MAIA Biotechnology, Inc. 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. You should read the following discussion together with our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are based on our current expectations, estimates and projections about our business and operations. Our actual results may differ materially from those currently anticipated and expressed in such forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including those which we discuss under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Overview We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing targeted immunotherapies for cancer. Ateganosine (also known as THIO, 6-thio-dG or 6-thio-2 ‘-deoxyguanosine), our lead asset, is an investigational dual mechanism of action drug candidate incorporating telomere targeting and immunogenicity. Our initial disease target is lung cancer, a serious medical condition with an incidence of over 235,000 new cases in the US in 2024, representing 12% of all cancers, and over 125,000 deaths, or 20% of all cancers. Worldwide, lung cancer incidence is over 2,200,000 per year (ranking second only after breast cancer), and mortality over 1,800,000 (ranking first). Specifically, we are targeting Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (“NSCLC”), which represents 85% of all lung cancers. In July 2022, the first patient was administered with ateganosine in our Phase 2 human trial (THIO-101) in Australia. In December 2022, regulatory authorities in three European countries, Hungary, Poland, and Bulgaria, approved the implementation of THIO-101, Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating ateganosine in patients with NSCLC. Patients with advanced NSCLC will be treated first with ateganosine followed a few days later by the immune checkpoint inhibitor Libtayo ® (cemiplimab), manufactured and commercialized by Regeneron. Cemiplimab is a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting the immune checkpoint receptor PD-1 on T-cells. Cemiplimab has been approved in the United States and the rest of the world for multiple cancer indications, including NSCLC. In February 2021, we signed a clinical supply agreement with Regeneron to receive cemiplimab at no cost, which represents a significant cost-savings for the study. In return, we have granted Regeneron exclusive development rights in combination with PD-1 inhibitors for NSCLC for the study period. Based on the clinical data generated by our THIO-101 trial, we plan to seek filing for an accelerated approval of ateganosine in the United States for the treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC in 2026, but even if granted, accelerated approval status does not guarantee an accelerated review or marketing approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We plan to initiate a Phase 3 pivotal trial in 2025, named THIO-104, to evaluate the efficacy of ateganosine administered in sequence with a checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) in third-line NSCLC patients who are resistant to checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapy which could lead filing for early full commercial approval in 2027 and final analysis could lead to filing for full commercial approval in 2028. The multicenter, open-label, pivotal Phase 3 trial is designed to provide a direct comparison to chemotherapy in a 1:1 randomization of up to 300 patients. In addition, the originally planned Phase 2 clinical trial in multiple tumor indications (THIO-102) is now divided into different trials for one tumor indication each: hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), colorectal cancer (CRC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). In January 2025, we entered into a clinical supply agreement with global oncology company BeOne Medicines to assess the efficacy of ateganosine in combination with BeOne’s immune checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) tislelizumab in three cancer indications across different trials to study the drug combination in HCC, SCLC and CRC. Phase 2 clinical trials in HCC, CRC and SCLC are planned to be initiated in 2026, evaluating treatment with ateganosine administered in sequence with BeOne’s immune checkpoint inhibitor, tislelizumab. In June 2025, MAIA announced its entry into a clinical master supply agreement with Roche for future studies investigating the combination of ateganosine sequenced with Roche’s checkpoint inhibitor (CPI), atezolizumab (Tecentriq ® ), for the treatment of multiple cancers indications. Clinical trials with other solid tumors (ST), such as breast, prostate, gastric, pancreatic and ovarian, may still be considered for potential future trials. We were incorporated in Delaware in August 2018, and have operations in Chicago, Illinois, with some of our team members setup virtually and working remotely in California, North Carolina, and New Jersey, among others. Our principal executive office is located at 444 West Lake Street, Suite 1700, Chicago, IL 60606, and our phone number is (312) 416-8592. In July 2021, we established a wholly-owned Australian subsidiary, MAIA Biotechnology Australia Pty Ltd., to conduct various preclinical and clinical activities for the development of our product candidates. ln April 2022, we established a wholly owned Romanian subsidiary, MAIA Biotechnology Romania S.R.L. to conduct various preclinical and clinical activities for the development of our product candidates. Our website address is www.MAIABiotech.com. The information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement, and you should not consider any information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website as part of this prospectus supplement or in deciding whether to purchase our securities. 