Item 1. Business
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this 10-K to "Comscore," "we," "us," the "Company" and "our" refer to comScore, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. This 10-K contains trademarks and trade names of our company and our subsidiaries. We maintain trademark protection for our products and services. All trademarks and trade names appearing in this 10-K are the property of their respective holders.
Overview
We are a global information and analytics company that measures advertising, content, and the consumer audiences of each, across media platforms. We create our products using a global data platform that combines information on digital platforms (connected televisions, mobile devices, tablets and computers), televisions, direct to consumer applications, and movie screens with demographics and other descriptive information. We have developed proprietary data science that enables measurement of person-level and household-level audiences, removing duplicated viewing across devices and over time. This combination of data and methods enables a common standard for buyers and sellers to transact on advertising. This helps companies across the media ecosystem better understand and monetize their audiences and develop marketing plans and products to more efficiently and effectively reach those audiences. Our ability to unify behavioral and other descriptive data enables us to provide audience ratings, advertising verification and granular consumer segments that describe hundreds of millions of consumers. Our customers include digital publishers, television networks, movie studios, content owners, brand advertisers, agencies and technology providers.
The platforms we measure include televisions, mobile devices, computers, tablets, connected TV ("CTV") devices and movie theaters. The information we analyze crosses geographies, types of content and activities, including websites, mobile and over-the-top applications, video games, television and movie programming, e-commerce and advertising.
We are a Delaware corporation headquartered in Reston, Virginia with principal offices located at 11950 Democracy Drive, Suite 600, Reston, VA 20190. Our telephone number is 703-438-2000.
Recent Key Developments
Recapitalization Transaction with Preferred Stockholders
On September 26, 2025, we entered into separate Stock Exchange Agreements with the holders of our Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share ("Series B Preferred Stock") pursuant to which, at the closing of the transactions contemplated thereby, each holder would exchange the Series B Preferred Stock then owned by such holder for shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share ("Series C Preferred Stock"); common stock, par value $0.001 per share ("Common Stock"); and a fixed cash payment of $2.0 million in June 2028. The issuance of securities in exchange for Series B Preferred Stock pursuant to the Stock Exchange Agreements (the "Recapitalization Transaction") and related matters were approved by our stockholders on December 19, 2025 and subsequently closed on December 29, 2025. The Recapitalization Transaction resulted in the exchange and retirement of all shares of Series B Preferred Stock, the elimination of related dividend rights, and a reduction in the holders' director designation rights, among other things.
Refer to F ootnote 1 , Organization and Footnote 4 , Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) , of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Recapitalization Transaction.
Amendment to Credit Agreement
On September 26, 2025, in connection with the Recapitalization Transaction, we entered into an amendment to our senior secured financing agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with Blue Torch Finance LLC to permit the issuance of Series C Preferred Stock and related matters. The Credit Agreement amendment became effective on December 29, 2025, concurrent with the closing of the Recapitalization Transaction. Refer to Footnote 5 , Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Credit Agreement.
Background and Market
We were founded in 1999 on the belief that digital technology would transform the interactions between people, media and brands in ways that would generate substantial demand for data and analytics about that interaction. The growing adoption of digital technologies also allowed measurement of the behavior of consumers' online activities. Based on this vision, we built a global opt-in panel that provided insight into online activities. Over the years we have enhanced our product offerings by uniting panel data with census-level data from website tags and other sources, and we expanded our presence in various markets. We also have access to millions of television and video on demand ("VOD") screens and the ability to measure box office results from movie screens across the world.
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In December 2021, we acquired Shareablee, Inc. ("Shareablee"), allowing us to expand our Media Metrix® and Video Metrix® currencies to include Shareablee's social media engagement and video insights, in order to bridge the industry gap of traditional digital and social measurement services.
Our Approach to Media Measurement
Our approach to measuring media consumption addresses the ubiquitous nature of media content and the fragmentation caused by the variety of platforms and technologies used to access such content. Advertising exposure and effectiveness is another rapidly changing and fragmented area where we apply scale for validation and campaign measurement across devices, platforms and ecosystem technology providers. We believe this fragmentation presents major challenges to using legacy measurement systems that are comprised of relatively small panels of cooperating consumers or are limited to specific media platforms. Our products and services are built on measurement and analytic capabilities comprised of broad-based data collection, proprietary databases, internally developed software and a computational infrastructure to measure, analyze and report on digital, television and movie activity at the level of granularity that we believe the media and advertising industries need.
