OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC 10-Q

Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (unaudited) (Expressed in thousands, except number of shares and per share amounts) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 38,288 $ 33,150 Deposits with clearing organizations 100,008 98,909 Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations 325,342 241,478 Receivable from customers, net of allowance for credit losses of $ 152 ($ 175 in 2024) 1,374,526 1,268,866 Income tax receivable 3,693 1,499 Securities owned, including amounts pledged of $ 1,199,263 ($ 1,015,604 in 2024), at fair value 1,316,093 1,108,206 Notes receivable, net 67,366 67,931 Furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements, net of accumulated depreciation of $ 99,341 ($ 92,390 in 2024) 33,966 38,188 Right-of-use lease assets, net of accumulated amortization of $ 132,940 ($ 118,325 in 2024) 121,660 133,821 Corporate-owned life insurance 107,686 98,828 Goodwill 143,607 143,607 Intangible assets 35,209 35,709 Other assets 150,704 112,534 Total assets $ 3,818,148 $ 3,382,726 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity Liabilities Drafts payable $ 16,763 $ 21,661 Bank call loans 262,300 252,100 Payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations 322,339 253,816 Payable to customers 465,426 357,835 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 972,167 931,754 Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value 258,856 98,892 Accrued compensation 319,512 331,298 Income tax payable 238 3,963 Accounts payable and other liabilities 78,393 65,764 Lease liabilities 158,827 173,320 Deferred tax liabilities, net of deferred tax assets of $ 48,718 ($ 48,640 in 2024) 43,053 41,928 Total liabilities 2,897,874 2,532,331 Commitments and contingencies (Note 13) Stockholders' equity Common stock ($ 0.001 par value per share): Class A: shares authorized: 50,000,000 ; shares issued and outstanding: 10,420,884 and 10,231,736 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively Class B: shares authorized, issued and outstanding: 99,665 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 10 10 Additional paid-in capital 29,723 29,733 Retained earnings 887,740 819,961 Accumulated other comprehensive income 2,801 691 Total Stockholders' equity 920,274 850,395 Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity $ 3,818,148 $ 3,382,726 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements. 3 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS (unaudited) For the Three Months Ended September 30, For the Nine Months Ended September 30, (Expressed in thousands, except number of shares and per share amounts) 2025 2024 2025 2024 Revenue Commissions $ 120,684 $ 103,079 $ 341,587 $ 295,984 Advisory fees 134,404 121,631 388,835 353,675 Investment banking 77,488 52,185 168,644 131,841 Bank deposit sweep income 28,349 34,875 87,078 106,406 Interest 38,859 38,034 113,245 99,605 Principal transactions, net 14,902 14,364 38,409 42,672 Other 9,752 9,184 27,643 26,896 Total revenue 424,438 373,352 1,165,441 1,057,079 Expenses Compensation and related expenses $ 290,222 $ 237,935 $ 756,387 $ 680,375 Communications and technology 25,938 24,602 78,324 73,860 Occupancy and equipment costs 15,971 16,240 47,558 47,604 Clearing and exchange fees 6,850 7,125 21,643 19,747 Interest 22,496 24,103 66,421 66,631 Other 31,326 27,977 89,887 80,172 Total expenses 392,803 337,982 1,060,220 968,389 Pre-tax income 31,635 35,370 105,221 88,690 Income tax provision 9,923 10,862 31,180 28,172 Net income $ 21,712 $ 24,508 $ 74,041 $ 60,518 Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest, net of tax — — — ( 310 ) Net income attributable to Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. $ 21,712 $ 24,508 $ 74,041 $ 60,828 Earnings per share attributable to Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. Basic $ 2.06 $ 2.38 $ 7.05 $ 5.87 Diluted $ 1.90 $ 2.16 $ 6.53 $ 5.45 Weighted average shares outstanding Basic 10,519,722 10,332,927 10,502,101 10,355,982 Diluted 11,450,346 11,277,865 11,349,801 11,156,536 Period end shares outstanding 10,520,549 10,331,401 10,520,549 10,331,401 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements. 4 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (unaudited) For the Three Months Ended September 30, For the Nine Months Ended September 30, (Expressed in thousands) 2025 2024 2025 2024 Net income $ 21,712 $ 24,508 $ 74,041 $ 60,518 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Currency translation adjustment 451 271 2,110 ( 697 ) Comprehensive income 22,163 24,779 76,151 59,821 Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests — — — ( 310 ) Comprehensive income attributable to Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. $ 22,163 $ 24,779 $ 76,151 $ 60,131 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements. 5 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY AND NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS (unaudited) For the Three Months Ended September 30, For the Nine Months Ended September 30, (Expressed in thousands, except per share amounts) 2025 2024 2025 2024 Common stock ($ 0.001 par value per share) Balance at beginning of period $ 10 $ 10 $ 10 $ 10 Issuance of Class A non-voting common stock — — — — Repurchase of Class A non-voting common stock for cancellation — — — — Balance at end of period 10 10 10 10 Additional paid-in capital Balance at beginning of period 26,576 23,365 29,733 31,774 Issuance of Class A non-voting common stock 190 391 6,466 8,800 Repurchase of Class A non-voting common stock for cancellation — — ( 90 ) ( 8,384 ) Share-based expense 3,147 3,175 9,924 9,645 Vested employee share plan awards ( 190 ) ( 412 ) ( 16,310 ) ( 15,580 ) Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests — — — 264 Balance at end of period 29,723 26,519 29,723 26,519 Retained earnings Balance at beginning of period 867,922 788,739 819,961 756,468 Repurchase of Class A non-voting common stock for cancellation — ( 295 ) ( 580 ) ( 1,219 ) Net income (1) 21,712 24,508 74,041 60,828 Dividends paid ( 1,894 ) ( 1,860 ) ( 5,682 ) ( 4,985 ) Balance at end of period 887,740 811,092 887,740 811,092 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Balance at beginning of period 2,350 ( 54 ) 691 914 Currency translation adjustment 451 271 2,110 ( 697 ) Balance at end of period 2,801 217 2,801 217 Total Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. stockholders' equity $ 920,274 $ 837,838 $ 920,274 $ 837,838 Noncontrolling interest Balance at beginning of period — — — 73 Capital addition to noncontrolling interest — — — 237 Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest — — — ( 310 ) Balance at end of period — — — — Total stockholders' equity $ 920,274 $ 837,838 $ 920,274 $ 837,838 Dividends paid per share $ 0.18 $ 0.18 $ 0.54 $ 0.48 (1) Attributable to Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements. 6 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (unaudited) FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, (Expressed in thousands) 2025 2024 Cash flows from operating activities Net income $ 74,041 $ 60,518 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities Non-cash items included in net income: Depreciation and amortization of furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements 8,236 8,119 Deferred income taxes 793 10,922 Amortization of intangible assets 500 229 Amortization of notes receivable 13,422 13,809 Amortization of debt issuance costs — 164 Reversal of credit losses ( 23 ) ( 130 ) Paid-in-kind interest ( 143 ) — Share-based compensation 28,936 21,767 Amortization of right-of-use lease assets 19,493 19,529 Decrease (increase) in operating assets: Deposits with clearing organizations ( 1,099 ) ( 10,843 ) Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations ( 83,864 ) 8,157 Receivable from customers ( 105,637 ) ( 236,317 ) Income tax receivable ( 2,194 ) 3,170 Securities purchased under agreements to resell — 5,842 Securities owned ( 207,744 ) ( 272,140 ) Notes receivable ( 12,857 ) ( 16,749 ) Corporate-owned life insurance ( 8,858 ) ( 9,079 ) Other assets ( 39,456 ) 3,872 Increase (decrease) in operating liabilities: Drafts payable ( 4,898 ) 1,221 Payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations 68,523 ( 42,361 ) Payable to customers 107,591 ( 1,382 ) Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 40,413 124,720 Securities sold but not yet purchased 159,964 171,987 Accrued compensation ( 30,798 ) ( 6,246 ) Income tax payable ( 3,725 ) — Accounts payable and other liabilities ( 8,864 ) ( 41,659 ) Cash provided by/(used in) operating activities 11,752 ( 182,880 ) Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements ( 4,014 ) ( 1,887 ) Proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance 3,396 2,342 Cash (used in)/provided by investing activities ( 618 ) 455 Cash flows from financing activities Cash dividends paid on Class A non-voting and Class B voting common stock ( 5,682 ) ( 4,985 ) Issuance of Class A non-voting common stock — 64 Repurchase of Class A non-voting common stock for cancellation ( 671 ) ( 9,603 ) Payments for employee taxes withheld related to vested share-based awards ( 9,843 ) ( 6,844 ) Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interests — 500 Increase in bank call loans 10,200 206,700 Cash (used in)/provided by financing activities ( 5,996 ) 185,832 Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 5,138 3,407 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 33,150 28,835 Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $ 38,288 $ 32,242 Reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents within the condensed consolidated balance sheets: 2025 2024 Cash and cash equivalents $ 38,288 $ 32,242 Total cash and cash equivalents $ 38,288 $ 32,242 Schedule of non-cash financing activities Employee share plan issuance $ 10,587 $ 13,951 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information Cash paid during the period for interest $ 66,510 $ 67,273 Cash paid during the period for income taxes, net $ 36,169 $ 13,900 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements. 7 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) 1. Organization Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. ("OPY" or the "Parent") is incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of OPY and its consolidated subsidiaries (together, the "Company"). Oppenheimer Holdings Inc., through its operating subsidiaries, is a leading middle market investment bank and full service broker-dealer that is engaged in a broad range of activities in the financial services industry, including retail securities brokerage, institutional sales and trading, investment banking (corporate and public finance), equity and fixed income research, market-making, trust services, and investment advisory and asset management services. The Company is headquartered in New York and has 88 retail branch offices in 25 states located throughout the United States and offices in Puerto Rico, Tel Aviv, Israel, Hong Kong, China, London, England, St. Helier, Isle of Jersey, and Geneva, Switzerland. The principal subsidiaries of OPY are Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. ("Oppenheimer"), a registered broker-dealer in securities and investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940; Oppenheimer Asset Management Inc. ("OAM") and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Oppenheimer Investment Management LLC, both registered investment advisers under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940; Oppenheimer Trust Company of Delaware ("Oppenheimer Trust"), a limited purpose trust company that provides fiduciary services such as trust and estate administration and investment management; OPY Credit Corp., which conducts secondary trading activities related to the purchase and sale of loans and trade claims, primarily on a riskless principal basis; Oppenheimer Europe Ltd., based in the United Kingdom, with offices in the Isle of Jersey, and Switzerland, which provides institutional equities and fixed income brokerage and corporate finance and is regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority; and Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited, based in Hong Kong, China, which provides fixed income and equities brokerage services to institutional investors and is regulated by the Securities and Futures Commission. Oppenheimer owns Freedom Investments, Inc. ("Freedom"), a registered broker dealer in securities, which provides discount brokerage services on a limited basis, and Oppenheimer Israel (OPCO) Ltd., based in Tel Aviv, Israel, which provides investment services in the State of Israel and operates subject to the authority of the Israel Securities Authority. 