24 We accomplished the key milestones set forth below in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the third quarter of 2025: Please note that for consistency of the announcements at the time of their releases, the milestones from January 1, 2025 to March 17, 2025, refer to the molecule “ateganosine” as “THIO” only. On March 18, 2025, the company announced “ateganosine” as the nonproprietary (generic) name for THIO, and its intent to use the generic name to support clear communication, while keeping the name THIO in the Company’s clinical trial designations (THIO-101, THIO-102, THIO-103, THIO-104). ● On January 7, 2025, we announced that we had entered into a clinical supply agreement with global oncology company BeOne to assess the efficacy of THIO, its small molecule telomere-targeting anticancer agent, in combination with BeOne’s immune checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) tislelizumab in three cancer indications. The single arm pivotal Phase 2 trials will study the drug combination in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Under the terms of the collaboration, MAIA will sponsor and fund the planned clinical trials and BeOne will provide tislelizumab. MAIA maintains global development and commercial rights to THIO and is free to develop the programs in combination with other agents and in other indications. ● On February 4, 2025, we announced positive updated data from THIO-101 Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating its lead clinical candidate, THIO, sequenced with Regeneron’s immune checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) cemiplimab (Libtayo ® ) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who failed two or more standard-of-care therapy regimens. As of January 15, 2025, third line (3L) data updates showed that: (i) median overall survival (OS) of 16.9 months for the 22 NSCLC patients who received at least one dose of THIO (the intent-to-treat population) in parts A and B of the trial. (ii) The analysis demonstrated a 95% confidence interval (CI) lower bound of 12.5 months and a 99% CI lower bound of 10.8 months. (iii) The treatment has been generally well-tolerated to date in this heavily pre-treated population. ● On February 24, 2025, we issued and sold 1,810,000 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase 1,810,000 shares of our common stock in a private placement to certain accredited investors and Company directors pursuant to securities purchase agreements dated February 18, 2025 at a price per share of $1.50 for which we received gross proceeds of approximately $2.72 million. The warrants issued in the private placement have an exercise price of $1.87, are exercisable one year after issuance and expire 5-years after the initial exercise date. The securities sold to our directors participating in the private placement were issued pursuant to our 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. ● On February 26, 2025, we announced the trial design for the expansion of its THIO-101 pivotal Phase 2 trial in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The expansion of the study will assess overall response rates (ORR) in advanced NSCLC patients receiving third line (3L) therapy who were resistant to previous checkpoint inhibitor treatments (CPI) and chemotherapy. The THIO-101 study in 3L will enroll up to 48 patients with two arms: Arm 1, continuing the evaluation of THIO sequenced with Libtayo ® (cemiplimab); and Arm 2, evaluating THIO as a monotherapy, to further gain experience of THIO in the contribution of components. Treatment cycles for patients in both arms will administer THIO on 3 consecutive days, followed by immune activation on day 4. Arm 1 will administer Libtayo on day 5. The Company plans to enroll an additional 100 patients for the registration phase of the trial. MAIA expects to conduct the trials in the U.S. and select countries in Europe and Asia. ● On February 27, 2025, we announced plans to initiate a Phase 3 pivotal trial in 2025, named THIO-104, to evaluate the efficacy of THIO administered in sequence with a checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) in third-line non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who are resistant to checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapy. The multicenter, open-label, pivotal Phase 3 trial is designed to provide a direct comparison to chemotherapy in a 1:1 randomization of up to 300 patients. ● On March 3, 2025, we issued and sold 952,633 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase 952,633 shares of our common stock in a non-brokered private placement to accredited investors and certain Company directors pursuant to securities purchase agreements dated February 24, 2025 at a price per share of $1.50 for which we received gross proceeds of approximately $1.43 million, prior to offering expenses payable by the Company. The warrants issued in the private placement have an exercise price of $1.85, are exercisable one year after issuance and expire 5-years after the initial exercise date. The securities sold to our directors participating in the private placement were issued pursuant to our 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. 