an internal marketing and sales force with technical expertise and with supporting distribution capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services for us. The acquisition or development of a sales and distribution infrastructure, which we have commenced, requires substantial resources, which may divert the attention of our management and key personnel and defer our product development efforts. To the extent that we enter into marketing and sales arrangements with other companies, our revenues will depend on the efforts of others. These efforts may not be successful. If we fail to develop sales, marketing and distribution channels, or enter into arrangements with third parties, we will experience delays in product sales and incur increased costs. Sales of pharmaceutical products largely depend on the reimbursement of patients’ medical expenses by government health care programs and private health insurers. Without the financial support of the government or third-party payors, the market for our products will be limited. These third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price and examining the cost effectiveness of medical products and services. Recent proposals to change the health care system in the United States have included measures that would limit or eliminate payments for medical products and services or subject the pricing of medical treatment products to government control. Significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly approved health care products. Third-party payors may not reimburse sales of our products or enable our collaborators to sell them at profitable prices. 90 Our business strategy might involve out-licensing product candidates to or collaborating with larger firms with experience in marketing and selling pharmaceutical products. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully establish marketing, sales, or distribution relationships; that such relationships, if established, will be successful; or that we will be successful in gaining market acceptance for our products. To the extent that we enter into any marketing, sales, or distribution arrangements with third parties, our product revenues will be lower than if we marketed and sold our products directly, and any revenues we receive will depend upon the efforts of such third-parties. If we are unable to establish such third-party sales and marketing relationships, or choose not to do so, we will have to establish and rely on our own in-house capabilities. We, as a company, have limited experience in marketing or selling pharmaceutical products and currently have a small sales, marketing, and distribution infrastructure. To market any of our products directly, we would need to continue to develop a marketing, sales, and distribution force that both has technical expertise and the ability to support a distribution capability. The establishment of a marketing, sales, and distribution capability would significantly increase our costs, possibly requiring substantial additional capital. In addition, there is intense competition for proficient sales and marketing personnel, and we may not be able to attract individuals who have the qualifications necessary to market, sell, and distribute our products. There can be no assurance that we will be able to establish internal marketing, sales, or distribution capabilities. If we are unable to, or choose not to establish these capabilities, or if the capabilities we establish are not sufficient to meet our needs, we will be required to establish collaborative marketing, sales, or distribution relationships with third parties. 91 We face the risk of product liability claims and may not be able to obtain insurance. Our business exposes us to the risk of product liability claims that are inherent in the sale and development of drugs. If the use of one or more of our or our collaborators’ drugs harms people, we may be subject to costly and damaging product liability claims brought against us by clinical study participants, consumers, health care providers, pharmaceutical companies or others selling our products. Our inability to obtain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of pharmaceutical products we develop, alone or with collaborators. While we currently carry clinical study insurance and product liability insurance, we cannot predict all of the possible harms or side effects that may result and, therefore, the amount of insurance coverage we hold now or in the future may not be adequate to cover all liabilities we might incur. We expanded our insurance coverage to include the sale of our commercial products Tosymra and Zembrace Symtouch. We intend to further expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of TNX-102 SL upon receiving FDA approval for marketing. If we are unable to obtain insurance at an acceptable cost or otherwise protect against potential product liability claims, we will be exposed to significant liabilities, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial position. If we are sued for any injury allegedly caused by our or our collaborators’ products, our liability could exceed our total assets and our ability to pay the liability. A product liability claim or series of claims brought against us would decrease our cash and could cause our stock price to fall. We use hazardous chemicals in our business. Potential claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these chemicals could affect us and be time-consuming and costly. Our research and development processes and/or those of our third party contractors may involve the controlled use of hazardous materials and chemicals. These hazardous chemicals are reagents and solvents typically found in a chemistry laboratory. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. Federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous materials. While we attempt to comply with all environmental laws and regulations, including those relating to the outsourcing of the disposal of all hazardous chemicals and waste products, we cannot eliminate the risk of contamination from or discharge of hazardous materials and any resultant injury. In the event of such an accident, we could be held liable for any resulting damages and any liability could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations may be expensive. Current or future environmental regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. We might have to pay civil damages in the event of an improper or unauthorized release of, or exposure of individuals to, hazardous materials. We are not insured against these environmental risks. If we enter into collaborations with third parties, they might also work with hazardous materials in connection with our collaborations. We may agree to indemnify our collaborators in some circumstances against damages and other liabilities arising out of development activities or products produced in connection with these collaborations. In addition, the federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous or radioactive materials and waste products may require us to incur substantial compliance costs that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 92 Our insurance policies are expensive and protect us only from some business risks, which will leave us exposed to significant uninsured liabilities. We carry insurance for most categories of risk that our business may encounter, however, we may not have adequate levels of coverage. We currently maintain general liability, clinical study, property, workers’ compensation, products liability and directors’ and officers’ insurance, along with an umbrella policy, which collectively costs approximately $1,500,000 per annum. We cannot provide any assurances that we will be able to maintain existing insurance at current or adequate levels of coverage. Any significant uninsured liability may require us to pay substantial amounts, which would adversely affect our cash position and results of operations. If we retain collaborative partners and our partners do not satisfy their obligations, we will be unable to develop our partnered product candidates. In the event we enter into any collaborative agreements, we may not have day-to-day control over the activities of our collaborative partners with respect to any of these product candidates. Any collaborative partner may not fulfill its obligations under these agreements. If a collaborative partner fails to fulfill its obligations under an agreement with us, we may be unable to assume the development of the products covered by that agreement or enter into alternative arrangements with a third party. In addition, we may encounter delays in the commercialization of the product candidate that is the subject of the agreement. Accordingly, our ability to receive any revenue from the product candidates covered by these agreements will be dependent on the efforts of our collaborative partner. We could also become involved in disputes with a collaborative partner, which could lead to delays in or termination of our development and commercialization programs and time-consuming and expensive litigation or arbitration. In addition, any such dispute could diminish our collaborators’ commitment to us and reduce the resources they devote to developing and commercializing our products. Conflicts or disputes with our collaborators, and competition from them, could harm our relationships with our other collaborators, restrict our ability to enter future collaboration agreements and delay the research, development or commercialization of our product candidates. If any collaborative partner terminates or breaches its agreement, or otherwise fails to complete its obligations in a timely manner, our chances of successfully developing or commercializing these product candidates would be materially and adversely affected. We may not be able to enter into collaborative agreements with partners on terms favorable to us, or at all. Our inability to enter into collaborative arrangements with collaborative partners, or our failure to maintain such arrangements, would limit the number of product candidates that we could develop and ultimately, decrease our sources of any future revenues. If we are unsuccessful in obtaining a priority review voucher for material threat medical countermeasures, the length of the approval process for our TNX-801 vaccine in development to prevent smallpox and mpox will be longer than the approval process with the priority review voucher. Section 3086, of the 21 st Century Cures Act, or the Act, is aimed at “Encouraging Treatments for Agents that Present a National Security Threat.” The Act created a new priority review voucher program for approved “material threat medical countermeasures.” The Act defines such countermeasures as drug or biologic products, including vaccines, intended to treat biological, chemical, radiological, or nuclear agents that present a national security threat or to treat harm from a condition that may be caused by administering a drug or biological product against such an agent. The Department of Homeland Security has identified 13 such threats, including anthrax, smallpox, Ebola/Marburg, tularemia, botulinum toxin, and pandemic influenza, which includes the SARS coronavirus 2 known as SARS-CoV-2. A priority review voucher can be applied to any other product; it shortens the FDA review timeline for a new application from 10 to 12 months to 6 months. The recipient of a priority review voucher may transfer it in some instances for a significant amount of money. If we are not successful in obtaining a priority review voucher for TNX-801, we would not receive the benefit from the voucher. There may not be market interest in TNX-801. The government is the only market for most medical countermeasures. This is because unlike other drugs and vaccines, these products are not sold to doctors, hospitals, or pharmacies. The BioShield Special Reserve Fund, or SRF, has been the sole medical countermeasures market for the last decade. The SRF is now appropriated annually and has not kept pace with the need for purchasing products ready for stockpiling. During 2020, $735 million was appropriated to SRF. As such, even if TNX-801 were to receive FDA licensure, the commercial success of TNX-801 remains uncertain. 