Rani Therapeutics Holdings, Inc. 10-K

Item 9A . Controls and Procedures. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) and 15(d)-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objective and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as a result of the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described below as of December 31, 2025, the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective. However, our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, has concluded that, notwithstanding the identified material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, the consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K fairly presented, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with U.S. GAAP. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our CEO and CFO, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework, our management concluded that as a result of the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described below our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2025. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Management has identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. Specifically, management identified a deficiency in the design and implementation effectiveness of the control related to accounting for certain significant and complex or unusual transactions. While the material weakness did not result in a misstatement of our previously filed annual or interim consolidated financial statements, this material weakness, until remediated, could result in a material misstatement to one or more accounts or disclosures in the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management's report was not subject to attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Management's Plan to Remediate the Material Weakness We intend to implement measures designed to strengthen our internal control over financial reporting, including revising policies and procedures and implementing additional training to support an effective risk assessment process over evolving and growing areas of our business. The implementation of these remediation measures will require validation and testing of design and implementation effectiveness of internal controls over multiple financial reporting cycles. We will monitor the effectiveness of our remediation measures in connection with future assessments of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. 146 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated any changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2025, and has concluded that other than the remediation efforts described above, there was no change during such quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, believes that our disclosure controls and procedures over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and are effective at the reasonable assurance level. However, our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost–effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. Item 9B . Other Information Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans There are no disclosures required by this Item 9B, including those relating to “ Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements” and “ non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements,” as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K. Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions That Prevent Inspections Not applicable. 147 PART III Item 10 . Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance The information required by this Item and not set forth below is incorporated by reference to the information set forth in the sections titled “Election of Directors”, “Insider Trading Policy” and “Information Regarding the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance” in our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”) to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2025. We have adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our directors, officers, and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. The code of business conduct and ethics is available on our website at https://www.ranitherapeutics.com under the Corporate Governance section of our Investors page. We will promptly disclose on our website (i) the nature of any amendment to the policy that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions and (ii) the nature of any waiver, including an implicit waiver, from a provision of the policy that is granted to one of these specified individuals, the name of such person who is granted the waiver and the date of the waiver. Item 11 . Executive Compensation The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth in the section titled “Executive Compensation” in our Proxy Statement. Item 12 . Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the information in the section titled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in our Proxy Statement. The information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K will be set forth in the section titled “—Equity Compensation Plan Information” in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 13 . Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth in the sections titled “Transactions with Related Persons and Indemnification” and “—Independence of The Board of Directors” in our Proxy Statement. Item 14 . Principal Accountant Fees and Services The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth in the section titled “Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in our Proxy Statement. 148 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules (a) Documents filed as part of this report. 1. Financial Statements. The financial statements and reports of independent registered public accounting firm are filed as part of this Annual Report (see “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” at Item 8). 2. Financial Statement Schedules No financial statement schedules are included because the information is either provided in the consolidated financial statements, is not required under the instructions or is immaterial, and such schedules, therefore have been omitted. 3. Exhibits . The following is a list of all exhibits and financial statement schedules filed or furnished as part of this report: Exhibit Number Description 3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant as currently in effect (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on January 2, 2026). 3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant as currently in effect (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on January 2, 2026). 4.1 Specimen Class A common stock certificate of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, filed with the SEC on July 26, 2021). 4.2* Description of Registrant’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. 4.3 Form of Warrant to purchase shares of Class A common stock of Registrant, issued to Avenue Venture Opportunities Fund, L.P. 4.4 Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 16, 2025, filed with the SEC on October 17, 2025). 4.5 Form of Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 20, 2025, filed with the SEC on May 20, 2025). 4.6 Form of Pre-Funded Common Stock Purchase Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 16, 2025, filed with the SEC on October 17, 2025). 