Data Collection
The following collection methods illustrate our extensive data sourcing:
• We collect data from proprietary consumer panels that measure the use of computers, tablets and smartphones that access the internet. These panelists have agreed to install our passive metering software on their devices, home network or both.
• Comscore's Digital Census Data is our census digital network whereby content publishers share information with us. That sharing includes direct integrations with the publishers, as well as publishers' implementation of our software code (referred to as "tagging") on their websites, in mobile applications and video players to provide us usage information.
• We license certain demographic and behavioral mobile and panel data from third-party data providers.
• We obtain television viewership information from satellite, telecommunications, connected (Smart) TV and cable operators covering tens of millions of television and VOD screens.
• We measure gross receipts and attendance information from movie screens across the world.
• We integrate our digital and television viewership information with other third-party datasets that include consumer demographic characteristics, attitudes, lifestyles and purchase behavior.
• We integrate many of our services with programmatic advertising platforms.
• We utilize knowledgeable in-house industry analysts that span verticals such as pharmaceuticals, media, finance, consumer packaged goods and political information to add value to our data.
• We have created an opt-in Total Home Panel ® , which can capture data that runs through a home's internet connection. This expands our intelligence to include such activity as game console and Internet of Things ("IOT") device usage.
• We collect content and advertising data from major social platforms for measurement, audience, and lift analysis.
Data Science and Management
The ability to integrate, manage and transform massive amounts of data is core to our company. We continue to invest in technologies to enable large-scale measurement with protection of consumer privacy and attractive economics. Our systems contain multiple redundancies and advanced distributed processing technologies. We have created innovations such as:
• Our Unified Digital Measurement ® methodology, which allows us to combine person-centric panel data with website server data. We believe this gives our customers greater accuracy, granularity and relevance in audience measurement.
• Our TV measurement systems, underpinned by multiple patents, which enable us to provide a consistent measurement of TV audience sizes across national, local, and addressable television to customers evaluating programming as well as customers selling and buying TV advertising.
• An ability to deduplicate audiences across platforms, which is based on direct observations within our consumer panel and census data combined with proprietary data science. This deduplication allows us to measure the reach and frequency of advertising and content exposure across platforms and over time.
• An ability to capture the full content of a website or app session, which allows us to measure activity beyond page views such as purchase transactions, application submissions and product configurations.
• An ability to harness the power of artificial intelligence, or AI, to intelligently contextualize massive amounts of web and video content, which allows us to inform targeted and brand-safe advertising.
Product Delivery
We deliver our products and services through diverse methods to meet the needs of our customers. These include Software-as-a-Service ("SAAS") delivery platforms, application programming interfaces, data feeds that integrate directly with customer systems whether in-house or via data collaboration/data clean room environments, and integrations with advertising technology providers such
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as ad servers, customer and data management platforms, supply-side platforms, and demand-side platforms that enable data management, ad management and programmatic ad trading.
Our Products and Services
Our products and services help our customers reach audiences on the right platform, service the best creative content, and gain the right insights that can help marketers understand audience preferences. We do this by measuring audiences and consumer behavior across media platforms, while offering validation of advertising delivery and its effectiveness. Our customers include:
• Local and national television broadcasters and content owners;
• Network operators including cable companies, mobile operators and internet service providers;
• Distributors of streaming video content;
• Digital content publishers and social media platforms;
• Advertising technology companies that aggregate supply and demand side inventory for sale to end customers;
• Advertising agencies, including holding companies and independent agencies;
• Movie studios and movie theater operators;
• Financial service companies, including investment firms, consumer banks and credit card issuers;
• Manufacturers and retailers of consumer products such as consumer packaged goods, pharmaceuticals, automotive and electronics;
• Telecommunication and internet technology companies; and
• Political campaigns and related organizations.
Our products and services are organized around two solution groups:
• Content & Ad Measurement represents the measurement portion of our business - measuring audiences across content and advertisements for linear TV, CTV, desktops, laptops, tablets and mobile devices. Product offerings reported in this solution group include our legacy subscription-based syndicated offerings that measure audiences for linear TV (national and local), digital and streaming, as well as theatrical box office receipts. Also included in this solution group are our transaction-based cross-platform products: Proximic ® by Comscore ("Proximic"), our Activation solution suite, and Cross-Platform Campaign Results ("CCR"), along with our subscription-based cross-platform product, Comscore Content Measurement ("CCM"). These syndicated and cross-platform products are used as currency to plan and execute ad campaigns, measure the outcome of ad campaigns, optimize ad campaigns that are in-flight, activate programmatic campaigns, and make content easier for programmatic advertisers to reach.