93 Government entities may take actions that directly or indirectly have the effect of limiting opportunities for our vaccine candidates for COVID-19. Various government entities, including the U.S. government, are offering incentives, grants and contracts to encourage additional investment by commercial organizations into preventative and therapeutic agents against COVID-19, which may have the effect of increasing the number of competitors and/or providing advantages to competitors. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully establish a competitive market share if we ultimately receive regulatory approval for our vaccines as a vaccine for COVID-19. COVID-19 vaccines may also be subject to government pricing controls, which could adversely affect the profitability of any COVID-19 vaccine we are able to develop and commercialize. If technology developed for the purposes of developing new medicines or vaccines can be applied to the creation or development of biological weapons, then our technology may be considered “dual use” technology and be subject to limitations on public disclosure or export. Our research and development of synthetic poxviruses is dedicated not only to creating tools that better protect public health but also to safeguarding any information with broad, dual-use potential that could be inappropriately applied. “Dual use research” is research conducted for legitimate purposes that generates knowledge, information, technologies, and/or products that can be reasonably anticipated to provide knowledge, information, products, or technologies that could be directly misapplied to pose a significant threat to public health, agricultural crops, or national security. Because variola, the agent that causes smallpox, is a pox virus, the technology we created could be considered dual use and could be subject to export control, for example under the Wassenaar Arrangement. Further, if federal authorities determine that our research is subject to institutional oversight, we will need to implement a risk-management plan developed in collaboration with the institutional review entity. Failure to comply with the plan may result in suspension, limitation, or termination of federal funding or loss of future federal funding opportunities for any of our research. We face risks in connection with existing and future collaborations with respect to the development, manufacture, and commercialization of our product candidates. We face a number of risks in connection with our current collaborations. Our collaboration agreements are subject to termination under various circumstances. Our collaborators may change the focus of their development and commercialization efforts or may have insufficient resources to effectively assist in the development of our products. Any future collaboration agreements may have the effect of limiting the areas of research and development that we may pursue, either alone or in collaboration with third parties. Further, disagreements with collaborators, including disagreements over proprietary rights, contract interpretation, or the preferred course of development, might cause delays, might result in litigation or arbitration, or might result in termination of the research, development or commercialization of our products. Any such disagreements would divert management attention and resources and be time-consuming and costly. We face risks in connection with the testing, production and storage of our vaccine product candidates. Developing our TNX-1800 and TNX-801 vaccine candidates each require testing of challenges with rabbitpox, vaccinia mpox or SARS-CoV-2 viruses under controlled experimental conditions. The testing of TNX-1800 and TNX-801 may carry risk of infection and harm to individuals. In addition, our TNX-1800 and TNX-801 vaccine candidates are both live forms of the horsepox. We have initiated vaccine-manufacturing activities to support further nonclinical testing of TNX-801. The production and storage of the synthesized horsepox virus stock and, once initiated, TNX-1800 virus stock, may carry risk of infection and harm to individuals. Any such infection could expose us to product and general liability claims, and may carry risk of infection and harm to individuals. 94 RISKS RELATED TO OUR STOCK Sales of additional shares of our common stock could cause the price of our common stock to decline. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or the availability of such shares for sale, by us or others, including the issuance of common stock upon exercise of outstanding options and warrants, could adversely affect the price of our common stock. We and our directors and officers may sell shares into the market, which could adversely affect the market price of shares of our common stock. An active trading market for our common stock may not be sustained. Although our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market, the market for our shares has demonstrated varying levels of trading activity. Furthermore, the current level of trading may not be sustained in the future. The lack of an active market for our common stock may impair investors’ ability to sell their shares at the time they wish to sell them or at a price that they consider reasonable, may reduce the fair market value of their shares and may impair our ability to raise capital to continue to fund operations by selling shares and may impair our ability to acquire additional intellectual property assets by using our shares as consideration. The market price of our common stock has been extremely volatile and may continue to be volatile due to numerous circumstances beyond our control. The market price of our common stock has fluctuated, and may continue to fluctuate, widely, due to many factors, some of which may be beyond our control. These factors include, without limitation: ● “short squeezes”; ● “short sellers”; ● comments by securities analysts or other third parties, including blogs, articles, message boards and social and other media; ● large stockholders exiting their position in our common stock or an increase or decrease in the short interest in our common stock; ● actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial and operating results; ● the timing and allocations of new product candidates; ● public perception of our product candidates and competitive products; ● changes in financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts; ● changes in the reimbursement policies of third party insurance companies or government agencies; and ● overall general market fluctuations. Stock markets in general and our stock price in particular have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies and our company. Broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. In particular, a proportion of our common stock has been and may continue to be traded by short sellers which may put pressure on the supply and demand for our common stock, further influencing volatility in its market price. Additionally, these and other external factors have caused and may continue to cause the market price and demand for our common stock to fluctuate, which may limit or prevent investors from readily selling their shares of common stock and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our common stock. A “short squeeze” due to a sudden increase in demand for shares of our common stock that largely could lead to extreme price volatility in shares of our common stock. Investors may purchase shares of our common stock to hedge existing exposure or to speculate on the price of our common stock. Speculation on the price of our common stock may involve long and short exposures. To the extent aggregate short exposure exceeds the number of shares of our common stock available for purchase on the open market, investors with short exposure may have to pay a premium to repurchase shares of our common stock for delivery to lenders of our common stock. Those repurchases may in turn, dramatically increase the price of our common stock until additional shares of our common stock are available for trading or borrowing. This is often referred to as a “short squeeze.” A proportion of our common stock has been and may continue to be traded by short sellers which may increase the likelihood that our common stock will be the target of a short squeeze. A short squeeze could lead to volatile price movements in shares of our common stock that are unrelated or disproportionate to our operating performance or prospectus and, once investors purchase the shares of our common stock necessary to cover their short positions, the price of our common stock may rapidly decline. Investors that purchase shares of our common stock during a short squeeze may lose a significant portion of their investment. 95 We could be delisted from Nasdaq, which could seriously harm the liquidity of our stock and our ability to raise capital. If we are unable to maintain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price or other listing requirements, we could lose eligibility for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market or any comparable trading market. In such event: ● We may have to pursue trading on a less recognized or accepted market, such as the OTC Bulletin Board or the “pink sheets.” ● Shares of our common stock could be less liquid and marketable, thereby reducing the ability of stockholders to purchase or sell our shares as quickly and as inexpensively as they have done historically. If our stock is traded as a “penny stock,” transactions in our stock would be more difficult and cumbersome. ● We may be unable to access capital on favorable terms or at all, as companies trading on alternative markets may be viewed as less attractive investments with higher associated risks, such that existing or prospective institutional investors may be less interested in, or prohibited from, investing in our common stock. This may also cause the market price of our common stock to decline. We do not anticipate paying dividends on our common stock and, accordingly, shareholders must rely on stock appreciation for any return on their investment. We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock and do not expect to do so in the foreseeable future. The declaration of dividends is subject to the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on various factors, including our operating results, financial condition, future prospects and any other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. You should not rely on an investment in our company if you require dividend income from your investment in our company. The success of your investment will likely depend entirely upon any future appreciation of the market price of our common stock, which is uncertain and unpredictable. There is no guarantee that our common stock will appreciate in value. We expect that our quarterly results of operations will fluctuate, and this fluctuation could cause our stock price to decline. Our quarterly operating results are likely to fluctuate in the future. These fluctuations could cause our stock price to decline. The nature of our business involves variable factors, such as the timing of the research, development and regulatory pathways of our product candidates, which could cause our operating results to fluctuate. Due to the possibility of fluctuations in our revenues and expenses, we believe that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our operating results are not a good indication of our future performance. The rights of the holders of common stock may be impaired by the potential issuance of preferred stock. Our articles of incorporation give our board of directors the right to create new series of preferred stock. As a result, the board of directors may, without stockholder approval, issue preferred stock with voting, dividend, conversion, liquidation or other rights which could adversely affect the voting power and equity interest of the holders of common stock. Preferred stock, which could be issued with the right to more than one vote per share, could be utilized as a method of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change of control. The possible impact on takeover attempts could adversely affect the price of our common stock. Although we have no present intention to issue any shares of preferred stock or to create a series of preferred stock, we may issue such shares in the future. 