25 ● On March 18, 2025, we announced that the United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council had approved “ateganosine” as the nonproprietary (generic) name for its lead molecule THIO, a telomere-targeting anticancer agent in clinical development as a first-in-class treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The company chose a name inspired by the mechanism of action of THIO: altering telomeric guanosine of the cancer cells. The generic name ateganosine is a unique and consistent identity that aims to support clear communication between healthcare providers, patients and researchers. MAIA will retain the name THIO in its clinical trial designations (THIO-101, THIO-102, THIO-103, THIO-104). ● On March 20, 2025, we announced the publication of preclinical data for our lead proprietary telomere-targeting THIO dimer in the peer-reviewed scientific journal Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology. In a preclinical study, ateganosine (THIO) and its new described dimer form were found to be potent inhibitors of Glutathione S-transferase Pi (GSTP1), a key enzyme implicated in cancer progression and chemoresistance and a highly important factor for the detoxification of cancer cells. The findings suggest that the dimerized form of ateganosine could enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy by effectively targeting GSTP1 and reducing drug resistance. The article, titled “Investigation of the inhibitory effects of the telomere-targeted compounds on glutathione S-transferase P1,” was published on February 15, 2025. ● Effective March 26, 2025, we filed a prospectus supplement to amend, supplement and supersede certain information contained in the earlier prospectus and prospectus supplement, which decreased the number of shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share that the Company may offer and sell under the At The Market Offering Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”), through an “at-the-market offering” program under which Wainwright will act as sales agent the ATM. During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, the Company sold 2,086,312 shares of Common Stock through Wainwright under the ATM Agreement at an average price of approximately $1.81 per share, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $3,779,251, for which it paid Wainwright approximately $113,378 in commissions and other issuance costs of $3,758, resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $3,662,115. As of the date of this Quarterly Report, the Company has sold 3,782,335 shares of our Common Stock through Wainwright under the ATM Agreement at an average price of $1.90 per share, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $7,202,015, for which we paid Wainwright $216,060 in commissions and other issuance fees of approximately $20,139 resulting in net proceeds to us of approximately $6,965,816. ● On May 8, 2025, we issued and sold 719,999 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase 719,999 shares of our common stock in a non-brokered private placement to accredited investors and certain Company directors pursuant to securities purchase agreements dated May 5, 2025 at a price per share of $1.50 for which we received gross proceeds of approximately $1.08 million, prior to offering expenses payable by the Company. The warrants issued in the private placement have an exercise price of $2.05, are exercisable one year after issuance and expire 5-years after the initial exercise date. The securities sold to our directors participating in the private placement were issued pursuant to our 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. ● On June 3, 2025, we issued and sold 463,332 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase 463,332 shares of our common stock in a non-brokered private placement to accredited investors and certain Company directors pursuant to securities purchase agreements dated May 27, 2025 at a price per share of $1.50 for which we received gross proceeds of approximately $0.7 million, prior to offering expenses payable by the Company. The warrants issued in the private placement have an exercise price of $1.71, are exercisable six months after issuance and expire 5-years after the issued date. The securities sold to our directors participating in the private placement were issued pursuant to our 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. ● On June 5, 2025, we announced updated data from its THIO-101 pivotal Phase 2 clinical trial. As of May 15, 2025, third line (3L) data showed median overall survival (OS) of 17.8 months for the 22 NSCLC patients who received at least one dose of ateganosine (the intent-to-treat population) in parts A and B of the trial. The updated analysis continues to demonstrate a 95% confidence interval (CI) lower bound of 12.5 months and a 99% CI lower bound of 10.8 months. The Company also mentioned that treatment had been generally well-tolerated to date in this heavily pre-treated population. 