• Research & Insight Solutions represents the custom solutions we provide that are tailored to our clients' specific needs. These offerings include custom TV, digital and cross-platform data feeds, as well as other data integrations. They also include our survey business, our Consumer Brand Health business, and other bespoke research, data and insight deliverables that help our clients better understand their business, competitive landscape, clients and market.
We categorize our revenue along these two solution groups; however, our cost structure is tracked at the corporate level and not by our solution groups. These shared costs include employee costs, purchased data, operational overhead, data storage and technology that supports multiple products in both solution groups.
Content & Ad Measurement - Syndicated Audience products and services include :
• Comscore TV - National, which combines TV viewing information with marketing segmentation and consumer databases for enhanced audience intelligence. Comscore TV - National data is also used in analytical applications to help customers better understand the performance of network advertising campaigns.
• Comscore TV - Local, which allows customers to better understand consumer viewing patterns and characteristics across local TV stations and cable channels in their market(s) to promote viewership of a particular station and negotiate inventory pricing based on the size, value and relevance of the audience.
• Media Metrix Multi-Platform and Mobile Metrix, which measure websites and applications on computers, smartphones and tablets across dozens of countries, are leading currencies for online media planning and enable customers to analyze audience size, reach, engagement, demographics and other characteristics. Publishers use Media Metrix Multi-Platform and Mobile Metrix to demonstrate the value of their audiences and understand market dynamics, and advertisers and their agencies use Media Metrix Multi-Platform and Mobile Metrix to plan and execute effective marketing and content campaigns. These products also provide competitive intelligence such as cross-site visiting patterns, traffic source/loss reporting and local market trends.
• Video Metrix Multi-Platform, which delivers unduplicated measurement of digital video consumption across computer, smartphone, tablet and CTV devices and provides TV-comparable reach and engagement metrics, as well as audience demographics.
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• Plan Metrix, which provides an understanding of consumer lifestyle, buying and other consumption habits, online and offline, by integrating attitudes and interests with online behavior and provides customers with insight into patterns and trends needed to develop and execute advertising and marketing campaigns.
• OnDemand Essentials, which provides multichannel video programming distributors and content providers with transactional tracking and reporting based on millions of television screens, enabling our customers to plan advertising campaigns that more precisely target consumers watching on-demand video content.
• Movie Solutions, including Box Office Essentials and International Box Office Essentials, which provide detailed measurement of domestic and international theatrical gross receipts and attendance, with movie-specific information across the globe; PostTrak, which is an exit polling service that reports audience demographics and the aspects of each title that trigger interest and attendance; and Swift, which is an electronic box office reporting system that facilitates the flow of reconciled theater-level ticket transactions.
• Hollywood Software Suite, including Comscore Theatrical Distribution System ("TDS"), Comscore Exhibitor Management System ("EMS"), Comscore Enterprise Web, and Cinema Auditorium Control Engine ("ACE"). Comscore TDS is an advanced software to help manage theatrical distribution worldwide. Comscore EMS provides a virtual staff of booking assistants and accountants working to consolidate point-of-sale data. Comscore Enterprise Web gives circuit managers an over-the-shoulder look at operations inside their theaters. Cinema ACE is a theater management system that drives productivity and efficiency across digital cinema operations.
Content & Ad Measurement - Cross-Platform products and services include :
• Activation Solutions (branded as Proximic), including Audience Activation and Content Activation. Comscore Audience Activation offers targeting with demographics and cross-screen behaviors for digital, mobile and CTV campaigns. Comscore Content Activation provides a robust set of pre-bid inventory filters to help marketers and media companies achieve brand-safe, relevant campaign delivery across desktop, mobile, podcasts, and CTV. Within the Content Activation suite, Predictive Audiences provides contextually delivered, ID-free segments based on granular audience behaviors.
• Cross-Platform Campaign Results, or CCR, which provides verification and measurement of video advertising delivered via mobile, desktop, digital, linear TV and CTV, resulting in unduplicated reporting that enables ad buyers and sellers to negotiate and evaluate campaigns across media platforms.
• Comscore Content Measurement, or CCM, which measures the audiences for content across linear TV, CTV and digital, providing unduplicated reporting that allows the buyers and sellers of advertising to understand the total reach of a given program or piece of content across the platforms where it is available.
Research & Insight Solutions products and services include :
• Comscore Marketing Solutions, which provide analytics that integrate online visitation and advertising data, TV viewing, purchase transactions, attitudinal research and other information assets. These custom deliverables are designed to meet client needs in specific industries such as automotive, financial services, media, retail, travel, telecommunications and technology. Applications include path-to-purchase analyses, competitive benchmarking, market segmentation studies, and branded content analytics.