4.7 Form of Pre-Funded Common Stock Purchase Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 14, 2025, filed with the SEC on July 16, 2025). 10.2 Class B Unit Exchange Agreement, effective as of August 3, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 filed with the SEC on August 10, 2022). 10.3 Registration Rights Agreement, effective as of August 3, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 filed with the SEC on August 10, 2022). 10.4* Sixth Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Rani Therapeutics, LLC, effective as of December 31, 2025. 10.5+ Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and each of its directors and executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed with the SEC on July 9, 2021). 10.6+ Rani Therapeutics, LLC 2016 Equity Incentive Plan and forms of agreement thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, filed with the SEC on July 9, 2021). 10.7+ Rani Therapeutics Holdings, Inc. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, filed with the SEC on July 26, 2021). 10.8+ Forms of Agreement under the Rani Therapeutics Holdings, Inc. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 filed with the SEC on August 10, 2022). 10.9+ Rani Therapeutics Holdings, Inc. 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, filed with the SEC on July 26, 2021). 10.10+ Rani Therapeutics Holdings, Inc. Severance and Change in Control Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed with the SEC on July 9, 2021). 149 10.11+ Form of Participation Agreement under the Rani Therapeutics Holdings, Inc. Severance and Change in Control Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed with the SEC on July 9, 2021). 10.12*+ Rani Therapeutics Holdings, Inc. Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy. 10.13+ Service Agreement, by and between Rani Therapeutics, LLC and InCube Labs, LLC, dated January 1, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, filed with the SEC on July 9, 2021). 10.14+ Amendment No. 1 to Service Agreement, dated March 21, 2022, by and between Rani Therapeutics, LLC and InCube Labs, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022, filed with the SEC on August 10, 2022). 10.15+ Amendment No. 2 to Service Agreement, dated March 15, 2024, by and between Rani Therapeutics, LLC and InCube Labs, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 20, 2024). 10.16+ Non-Exclusive License Agreement, by and between Rani Therapeutics, LLC and InCube Labs, LLC, dated June 22, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, filed with the SEC on July 9, 2021). 10.17+ Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated August 31, 2022, by and between Rani Therapeutics, LLC and Talat Imran (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 22, 2023). 10.18+ Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated August 31, 2022, by and between Rani Therapeutics, LLC and Mir Hashim (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 22, 2023). 10.19+ Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated August 31, 2022, by and between Rani Therapeutics, LLC and Svai Sanford (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 22, 2023). 10.20+x Employment Agreement, dated May 17, 2023, by and between Rani Therapeutics, LLC and Kate McKinley (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, filed with the SEC on August 11, 2023). 10.21x License and Supply Agreement by and between Rani Therapeutics, LLC and Celltrion, Inc. dated January 6, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 22, 2023). 10.22x License and Supply Agreement by and between Rani Therapeutics, LLC and Celltrion, Inc. dated May 26, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit.10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, filed with the SEC on August 11, 2023). 10.23x Standard Industrial/Commercial Multi-Tenant Lease – Net, by and between Rani Therapeutics, LLC and BKM South Bay 240, LLC, dated as of November 1, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, filed with the SEC on November 8, 2023). 10.24 Collaboration Agreement between Rani Therapeutics, LLC and ProGen Co., Ltd. dated June 17, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, filed with the SEC on August 6, 2024). 10.25 Collaboration Agreement between Rani Therapeutics, LLC and Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. dated October 14, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2025, filed with the SEC on November 6, 2025). 10.26 Form of Securities Purchase Agreement between the Registrant and the Purchasers, dated as of October 16, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 16, 2025, filed with the SEC on October 17, 2025). 10.27*+ Form of Key Employee Retention Agreement 19.1* Rani Therapeutics Holdings, Inc. Insider Trading Policy 21.1* Subsidiaries of the Registrant. 23.1* Consent of Marcum LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 23.2* Consent of CBIZ CPAs P.C., Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 24.1* Power of Attorney. Reference is made to the signature page hereto. 31.1* Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 31.2* Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32.1*† Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 150 97.1 Policy Relating to Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025). 101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. 101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema With Embedded Linkbase Documents 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document) * Filed herewith. † The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 which accompanies this Annual Report on Form 10-K, are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (whether made before or after the date of this Form 10-K), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing. + Indicates management contract or compensatory plan. x Portions of this exhibit have been omitted as the Registrant has determined that (i) the omitted information is not material and (ii) the omitted material is of the type that the Registrant treats as private or confidential. Item 16 . Form 10-K Summary None. 151 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. Rani Therapeutics Holdings, Inc. Date: March 26, 2026 By: /s/ Talat Imran Talat Imran Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Talat Imran and Svai Sanford, and each of them, his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact, each with full power of substitution, for him in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact or their substitute or substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ Talat Imran Chief Executive Officer and Director March 26, 2026 Talat Imran (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ Svai Sanford Chief Financial Officer March 26, 2026 Svai Sanford (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) /s/ Mir Imran Chairman of the Board March 26, 2026 Mir Imran /s/ Dennis Ausiello Director March 26, 2026 Dennis Ausiello /s/ Jean-Luc Butel Director March 26, 2026 Jean-Luc Butel /s/ Abraham Bassan Director March 26, 2026 Abraham Bassan /s/ Vasudev Bailey Director March 26, 2026 Vasudev Bailey /s/ Lisa Rometty Director March 26, 2026 Lisa Rometty 152