2. Summary of significant accounting policies and estimates Basis of Presentation The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") regarding interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the "Form 10-K"). The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from the same sources as the audited consolidated financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for annual financial statement purposes. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior periods to place them on a basis comparable with current period presentation. Preparing financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts that are reported in the financial statements and the accompanying disclosures. Although these estimates are based on management's knowledge of current events and actions that the Company may undertake in the future, actual results may differ materially from the estimates. The condensed consolidated results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future interim or annual period. 8 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) 3. Financial Instruments - Credit Losses Under ASC 326, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses", the Company can elect to use an approach to measure the allowance for credit losses using the fair value of collateral where the borrower is required to, and reasonably expected to, continually adjust and replenish the amount of collateral securing the instrument to reflect changes in the fair value of such collateral. The Company has elected to use this approach for securities borrowed, margin loans, and reverse repurchase agreements. No material historical losses have been reported on these assets. See Note 9 for details. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $ 67.4 million of notes receivable ($ 67.9 million as of December 31, 2024). Notes receivable represent recruiting and retention payments generally in the form of upfront loans to financial advisors and key revenue producers as part of the Company's overall growth strategy. These notes generally amortize over a service period of 3 to 9 years from the initial date of the note. All such notes are contingent on the employees' continued employment with the Company. The unforgiven portion of the notes becomes due on demand in the event the employee departs during the service period. At that point, any uncollected portion of the notes is reclassified into a defaulted notes category. The allowance for uncollectibles is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the defaulted notes balance to present the net amount expected to be collected. Balances are charged-off against the allowance when management deems the amount to be uncollectible. The Company reserves 100 % of the uncollected balance of defaulted notes which are five years and older and applies an expected loss rate to the remaining balance. The expected loss rate is based on historical collection rates of defaulted notes. The expected loss rate is adjusted for changes in environmental and market conditions such as changes in unemployment rates, changes in interest rates and/or other relevant factors. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, no adjustments were made to the expected loss rates. The Company will continuously monitor the effect of these factors on the expected loss rate and adjust it as necessary. The allowance is measured on a pool basis as the Company has determined that the entire defaulted portion of notes receivable has similar risk characteristics. As of September 30, 2025, the balance of defaulted notes was $ 4.5 million and the allowance for uncollectibles was $ 2.7 million. The allowance for uncollectibles consisted of $ 1.5 million related to defaulted notes balances (five years and older) and $ 1.2 million (under five years). The following table presents the disaggregation of defaulted notes by year of default as of September 30, 2025: (Expressed in thousands) As of September 30, 2025 2025 $ 896 2024 386 2023 624 2022 141 2021 982 2020 and prior 1,421 Total $ 4,450 9 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) The following table presents activity in the allowance for uncollectibles of defaulted notes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024: (Expressed in thousands) For the Three Months Ended September 30, For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Beginning balance $ 2,856 $ 3,853 $ 2,815 $ 3,869 Additions 173 719 469 848 Write-offs ( 377 ) ( 952 ) ( 632 ) ( 1,097 ) Ending balance $ 2,652 $ 3,620 $ 2,652 $ 3,620 4. Leases The Company has operating leases for office space and equipment expiring at various dates through 2035. The Company leases its corporate headquarters at 85 Broad Street, New York, New York, which houses its executive management team and many administrative functions for the Company as well as its research, trading, investment banking, and asset management divisions and an office in Troy, Michigan, which among other things, houses its payroll and human resources departments. In addition, the Company has 88 retail branch offices in the United States as well as offices in London, England, St. Helier, Isle of Jersey, Tel Aviv, Israel, Hong Kong, China, and Geneva, Switzerland. The Company is constantly assessing its needs for office space and, on a rolling basis, has many leases that expire in any given year. Substantially all of the leases are held by the Company's subsidiary, Viner Finance Inc., which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; the Company recognizes lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Most leases include an option to renew and the exercise of lease renewal options is at the Company's sole discretion. The Company did not include the renewal options as part of the right of use assets and liabilities. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements is limited by the expected lease term. The Company's lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had right-of-use operating lease assets of $ 121.7 million (net of accumulated amortization of $ 132.9 million) which are comprised of real estate leases of $ 118.8 million (net of accumulated amortization of $ 130.7 million) and equipment leases of $ 2.9 million (net of accumulated amortization of $ 2.3 million). As of September 30, 2025, the Company had operating lease liabilities of $ 158.8 million which are comprised of real estate lease liabilities of $ 155.9 million and equipment lease liabilities of $ 2.9 million. The Company had no finance leases as of September 30, 2025. As most of the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses the incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The following table presents the weighted average lease term and weighted average discount rate for the Company's operating leases as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively: As of September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Weighted average remaining lease term (in years) 5.69 6.08 Weighted average discount rate 7.40 % 7.50 % 10 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) The following table presents operating lease costs recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively, which are included in occupancy and equipment costs on the condensed consolidated income statements: (Expressed in thousands) For the Three Months Ended September 30, For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Operating lease costs: Real estate leases - Right-of-use lease asset amortization $ 6,169 $ 6,165 $ 18,220 $ 18,242 Real estate leases - Interest expense 2,902 3,139 9,050 9,690 Equipment leases - Right-of-use lease asset amortization 421 424 1,270 1,287 Equipment leases - Interest expense 53 45 146 135 The maturities of lease liabilities as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows: (Expressed in thousands) As of September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 2025 $ 10,937 $ 42,466 2026 42,875 40,596 2027 40,108 38,151 2028 26,027 24,794 2029 19,594 18,816 After 2030 56,142 52,472 Total lease payments $ 195,683 $ 217,295 Less interest ( 36,856 ) ( 43,975 ) Present value of lease liabilities $ 158,827 $ 173,320 As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $ 3.1 million of additional real estate operating leases that have not yet commenced ($ 6.9 million as of December 31, 2024). 11 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) 5. Revenue from contracts with customers Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when, or as, the Company satisfies its performance obligations by transferring the promised goods or services to customers. A good or service is transferred to a customer when, or as, the customer obtains control of that good or service. A performance obligation may be satisfied over time or at a point in time. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied over time is recognized by measuring the Company's progress in satisfying the performance obligation in a manner that depicts the transfer of the goods or services to the customer. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied at a point in time is recognized at the point in time that the Company determines the customer obtains control over the promised good or service. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those promised goods or services (i.e., the "transaction price"). In determining the transaction price, the Company considers multiple factors, including the effects of variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainties with respect to the amount are resolved. In determining when to include variable consideration in the transaction price, the Company considers the range of possible outcomes, the predictive value of its past experiences, the time period during which uncertainties are expected to be resolved and the amount of consideration that is susceptible to factors outside of the Company's influence, such as market volatility or the judgment and actions of third parties. The Company earns revenue from contracts with customers and other sources (principal transactions, interest and other). The following provides detailed information on the recognition of the Company's revenue from contracts with customers: Commissions Commissions from Sales and Trading — The Company earns commission revenue by executing, settling and clearing transactions with clients primarily in exchange-traded and over-the-counter corporate equity and debt securities, money market instruments and exchange-traded options and futures contracts. A substantial portion of the Company's revenue is derived from commissions from private clients through accounts with transaction-based pricing. Trade execution and clearing services, when provided together, represent a single performance obligation as the services are not separately identifiable in the context of the contract. Commission revenue associated with combined trade execution and clearing services, as well as trade execution services on a standalone basis, is recognized at a point in time on trade date when the performance obligation is satisfied. Commission revenue is generally paid on settlement date, which is generally one business day after trade date. The Company records a receivable on the trade date and receives a payment on the settlement date. Mutual Fund Income — The Company earns mutual fund income for sales and distribution of mutual fund shares, which consists of a fixed fee amount and a variable amount. The Company recognizes mutual fund income at a point in time on the trade date when the performance obligation is satisfied which is when the mutual fund interest is sold to the investor. The ongoing distribution fees for distributing investment products from mutual fund companies are generally considered variable consideration because they are based on the value of AUM and are uncertain on trade date. The Company recognizes distribution fees over the investment period as the amounts become known and the portion recognized in the current period may relate to distribution services performed in prior periods. Mutual fund income is generally received within 90 days. 12 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Advisory Fees The Company earns management and performance (or incentive) fees in connection with the advisory and asset management services it provides to various types of funds, asset-based programs and investment vehicles through its subsidiaries. Management fees are generally based on the account value at the valuation date per the respective asset management agreements and are recognized over time as the customer receives the benefits of the services evenly throughout the term of the contract. Performance fees are recognized when the return on client AUM exceeds a specified benchmark return or other performance targets over a 12-month measurement period are met. Performance fees are considered variable as they are subject to fluctuation and/or are contingent on a future event over the measurement period and are not subject to adjustment once the measurement period ends. Such fees are computed as of the fund's year-end when the measurement period ends and generally are recorded as earned in the fourth quarter of the Company's fiscal year. Both management and performance fees are generally received within 90 days. Investment Banking The Company earns underwriting revenue by providing capital raising solutions for corporate clients through initial public offerings, follow-on offerings, equity-linked offerings, private investments in public entities, and private placements. Underwriting revenue is recognized at a point in time on trade date, as the client obtains the control and benefit of the capital markets offering at that time. These fees are generally received within 90 days after the transactions are completed. Transaction-related expenses, primarily consisting of legal, travel and other costs directly associated with the transaction, are deferred and recognized in the same period as the related investment banking transaction revenue. Underwriting revenue and related expenses are presented gross on the condensed consolidated income statements. Revenue from financial advisory services includes fees generated in connection with mergers, acquisitions and restructuring transactions. Such revenue and fees are primarily recorded at a point in time when services for the performance obligations have been completed and income is reasonably determinable, generally as set forth under the terms of the engagement. Payment for advisory services is generally due upon a completion of the transaction or milestone. Retainer fees and fees earned from certain advisory services are recognized ratably over the service period as the customer receives the benefit of the services throughout the term of the contracts, and such fees are collected based on the terms of the contracts. Bank Deposit Sweep Income Bank deposit sweep income consists of revenue earned from the FDIC-insured bank deposit program. Under this program, client funds are swept into deposit accounts at participating banks and are eligible for FDIC deposit insurance up to FDIC standard maximum deposit insurance amounts. Fees are earned over time and are generally received within 30 days. 13 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Disaggregation of Revenue The following presents the Company's revenue from contracts with customers disaggregated by major business activity and other sources of revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024: (Expressed in thousands) For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 Reportable Segments Wealth Management Capital Markets Corporate/Other Total Revenue from contracts with customers: Commissions from sales and trading $ 53,511 $ 58,807 $ 8 $ 112,326 Mutual fund and insurance income 8,350 1 7 8,358 Advisory fees 134,397 — 7 134,404 Investment banking - capital markets 3,042 52,143 — 55,185 Investment banking - advisory 438 21,865 — 22,303 Bank deposit sweep income 28,349 — — 28,349 Other 7,809 84 1,397 9,290 Total revenue from contracts with customers 235,896 132,900 1,419 370,215 Other sources of revenue: Interest 22,381 14,785 1,693 38,859 Principal transactions, net 1,254 14,194 ( 546 ) 14,902 Other 195 266 1 462 Total other sources of revenue 23,830 29,245 1,148 54,223 Total revenue $ 259,726 $ 162,145 $ 2,567 $ 424,438 (Expressed in thousands) For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Reportable Segments Wealth Management Capital Markets Corporate/Other Total Revenue from contracts with customers: Commissions from sales and trading $ 46,641 $ 48,195 $ 6 $ 94,842 Mutual fund and insurance income 8,231 1 5 8,237 Advisory fees 121,620 — 11 121,631 Investment banking - capital markets 2,410 16,977 — 19,387 Investment banking - advisory — 32,798 — 32,798 Bank deposit sweep income 34,875 — — 34,875 Other 2,993 896 981 4,870 Total revenue from contracts with customers 216,770 98,867 1,003 316,640 Other sources of revenue: Interest 24,331 11,847 1,856 38,034 Principal transactions, net 977 13,034 353 14,364 Other 3,971 282 61 4,314 Total other sources of revenue 29,279 25,163 2,270 56,712 Total revenue $ 246,049 $ 124,030 $ 3,273 $ 373,352 14 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (Expressed in thousands) For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Reportable Segments Wealth Management Capital Markets Corporate/Other Total Revenue from contracts with customers: Commissions from sales and trading $ 149,481 $ 167,973 $ 32 $ 317,486 Mutual fund and insurance income 24,079 3 19 24,101 Advisory fees 388,799 — 36 388,835 Investment banking - capital markets 8,762 89,129 — 97,891 Investment banking - advisory 438 70,315 — 70,753 Bank deposit sweep income 87,078 — — 87,078 Other 15,779 1,737 4,109 21,625 Total revenue from contracts with customers 674,416 329,157 4,196 1,007,769 Other sources of revenue: Interest 65,808 42,492 4,945 113,245 Principal transactions, net 2,640 36,040 ( 271 ) 38,409 Other 5,269 698 51 6,018 Total other sources of revenue 73,717 79,230 4,725 157,672 Total revenue $ 748,133 $ 408,387 $ 8,921 $ 1,165,441 (Expressed in thousands) For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Reportable Segments Wealth Management Capital Markets Corporate/Other Total Revenue from contracts with customers: Commissions from sales and trading $ 136,337 $ 135,414 $ 14 $ 271,765 Mutual fund and insurance income 24,201 3 15 24,219 Advisory fees 353,644 — 31 353,675 Investment banking - capital markets 8,238 46,626 ( 1 ) 54,863 Investment banking - advisory 21 76,957 — 76,978 Bank deposit sweep income 106,407 — ( 1 ) 106,406 Other 9,576 1,796 3,903 15,275 Total revenue from contracts with customers 638,424 260,796 3,961 903,181 Other sources of revenue: Interest 66,153 27,560 5,892 99,605 Principal transactions, net 3,089 39,333 250 42,672 Other 10,870 565 186 11,621 Total other sources of revenue 80,112 67,458 6,328 153,898 Total revenue $ 718,536 $ 328,254 $ 10,289 $ 1,057,079 15 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Contract Assets and Liabilities The timing of the Company's revenue recognition may differ from the timing of payment by its customers. The Company records contract assets when payment is due from a client conditioned on future performance or the occurrence of other events. Alternatively, when payment precedes the provision of the related services, the Company records deferred revenue until the performance obligations are satisfied. The Company had receivables related to revenue from contracts with customers of $ 47.5 million and $ 46.2 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company had no significant impairments related to these receivables during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. Deferred revenue relates to IRA fees received annually in advance on customers' IRA accounts managed by the Company, software license fees received upfront from customers and retainer fees and other fees earned from certain advisory transactions where the performance obligations have not yet been satisfied. Total deferred revenue was $ 2.9 million and $ 0.9 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The following presents the Company's receivables and deferred revenue balances from contracts with customers, which are included in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, on the condensed consolidated balance sheet: (Expressed in thousands) As of September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Receivables Commission (1) $ 6,736 $ 4,408 Mutual fund and insurance income (2) 5,757 5,838 Advisory fees (3) 7,005 11,271 Bank deposit sweep income (4) 4,123 4,748 Investment banking fees (5) 15,868 14,798 Other 8,019 5,124 Total receivables $ 47,508 $ 46,187 Deferred revenue (payables): Investment Banking fees (6) $ 257 $ 28 Software license fees (7) 2,073 902 IRA fees (8) 600 — $ 2,930 $ 930 (1) Commissions earned but not yet received. (2) Mutual fund and insurance income earned but not yet received. (3) Management and performance fees earned but not yet received. (4) Fees earned from FDIC-insured bank deposit program but not yet received. (5) Underwriting revenue and advisory fees earned but not yet received. (6) Retainer fees and fees received from certain advisory transactions where the performance obligations have not yet been satisfied. (7) Software license fees received upfront from customers and recognized ratably over the contract period. (8) Fees received in advance on an annual basis. 