26 ● On June 5, 2025, we announced that a new partial response (PR) was identified in a patient after 20 months of treatment in our Phase 2 THIO-101 clinical trial. A partial response is defined as a decrease in tumor size of at least 30%. ● On June 18, 2025, we announced its entry into a clinical master supply agreement with Roche for future studies investigating the combination of MAIA’s telomere-targeting agent ateganosine (THIO), sequenced with Roche’s checkpoint inhibitor (CPI), atezolizumab (Tecentriq ® ), for the treatment of multiple hard-to-treat cancers. ● On June 24, 2025, we announced the appointment of two prominent oncologists to its Scientific Advisory Board (SAB), Claudia Fulgenzi, MD, and David J. Pinato, MD, MRCP (UK), PhD. Both are specialists in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a tumor type to be studied in future clinical trials of MAIA’s lead candidate ateganosine (THIO) sequenced with a checkpoint inhibitor. ● On July 9, 2025, we announced the dosing of the first patient in Taiwan in the expansion phase of our THIO-101 Phase 2 trial for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The trial’s entry into another continent marks a key milestone for MAIA, opening a significantly larger patient pool for its evaluations of ateganosine (THIO). MAIA also announced that screening for the trial is ongoing in Europe and Asia. ● On July 17, 2025, we announced the publication of preclinical data from its second generation ateganosine prodrugs platform in Nucleic Acids Research (NAR), a leading open-access peer-reviewed scientific journal. The study, titled “Novel Telomere-Targeting Dual-Pharmacophore Dinucleotide Prodrugs for Anticancer Therapy,” details MAIA’s lead ateganosine (THIO)-derived second-generation prodrugs as promising new molecules in its strategy for enhancing cancer treatment and overcoming drug resistance. The manuscript with the data was published on June 26, 2025, in Volume 53, Issue 12 of the NAR journal. ● On July 28, 2025, we announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted Fast Track designation for ateganosine (THIO, 6-thio-dG or 6-thio-2’-deoxyguanosine) for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Ateganosine is currently being evaluated in a pivotal Phase 2 THIO-101 clinical trial evaluating its anti-tumor activity when followed by a checkpoint inhibitor. ● On August 13, 2025, we announced that the European Patent Office granted a patent broadly covering a portfolio of ateganosine-based analogues for telomere-targeting anticancer therapy and methods of using ateganosine (THIO) alone or before administration of checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs). The patent, titled “Mercaptopurine Ribonucleoside Analogues for Altering Telomerase Mediated Telomere,” was invented by MAIA’s Chief Scientific Officer Sergei M. Gryaznov, PhD and Scientific Advisory Board member Jerry W. Shay, PhD. MAIA’s global patent and patent-pending estate covers several areas including telomerase mediated telomere altering compounds and treatment of therapy-resistant cancers. Further, ateganosine’s immunogenic treatment strategy, which focuses on sequential combination with checkpoint inhibitors, has been filed worldwide. MAIA’s IP portfolio for ateganosine currently comprises 10 issued patents worldwide including Europe (validated in 19 countries) along with 24 pending patent applications. ● On August 27, 2025, we announced that a manuscript detailing developments in its Phase 2 THIO-101 clinical trial was accepted and published in the international peer-reviewed open access scientific journal, Cells, in a special issue, “Cellular Mechanisms of Anti-Cancer Therapies”. The manuscript, titled “Perioperative Management of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Era of Immunotherapy,” was authored by a group of oncology researchers in Turkey and the U.S. including MAIA scientists Sergei Gryaznov, Ph.D., Chief Scientific Officer and Ilgen Mender, Director of Biology Research, along with MAIA Scientific Advisory Board members Z. Gunnur Dikmen, M.D., Ph.D. and Saadettin Kiliçkap, M.D., M.Sc. ● On September 11, 2025, we highlighted positive efficacy data from its Phase 2 clinical trial, THIO-101, including that as of June 30, 2025: (i) estimated median progression free survival (PFS) in third-line treatment (180 mg dose) was 5.6 months; (ii) Estimated median overall survival (OS) was 17.8 months, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) lower bound of 12.5 months and a 99% CI lower bound of 10.8 months, consistent with the prior data readout (May 15, 2025); (iii) Across patients of all treatment lines, 2 patients have completed 33 cycles of therapy, highlighting ateganosine’ potential for extended dosing, which usually translates into longer patient survival. ● On October 1, 2025, we issued and sold 1,733,766 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase 1,733,766 shares of our common stock in a non-brokered