• Lift Models, which measure the impact of advertising on a brand across multiple behavioral and attitudinal dimensions such as brand awareness, purchase intent, online visitation, online and offline purchase behavior and retail store visitation, enabling customers to fine tune campaign strategy and execution.
• Total Home Panel Suite, including CTV Intelligence and Connected Home, which capture CTV and IOT device usage and content consumption. Comscore Connected Home enables users to better understand consumer engagement with technology and media by measuring behavior across network and router-connected devices in the home. Comscore CTV Intelligence provides clients with critical insight into consumer streaming activity on TV-connected devices, including smart TVs, streaming sticks and boxes, and gaming consoles.
• Survey Analytics, which measure various types of consumer insights including brand health metrics.
Research and Development
Our research and development activities span our business of media and cross-platform measurement, encompassing data collection, data science, analytical application development and product delivery. We continue to focus on enhancing our coverage and scale, precision and granularity across diverse types of media, devices and geographies using our census, panel and other data assets as well as evolving AI capabilities.
Examples of our research and development initiatives include:
• Enhancing our recruiting methods and software applications, including through the use of AI tools;
• Developing new technologies to manage, stage and deliver cross-platform data and analytics through traditional web-based user interfaces and via integration with customer systems;
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• Designing solutions to continue to measure the online media space while honoring increased privacy concerns, including the development of industry-compatible, interoperable methodologies designed to maintain functionality as browser, regulatory and legal environments change;
• Creating new methodologies to measure person-level TV and digital consumption at scale and across platforms; and
• Continuing to develop expertise in combining multiple data assets, both to leverage single-platform datasets into representative cross-platform measurements as well as working with the data of partner companies, allowing us to enhance existing services and create new and innovative audience measurement products. These efforts include original research into the measurement of data overlaps and deduplication in the measurement of reach.
Product Innovation
Engineering Products for a Privacy-Centric World
Our digital measurement is centered upon using first-party panel data combined with additional information captured through census measurement and data partnerships. Historically, we have used cookies and mobile advertising IDs to provide additional context and scale to our digital audience measurement solutions, as well as to assist in more targeted measurement and reportability. The continued development of opt-in permissions and enhanced focus on consent-based measurement provide the benefit of limiting the transfer of consumer personal information, but also mean changes to data collection, storage and delivery processes. In particular, limitations on the use of cookies and similar technologies create significant challenges for products that use these technologies for data collection and measurement.
We continue to innovate and adapt our methodologies to lead the transition to a more privacy-centric world. A key component is leveraging our capabilities in panels, which we believe give us a competitive advantage in digital and cross-platform management. In parallel, our work with existing and new partners to collaborate and test emerging solutions is intended to expand the reach of our large-scale integrations. We are creating measurement innovations designed to produce stronger products engineered for privacy-centric methodologies.
Comscore Predictive Audiences
With signal loss from evolving privacy laws and third-party cookie deprecation across many environments, advertisers need bold new solutions to ensure their campaigns continue to reach the right audiences without interruption. In response to this need, we launched Predictive Audiences – an ID-free targeting capability that enables advertisers to reach audiences based on granular consumer behavior through privacy-friendly contextual signals. This solution delivers scale and precision beyond what was previously available in the industry, and can be used across digital, mobile, and CTV campaigns.
Cross-Platform Innovation
Across a number of projects, we are innovating in cross-platform measurement of both advertising and content. Those projects include industry-wide efforts to deliver consistent cross-platform measurement of advertising as well as proprietary projects, for which we operate key components of the production pipeline. They also include the development of CCM. CCM provides deduplicated measurement of content at the title level across digital, CTV, and linear TV to provide broadcasters and advertisers a more complete view of the total audience for a given piece of content.
Measuring AI Influence
The growing use and prevalence of AI tools creates an opportunity to help our clients understand how AI platforms such as ChatGPT, Copilot and Gemini are fundamentally reshaping aspects of the consumer journey. In addition to offering visibility into how generative AI is being adopted and used, we are developing methodologies to help our customers quantify the downstream impact of AI use on website visitation, benchmark against their competitors, and optimize AI visibility.
Intellectual Property
Our intellectual property assets are important to protect our business. We protect our innovations and products with patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and other intellectual property. In particular, we file for and seek to acquire patent rights for our innovations and we continue to seek to enhance our patent portfolio through targeted and strategic patent filings and licensing opportunities. We believe that we own the material trademarks used in connection with the marketing, distribution and sale of our products, both domestically and internationally. We will continue to pursue intellectual property opportunities in areas and technologies that we deem to be strategic and appropriate for our business.
