Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
ITEM 7A QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market Risk Management
Market risk is defined as the sensitivity of income, fair value measurements and capital to changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and other relevant market rates or prices. The primary market risks that we are exposed to are price and interest rate risks. Price risk is defined as the risk to current or anticipated earnings or capital arising from changes in the value of either assets or liabilities that are entered into as part of distributing or managing risk. Interest rate risk is defined as risk to current or anticipated earnings or capital arising from movements in interest rates.
For the Company, price and interest rate risks arise from the financial instruments and positions we hold. This includes loans, MSRs, investment securities, deposits, borrowings, long-term debt and derivative financial instruments. Due to the nature of our current operations, we are not subject to foreign currency exchange or commodity price risk. Our real estate loan portfolio is subject to risks associated with the local economies of our various markets, in particular, the regional economy of the western United States, including Hawaii.
The spread between the yield on interest-earning assets and the cost of interest-bearing liabilities and the relative dollar amounts of these assets and liabilities are the principal items affecting net interest income. Changes in net interest rates (interest rate risk) are influenced to a significant degree by the repricing characteristics of assets and liabilities (timing risk), the relationship between various rates (basis risk), customer options (option risk) and changes in the shape of the yield curve (time-sensitive risk). We manage the available-for-sale investment securities portfolio while maintaining a balance between risk and return. The Company's funding strategy is to grow core deposits while we efficiently supplement using wholesale borrowings.
We estimate the sensitivity of our net interest income to changes in market interest rates using an interest rate simulation model that includes assumptions related to the level of balance sheet growth, deposit repricing characteristics and the rate of prepayments for multiple interest rate change scenarios. Interest rate sensitivity depends on certain repricing characteristics in our interest-earnings assets and interest-bearing liabilities, including the maturity structure of assets and liabilities and their repricing characteristics during the periods of changes in market interest rates. Effective interest rate risk management seeks to ensure both assets and liabilities respond to changes in interest rates within an acceptable timeframe, minimizing the impact of interest rate changes on net interest income and capital. Interest rate sensitivity is measured as the difference between the volume of assets and liabilities, at a point in time, that are subject to repricing at various time horizons, known as interest rate sensitivity gaps.
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The following table presents sensitivity gaps for these different intervals:
December 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands) 3 Mos.
or Less More Than
3 Mos.
to 6 Mos. More Than
6 Mos.
to 12 Mos. More Than
12 Mos.
to 3 Yrs. More Than
3 Yrs.
to 5 Yrs. More Than
5 to 15 Yrs. More Than 15 Yrs. Non-Rate-
Sensitive Total
Interest-earning assets
Cash & cash equivalents $ 406,600 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 406,600
FHLB Stock 45,049 — — — — — 5,627 — 50,676
Investment securities (1)
139,077 95,026 69,091 110,144 133,929 496,921 12,818 — 1,057,006
LHFS 20,312 — — — — — — — 20,312
LHFI (1)
1,267,949 413,055 576,358 1,708,257 1,418,040 777,129 71,008 — 6,231,796
Total 1,878,987 508,081 645,449 1,818,401 1,551,969 1,274,050 89,453 — 7,766,390
Noninterest-earning assets — — — — — — — 357,308 357,308
Total assets $ 1,878,987 $ 508,081 $ 645,449 $ 1,818,401 $ 1,551,969 $ 1,274,050 $ 89,453 $ 357,308 $ 8,123,698
Interest-bearing liabilities
Demand deposit accounts (2)
$ 323,112 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 323,112
Savings accounts (2)
229,659 — — — — — — — 229,659
Money market
accounts (2)
1,396,697 — — — — — — — 1,396,697
Certificates of deposit 1,573,626 1,061,767 521,900 107,826 2,653 — — — 3,267,772
FHLB advances — — 450,000 550,000 — — — — 1,000,000
Long-term debt (3)
60,397 — — 164,734 — — — — 225,131
Total 3,583,491 1,061,767 971,900 822,560 2,653 — — — 6,442,371
Noninterest-bearing liabilities — — — — — — — 1,284,330 1,284,330
Shareholders' Equity — — — — — — — 396,997 396,997
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 3,583,491 $ 1,061,767 $ 971,900 $ 822,560 $ 2,653 $ — $ — $ 1,681,327 $ 8,123,698
Interest sensitivity gap $ (1,704,504) $ (553,686) $ (326,451) $ 995,841 $ 1,549,316 $ 1,274,050 $ 89,453
Cumulative interest rate sensitivity gap
Total $ (1,704,504) $ (2,258,190) $ (2,584,641) $ (1,588,800) $ (39,484) $ 1,234,566 $ 1,324,019
As a % of total assets (21) % (28) % (32) % (20) % — % 15 % 16 %
As a % of cumulative interest-bearing liabilities 52 % 51 % 54 % 75 % 99 % 119 % 121 %
(1) Based on contractual maturities, repricing dates and forecasted principal payments assuming normal amortization and, where applicable, prepayments.