private placement to accredited investors and a Company director pursuant to securities purchase agreements dated September 29, 2025 at a price per share of $1.30 for which we received gross proceeds of approximately $2.25 million, prior to offering expenses payable by the Company. The warrants issued in the private placement have an exercise price of $1.57, are exercisable six months after issuance and expire 3-years after the issued date. The securities sold to our director participating in the private placement were issued pursuant to our 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. ● On October 7, 2025, we announced MAIA’s launch of a new digital asset treasury strategy focused on top-tier cryptocurrency assets. On October 6, 2025, MAIA’s Board of Directors authorized holdings of up to 90% of the Company’s liquid assets in various cryptocurrencies. Corporate officers are authorized to purchase and sell Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), and USD Coin (USDC) initially. Management will regularly consult with the Board on cryptocurrency transactions and holdings, cybersecurity procedures, accounting policies, risks, and material developments. 27 ● On October 16, 2025, we issued and sold 603,769 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase 603,769 shares of our common stock in a non-brokered private placement to accredited investors pursuant to securities purchase agreements dated October 13, 2025 at a price per share of $1.22 for which we received gross proceeds of approximately $736,600, prior to offering expenses payable by the Company. The warrants issued in the private placement have an exercise price of $1.52, are exercisable six months after issuance and expire 3-years after the issued date. ● On October 23, 2025, we announced that as of September 17, 2025, a patient that began therapy in March 2023 has shown survival of 30 months, or 912 days, an outstanding measure relative to many of the high-risk cancers. The patient with 30-month survival received therapy every three weeks, and concluded treatment upon reaching the maximum treatment duration of 2 years based on protocol requirements. ● On October 28, 2025, we announced that we have enrolled five patients from Taiwan and Turkey in the expansion phase of its THIO-101 Phase 2 trial. ● In addition to NSCLC, HCC, SCLC and CRC we plan to conduct clinical trials evaluating ateganosine (THIO) in sequential combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor in several other cancer indications, including solid tumors, such as breast, prostate, gastric, pancreatic and ovarian cancers. Impact of the War in Ukraine and War in Israel on Our Operations The short and long-term implications of war in Ukraine and war in Israel are difficult to predict at this time. The imposition of sanctions and counter sanctions may have an adverse effect on the economic markets generally and could impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Because of the highly uncertain and dynamic nature of these events, the Company terminated any planned research activities in the impacted areas. Results of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 Comparison of Three Months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 Three Months Ended September 30, Change 2025 2024 Dollars Percentage Operating expenses: Research and development expenses $ 6,357,290 $ 2,667,170 $ 3,690,120 138 % General and administrative expenses 3,003,636 1,521,298 1,482,338 97 % Total operating costs and expenses 9,360,926 4,188,468 5,172,458 123 % Loss from operations (9,360,926 ) (4,188,468 ) (5,172,458 ) 123 % Other (expense) income: Interest expense — (85 ) 85 (100 )% Interest income 78,426 106,082 (27,656 ) (26 )% Australian research and development incentives — 15,198 (15,198 ) (100 )% Change in fair value of warrant liability 379,311 1,331,286 (951,975 ) (72 )% Other income (expense) net 457,737 1,452,481 (994,744 ) (68 )% Net loss attributable to MAIA Biotechnology, Inc. shareholders $ (8,903,189 ) $ (2,735,987 ) $ (6,167,202 ) 225 % 28 Operating Costs and Expenses Research and development expenses Research and development expenses increased by approximately $3,690,000 (or approximately 138%), from approximately $2,667,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to approximately $6,357,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2025. The increase was primarily related to an increase in scientific research and clinical research of approximately $3,369,000, an increase in stock-based compensation cost of approximately $32,000, an increase in payroll expense of approximately $158,000, and increase in professional fees of approximately $136,000, offset by a decrease in other expenses of $5,000. General and administrative expenses General and administrative expenses increased by approximately $1,482,000 (or approximately 97%) from approximately $1,521,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to approximately $3,003,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2025. The increase was primarily related to an increase in professional fees of approximately $89,000, an increase in stock-based compensation of approximately $159,000, increase in investor relations of approximately $1,026,000, an increase in other expenses of approximately $67,000 and an increase in payroll expense of approximately $141,000. Other income (expense), net Other income (expense), net decreased by approximately $995,000 (or approximately 68%) from other income, net of approximately $1,452,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to other income, net of approximately $457,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2025. The decrease was primarily related to the change in the fair value of the warrant liability of approximately $952,000, a decrease in the Australian research and development incentives of approximately $15,000, and a net decrease of interest income of approximately $28,000. Comparison of Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 Nine Months Ended September 30, Change 2025 2024 Dollars Percentage Operating expenses: Research and development expenses $ 12,665,688 $ 7,040,145 $ 5,625,543 80 % General and administrative expenses 7,286,726 4,912,461 2,374,265 48 % Total operating costs and expenses 19,952,414 11,952,606 7,999,808 67 % Loss from operations (19,952,414 ) (11,952,606 ) (7,999,808 ) 67 % Other income (expense): Interest expense — (85 ) 85 (100 )% Interest income 240,306 238,583 1,723 1 % Australian research and development incentives — 51,847 (51,847 ) (100 )% Loss on fair value of warrants over proceeds 944,698 (8,007,505 ) 8,952,203 (112 )% Change in fair value of warrant liability — (12,952 ) 12,952 (100 )% Other income (expense) net 1,185,004 (7,730,112 ) 8,915,116 (115 )% Net loss attributable to MAIA Biotechnology, Inc. Shareholders $ (18,767,410 ) $ (19,682,718 ) 915,308 (5 )% Operating Costs and Expenses Research and development expenses Research and development expenses increased by approximately $5,625,000 (or approximately 80%), from approximately $7,040,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, to approximately $12,665,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The increase was primarily related to an increase in scientific research and clinical research of approximately $5,096,000, an increase in stock-based compensation cost of approximately $161,000, an increase in payroll expense of approximately $241,000, and an increase in professional fees of approximately $137,000, offset by decrease in other expense of $10,000. 29 General and administrative expenses General and administrative expenses increased by approximately $2,374,000 (or approximately 48%) from approximately $4,912,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, to approximately $7,286,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The increase was primarily related to an increase in professional fees of approximately $368,000, an increase of investor relations of approximately $1,025,000, an increase in stock-based compensation of approximately $440,000, an increase of approximately $167,000 payroll expense, and an increase in other expense of approximately $374,000. Other income (expense), net Other income (expense), net increased by approximately $8,915,000 (or approximately 115%) from other (expense), net of approximately $7,730,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, to other income, net of approximately $1,185,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The increase was primarily related to the change in the fair value of the warrant liability of approximately $8,965,000, a net increase in interest income of approximately $2,000, and a reduction in the Australian research and development incentives of approximately $52,000. Liquidity and Capital Resources Our Ability to Continue as a Going Concern As of September 30, 2025, our cash totaled approximately $10,892,000 which represented an increase of approximately $1,290,000 compared to December 31, 2024. As of September 30, 2025, we had working capital of approximately $1,761,000 which represents a decrease of approximately $4,561,000 compared to December 31, 2024. We have generated no revenue as of September 30, 2025. Our current operating plan indicates that we will continue to incur losses from operations and generate negative cash flows from operating activities given ongoing expenditures related to the completion of its ongoing clinical trials and our lack of revenue generating activities. Based on our cash reserves as of September 30, 2025, of $10,891,736 and current financial condition as of the date of this Quarterly Report, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. To meet the Company’s future working capital needs, we will need to raise additional equity or enter into debt financing. While we have historically been able to raise additional capital through issuance of equity and/or debt financing, and we have implemented a plan to control its expenses in order to satisfy its obligations due within one year from the date of issuance of these financial statements, we cannot guarantee that it will be able to raise additional equity, raise debt, or contain expenses. Accordingly, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after these financial statements are issued. Digital Asset Treasury Plan (DATP) On October 6, 2025, our Board of Directors formally adopted a Digital Asset Treasury Plan. This plan permits the Company to