Patents
Our patents extend across our data capture and processing techniques and include the following:
• Data Collection - metering such as biometrics and audio fingerprinting, tagging such as video viewability, browser optimization, IP obfuscation and TV-off measurement methodology.
• Data Processing - traffic and content categorization, demographic attribution, ad effectiveness measurement, data overlap and fusion, invalid traffic detection, data weighting, projection and processing of return path data, and personification of
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viewership data.
Trademarks
We maintain trademark protection for our products and services. We rely on trademarks and service marks to protect our intellectual property assets and believe these are important to our marketing efforts and the competitive value of our products and services. We have registered and maintained trademarks around the globe. This 10-K also contains trademarks and trade names of our Company and our subsidiaries. All trademarks and trade names appearing in this 10-K are the property of their respective holders.
Licenses
We license data from third-party providers across the media platforms that we measure. Our licenses include agreements with satellite, telecommunications and cable operators covering television and VOD viewership data, third-party scheduling datasets and data matching partners, and agreements with providers of demographic and behavioral mobile and panel data. See "Our Approach to Media Measurement" above for a discussion of our data sourcing.
Competition
The market for audience and advertising measurement products is highly competitive and is evolving rapidly. We compete primarily with other providers of media intelligence and related analytical products and services. We also compete with providers of marketing services and solutions, with full-service survey providers and with internal solutions developed by customers and potential customers. Our principal competitors include:
• Full-service market research firms;
• Television measurement competitors, including traditional incumbents and emerging startups;
• Companies that provide audience ratings for TV, radio and other media that have extended or may extend their current services, particularly in certain international markets, to the measurement of digital media;
• Online advertising companies that provide measurement of online ad effectiveness and ad delivery used for billing purposes;
• Companies that provide digital advertising technology point solutions;
• Companies that provide audience and content measurement, programmatic targeting and competitive intelligence across digital platforms;
• Analytical services companies that provide customers with detailed information about behavior on their own websites;
• Companies that report Smart TV data; and
• Companies that provide consumers with TV and digital services, including cable and satellite TV providers.
We compete based on the following principal factors:
• The ability to provide accurate measurement of digital audiences across multiple digital platforms;
• The ability to provide TV audience measurement based on large-scale data that increases accuracy and reduces variability;
• The ability to provide deduplicated audience and content measurement across platforms;
• The ability to provide actual, accurate and reliable data regarding audience behavior and activity in a timely manner, including the ability to maintain large and statistically representative panels;
• The ability to provide reliable and objective third-party data that, as needed, is able to receive industry-accepted accreditation;
• The ability to adapt product offerings to emerging digital media technologies and standards;
• The breadth and depth of products and their flexibility and ease of use;
• The availability of data across various industry verticals and geographic areas and expertise across these verticals and in these geographic areas; and
• The ability to offer products that meet the changing needs of customers, particularly in the evolving privacy environment.
We believe we compete favorably on these factors and that our vision and investments in the future of media measurement across platforms will deliver products and services that our customers will continue to trust and value.
Government Regulation and Privacy
Data security and privacy laws apply to our various businesses. We have programs in place to detect, contain and respond to data security incidents; however, increasing technology risks or unauthorized users who successfully breach our network security could misappropriate or misuse our proprietary information or cause interruptions in our services. Many countries have data protection laws with different requirements than those in the U.S., and many states in the U.S. have or are developing their own data protection and privacy requirements, including requirements governing the use and disclosure of AI capabilities. This evolving framework has resulted, and may continue to result, in inconsistent requirements and differing interpretations across jurisdictions.
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Governments, privacy advocates and class action attorneys are increasingly scrutinizing how companies collect, process, use, store, share and transmit personal data. A number of laws have come into effect over the past decade, and there are proposals pending before federal, state and foreign legislative and regulatory bodies that have affected and are likely to continue to affect our business. For example, the European Union's ("EU") General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, has imposed more stringent EU data protection requirements with greater penalties for noncompliance. In addition, regulators in the EU, the U.S. and elsewhere have increasingly focused on transparency, consent, consumer choice and the collection of data using tracking technologies. In the EU, cross-border data transfers are increasingly scrutinized to ensure compliance, and there have been expanded enforcement efforts in this area. A number of U.S. states have also adopted comprehensive privacy laws governing the collection and use of personal information, with more expected in 2026 and beyond. These U.S. federal and state and foreign laws and regulations, which in some cases can be enforced by private parties in addition to government entities, are constantly evolving and impose new and complex requirements on our business. Failure to comply with these laws or other privacy, data collection, data transfer, disclosure or consent requirements could result in substantial penalties and reputational harm.