16 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) 6. Earnings per share Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income over the weighted average number of shares of Class A non-voting common stock ("Class A Stock") and Class B voting common stock ("Class B Stock") outstanding. Diluted earnings per share includes the weighted average number of shares of Class A Stock and Class B Stock outstanding and options to purchase Class A Stock and unvested restricted stock awards of Class A Stock using the treasury stock method. Earnings per share have been calculated as follows: (Expressed in thousands, except number of shares and per share amounts) For the Three Months Ended September 30, For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Basic weighted average number of shares outstanding 10,519,722 10,332,927 10,502,101 10,355,982 Net dilutive effect of share-based awards, treasury stock method (1) 930,624 944,938 847,700 800,554 Diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding 11,450,346 11,277,865 11,349,801 11,156,536 Net income attributable to Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. $ 21,712 $ 24,508 $ 74,041 $ 60,828 Earnings per share attributable to Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. Basic $ 2.06 $ 2.38 $ 7.05 $ 5.87 Diluted $ 1.90 $ 2.16 $ 6.53 $ 5.45 (1) For the three months ended September 30, 2025, the diluted net income per share computation did not include the anti-dilutive effect of 7,000 shares of Class A Stock granted under share-based compensation arrangements. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the diluted net income per share computation did not include the anti-dilutive effect of 8,000 shares of Class A Stock granted under share-based compensation arrangements. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, there were no shares of Class A Stock with an anti-dilutive effect granted under share-based compensation arrangements. 7. Receivable from and payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations (Expressed in thousands) As of September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations consisting of: Securities borrowed $ 164,230 $ 137,177 Receivable from brokers 54,255 59,487 Securities failed to deliver 64,234 8,459 Clearing organizations and other (1) 42,623 36,355 Total $ 325,342 $ 241,478 Payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations consisting of: Securities loaned $ 286,694 $ 235,498 Securities failed to receive 29,530 14,757 Payable to brokers 1,379 607 Clearing organizations and other 4,736 2,954 Total $ 322,339 $ 253,816 (1) As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, approximately $ 16.6 million and $ 15.4 million, respectively, of this balance represents a receivable for trades executed, but not yet settled. 17 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) 8. Fair value measurements Securities owned, securities sold but not yet purchased, investments, derivative contracts and certain loans are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings each period. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A description of the valuation techniques applied and inputs used in measuring the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, are as follows: Securities The Company determines the fair value of securities (both long and short) primarily based on pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency. Where unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities are available in an active market, we classify the securities within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include U.S. Treasury securities, money market funds and corporate equities. If quoted market prices are unavailable, fair values are generally determined using pricing models which incorporate market observable inputs, such as benchmark yields, recently executed transaction prices, issuer spreads, reported trades, bids, offers and other reference data. Examples of such instruments, which are typically classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy, include U.S. Agency securities, sovereign obligations, corporate debt and other obligations, mortgage and other asset-backed securities, municipal obligations, money market funds and convertible bonds. In limited situations where there is reduced activity or less observability around inputs to the valuation, we classify those securities in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company has valued the auction rate securities owned at the tender offer price and categorized them in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to the illiquid nature of the securities and the period of time since the last tender offer. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had $ 128,000 and $ 2.7 million, respectively, of auction rate securities in Level 3 assets. Additionally, the Company has valued a convertible note using a discounted cash flow model and warrants using a Black-Scholes option pricing model and categorized them in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to the models' use of unobservable inputs. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $ 2.0 million and $ 1.2 million of convertible note and warrants, respectively, in Level 3 assets. Derivative financial instruments The Company classifies exchange-traded derivative financial instruments such as futures contracts in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Some of our derivative positions, such as to-be-announced securities, are valued using models that use observable market parameters, and we classify them in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Loans The fair value of loans is estimated using recently executed transactions and current price quotations, which are usually observable. In rare occurrences when observable pricing information is not available, fair value is generally determined based on cash flow models using discounted cash flow models, competitor comparable data and other valuation metrics. Other The Company owns an equity method investment in a financial technologies firm. The Company elected the fair value option for this investment and it is included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company determined the fair value of the investment based on an implied market-multiple approach and observable market data, including comparable company transactions. The fair value of this investment was $ 5.9 million and $ 5.9 million, respectively at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and was categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Trade claims are categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to the illiquid nature of the claims and the period of time since the executed prices. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had no trade claims. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $ 2.7 million of trade claims in Level 3 assets. 18 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Investments In its role as general partner in certain hedge funds and private equity funds, the Company, through its subsidiaries, holds direct investments in such funds. The Company records these investments within other assets and uses the net asset value of the underlying fund as a basis for estimating the fair value of its investment unless another method provides a better indicator of fair value. Changes in the fair value of these investments are reflected within other income in the condensed consolidated financial statements. The following table provides information about the Company's investments in Company-sponsored funds as of September 30, 2025: (Expressed in thousands) Fair Value Unfunded Commitments Redemption Frequency Redemption Notice Period Hedge funds (1) $ 141 $ — Quarterly - Annually 30 - 120 Days Private equity funds (2) 5,478 790 N/A N/A $ 5,619 $ 790 (1) Hedge funds represent investments in credit driven strategies. (2) Private equity funds includes portfolios focused on technology, infrastructure, real estate, natural resources and specific co-investment opportunities. The following table provides information about the Company's investments in Company-sponsored funds as of December 31, 2024: (Expressed in thousands) Fair Value Unfunded Commitments Redemption Frequency Redemption Notice Period Hedge funds (1) $ 283 $ — Quarterly - Annually 30 - 120 Days Private equity funds (2) 5,090 1,314 N/A N/A $ 5,373 $ 1,314 (1) Hedge funds represent investments in credit driven strategies. (2) Private equity funds includes portfolios focused on technology, infrastructure, real estate, natural resources and specific co-investment opportunities. 19 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value The Company's assets and liabilities, recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, have been categorized based upon the above fair value hierarchy as follows: Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025 : (Expressed in thousands) Fair Value Measurements as of September 30, 2025 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets Deposits with clearing organizations $ 27,993 $ — $ — $ 27,993 Securities owned: U.S. Treasury securities 1,216,287 — — 1,216,287 U.S. Agency securities — 6,205 — 6,205 Sovereign obligations — 6,403 — 6,403 Corporate debt and other obligations — 8,556 1,973 10,529 Mortgage and other asset-backed securities — 2,095 — 2,095 Municipal obligations — 17,259 — 17,259 Convertible bonds — 17,222 — 17,222 Corporate equities 31,767 — 1,170 32,937 Money markets 6,500 528 — 7,028 Auction rate securities — — 128 128 Securities owned, at fair value 1,254,554 58,268 3,271 1,316,093 Investments (1) — 17,146 — 17,146 Loans (1) — 734 — 734 Derivative contracts: (2) TBAs — 83 — 83 Derivative contracts, total — 83 — 83 Total $ 1,282,547 $ 76,231 $ 3,271 $ 1,362,049 Liabilities Securities sold but not yet purchased: U.S. Treasury securities $ 230,586 $ — $ — $ 230,586 U.S. Agency securities — 27 — 27 Sovereign obligations — 4,599 — 4,599 Corporate debt and other obligations — 1,143 — 1,143 Convertible bonds — 13,521 — 13,521 Corporate equities 8,980 — — 8,980 Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value 239,566 19,290 — 258,856 Derivative contracts: (2) Futures 982 — — 982 TBAs — 86 — 86 Derivative contracts, total 982 86 — 1,068 Total $ 240,548 $ 19,376 $ — $ 259,924 (1) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. (2) Included in receivable/payable from/to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. 20 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024: (Expressed in thousands) Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2024 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets Deposits with clearing organizations $ 28,071 $ — $ — $ 28,071 Securities owned: U.S. Treasury securities 995,420 — — 995,420 U.S. Agency securities — 3,691 — 3,691 Corporate debt and other obligations — 9,423 — 9,423 Mortgage and other asset-backed securities — 8,954 — 8,954 Municipal obligations — 34,704 — 34,704 Convertible bonds — 21,938 — 21,938 Corporate equities 23,873 — — 23,873 Money markets 7,551 — — 7,551 Auction rate securities — — 2,652 2,652 Securities owned, at fair value 1,026,844 78,710 2,652 1,108,206 Investments (1) 978 17,005 — 17,983 Trade claims (1) — — 2,684 2,684 Loans (1) — 432 — 432 Total $ 1,055,893 $ 96,147 $ 5,336 $ 1,157,376 Liabilities Securities sold but not yet purchased: U.S. Treasury securities $ 82,767 $ — $ — $ 82,767 U.S. Agency securities — 4 — 4 Corporate debt and other obligations — 11 — 11 Convertible bonds — 4,998 — 4,998 Corporate equities 11,112 — — 11,112 Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value 93,879 5,013 — 98,892 Derivative contracts: (2) Futures 1,071 — — 1,071 Derivative contracts, total 1,071 — — 1,071 Total $ 94,950 $ 5,013 $ — $ 99,963 (1) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. (2) Included in receivable/payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. 