allocate up to 90% of its corporate treasury reserves to acquire and hold Bitcoin, Ether, and USD Coin as a long-term store of value. As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Company has not yet executed any purchases of Digital Assets under this plan. The timing and amount of any future purchases will depend on various factors, including our ongoing liquidity needs, the market price of the Digital Asset, and general market and economic conditions. Future utilization of the DATP could subject our capital resources and liquidity to the significant market risks associated with Digital Assets. Sales of Common Stock On March 14, 2024, we issued and sold 2,496,318 shares of our Common Stock and warrants to purchase 2,496,318 shares of our Common Stock in a private placement to certain accredited investors and to our participating directors pursuant to securities purchase agreements dated March 11, 2024 at a price $1.17 per share, for which we received gross proceeds of approximately $2.92 million. The securities sold to our directors participating in the March 14, 2024 private placement were issued pursuant to the MAIA 2021 Plan. On March 28, 2024, we issued and sold 578,643 shares of our Common Stock and warrants to purchase 578,643 shares of our Common Stock in a private placement to certain accredited investors pursuant to securities purchase agreements dated March 25, 2024 at a price of $2.295 per share, for which we received gross proceeds of approximately $1.33 million. 30 Between February 14, 2024 and March 31, 2024, we sold 507,754 shares of Common Stock at an average price of approximately $1.47 per share, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $745,251 under the ATM Agreement dated February 14, 2024, for which we paid Wainwright approximately $22,357 in commissions resulting in net proceeds to us of approximately $722,894. Between October 1, 2024 and December 31, 2024, we sold 573,878 shares of Common Stock at an average price of approximately $2.77 per share, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $1,589,330 under the ATM Agreement dated May 15, 2024, for which we paid Wainwright approximately $47,680 in commissions resulting in net proceeds to us of approximately $1,541,650. On February 24, 2025, we issued and sold 1,810,000 shares of our Common Stock and warrants to purchase 1,810,000 shares of our Common Stock in a private placement to certain accredited investors and to our participating directors pursuant to securities purchase agreements dated February 18,2025 at a price of $1.50 per share, for which we received gross proceeds of approximately $2.7 million. The securities sold to our directors participating in the February 24, 2025, private placement were issued pursuant to the MAIA 2021 Plan. On March 3, 2025, we issued and sold 952,633 shares of our Common Stock and warrants to purchase 952,633 shares of our Common Stock in a private placement to certain accredited investors and to our participating directors pursuant to securities purchase agreements dated February 25, 2025 at a price of $1.50 per share, for which we received gross proceeds of approximately $1.4 million. The securities sold to our directors participating in the March 3, 2025, private placement were issued pursuant to the MAIA 2021 Plan. From January 1, 2025 through March 31, 2025, we sold 666,323 shares of Common Stock through Wainwright under the ATM Agreement at an average price of approximately $2.28 per share, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $1,521,091, for which we paid Wainwright approximately $45,633 in commissions and other issuance costs of $84,587, resulting in net proceeds to us of approximately $1,390,871. From April 1, 2025 through June 30, 2025, we sold 793,429 shares of Common Stock through Wainwright under the ATM Agreement at an average price of approximately $1.87 per share, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $1,480,894, for which we paid Wainwright approximately $44,427 in commissions and other issuance costs of $16,705, resulting in net proceeds to us of approximately $1,419,762. From July 1, 2025 through September 30, 2025, we sold 2,086,312 shares of Common Stock through Wainwright under the ATM Agreement at an average price of approximately $1.81 per share, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $3,779,251, for which we paid Wainwright approximately $113,378 in commissions and other issuance costs of $3,758, resulting in net proceeds to us of approximately $3,662,115. On May 8, 2025, we issued and sold 719,999 shares of our Common Stock and warrants to purchase 719,999 shares of our Common Stock in a private placement to certain accredited investors and to our participating directors pursuant to securities purchase agreements dated May 5, 2025, at a price of $1.50 per share, for which we received gross proceeds of approximately $1.08 million. The securities sold to our directors participating in the May 8, 2025 private placement were issued pursuant to the MAIA 2021 Plan. On June 3, 2025, we issued and sold 463,332 shares of our Common Stock and warrants to purchase 463,332 shares of our Common Stock in a private placement to certain accredited investors and to our participating directors pursuant