We also monitor actions by the Federal Communications Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, and their state and foreign counterparts, including regulatory developments relating to data security, privacy and AI as well as developments affecting Internet Service Providers, advertisers and other industry participants more broadly.
Human Capital Management
Our management of human capital is essential to the success of our company, and our management team is actively engaged in developing a strong, engaged employee base to execute on our business plans.
As of January 31, 2026, we had approximately 1,200 employees. Our employee population, which is comprised 93% of full-time employees and 7% of part-time employees, is dispersed across the globe, as outlined below as of December 31, 2025.
Percent of Employees
North America 58%
Asia-Pacific Rim 22%
Europe 11%
Latin America 9%
The following table outlines the percentage of employees in different functional areas as of December 31, 2025:
Percent of Employees
Product and Technology 55%
Sales and Service 17%
Movies 17%
General and Administrative 11%
Employee Engagement & Retention
The development, attraction and retention of talent is critical to the success of our business. We focus on building employee engagement; developing a positive culture of trust, transparency, learning, and involvement; and providing competitive pay and benefits structures to attract and retain employees and protect the intellectual capital that we have built. We regularly review our employee turnover and satisfaction rates, and develop strategies and tactics to improve employee engagement and retention. On average, employee tenure is approximately six years, and more than 10% of our employees have been employed by our company for more than ten years.
We seek to attract and retain the best talent from a diverse group of sources around the world, in order to meet our current and future staffing needs. In addition to a robust employee referral practice and independent outreach, we have developed relationships with universities, professional associations, and industry alliances to further increase our outreach and talent pool. In 2025, our company conducted hiring in North America, Europe, India, and Latin America.
Where feasible within the countries in which we operate, we provide a competitive and varied portfolio of healthcare, wellness, financial, and other benefit offerings to suit the diverse needs and lifestyles of our employees. Within the United States, more than 80% of our eligible employee population was enrolled in one of our healthcare plans as of December 31, 2025.
We provide virtual, on-demand learning opportunities to all employees, and we also develop and deliver custom learning programs to meet specific business needs and employee interests. In 2025, approximately 74% of our employees participated in learning activities through the on-demand portal.
We believe we have strong labor practices and employee-friendly policies that enable a culture of trust, collaboration, and compliance. Our employment standards prioritize respect for the dignity and worth of each person. Employees have multiple avenues through which to express opinions, ideas, and concerns, which enables an open culture of communication and inclusion; our policies require
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that complaints are investigated and any findings are addressed. Our employees are not represented by labor unions outside of those few countries where union representation is a customary practice of doing business. We operate a Compliance Management System, a key component of which is mandatory training for all employees in areas including workplace harassment and our code of business conduct.
Work Environment
We believe we have created a work environment that represents our commitment to safety and wellness. We provide both system and technology capability as well as personal support, including wellness activities and resources, social activities, and support for working parents. Supporting the person, not just the "worker," allows us to maintain business operations without endangering employees or customers. We had no safety incidents reported in 2025.
Diversity and Inclusion
We strive to build and develop a workforce that reflects diversity, equity, and inclusion at all levels of the organization in accordance with applicable law. Our view is that our culture of involvement and appreciation of different backgrounds and perspectives enables us to more fully develop and leverage the strengths of our workforce to serve our customers and meet our business objectives. We place a high value on inclusion and employee-led opportunities across the Company, including Employee Resource Groups ("ERGs") which are sponsored by senior leadership but are developed and maintained by diverse groups of employees who share or champion common interests, representations, or causes. Membership in ERGs is open to all employees. We currently have ERGs in support of LGBTQ+ persons, people of color, women, emerging professionals, parents and caregivers, and remote workers. We have amplified our conversation and actions relating specifically to inclusion and diversity over recent years, implementing learning and development initiatives, additional ERGs, and expanded employee gatherings and activities.
Locations and Geographic Areas
We are located around the globe with employees in 14 countries. Our primary geographic market for employees is the United States, followed by Asia, Europe, Latin America and Canada. For information with respect to sales by geographic markets, refer to Footnote 3 , Revenue Recognition, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Executive Officers and Directors
Executive Officers and Executive Director
Jonathan (Jon) Carpenter has served as our Chief Executive Officer since July 2022 and as a director since June 2024. Mr. Carpenter was our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer from November 2021 to July 2022. He previously served as Chief Financial Officer of Publishers Clearing House, a direct marketing and media company, from June 2016 until November 2021. Prior to Publishers Clearing House, he served in divisional CFO roles for Nielsen Company, Sears Holdings and NBC Universal. He began his career with General Electric in the GE Financial Management Program. Mr. Carpenter holds a bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Vermont.