21 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) The following tables present changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024: (Expressed in thousands) Level 3 Assets and Liabilities For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 Total Realized Beginning and Unrealized Purchases Sales and Transfers Ending Balance Gain (2) and Issuances Settlements In (Out) Balance Assets Corporate equities $ 1,190 $ ( 20 ) $ — $ — $ — $ 1,170 Corporate debt and other obligations 1,862 111 — — — 1,973 Auction rate securities (1) 128 — — — — 128 (1) Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market. (2) Included in principal transactions in the condensed consolidated income statement except amounts for corporate and other obligations, which represent paid-in-kind interest, that are included in interest income in the condensed consolidated income statement. (Expressed in thousands) Level 3 Assets and Liabilities For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Total Realized Beginning and Unrealized Purchases Sales and Transfers Ending Balance Gain (2) and Issuances Settlements In (Out) Balance Assets Auction rate securities (1) $ 2,713 $ 3 $ — $ ( 35 ) $ — $ 2,681 (1) Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market. (2) Included in principal transactions in the condensed consolidated income statement. (Expressed in thousands) Level 3 Assets and Liabilities For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Total Realized Beginning and Unrealized Purchases Sales and Transfers Ending Balance Gain (2) and Issuances Settlements In (Out) Balance Assets Corporate equities $ — $ — $ 1,170 $ — $ — $ 1,170 Corporate debt and other obligations — 143 1,830 — — 1,973 Auction rate securities (1) 2,652 206 — ( 2,730 ) — 128 Trade claims 2,684 957 534 ( 4,175 ) — — (1) Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market. (2) Included in principal transactions in the condensed consolidated income statement except amounts for corporate and other obligations, which represent paid-in-kind interest, that are included in interest income in the condensed consolidated income statement. 22 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (Expressed in thousands) Level 3 Assets and Liabilities For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Total Realized Beginning and Unrealized Purchases Sales and Transfers Ending Balance Gain (2) and Issuances Settlements In (Out) Balance Assets Auction rate securities (1) $ 2,713 $ 3 $ — $ ( 35 ) $ — $ 2,681 (1) Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market. (2) Included in principal transactions in the condensed consolidated income statement. Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value The table below presents the carrying value, fair value and fair value hierarchy category of certain financial instruments that are not measured at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The table below excludes non-financial assets and liabilities (e.g., furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements and accrued compensation). The carrying value of financial instruments not measured at fair value categorized in the fair value hierarchy as Level 1 or Level 2 (e.g., cash and receivables from customers) approximates fair value because of the relatively short-term nature of the underlying assets. Assets and liabilities not measured at fair value as of September 30, 2025: (Expressed in thousands) Fair Value Measurement: Assets Carrying Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Cash and cash equivalents $ 38,288 $ 38,288 $ — $ — $ 38,288 Deposits with clearing organizations 72,015 72,015 — — 72,015 Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations: Securities borrowed 164,230 — 164,230 — 164,230 Receivables from brokers 54,255 — 54,255 — 54,255 Securities failed to deliver 23,975 — 23,975 — 23,975 Clearing organizations and other 82,799 — 82,799 — 82,799 325,259 — 325,259 — 325,259 Receivable from customers 1,374,526 — 1,374,526 — 1,374,526 Notes receivable, net 67,366 — 67,366 — 67,366 Corporate-owned life insurance 107,686 — 107,686 — 107,686 Investments (1) 2,205 — 2,205 — 2,205 (1) Included within other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. 23 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (Expressed in thousands) Fair Value Measurement: Liabilities Carrying Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Drafts payable $ 16,763 $ 16,763 $ — $ — $ 16,763 Bank call loans 262,300 — 262,300 — 262,300 Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations: Securities loaned 286,694 — 286,694 — 286,694 Payable to brokers 1,379 — 1,379 — 1,379 Securities failed to receive 29,530 — 29,530 — 29,530 Clearing organization and other 3,668 — 3,668 — 3,668 321,271 — 321,271 — 321,271 Payables to customers 465,426 — 465,426 — 465,426 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 972,167 — 972,167 — 972,167 Assets and liabilities not measured at fair value as of December 31, 2024: (Expressed in thousands) Fair Value Measurement: Assets Carrying Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Cash and cash equivalents $ 33,150 $ 33,150 $ — $ — $ 33,150 Deposits with clearing organization 70,838 70,838 — — 70,838 Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations: Securities borrowed 137,177 — 137,177 — 137,177 Receivables from brokers 59,487 — 59,487 — 59,487 Securities failed to deliver 8,459 — 8,459 — 8,459 Clearing organizations and other 36,355 — 36,355 — 36,355 241,478 — 241,478 — 241,478 Receivable from customers 1,268,866 — 1,268,866 — 1,268,866 Notes receivable, net 67,931 — 67,931 — 67,931 Corporate-owned life insurance 98,828 — 98,828 — 98,828 Investments (1) 1,634 — 1,634 — 1,634 (1) Included within other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. 24 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (Expressed in thousands) Fair Value Measurement: Liabilities Carrying Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Drafts payable $ 21,661 $ 21,661 $ — $ — $ 21,661 Bank call loans 252,100 — 252,100 — 252,100 Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations: Securities loaned 235,498 — 235,498 — 235,498 Payable to brokers 607 — 607 — 607 Securities failed to receive 14,757 — 14,757 — 14,757 Clearing organizations and other 1,883 — 1,883 — 1,883 252,745 — 252,745 — 252,745 Payables to customers 357,835 — 357,835 — 357,835 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 931,754 — 931,754 — 931,754 Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities The Company transacts, on a limited basis, in exchange traded and over-the-counter derivatives for both asset and liability management as well as for trading and investment purposes. Risks managed using derivative instruments include interest rate risk and, to a lesser extent, foreign exchange risk. All derivative instruments are measured at fair value and are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. Foreign exchange hedges From time to time, the Company also utilizes forward and options contracts to hedge the foreign currency risk associated with compensation obligations to Oppenheimer Israel (OPCO) Ltd. employees denominated in New Israeli Shekel ("NIS"). Such hedges have not been designated as accounting hedges. Unrealized gains and losses on foreign exchange forward contracts are recorded in other assets or other liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and other income in the condensed consolidated income statement. Derivatives used for trading and investment purposes Futures contracts represent commitments to purchase or sell securities or other commodities at a future date and at a specified price. Market risk exists with respect to these instruments. Notional or contractual amounts are used to express the volume of these transactions and do not represent the amounts potentially subject to market risk. The Company uses futures contracts, including U.S. Treasury Notes, federal funds, general collateral futures and Eurodollar contracts primarily as an economic hedge of interest rate risk associated with government trading activities. Unrealized gains and losses on futures contracts are recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet in receivable from or payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations and in the condensed consolidated income statement as principal transactions revenue, net. To-be-announced securities The Company also transacts in pass-through mortgage-backed securities eligible to be sold in the TBA market as economic hedges against mortgage-backed securities that it owns or has sold but not yet purchased. TBAs provide for the forward or delayed delivery of the underlying instrument with settlement up to 180 days. The contractual or notional amounts related to these financial instruments reflect the volume of activity and do not reflect the amounts at risk. Net unrealized gains and losses on TBAs are recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet in receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations or payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations and in the condensed consolidated income statement as principal transactions revenue, net. 25 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) The notional amounts and fair values of the Company's derivatives as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 by product were as follows: (Expressed in thousands) Fair Value of Derivative Instruments as of September 30, 2025 Description Notional Fair Value Assets: Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1) Other contracts TBAs $ 13,985 $ 83 $ 13,985 $ 83 Liabilities: Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1) Commodity contracts Futures $ 16,000,000 $ 982 Other contracts TBAs 13,985 86 $ 16,013,985 $ 1,068 (1) See "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" above for a description of derivative financial instruments. Such derivative instruments are not subject to master netting agreements, thus the related amounts are not offset. (Expressed in thousands) Fair Value of Derivative Instruments as of December 31, 2024 Description Notional Fair Value Assets: Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1) Other contracts TBAs $ 360 $ — $ 360 $ — Liabilities: Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1) Commodity contracts Futures $ 11,475,000 $ 1,071 Other contracts TBAs 360 — $ 11,475,360 $ 1,071 (1) See "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" above for a description of derivative financial instruments. Such derivative instruments are not subject to master netting agreements, thus the related amounts are not offset. 