Lifeway Foods, Inc. 10-Q

LIFEWAY FOODS, INC. 10-Q Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, DC 20549 FORM 10-Q (Mark One) ☒ QUARTERLY REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the quarterly period ended: September 30, 2025 ☐ TRANSITION REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from __________ to __________ Commission File Number: 001-42398 LIFEWAY FOODS, INC. (Exact name of registrant a s specified in its charter) Illinois 36-3442829 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 6431 West Oakton , Morton Grove , IL 60053 (Address of principal executive offices, zip code) ( 847 ) 967-1010 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, No Par Value LWAY Nasdaq Global Market Preferred Stock Purchase Rights None Nasdaq Global Market Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: None Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data file required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one) Large accelerated Filer ☐ Accelerated Filer ☐ Non-accelerated Filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ Number of shares of Common Stock, no par value, outstanding as of November 6, 2025: 15,228,763 . TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION Item 1. Financial Statements. 3 Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. 19 Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. 26 Item 4. Controls and Procedures. 26 PART II – OTHER INFORMATION Item 1. Legal Proceedings. 27 Item 1A. Risk Factors. 27 Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds. 27 Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities. 27 Item 5. Other Information. 27 Item 6. Exhibits. 28 Signatures. 29 2 PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS. LIFEWAY FOODS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Balance Sheets September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (In thousands) September 30, 2025 December 31, (Unaudited) 2024 Current assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 22,990 $ 16,728 Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses and discounts & allowances of $ 1,800 and $ 1,590 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively 17,421 15,424 Inventories, net 11,057 8,678 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 2,204 2,144 Refundable income taxes 134 631 Total current assets 53,806 43,605 Property, plant and equipment, net 36,423 26,862 Operating lease right-of-use asset 358 118 Goodwill 11,704 11,704 Intangible assets, net 5,953 6,358 Other assets 1,282 1,900 Total assets $ 109,526 $ 90,547 Current liabilities Accounts payable $ 17,501 $ 10,401 Accrued expenses 5,910 5,103 Total current liabilities 23,411 15,504 Operating lease liabilities 289 70 Deferred income taxes, net 3,062 3,062 Total liabilities 26,762 18,636 Stockholders’ equity Preferred stock, no par value; 2,500 shares authorized; none issued – – Common stock, no par value; 40,000 shares authorized; 17,274 shares issued; 15,229 and 15,100 outstanding at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively 6,509 6,509 Treasury stock, at cost ( 13,233 ) ( 14,052 ) Paid-in capital 3,348 4,632 Retained earnings 86,140 74,822 Total stockholders’ equity 82,764 71,911 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 109,526 $ 90,547 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements 3 LIFEWAY FOODS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Operations For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) (In thousands, except per share data) Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Net sales $ 57,143 $ 46,095 $ 157,135 $ 139,886 Cost of goods sold 39,821 33,508 111,744 101,127 Depreciation expense 914 720 2,548 2,082 Total cost of goods sold 40,735 34,228 114,292 103,209 Gross profit 16,408 11,867 42,843 36,677 Selling expense 5,047 3,979 14,463 11,256 General and administrative expense 6,186 3,564 15,566 11,877 Amortization expense 135 135 405 405 Total operating expenses 11,368 7,678 30,434 23,538 Income from operations 5,040 4,189 12,409 13,139 Other income (expense): Interest expense ( 21 ) ( 4 ) ( 56 ) ( 102 ) Gain on sale of property and equipment – 3 – 3 Fair value loss on investments – – ( 20 ) – Gain on sale of investments – – 3,407 – Other income (expense), net 73 138 229 153 Total other income (expense) 52 137 3,560 54 Income before provision for income taxes 5,092 4,326 15,969 13,193 Provision for income taxes 1,563 1,350 4,651 4,008 Net income $ 3,529 $ 2,976 $ 11,318 $ 9,185 Net earnings per common share: Basic $ 0.23 $ 0.20 $ 0.75 $ 0.62 Diluted $ 0.23 $ 0.19 $ 0.74 $ 0.60 Weighted average common shares outstanding: Basic 15,229 14,801 15,190 14,740 Diluted 15,422 15,265 15,381 15,194 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements 4 LIFEWAY FOODS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited) (In thousands) Common Stock Issued