to securities purchase agreements dated May 27, 2025, at a price of $1.50 per share, for which we received gross proceeds of approximately $0.7 million. The securities sold to our directors participating in the June 3, 2025 private placement were issued pursuant to the MAIA 2021 Plan. We will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations, to develop and commercialize ateganosine, and to develop, acquire or in-license other products. We may seek to fund our operations through public equity, private equity, or debt financing, as well as other sources. We cannot make any assurances that additional financing will be available to us and, if available, on acceptable terms or at all. This could negatively impact our business and operations and could also lead to the reduction of our operations. 31 Cash Flows Cash Flows for the Nine Months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 Net cash flows used in operating activities $ (11,824,127 ) $ (11,796,286 ) Net cash flows provided by financing activities 13,104,175 13,331,146 Effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes on cash 10,390 5,229 Net increase in cash $ 1,290,438 $ 1,540,089 Operating Activities For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net cash used in operating activities was approximately $11,824,000, which consisted of a consolidated net loss of approximately $18,767,000 offset by non-cash charges of approximately $1,821,000 in stock-based compensation, approximately $250,000 of non-cash expense to issue stock to consultants and vendors, and the decrease in the remeasurement of the warrant liability of approximately $945,000. Total changes in operating assets and liabilities of approximately $5,817,000 were driven by an approximate $6,158,000 net increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses, and an approximate $341,000 decrease in prepaid expense and other assets. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net cash used in operating activities was approximately $11,796,000, which consisted of a consolidated net loss of approximately $19,683,000 offset by non-cash charges of approximately $1,219,000 in stock-based compensation, approximately $112,000 of non-cash expense to issue stock to consultants, the remeasurement of the warrant liability of approximately $8,008,000, and the loss on fair value of warrants over proceeds of approximately $13,000. Total changes in operating assets and liabilities of approximately $1,465,000 were driven by an approximate $1,330,000 net decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses, an approximate $93,000 increase in the Australia research and development incentives receivable, and an approximate $227,000 decrease in prepaid expense and other assets. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes on cash increased the cash balance as of September 30, 2025 by approximately $10,000 versus an increase of approximately $5,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Investing Activities For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we did not have any cash provided by or used in investing activities. Financing Activities Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately 13,104,000 and $13,331,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Total net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 consisted primarily of approximately $5,919,000 gross proceeds from private placement offerings, proceeds from the at-the-market offering of approximately $6,781,000, proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $1,000, and proceeds from the exercise of warrants of $901,000 and were offset by an approximate $498,000 of offering costs. Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, consisted primarily of approximately $ 5,254,000 gross proceeds from private placement offerings, proceeds from the at-the-market offering of approximately $8,523,000, proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $216,000, and offset by approximately $661,000 of offering costs. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements None. 32 Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. These accounting principles require us to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements. We believe that the estimates, judgments and assumptions are reasonable based upon information available to us at the time that these estimates, judgments and assumptions are made. To the extent there are material differences between these estimates, judgments or assumptions and actual results, our financial statements will be affected. For a discussion of our critical accounting estimates, please read Part II, Item 7 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on March 21, 2025. There have been no material changes to the critical accounting estimates previously disclosed in such report. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Effective or Adopted Management does not believe that any recently issued, but not yet effective accounting pronouncements, if adopted, would have a material impact on the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. We are a smaller reporting company and are not required to provide the information otherwise required under this item.