26 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) The following table presents the location and fair value amounts of the Company's derivative instruments and their effect in the condensed consolidated income statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024: (Expressed in thousands) The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 Recognized in Income on Derivatives (pre-tax) Types Description Location Net Gain Commodity contracts Futures Principal transactions revenue, net $ 172 Other contracts TBAs Principal transactions revenue, net 3 $ 175 (Expressed in thousands) The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Recognized in Income on Derivatives (pre-tax) Types Description Location Net Loss Commodity contracts Futures Principal transactions revenue, net $ ( 5,892 ) Other contracts TBAs Principal transactions revenue, net ( 2 ) $ ( 5,894 ) (Expressed in thousands) The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Recognized in Income on Derivatives (pre-tax) Types Description Location Net Gain (Loss) Commodity contracts Futures Principal transactions revenue, net $ ( 572 ) Other contracts TBAs Principal transactions revenue, net 19 $ ( 553 ) (Expressed in thousands) The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Recognized in Income on Derivatives (pre-tax) Types Description Location Net Gain (Loss) Commodity contracts Futures Principal transactions revenue, net $ ( 1,457 ) Other contracts Foreign exchange forward contracts Other revenue/(Compensation and related expenses) ( 24 ) Other contracts TBAs Principal transactions revenue, net 1 $ ( 1,480 ) 27 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) 9. Collateralized transactions The Company enters into collateralized borrowing and lending transactions in order to meet customers' needs and earn interest rate spreads, obtain securities for settlement and finance trading inventory positions. Under these transactions, the Company either receives or provides collateral, including U.S. Government and Agency, asset-backed, corporate debt, equity, and non-U.S. Government and Agency securities. The Company obtains short-term borrowings primarily through bank call loans. Bank call loans are generally payable on demand and bear interest at various rates. As of September 30, 2025, the outstanding balance of bank call loans was $ 262.3 million ($ 252.1 million as of December 31, 2024). As of September 30, 2025, such loans with commercial banks were collateralized by the Company's securities and customer securities with market values of approximately $ 26.9 million and $ 265.9 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had approximately $ 1.9 billion of customer securities under customer margin loans that are available to be pledged, of which the Company has re-pledged approximately $ 233.2 million under securities loan agreements. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had pledged $ 361.7 million of customer securities directly with the Options Clearing Corporation to secure obligations and margin requirements under option contracts written by customers. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had no outstanding letters of credit. The Company enters into reverse repurchase agreements, repurchase agreements, securities borrowed and securities loaned transactions to, among other things, acquire securities to cover short positions and settle other securities obligations, to accommodate customers' needs and to finance the Company's inventory positions. Except as described below, repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements, principally involving U.S. Government and Agency securities, are carried at amounts at which the securities subsequently will be resold or reacquired as specified in the respective agreements and include accrued interest. Repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements are presented on a net-by-counterparty basis, when the repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements are executed with the same counterparty, have the same explicit settlement date, are executed in accordance with a master netting arrangement, the securities underlying the repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements exist in "book entry" form and certain other requirements are met. The following table presents a disaggregation of the gross obligation by the class of collateral pledged and the remaining contractual maturity of the repurchase agreements and securities loaned transactions as of September 30, 2025: (Expressed in thousands) Overnight and Open Repurchase agreements: U.S. Treasury securities $ 1,208,900 Securities loaned: Corporate equities 286,694 Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements and securities loaned $ 1,495,594 28 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) The following tables present the gross amounts and the offsetting amounts of reverse repurchase agreements, repurchase agreements, securities borrowed and securities loaned transactions as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024: As of September 30, 2025 (Expressed in thousands) Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Balance Sheet Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets Gross Amounts Offset on the Balance Sheet Net Amounts of Assets Presented on the Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Received Net Amount Reverse repurchase agreements $ 236,733 $ ( 236,733 ) $ — $ — $ — $ — Securities borrowed (1) 164,230 — 164,230 ( 161,417 ) — 2,813 Total $ 400,963 $ ( 236,733 ) $ 164,230 $ ( 161,417 ) $ — $ 2,813 (1) Included in receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. (Expressed in thousands) Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Balance Sheet Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amounts Offset on the Balance Sheet Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented on the Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Pledged Net Amount Repurchase agreements $ 1,208,900 $ ( 236,733 ) $ 972,167 $ ( 972,167 ) $ — $ — Securities loaned (2) 286,694 — 286,694 ( 278,895 ) — 7,799 Total $ 1,495,594 $ ( 236,733 ) $ 1,258,861 $ ( 1,251,062 ) $ — $ 7,799 (2) Included in payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2024 (Expressed in thousands) Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Balance Sheet Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets Gross Amounts Offset on the Balance Sheet Net Amounts of Assets Presented on the Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Received Net Amount Reverse repurchase agreements $ 68,055 $ ( 68,055 ) $ — $ — $ — $ — Securities borrowed (1) 137,177 — 137,177 ( 130,568 ) — 6,609 Total $ 205,232 $ ( 68,055 ) $ 137,177 $ ( 130,568 ) $ — $ 6,609 (1) Included in receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. (Expressed in thousands) Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Balance Sheet Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amounts Offset on the Balance Sheet Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented on the Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Pledged Net Amount Repurchase agreements $ 999,809 $ ( 68,055 ) $ 931,754 $ ( 931,754 ) $ — $ — Securities loaned (2) 235,498 — 235,498 ( 229,156 ) — 6,342 Total $ 1,235,307 $ ( 68,055 ) $ 1,167,252 $ ( 1,160,910 ) $ — $ 6,342 (2) Included in payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. 29 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) The Company receives collateral in connection with securities borrowed and reverse repurchase agreement transactions and customer margin loans. Under many agreements, the Company is permitted to sell or re-pledge the securities received (e.g., use the securities to enter into securities lending transactions, or deliver to counterparties to cover short positions). As of September 30, 2025, the fair value of securities received as collateral under securities borrowed transactions and reverse repurchase agreements was $ 160.7 million ($ 131.7 million as of December 31, 2024) and $ 238.4 million ($ 68.1 million as of December 31, 2024), respectively, of which the Company has sold and re-pledged approximately $ 43.6 million ($ 39.2 million as of December 31, 2024) under securities loaned transactions and $ 238.4 million under repurchase agreements ($ 68.1 million as of December 31, 2024). The Company pledges certain of its securities owned for securities lending and repurchase agreements and to collateralize bank call loan transactions. The carrying value of pledged securities owned that can be sold or re-pledged by the counterparty was $ 1.2 billion, as presented on the face of the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025 ($ 1.0 billion as of December 31, 2024). The Company manages credit exposure arising from repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements by, in appropriate circumstances, entering into master netting agreements and collateral arrangements with counterparties that provide the Company, in the event of a customer default, the right to liquidate securities and the right to offset a counterparty's rights and obligations. The Company manages market risk of repurchase agreements and securities loaned by monitoring the market value of collateral held and the market value of securities receivable from others. It is the Company's policy to request and obtain additional collateral when exposure to loss exists. In the event the counterparty is unable to meet its contractual obligation to return the securities, the Company may be exposed to off-balance sheet risk of acquiring securities at prevailing market prices. Credit Concentrations Credit concentrations may arise from trading, investing, underwriting and financing activities and may be impacted by changes in economic, industry or political factors. In the normal course of business, the Company may be exposed to credit risk in the event customers, counterparties including other brokers and dealers, issuers, banks, depositories or clearing organizations are unable to fulfill their contractual obligations. The Company seeks to mitigate these risks by actively monitoring exposures and obtaining collateral as deemed appropriate. Included in receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations as of September 30, 2025 were receivables from three major U.S. broker-dealers totaling approximately $ 104.5 million. Included in receivable from customers as of September 30, 2025 were fully secured margin loans from our two largest customer accounts totaling approximately $ 652.4 million, comprising 48.4 % of total margin loans. The Company is obligated to settle transactions with brokers and other financial institutions even if its clients fail to meet their obligations to the Company. Clients are required to complete their transactions on the settlement date, generally one business day after the trade date. If clients do not fulfill their contractual obligations, the Company may incur losses. The Company has clearing/participating arrangements with the National Securities Clearing Corporation, the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation ("FICC"), the Mortgage-Backed Securities Division (a division of the FICC), the Options Clearing Corporation and others. With respect to its business in reverse repurchase and repurchase agreements, all open contracts as of September 30, 2025 are with the FICC . In addition, the Company clears its non-U.S. international equities business carried on by Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. through Global Prime Partners, Ltd., a global clearing financial institution located in the United Kingdom. The clearing organizations have the right to charge the Company for losses that result from a client's failure to fulfill its contractual obligations. Accordingly, the Company has credit exposures with these clearing brokers. The clearing brokers can re-hypothecate the securities held on behalf of the Company. As the right to charge the Company has no maximum amount and applies to all trades executed through the clearing brokers, the Company believes there is no maximum amount assignable to this right. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had recorded no liabilities with regard to this right. The Company's policy is to monitor the credit standing of the clearing brokers and banks with which it conducts business. 