(2) Assumes 100% of interest-bearing non-maturity deposits are subject to repricing in three months or less.
(3) Based on contractual maturity.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company is considered liability sensitive as exhibited by the gap table above and our net interest income sensitivity analysis.
Changes in the mix of interest-earning assets or interest-bearing liabilities can either increase or decrease the net interest margin, without affecting interest rate sensitivity. In addition, the interest rate spread between an earning asset and its funding liability can vary significantly, while the timing of repricing for both the asset and the liability remains the same, thereby impacting net interest income. This characteristic is referred to as basis risk. Varying interest rate environments can create unexpected changes in prepayment levels of assets and liabilities that are not reflected in the interest rate sensitivity analysis. These prepayments may have a significant impact on our net interest margin. Because of these factors, an interest sensitivity gap analysis may not provide an accurate assessment of our actual exposure to changes in interest rates.
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The estimated impact on our net interest income over a time horizon of one year and the change in net portfolio value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are provided in the table below. For the scenarios shown, the interest rate simulation assumes an instantaneous and sustained shift in market interest rates and no change in the composition or size of the balance sheet.
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Change in Interest Rates
(basis points) (1)
Percentage Change
Net Interest Income (2)
Net Portfolio Value (3)
Net Interest Income (2)
Net Portfolio Value (3)
+300 (4.0) % (14.5) % (15.4) % (23.8) %
+200 (1.5) % (6.6) % (9.4) % (13.9) %
+100 (0.5) % (2.6) % (4.2) % (5.9) %
-100 0.3 % (0.2) % 3.5 % 1.9 %
-200 0.1 % (3.8) % 6.6 % 1.0 %
-300 — % (12.3) % 10.9 % (6.7) %
(1) For purposes of our model, we assume interest rates will not go below zero. This "floor" limits the effect of a potential negative interest rate shock in a low rate environment.
(2) This percentage change represents the impact to net interest income for a one-year period, assuming there is no change in the structure of the balance sheet.
(3) This percentage change represents the impact to the net present value of equity, assuming there is no change in the structure of the balance sheet.
The reduced levels of interest rate sensitivity between December 31, 2024 and 2023 reflect the effect of selling $990 million of multifamily loans at the end of the fourth quarter of 2024 which resulted in a lower balance of fixed-rate assets and adjustable rate borrowings. Some of the assumptions made in the simulation model may not materialize and unanticipated events and circumstances will occur. We do not allow for negative rate assumptions in our model, but actual results in extreme interest rate decline scenarios may result in negative rate assumptions which may cause the modeling results to be inherently unreliable. In addition, the simulation model does not take into account any future actions that we could undertake to mitigate an adverse impact due to changes in interest rates from those expected, in the actual level of market interest rates or competitive influences on our deposits.
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