Stephen (Steve) Bagdasarian has served as our Chief Commercial Officer since November 2023 and was our Executive Vice President, Growth from October 2022 to November 2023. Mr. Bagdasarian previously served as Chief Operating Officer, Digital (January 2022 – October 2022), General Manager, Media and Strategy (July 2019 – December 2021) and General Manager, Liquid Wireless (July 2014 – July 2019) of Publishers Clearing House, a direct marketing and media company. Prior to Publishers Clearing House, he held a number of senior business development, strategy and marketing roles with digital technology companies. Mr. Bagdasarian is a member of TBD Angels, an angel investor group, and has invested and served as an advisor to several early-stage digital technology companies. He holds a bachelor's degree from College of the Holy Cross and a master's degree in business administration from Babson F.W. Olin Graduate School of Business.
Mary Margaret Curry has served as our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer since July 2022 and as our Chief Accounting Officer since December 2021. Ms. Curry joined Comscore in 2011 and has served in roles of increasing scope and responsibility since then, including as Global Tax Director (August 2011 to July 2015), Senior Director of Global Tax Compliance and Reporting (July 2015 to May 2018), Vice President of Tax and Treasury (May 2018 to November 2020) and Senior Vice President and Controller (November 2020 to December 2021). Prior to joining Comscore, she spent nine years with KPMG. Ms. Curry holds bachelor's and master's degrees in accounting from East Carolina University.
Gregory (Greg) Dale has served as our Chief Operating Officer since August 2022 and was our General Manager, Digital from December 2021 to August 2022. Mr. Dale previously served as Chief Operating Officer of Shareablee, Inc., a social media marketing analytics company, from July 2018 through our acquisition of Shareablee in December 2021. Prior to Shareablee, he was Chief Operating Officer of Persado, an artificial intelligence-based marketing content platform, from 2016 to 2018. Mr. Dale previously held senior roles with Comscore from 1999 to 2016, and prior to that, worked with data and analytics firm Information Resources, Inc. He holds a bachelor's degree from Purdue University.
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Non-Executive Directors
Robert (Bob) Davenport has served as director since December 2025. Mr. Davenport is Head of Global Corporate Credit and Distressed Debt and Senior Managing Director of Cerberus Capital Management and Cerberus California, LLC. He joined Cerberus in 1996 and is responsible for overseeing and managing the firm's investments in stressed and distressed debt on a global basis. Prior to Cerberus, he was a principal at Vestar Capital Partners, where he was responsible for identifying, analyzing and executing leveraged buyout opportunities. Previously, he worked in the mergers and acquisitions group at Drexel Burnham. Mr. Davenport graduated from the University of California. He previously served as a member of the Board of Trustees for the Crossroads School for Arts and Sciences and Heal the Bay. Mr. Davenport brings over 30 years of financing and M&A experience to our Board.
David Kline has served as a director since March 2021 and as Chairman of the Board since April 2025. He most recently served as Executive Vice President at Charter Communications, a communications and media company, and President of Spectrum Reach, the advertising sales division of Charter. Mr. Kline joined Charter in 2015 and provided strategic leadership to guide the company in both the traditional and advanced TV advertising space until his retirement in 2025. Mr. Kline joined Charter from Visible World (now FreeWheel), where he served as President and COO directing their household addressable sales and programmatic advertising efforts. Earlier in his career, he served as President and COO of Cablevision Media Sales (now Altice Media Solutions) for more than 17 years. Mr. Kline previously served on the board of directors for the Video Advertising Bureau and Canoe and as chairman of the board of directors for private company Blockgraph. He received a B.A. in a personalized study program focusing on marketing, finance, accounting and management from Ohio State University. Mr. Kline is a pioneering leader in the traditional and advanced TV advertising space and brings valuable relationships and perspective to our Board.