96 If we fail to comply with the rules under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 related to accounting controls and procedures, or if we discover material weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control and accounting procedures, our stock price could decline significantly and raising capital could be more difficult. If we fail to comply with the rules under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 related to disclosure controls and procedures, or, if we discover material weaknesses and other deficiencies in our internal control and accounting procedures, our stock price could decline significantly and raising capital could be more difficult. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires annual management assessments of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. If material weaknesses or significant deficiencies are discovered or if we otherwise fail to achieve and maintain the adequacy of our internal control, we may not be able to ensure that we can conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Moreover, effective internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to helping prevent financial fraud. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our business and operating results could be harmed, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, and the trading price of our common stock could drop significantly. If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they change their recommendations regarding our stock adversely, our stock price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. Our research coverage by industry and financial analysts is currently limited. Even if our analyst coverage increases, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. Other companies may have difficulty acquiring us, even if doing so would benefit our stockholders, due to provisions under our corporate charter and bylaws, as well as Nevada law. Provisions in our articles of incorporation, our bylaws, and under Nevada law could make it more difficult for other companies to acquire us, even if doing so would benefit our stockholders. Our articles of incorporation and bylaws contain the following provisions, among others, which may inhibit an acquisition of our company by a third party: ● advance notification procedures for matters to be brought before stockholder meetings ● a limitation on who may call stockholder meetings ● a limitation on the removal of directors ● the ability of our board of directors to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock without a stockholder vote We are also subject to provisions of Nevada law that prohibit us from engaging in any business combination with any “interested stockholder,” meaning generally that a stockholder who beneficially owns 10 percent or more of our stock cannot acquire us for a period of time after the date this person became an interested stockholder, unless various conditions are met, such as approval of the transaction by our board of directors and stockholders. Our bylaws designate the Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County, Nevada as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents. Our bylaws require that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, and unless the Company consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County, Nevada, will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for each of the following: ● any derivative action or proceeding brought in the name or right of the Company or on its behalf, 97 ● any action asserting a claim for breach of any fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, employee or agent of the Company to the Company or the Company’s stockholders, ● any action arising or asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of NRS Chapters 78 or 92A or any provision of our articles of incorporation or bylaws, or ● any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, including, without limitation, any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our articles of incorporation or bylaws. Because the applicability of the exclusive forum provision is limited to the extent permitted by law, we believe that the exclusive forum provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction, and that federal courts have concurrent jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (Securities Act). We note that there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce the provision and that investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Although we believe this provision benefits us by providing increased consistency in the application of Nevada law in the types of lawsuits to which it applies, the provision may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers. ITEM 1B – UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS There are no unresolved staff comments at December 31, 2024. ITEM 1C – Cybersecurity Cybersecurity Risk Management We face several cybersecurity risks in connection with our business. Our business strategy, results of operations, and financial condition have not, to date, been affected by risks from cybersecurity threats. During the reporting period, we have not experienced any material cyber incidents, nor have we experienced a series of immaterial incidents, which would require disclosure. In the ordinary course of our business, we use, store and process data including data of our employees, partners, collaborators, and vendors. To effectively prevent, detect, and respond to cybersecurity threats, we maintain a cyber risk management program, which is comprised of a wide array of policies, standards, architecture, and processes. The cyber risk management program falls under the responsibility of our Director of Information Technology (“IT”), who has cross-functional expertise in IT, computer science, cyber security, and more than 20 years of experience. The IT Director leads a team of IT specialists with similar IT and cybersecurity backgrounds. Under the guidance of our IT Head, we develop, maintain, and evidence the policies, standards, and processes in a manner consistent with applicable legal requirements. We also utilize a variety of cybersecurity software from reputable vendors in cybersecurity. We have implemented a cybersecurity risk management program that is designed to identify, assess, and mitigate risks from cybersecurity threats to this data and our systems