In treasury Paid-In Retained Total Shares $ Shares $ Capital Earnings Equity Balance, January 1, 2024 17,274 $ 6,509 ( 2,583 ) $ ( 16,695 ) $ 4,825 $ 65,797 $ 60,436 Stock-based compensation – – – – 673 – 673 Net income – – – – – 2,426 2,426 Balance, March 31, 2024 17,274 $ 6,509 ( 2,583 ) $ ( 16,695 ) $ 5,498 $ 68,223 $ 63,535 Issuance of common stock in connection with stock-based compensation – – 89 575 ( 739 ) – ( 164 ) Issuance of common stock on exercise of stock options – – 11 70 36 – 106 Stock-based compensation – – – – 737 – 737 Net income – – – – – 3,783 3,783 Balance, June 30, 2024 17,274 $ 6,509 ( 2,483 ) $ ( 16,050 ) $ 5,532 $ 72,006 $ 67,997 Issuance of common stock in connection with stock-based compensation – – 26 167 ( 220 ) – ( 53 ) Stock-based compensation – – – – 603 – 603 Net income – – – – – 2,976 2,976 Balance, September 30, 2024 17,274 $ 6,509 ( 2,457 ) $ ( 15,883 ) $ 5,915 $ 74,982 $ 71,523 5 LIFEWAY FOODS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited) (In thousands) Common Stock Issued In treasury Paid-In Retained Total Shares $ Shares $ Capital Earnings Equity Balance, January 1, 2025 17,274 $ 6,509 ( 2,174 ) $ ( 14,052 ) $ 4,632 $ 74,822 $ 71,911 Issuance of Common Stock – – 103 669 ( 2,278 ) – ( 1,609 ) Stock-based compensation – – – – 326 – 326 Net income – – – – – 3,540 3,540 Balance, March 31, 2025 17,274 $ 6,509 ( 2,071 ) $ ( 13,383 ) $ 2,680 $ 78,362 $ 74,168 Issuance of common stock in connection with stock-based compensation – – 18 115 ( 437 ) – ( 322 ) Stock-based compensation – – – – 601 – 601 Net income – – – – – 4,249 4,249 Balance, June 30, 2025 17,274 $ 6,509 ( 2,053 ) $ ( 13,268 ) $ 2,844 $ 82,611 $ 78,696 Issuance of common stock in connection with stock-based compensation – – 8 35 ( 35 ) – – Stock-based compensation – – – – 539 – 539 Net income – – – – – 3,529 3,529 Balance, September 30, 2025 17,274 $ 6,509 ( 2,045 ) $ ( 13,233 ) $ 3,348 $ 86,140 $ 82,764 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements 6 LIFEWAY FOODS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) (In thousands) Nine months ended September 30, 2025 2024 Cash flows from operating activities: Net income $ 11,318 $ 9,185 Adjustments to reconcile net income to operating cash flow: Depreciation and amortization 2,953 2,487 Stock-based compensation 1,466 1,898 Non-cash interest expense 14 17 Gain on sale of equipment ( 115 ) ( 3 ) Gain on sale of investments ( 3,407 ) – Fair value loss on investment 20 – (Increase) decrease in operating assets: Accounts receivable ( 1,997 ) 379 Inventories ( 2,378 ) 663 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 123 125 Refundable income taxes 497 ( 379 ) Increase (decrease) in operating liabilities: Accounts payable 3,330 949 Accrued expenses ( 1,143 ) 694 Accrued income taxes – ( 474 ) Net cash provided by operating activities 10,681 15,541 Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of property and equipment ( 9,675 ) ( 5,445 ) Proceeds from sale of equipment 115 14 Proceeds from sale of investments 5,206 – Net cash used in investing activities ( 4,354 ) ( 5,431 ) Cash flows from financing activities: Repayment of note payable – ( 2,750 ) Payment of deferred financing costs ( 65 ) – Net cash used in financing activities ( 65 ) ( 2,750 ) Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 6,262 7,360 Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period 16,728 13,198 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period $ 22,990 $ 20,558 Supplemental cash flow information: Cash paid for income taxes, net of (refunds) $ 4,154 $ 4,861 Cash paid for interest $ 42 $ 95 Non-cash investing activities Accrued purchase of property and equipment $ 3,875 $ 331 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations $ 293 $ – See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements 7 LIFEWAY FOODS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (In thousands, except per share data) Note 1 – Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information, and do not include certain information and footnote disclosures required for complete, audited financial statements. In the opinion of management, these statements include all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the results of all interim periods reported herein. The consolidated financial statements and related notes should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. Results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of future or annual results. Principles of consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Lifeway Foods, Inc. and all its wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively “Lifeway” or the “Company”). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Our significant accounting policies, which are summarized in detail in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, have not materially changed. The following is a description of certain of our significant accounting policies. Use of estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates made in preparing the consolidated financial statements include the reserve for promotional allowances, the valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, stock-based and incentive compensation, and deferred income taxes. Cash and cash equivalents Lifeway considers cash and all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates or equals fair value due to their short-term nature. Lifeway from time to time may have bank deposits in excess of insurance limits of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents with high credit quality financial institutions. Lifeway has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes the financial risks associated with these financial instruments are minimal. 8 Advertising and promotional costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and reported in Selling expense in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations. Total advertising expense was $ 6,965 and $ 4,131 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Total advertising expense was $ 2,548 and $ 1,599 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Fair value measurements In February 2025, the Company’s $1,800 equity investment in Simple Mills was liquidated as a result of the sale of Simple Mills. The Company received cash proceeds of $ 5,206 and recognized a gain on the sale of investment of $ 3,407 during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Segments The Company is managed as a single reportable segment. The Chief Executive Officer, who is the Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), reviews financial information on an aggregate basis for purposes of allocating resources and assessing financial performance, as well as for making strategic operational decisions and managing the organization. Substantially all of Lifeway’s consolidated revenues relate to the sale of cultured dairy products that it produces using the same processes and materials and are sold to consumers through a common network of distributors and retailers in the United States. Recent accounting pronouncements Issued but not yet effective In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Topic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The new standard requires additional disclosure of certain amounts included in the expense captions presented on the Statement of Operations as well as disclosures about selling expenses. The new standard is effective on a prospective basis, with the option for retrospective application, for our annual period ending December 31, 2027, and our interim periods during the fiscal year ending December 31, 2028. The new standard does not affect recognition or measurement in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Upon adoption, the impact of ASU 2024-03 will be limited to certain notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09: Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures that requires entities to disclose additional information about federal, state, and foreign income taxes primarily related to the income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The new standard also eliminates certain existing disclosure requirements related to uncertain tax positions and unrecognized deferred tax liabilities. The new standard is effective for our fiscal year ending December 31, 2025, and our interim periods during the fiscal year ending December 31, 2026. The guidance does not affect recognition or measurement in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Upon adoption, the impact of ASU 2023-09 will be limited to certain notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 9 Note 3 – Inventories, net Schedule of inventories September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Ingredients $ 4,002 $ 2,519 Packaging 3,470 2,855 Finished goods 3,585 3,304 Total inventories, net $ 11,057 $ 8,678 Note 4 – Property, Plant and Equipment, net Schedule of property, plant and equipment September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Land $ 1,565 $ 1,565 Buildings and improvements 24,419 23,520 Machinery and equipment 42,925 38,181 Vehicles 477 477 Office equipment 694 758 Construction in process 7,754 2,163 77,834 66,664 Less accumulated depreciation ( 41,411 ) ( 39,802 ) Total property, plant and equipment, net $ 36,423 $ 26,862 Note 5 – Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill Goodwill consisted of the following: Schedule of goodwill Total Balance at December 31, 2024 Goodwill $ 12,948 Accumulated impairment losses ( 1,244 ) $ 11,704 Balance at September 30, 2025 Goodwill $ 12,948 Accumulated impairment losses ( 1,244 ) $ 11,704 10 Intangible Assets Other intangible assets, net consisted of the following: Schedule of other