30 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) 10. Variable interest entities ("VIEs") The Company's policy is to consolidate all subsidiaries in which it has a controlling financial interest, as well as any VIEs where the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, when it has the power to make the decisions that most significantly affect the economic performance of the VIE and has the obligation to absorb significant losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. In the normal course of business, the Company may sponsor and serve as general partner of hedge funds and private equity funds that were established for the purpose of providing alternative investments to both its institutional and qualified retail clients. Upon initial formation, the Company or its affiliates may extend to these funds a loan to finance the purchase of underlying investments. These loans mature in 90 days or less and are repaid by the fund when the underlying fund interests are sold to qualified clients. Depending on the facts and circumstances, the sponsored investment funds may be considered VIEs, as the loans are considered variable interests. As of September 30, 2025, no such loans were outstanding. Additionally, the Company's investment in and additional capital commitments to these hedge funds and private equity funds are considered variable interests. The Company's additional capital commitments are subject to call at a later date and are limited to the amount committed. As of September 30, 2025, the Company does not have any outstanding or pending investments in or capital commitments to these funds. For funds that are VIEs, the Company assesses whether it is the primary beneficiary. In each instance, the Company has determined that it is not the primary beneficiary and therefore need not consolidate the hedge funds or private equity funds. The subsidiaries' general and limited partnership interests and additional capital commitments represent its maximum exposure to loss. The subsidiaries' general partnership and limited partnership interests are included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. As of September 30, 2025, assets and liabilities related to a VIE where the Company is not the primary beneficiary were included in Securities owned, at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and primarily related to a convertible note and warrants issued by a beverage manufacturing company. There was no VIE where the Company was not the primary beneficiary as of December 31, 2024. The maximum loss exposure indicated in the following table relates solely to our investments in, and unfunded commitments to, the VIE. (Expressed in thousands) As of September 30, 2025 2024 Assets $ 3,143 $ — Liabilities — — Unfunded commitments — — Maximum loss exposure $ 3,143 $ — 11. Income taxes The effective income tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 was 31.4 % and 29.6 %, respectively, compared with 30.7 % and 31.8 % for the three and nine month ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and reflects the Company's annual estimate of the statutory federal and state tax rates adjusted for certain discrete items. The effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2025 was impacted by certain unfavorable permanent items. 31 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) 12. Stockholders' Equity The Company's authorized shares consist of (a) 50,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock, par value $ 0.001 per share; (b) 50,000,000 shares of Class A Stock, par value $ 0.001 per share; and (c) 99,665 shares of Class B Stock, par value $ 0.001 per share. No Preferred Stock has been issued. 99,665 shares of Class B Stock have been issued and are outstanding. The Class A Stock and the Class B Stock are equal in all respects except that the Class A Stock is non-voting. The following table reflects changes in the number of shares of Class A Stock outstanding for the periods indicated: For the Three Months Ended September 30, For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Class A Stock outstanding, beginning of period 10,418,259 10,227,845 10,231,736 10,186,783 Issued pursuant to share-based compensation plans 2,625 9,872 200,533 288,759 Repurchased and cancelled — ( 5,981 ) ( 11,385 ) ( 243,806 ) Class A Stock outstanding, end of period 10,420,884 10,231,736 10,420,884 10,231,736 Stock buy-back As of December 31, 2023, 223,699 shares remained available to be purchased under its share repurchase program. On March 1, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program that authorized the Company to purchase up to 518,000 shares of the Company's Class A Stock, representing approximately 5.0 % of its 10,357,376 then issued and outstanding shares of Class A Stock. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company purchased and canceled an aggregate of 243,806 shares of Class A Stock for a total consideration of $ 9.6 million ($ 39.39 per share) under its share repurchase program. As of December 31, 2024, 497,893 shares remained available to be purchased under its share repurchase program. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company did not purchase any shares of Class A Stock under its share repurchase program. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company purchased and canceled an aggregate of 11,385 shares of Class A Stock for a total consideration of $ 670,310 ($ 58.88 per share) under its share repurchase program. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company purchased and canceled an aggregate of 5,981 shares of Class A Stock for a total consideration of $ 294,862 ($ 49.30 per share) under this program. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company purchased and canceled an aggregate of 243,806 shares of Class A Stock for a total consideration of $ 9.6 million ($ 39.39 per share) under this program. As of September 30, 2025, 486,508 shares remained available to be purchased under the share repurchase program. Share purchases will be made by the Company from time to time in the open market at the prevailing open market price using cash on hand, in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations of the New York Stock Exchange and federal and state securities laws. All shares purchased will be canceled. The share repurchase program is expected to continue indefinitely. The timing and amounts of any purchases will be based on market conditions and other factors including price, regulatory requirements and capital availability. The share repurchase program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any dollar amount or number of shares of Class A Stock. Depending on market conditions and other factors, these repurchases may be commenced or suspended from time to time without prior notice. On October 31, 2025, the Company announced a quarterly dividend in the amount of $ 0.18 per share, payable on November 28, 2025 to holders of Class A Stock and Class B Stock of record on November 14, 2025. 32 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) 13. Commitments and Contingencies Underwriting commitments In the normal course of business, the Company enters into commitments for debt and equity underwritings. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had certain open underwriting commitments, which were subsequently settled in open market transactions and did not result in any losses. Contingencies Many aspects of the Company's business involve substantial risks of liability. In the normal course of business, the Company has been named as defendant or co-defendant in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions and other litigation, creating substantial exposure and periodic expenses. Certain of the actual or threatened legal matters include claims for substantial compensatory and/or punitive damages or claims for indeterminate amounts of damages. These proceedings arise primarily from securities brokerage, asset management and investment banking activities. The Company is also involved, from time to time, in other reviews, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal) by governmental and self-regulatory agencies regarding the Company's business, which may result in expenses, adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, injunctions or other relief. The investigations include inquiries from the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA") and other regulators. The Company accrues for estimated loss contingencies related to legal and regulatory matters within Other Expenses in the condensed consolidated income statement when available information indicates that it is probable a liability had been incurred and the Company can reasonably estimate the amount of that loss. In many proceedings, however, it is inherently difficult to determine whether any loss is probable or even possible or to estimate the amount of any loss. In addition, even where a loss is possible or an exposure to loss exists in excess of the liability already accrued with respect to a previously recognized loss contingency, it is often not possible to reasonably estimate the size of the possible loss or range of loss or possible additional losses or range of additional losses. For certain legal and regulatory proceedings, the Company cannot reasonably estimate such losses, particularly for proceedings that are in their early stages of development or where plaintiffs seek substantial, indeterminate or special damages. Counsel may be required to review, analyze and resolve numerous issues, including through potentially lengthy discovery and determination of important factual matters, and by addressing novel or unsettled legal questions relevant to the proceedings in question, before the Company can reasonably estimate a loss or range of loss or additional loss for the proceeding. Even after lengthy review and analysis, the Company, in many legal and regulatory proceedings, may not be able to reasonably estimate possible losses or range of losses. For certain other legal and regulatory proceedings, the Company can estimate possible losses, or range of loss in excess of amounts accrued, but does not believe, based on current knowledge and after consultation with counsel, that such losses individually, or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements as a whole. For legal and regulatory proceedings where there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss or an additional loss may be incurred, the Company estimates a range of aggregate loss in excess of amounts accrued of up to $ 3 million. This estimated aggregate range is based upon currently available information for those legal proceedings in which the Company is involved, where the Company can make an estimate for such losses. For certain cases, the Company does not believe that it can make an estimate. The foregoing aggregate estimate is based on various factors, including the varying stages of the proceedings (including the fact that some are currently in preliminary stages), the numerous yet-unresolved issues in many of the proceedings and the attendant uncertainty of the various potential outcomes of such proceedings. Accordingly, the Company's estimate will change from time to time, and actual losses may be more than the current estimate. In June and August of 2023, Oppenheimer was served with two complaints in Georgia State Court, by plaintiffs, virtually all of whom were never Oppenheimer customers, alleging unspecified losses arising from an investment in Horizon Private Equity III 33 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) LLC. In 2024, each of those complaints was dismissed by the trial court. Plaintiffs in each case subsequently filed an appeal of the court’s order dismissing