William (Bill) Livek has served as our Vice Chairman since January 2016. Mr. Livek was our Chief Executive Officer from November 2019 to July 2022 and our President from January 2016 to May 2018. He previously served as Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Rentrak Corporation, a media measurement and consumer targeting company, from 2009 until our merger with Rentrak in 2016. Prior to Rentrak, Mr. Livek was founder and Chief Executive Officer of Symmetrical Capital, an investment and consulting firm; Senior Vice President, Strategic Alliances and International Expansion, of Experian Information Solutions, Inc., a provider of information, analytical and marketing services; and co-President of Experian's subsidiary Experian Research Services. Mr. Livek has served on the board of directors of Red Violet, Inc. since January 2024 and the Advertising Research Foundation ("ARF") since July 2022, and prior to that was a member of the ARF board of trustees. He also serves on the board of directors of private companies Tenetic LLC, Adstra (formerly ALC) and CivicScience. Mr. Livek holds a B.S. degree in Communications Radio/Television from Southern Illinois University. Mr. Livek brings substantial industry experience, customer relationships and audience measurement expertise to our Board.
Matthew (Matt) McLaughlin has served as a director since June 2024. Mr. McLaughlin is a retired advertising technology executive and Naval officer. Most recently, he served as Chief Operating Officer of DoubleVerify Holdings, Inc., a software platform for digital media measurement and analytics, from 2011 to March 2022. As COO of DoubleVerify, Mr. McLaughlin directed its product, engineering and sales operations activity, including managing over half the company's employees. He served as a Senior Advisor at DoubleVerify from March 2022 to July 2022. Prior to joining DoubleVerify, Mr. McLaughlin served as President and Chief Operating Officer of CUNet, LLC, an online marketing agency and software subsidiary of Nelnet, Inc., from 2008 to 2011. Earlier in his career, he served as General Manager of Audience and Media at BDMetrics Inc., an information technology company; Vice President of Performance Media at VNC Communications, Inc (d/b/a Performics), a performance marketing subsidiary of DoubleClick Inc.; Senior Vice President of Operations at Heavy Hammer, Inc., a technology company; Director of Business Technology, Search Marketing and Email & Affinity Marketing at Advertising.com, Inc., an online advertising company that was acquired by AOL, Inc.; and an Applications Technology Sales Consultant for Oracle Corporation, a multinational computer technology company. Formerly, Mr. McLaughlin served as a U.S. Navy Submarine Officer from 1992 to 2000. Mr. McLaughlin received a M.A. (Cantab) in Natural Science from the University of Cambridge and B.S. in Computer Science from the United States Naval Academy.
Jeffrey (Jeff) Murphy has served as a director since April 2024. Mr. Murphy is Senior Vice President, Corporate Finance and Development at Charter Communications, Inc., a communications and media company, where he oversees debt and equity capital markets strategy and execution, treasury, risk management, mergers and acquisitions, and other corporate development. Prior to joining Charter in June 2021, Mr. Murphy spent more than two decades (from 1995 to 2020) with Credit Suisse Group (and predecessor entities), a financial services company, most recently as Vice Chairman of the Investment Banking and Capital Markets division and a Managing Director in the Global Technology, Media and Telecom (TMT) group. Prior to his investment banking career Mr. Murphy worked in consumer markets at MCI Communications. He holds an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School and a B.S. in business administration from Georgetown University. Mr. Murphy brings to our Board substantial capital markets, M&A and corporate development experience.
Brian Wendling has served as a director since March 2021. Mr. Wendling is Chief Accounting Officer and Principal Financial Officer of Liberty Media Corporation, Liberty Broadband Corporation, GCI Liberty and Liberty Live Holdings, Inc. He previously served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Liberty TripAdvisor Holdings, Inc. from January 2016 to April 2025 and served as Chief Accounting Officer and Principal Financial Officer of Qurate Retail, Inc. from January 2020 to March 2025 and Atlanta Braves Holdings, Inc. from December 2022 to August 2024. Mr. Wendling has held various positions with these companies and their predecessors since 1999. Prior to joining these companies, he worked in the assurance practice of the accounting firm KPMG. Mr.
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Wendling has previously served on the boards of Fun Technologies Inc. and CommerceHub, Inc. as well as other private companies. He also currently serves on the Indiana University Accounting Advisory Board and has previously served on the Clothes to Kids of Colorado and Rocky Mountain PBS boards. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in accounting from Indiana University. Mr. Wendling brings over 30 years of finance, accounting, M&A, public reporting and compliance experience to our Board.
Available Information
We make our periodic and current reports along with amendments to such reports available, free of charge, on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Our website address is www.comscore.com, and such reports are made available free of charge under "SEC Filings" in the Investor Relations section of our website. Information contained on our website is not part of this 10-K and is not incorporated herein by reference.
You can read our SEC filings, including this 10-K as well as our other periodic and current reports, on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.
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