and ensure the effectiveness of our security controls. Our cybersecurity risk management program is intended to address applicable NIST 800-171 & CMMC requirements for our business. Our cybersecurity risk management program incorporates several components, including information security program assessments, continuous monitoring of critical risks from cybersecurity threats using automated tools, backup testing, periodic threat testing, and documented standards, policies, and procedures. We deploy a wide range of security tools across the environment, and implement access control policies to further limit access to data within the systems. We periodically engage third parties to conduct risk assessments, including penetration testing, tabletops and other system vulnerability analyses. As a result of these assessments and testing, we have not identified any material cybersecurity risks and are constantly hardening our environment. Additionally, our program includes annual cybersecurity training for all employees. 98 Cybersecurity Governance Our Board of Directors (“Board”) is responsible for the oversight of cybersecurity risk management. The Board delegates oversight of the cybersecurity risk management program to the Information Security Oversight Committee (“ISOC"). The Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), who serves on ISOC, provides updates to the Audit Committee on our cybersecurity risk management program, including any critical cybersecurity risks, ongoing cybersecurity initiatives and strategies, and applicable regulatory requirements and industry standards on a quarterly basis. The CFO also notifies the Board and Audit Committee of any cybersecurity incidents (suspected or actual) and provides updates on the incidents as well as cybersecurity risk mitigation activities as appropriate. ITEM 2 – PROPERTIES We maintain our principal office at 26 Main Street, Suite 101, Chatham, New Jersey 07928. Our telephone number at that office is (862) 799-8599 and our fax number is (212) 923-5700. On August 28, 2020, we entered into a lease, whereby we agreed to lease new office space, commencing September 2020 and expiring December 2025. In connection therewith, we maintain a letter of credit, which has a remaining balance of $144,745 as of December 31, 2024, and such amount is deposited into the restricted cash account maintained at the bank that issued the letter of credit. We own and operate a research and development facility in Frederick, Maryland used for process development activities. We own an approximately 44-acre site in Hamilton, Montana, for the construction of a vaccine development and commercial scale manufacturing facility. As of December 31, 2024, the facility was not ready for its intended use. We own a 45,000 square foot facility in North Dartmouth, Massachusetts that houses our Advanced Development (“ADC”), for accelerated development and manufacturing of vaccines. During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company engaged CBRE, an international real estate brokerage firm, to potentially find a strategic partner for, or buyer of, its ADC. During the second quarter of 2024, the Company decommissioned its ADC facility. As of December 31, 2024, the Company does not have a commitment in place to sell the ADC. Future minimum lease payments are as follows (in thousands): Year Ending December 31, 2025 $ 299 2026 142 2027 139 2028 101 2029 7 688 Included interest (56 ) $ 632 We believe that our existing facilities are suitable and adequate to meet our current business requirements. ITEM 3 – LEGAL PROCEEDINGS From time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings which arise in the ordinary course of business. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and an adverse result in these or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business. We are currently not aware of any such legal proceedings or claims that we believe will have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows. ITEM 4 – MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 99 PART II ITEM 5 – MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Information Our common stock is listed on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “TNXP”. Holders On March 17, 2025, the closing sale price of our common stock, as reported by The NASDAQ Stock Market, was $16.28 per share. On March 17, 2025, there were approximately 220 holders of record of our common stock. Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders. Dividend Policy We have never paid any cash dividends on our capital stock and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain future earnings to fund ongoing operations and future capital requirements of our business. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of the Board and will be dependent upon our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and such other factors as the Board deems relevant. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities None. Repurchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers In September 2024, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program pursuant to which we may repurchase up to $10.0 million in value of our outstanding common stock from time to time on the open market and in privately negotiated transactions subject to market conditions, share price and other factors. No repurchases occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2024. Subsequent to December 31, 2024, we repurchased 250,000 of our shares of common stock outstanding under the share repurchase program at prices ranging from $9.98 to $14.33 per share for a gross aggregate cost of approximately $3.0 million. ITEM 6 – [RESERVED] 100 ITEM 7 – MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations includes a number of forward-looking statements that reflect Management’s current views with respect to future events and financial performance. You can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as “may” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate” and “continue,” or similar words. Those statements include statements regarding the intent, belief or current expectations of us and members of its management team as well as the assumptions on