the cases. In May of 2025, the Georgia Court of Appeals upheld the trial court’s decision dismissing the cases. In May of 2025, plaintiffs filed a writ of certiorari with the Georgia Supreme Court. On September 30, 2025, the Georgia Supreme Court denied the writ of certiorari. On September 13, 2022, the SEC filed a complaint against Oppenheimer in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (the “Court") alleging that Oppenheimer violated Section 15B(c)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and Rule 15c2-12 thereunder as well as Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board Rules G-17 and G-27 for not having fully complied with the exemption from the continuing disclosure obligations under Rule 15c2-12. The SEC asked the Court to enter an order enjoining Oppenheimer from violating the above-referenced rules and requiring it to disgorge approximately $ 1.9 million plus interest and pay a civil penalty. On January 30, 2024, Oppenheimer and the SEC reached an agreement in principle to settle the litigation pursuant to which Oppenheimer would pay a civil penalty of $ 1.2 million. The settlement is subject to Oppenheimer obtaining a waiver of certain statutory disqualifications. On June 6, 2025, a complaint in a putative class action entitled Liberty Capital Group, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated v. Oppenheimer Holdings Inc., Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., and Oppenheimer Asset Management Inc., was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. Plaintiff purports to represent customers who had cash deposits or balances in the Advantage Bank Deposit (“ABD”) program. Plaintiff alleges that the Company paid customers unreasonably low interest rates in the ABD program and seeks unspecified damages. Plaintiff alleges breaches of the terms and conditions of the ABD program and its implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, breach of fiduciary duties, violation of New York General Business Law (“GBL”), negligence, negligent misrepresentations and unjust enrichment. On August 8, 2025, Oppenheimer filed a motion to dismiss the complaint on a number of grounds. On October 4, 2025, the court issued an order dismissing Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. and Oppenheimer Asset Management Inc. from the case, and granting in part, and denying in part, Oppenheimer’s motion to dismiss. Specifically, Oppenheimer's motion to dismiss plaintiff's causes of action for breach of fiduciary duty for non-advisory clients, unjust enrichment, negligence and negligent misrepresentation were granted, while the motion to dismiss causes of action for breach of the terms and conditions and its implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, breach of fiduciary duty for advisory clients and violation of GBL were denied. The court further set November 21, 2025 for oral argument on class certification. Oppenheimer believes the claims to be without merit and intends to vigorously defend itself against this action. 14. Regulatory requirements The Company's U.S. broker dealer subsidiaries, Oppenheimer and Freedom, are subject to the uniform net capital requirements of the SEC under Rule 15c3-1 (the "Rule") promulgated under the Exchange Act. Oppenheimer computes its net capital requirements under the alternative method provided for in the Rule which requires that Oppenheimer maintain net capital equal to two percent of aggregate customer-related debit items, as defined in SEC Rule 15c3-3. As of September 30, 2025, the net capital of Oppenheimer as calculated under the Rule was $ 383.0 million or 24.43 % of Oppenheimer's aggregate debit items. This was $ 351.7 million in excess of the minimum required net capital at that date. Freedom computes its net capital requirement under the basic method provided for in the Rule, which requires that Freedom maintain net capital equal to the greater of $ 100,000 or 6-2/3% of aggregate indebtedness, as defined. As of September 30, 2025, Freedom had net capital of $ 3.4 million, which was $ 3.3 million in excess of the $ 100,000 required to be maintained at that date. As of September 30, 2025, the capital required and held under the Financial Conduct Authority's Investment Firms’ Prudential Regime (“IFPR”) for Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. was as follows: • Common Equity Tier 1 ratio 130 % (required 56.0 %); • Tier 1 Capital ratio 130 % (required 75.0 %); and • Total Capital ratio 174 % (required 100.0 %). As of September 30, 2025, Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. was in compliance with its regulatory requirements. 34 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) As of September 30, 2025, the regulatory capital of Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited was $ 1.5 million, which was $ 1.1 million in excess of the $ 385,582 required to be maintained on that date. Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited computes its regulatory capital pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong. As of September 30, 2025, Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited was in compliance with its regulatory requirements. As of September 30, 2025, Oppenheimer Trust is required to maintain minimal capital of $ 4.15 million. Oppenheimer Trust is currently in compliance with its capital requirements. 15. Segment information The Company has determined its reportable segments based on the Company's method of internal reporting, which disaggregates its retail business by branch and its proprietary and investment banking businesses by product. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is the chief executive officer. The CODM evaluates the performance of the Company’s reportable segments based on their year-over-year revenue and pre-tax profit or loss and uses these measures to allocate resources (including employee, financial and/or capital resources), largely in conjunction with monthly and/or quarterly reviews of segment financial performance. The CODM also uses segment profit or loss in evaluating the incentive and other compensation of segment employees as well as capital investment for facilities and information technology development. Effective in the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company combined the former Private Client and Asset Management business segments to form the Wealth Management segment. The revised segment structure is aligned with how the CODM and senior management view the performance and operations of our retail-focused business. Our Capital Markets and Corporate/Other segments were not impacted by these changes. To provide historical information on a basis consistent with the revised segment presentation, the Company recast prior period segment results. The Company's reportable segments are: Wealth Management — includes commissions and fee income earned on assets under management ("AUM"), net interest earnings on client margin loans and cash balances, fees from money market funds, custodian fees, net contributions from stock loan activities and financing activities, and direct expenses; and Capital Markets — includes investment banking, institutional equities sales, trading, and research, taxable fixed income sales, trading, and research, public finance and municipal trading, as well as the Company's operations in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and Israel, and direct expenses associated with this segment. The Company does not allocate costs associated with certain infrastructure support groups that are centrally managed for its reportable segments. These areas include, but are not limited to, legal, compliance, operations, accounting, and internal audit. Costs associated with these groups are separately reported in a Corporate/Other category and primarily include compensation and benefits. The costs of certain centralized or shared functions are allocated based on methodologies that reflect utilization. The Company also includes activities associated with BondWave, LLC, an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary, in Corporate/Other. The tables below present information about the Company’s reported segment revenues, segment pre-tax income or loss, compensation expenses, and other segment items for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. There are no adjustments or reconciling items for any of the periods presented. Asset information by reportable segment is not reported, since the Company does not produce such information for internal use by the CODM. 35 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (Expressed in thousands) For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 Wealth Management Capital Markets Corporate/Other Total Revenue $ 259,726 $ 162,145 $ 2,567 $ 424,438 Less : Compensation expenses 148,978 106,245 34,999 290,222 Other segment items (1) 48,220 43,611 10,750 102,581 Pre-tax income (loss) $ 62,528 $ 12,289 $ ( 43,182 ) $ 31,635 (1) Other segment items include communication and technology expenses, occupancy and equipment costs, clearing and exchange fees, interest and other expenses. (Expressed in thousands) For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Wealth Management Capital Markets Corporate/Other Total Revenue $ 246,049 $ 124,030 $ 3,273 $ 373,352 Less : Compensation expenses 125,270 87,649 25,016 237,935 Other segment items (1) 48,764 42,525 8,758 100,047 Pre-tax income (loss) $ 72,015 $ ( 6,144 ) $ ( 30,501 ) $ 35,370 (1) Other segment items include communication and technology expenses, occupancy and equipment costs, clearing and exchange fees, interest and other expenses. (Expressed in thousands) For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Wealth Management Capital Markets Corporate/Other Total Revenue $ 748,133 $ 408,387 $ 8,921 $ 1,165,441 Less : Compensation expenses 400,917 274,199 81,271 756,387 Other segment items (1) 153,990 130,860 18,983 303,833 Pre-tax income (loss) $ 193,226 $ 3,328 $ ( 91,333 ) $ 105,221 (1) Other segment items include communication and technology expenses, occupancy and equipment costs, clearing and exchange fees, interest and other expenses. (Expressed in thousands) For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Wealth Management Capital Markets Corporate/Other Total Revenue $ 718,536 $ 328,254 $ 10,289 $ 1,057,079 Less : Compensation expenses 364,381 242,527 73,469 680,377 Other segment items (1) 142,124 120,348 25,540 288,012 Pre-tax income (loss) $ 212,031 $ ( 34,621 ) $ ( 88,720 ) $ 88,690 (1) Other segment items include communication and technology expenses, occupancy and equipment costs, clearing and exchange fees, interest and other expenses. 36 Table of Contents OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Revenue, classified by the major geographic areas in which it was earned, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was: (Expressed in thousands) For the Three Months Ended September 30, For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Americas $ 407,677 $ 360,557 $ 1,121,198 $ 1,018,441 Europe/Middle East 16,092 11,858 42,182 36,026 Asia 669 937 2,061 2,612 Total $ 424,438 $ 373,352 $ 1,165,441 $ 1,057,079 16. Subsequent events The Company has performed an evaluation of events that occurred since September 30, 2025 and through the date on which the condensed consolidated financial statements were issued, and determined t here are no events that have occurred that would require recognition or additional disclosure except as disclosed in Note 12 related to the Company's declaration of a quarterly dividend. 37 Table of Contents