intangible assets September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Gross Net Gross Net Carrying Accumulated Carrying Carrying Accumulated Carrying Amount Amortization Amount Amount Amortization Amount Recipes $ 44 $ ( 44 ) $ – $ 44 $ ( 44 ) $ – Customer lists and other customer related intangibles 4,529 ( 4,529 ) – 4,529 ( 4,529 ) – Customer relationships 3,385 ( 1,652 ) 1,733 3,385 ( 1,532 ) 1,853 Brand names 7,948 ( 3,728 ) 4,220 7,948 ( 3,443 ) 4,505 Formula 438 ( 438 ) – 438 ( 438 ) – Total intangible assets, net $ 16,344 $ ( 10,391 ) $ 5,953 $ 16,344 $ ( 9,986 ) $ 6,358 Estimated amortization expense on intangible assets for the next five years is as follows: Schedule of future amortization expense on intangible assets Year Amortization Three months ended December 31, 2025 $ 135 2026 $ 540 2027 $ 540 2028 $ 540 2029 $ 540 The weighted-average remaining amortization expense period for the customer relationship and brand name intangible assets is 10.8 and 11.1 years, respectively, as of September 30, 2025. The weighted-average remaining amortization expense period for total intangible assets is 11.0 years as of September 30, 2025. Note 6 – Accrued Expenses Accrued expenses consisted of the following: Schedule of accrued expenses September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Payroll and incentive compensation $ 4,729 $ 4,188 Real estate taxes 650 468 Utilities 172 193 Current portion of operating lease liabilities 69 47 Other 290 207 Total accrued expenses $ 5,910 $ 5,103 11 Note 7 – Debt Revolving Credit Facility On February 5, 2025, the Company entered into the Fifth Modification to the Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement (the “Fifth Modification”) with its current lender. The Fifth Modification, among other things, (i) increased the commitment for revolving loans under the Credit Agreement from $ 5,000 to $ 25,000 , with interest payable at either the lender Base Rate (the Prime Rate minus 1.00%) or the SOFR plus 1.75%, (ii) extended the termination date of the Credit Agreement to February 5, 2028, (iii) replaced the quarterly minimum working capital financial covenant with a financial covenant to maintain a maximum cash flow leverage ratio of no greater than 2.00 to 1.00 for each fiscal quarter commencing with the fiscal quarter ending March 31, 2025, (iv) increased the quarterly unused revolving line of credit fee to 0.25%, and (v) increased the letter of credit fee to 1.00%. The remaining material terms and conditions of the Credit Agreement remain substantially unchanged. The Company had no outstanding borrowings at the time of entry into the Fifth Modification. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $ 0 outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility. The Company had $ 25,000 available for future borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility as of September 30, 2025. Lifeway was in compliance with the fixed charge coverage ratio and maximum cash flow leverage ratio covenants at September 30, 2025. Note 8 – Leases The Company leases certain machinery and equipment with fixed base rent payments and variable costs based on usage. Remaining lease terms for these leases range from less than one year to six years. The Company includes lease extension options, if applicable and reasonably certain to be exercised, in the calculation of the right-of-use asset and lease liabilities. Lifeway includes only fixed payments for lease components in the measurement of the right-of-use asset and lease liability. Variable lease payments are those that vary because of changes in facts or circumstances occurring after the commencement date, other than the passage of time. There are no residual value guarantees. Lifeway does not currently have leases which meet the finance lease classification as defined under ASC 842. Lifeway treats contracts as a lease when the contract conveys the right to use a physically distinct asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration, it directs the use of the asset and obtains substantially all the economic benefits of the asset. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are measured and recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. Lifeway has elected the practical expedient to combine lease and non-lease components into a single component for all of its leases. When the Company is unable to determine an implicit interest rate, it uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments for those leases. Lifeway includes options to extend or terminate the lease in the measurement of the right-of-use asset and lease liability when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise such options. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company does not record leases with an initial term of 12 months or less on the balance sheet. Expense for these short-term leases is recorded on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Total lease expense was $ 146 and $ 110 (including short term leases) for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Total lease expense was $ 51 and $ 33 (including short term leases) for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. 12 Future maturities of lease liabilities were as follows: Schedule of future maturities of lease liabilities Year Operating Leases Three months ended December 31, 2025 $ 27 2026 103 2027 96 2028 88 2029 81 Thereafter 76 Total lease payments 471 Less: Interest ( 113 ) Present value of lease liabilities $ 358 The weighted-average remaining lease term for its operating leases was 4.8 years as of September 30, 2025. The weighted average discount rate of its operating leases was 11.60 % as of September 30, 2025. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities was $ 73 and $ 68 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities was $ 25 and $ 22 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Note 9 – Commitments and contingencies Litigation Lifeway from time to time, may be involved in various legal proceedings, claims, disputes, regulatory matters, audits, and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of, or incidental to, the Company’s business, including commercial disputes, product liabilities, intellectual property matters and employment-related matters. Lifeway records provisions in the consolidated financial statements for pending legal matters when it believes it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company evaluates, on a periodic basis, developments in legal matters that could affect the amount of any accrual and developments that would make a loss contingency both probable and reasonably estimable. If a loss contingency is not both probable and estimable, it does not establish an accrued liability. Currently, none of its accruals for outstanding legal matters are material individually or in the aggregate to its financial position and it is management’s opinion that the ultimate resolution of these outstanding legal matters will not have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. However, if the Company is ultimately required to make payments in connection with an adverse outcome, it is possible that such contingency could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Note 10 – Income taxes Income taxes were recognized at effective rates of 29.1 % and 30.4 % for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Income taxes were recognized at effective rates of 30.3 % and 31.2 % for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The change in the Company’s effective tax rate is primarily driven by changes in the amount of non-deductible officer compensation and non-deductible stock-based compensation expense. The Company calculates the provision for income taxes during interim reporting periods by applying an estimate of the annual effective tax rate for the full year, excluding unusual or infrequently occurring discrete items, and applies that rate to income (loss) before provision for income taxes for the period. 13 The Company’s effective tax rate may change from period to period based on recurring and non-recurring factors including the relative mix of pre-tax earnings (or losses), the jurisdictional mix of earnings, enacted tax legislation, state income taxes, the impact of non-deductible items, changes in valuation allowances, settlement of tax audits, and the expiration of the statute of limitations in relation to unrecognized tax benefits. The Company records discrete income tax items such as enacted tax rate changes and completed tax audits in the period in which they occur. On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA") was signed into law, which includes a broad range of tax reform provisions that may affect the Company's financial results. The OBBBA changes to corporate taxation include, but are not limited to, 100% bonus depreciation for purchases of qualified property, an elective deduction for domestic research and experimental expenditures, changes to the definition of adjusted taxable income for purposes of determining the interest deduction limitation under Internal Revenue Code Section 163(j), and a more favorable tax rate on Foreign-Derived Deduction Eligible Income and income from non-U.S. subsidiaries (Net CFC Tested Income). The OBBBA does not have a material impact on our estimated annual effective tax rate or cash flows in the current fiscal year. Note 11 – Stock-based and Other Compensation Employee Incentive and Non-Employee Director Plans The Board of Directors adopted, and the Company’s stockholders approved, the “Lifeway Foods, Inc. 2022 Omnibus Incentive Plan” (the “Plan”). Under the Plan, the Compensation Committee may grant awards of various types of compensation, including nonqualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance units, cash-based awards and other stock-based awards to qualifying employees. The maximum number of shares authorized to be awarded under the Plan is 3.25 million. As of September 30, 2025, 2.61 million shares remain available to award under the Plan. Lifeway stockholders approved the 2022 Non-Employee Director Equity and Deferred Compensation Plan (the “2022 Director Plan”), which authorizes the grant of restricted stock units. The maximum aggregate number of shares that may be issued under the 2022 Director Plan is 500 thousand. As of September 30, 2025, 389 thousand shares remain available to award under the 2022 Director Plan. Total compensation expense related to stock-based payments and the related income tax benefit recognized in net income are as follows: Schedule of compensation expense related to stock-based payments Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended September 30, September 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 (In Thousands) Compensation expense related to stock-based payments $ 539 $ 603 $ 1,466 $ 1,898 Related income tax benefit 151 66 410 197 Stock Options The following table summarizes stock option activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2025: Schedule of stock option activity Options Weighted average exercise price Weighted average remaining contractual life Aggregate intrinsic value (In thousands) Outstanding at December 31, 2024 30 $ 10.42 1.21 $ 426 Granted – – – – Exercised – – – – Forfeited – – – – Outstanding at September 30, 2025 30 $ 10.42 0.46 $ 514 Exercisable at September 30, 2025 30 $ 10.42 0.46 $ 514 14 Restricted Stock Units Restricted stock unit awards generally vest based on the passage of time in approximately three equal installments on each of the first three anniversaries of the grant date. Certain non-employee directors have elected to defer receipt of their awards until their departure from the Board of Directors. The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Schedule of RSU activity Restricted Stock Units Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (In thousands) Outstanding at December 31, 2024 190 $ 8.77 Granted 18 24.53 Shares issued upon vesting ( 42 ) 9.68 Forfeited – – Outstanding at September 30, 2025 166 $ 10.25 Vested and deferred at September 30, 2025 78 $ 8.71 Unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested restricted stock units was $ 535 as of September 30, 2025 and will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.2 years. The grant date fair value of the awards is equal to the Company’s closing price on the grant date. Performance Units Performance unit awards are granted to certain members of management. These awards include both service and performance conditions. For performance unit awards granted in fiscal years 2023 through 2025, performance goals are established upfront and are measured over a cumulative three-year measurement period. The performance goals are 1) 3-year cumulative net revenue, and 2) 3-year cumulative adjusted EBITDA. The target number of performance unit awards are weighted 50% on net revenue and 50% on adjusted EBITDA. Participants may earn more or less than the target number of units, and are bound by minimum and maximum thresholds of net revenue and adjusted EBITDA. The PSU awards will be earned and will vest, if at all, after the end of the three-year measurement period. These awards will be converted to stock upon vesting. The following table summarizes performance unit activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Schedule of performance units Performance Units Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (In thousands) Nonvested at December 31, 2024 306 $ 8.08 Granted (1) 91 13.45 Shares issued upon vesting ( 174 ) 6.25 Forfeited ( 24 ) 8.41 Nonvested at September 30, 2025 199 $ 12.10 (1) Includes 55 thousand additional shares granted in connection with the vesting of the 2022 award in 2025 due to above-target performance in accordance with the terms of the award. 15 Unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested performance units is estimated to be approximately $ 1,569 as of September 30, 2025 and are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.91 years. The grant date fair value of the awards is equal to the Company’s closing price on the grant date. Retirement Benefits Lifeway has a defined contribution plan which is available to substantially all full-time employees. Under the terms of the plan, the Company matches employee contributions under a prescribed formula. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, total contribution expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations was $ 564 and $ 495 , respectively. For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, total contribution expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations was $ 151 and $ 133 , respectively. Note 12 – Earnings Per Share The following table summarizes the effects of the share-based compensation awards on the weighted average number of shares outstanding used in calculating diluted earnings per share: Schedule of weighted average number of shares outstanding Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended September 30, September 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 (In thousands) Weighted average common shares outstanding 15,229 14,801 15,190 14,740 Assumed exercise/vesting of equity awards 193 464 191 454 Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding 15,422 15,265 15,381 15,194 Note 13 – Disaggregation of Revenue and Significant Customers The Company has one reportable segment, which manufactures and distributes cultured dairy products. Our products are produced using the same processes and materials and are sold to consumers through a common network of distributors and retailers. The Company derives revenue primarily in North America and manages the business activities on a consolidated basis. The business activities include selling cultured dairy products across various channels including retail-direct, distributor, and direct store delivery in a refrigerated format. We operate our business with a centralized financial systems infrastructure, and we share centralized resources for procurement and general and administrative activities. The accounting policies of the segment are the same as those described in the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for the Company. Refer to Note 1 for additional information. The Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) has been identified as our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”). The Company manages operations on a company-wide basis, thereby making determinations as to the allocation of resources as one segment. The CODM uses consolidated single-segment financial information to assess performance for the segment and decides how to allocate resources based on the Company’s consolidated net income (loss), which is reported on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. The measure of segment assets is reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as total assets. Products from which the reportable segment derives its revenue Lifeway’s primary product is drinkable kefir. The Company manufactures (directly or through a co-manufacturer) and markets products under the Lifeway, Fresh Made, and GlenOaks Farms brand names, as well as under private labels on behalf of certain customers. 16 The Company’s product categories are: · Drinkable kefir, a cultured dairy product sold in a variety of organic and non-organic sizes, flavors, and types. · European-style soft cheeses, including farmer cheese, white cheese, and Sweet Kiss. · Cream and other, which primarily consists of cream, a byproduct of raw milk processing. · Drinkable yogurt, sold in a variety of sizes and flavors. · ProBugs, a line of kefir products designed for children. · Other dairy, which primarily consists of Fresh Made butter and sour cream. Net sales of products by category were as follows for the nine months ended September 30: Schedule of segment products by category 2025 2024 In thousands $ % $ % Drinkable Kefir other than ProBugs 133,635 85 % 115,280 82 % Cheese 11,873 8 % 10,476 8 % Cream and other 6,991 4 % 6,202 4 % ProBugs Kefir 1,858 1 % 2,494 2 % Drinkable Yogurt 1,751 1 % 4,419 3 % Other dairy 1,027 1 % 1,015 1 % Net Sales 157,135 100 % 139,886 100 % Net sales of products by category were as follows for the three months ended September 30: 2025 2024 In thousands $ % $ % Drinkable Kefir other than ProBugs 49,596 86 % 37,737 82 % Cheese 4,062 7 % 3,584 8 % Cream and other 2,166 4 % 2,215 5 % Drinkable Yogurt 668 1 % 1,501 3 % ProBugs Kefir 343 1 % 744 1 % Other dairy 308 1 % 314 1 % Net Sales 57,143 100 % 46,095 100 % Significant Customers Sales are predominately to companies in the retail food industry located within the United States. Two customers accounted for a total of 24 % and 25 % of net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Two customers accounted for a total of 23 % and 24 % of net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. 17 Geographic Information Net sales outside the of the United States represented less than 1% of total consolidated net sales for the nine months and three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Net sales are determined based on the destination where the products are shipped by Lifeway. All the Company’s long-lived assets are in the United States. Note 14 – Shareholder Rights Plan On November 4, 2024, the Company adopted a Shareholder Rights Agreement (the “Rights Agreement”) and designated 40 shares of preferred stock as Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock, none of which are issued or outstanding as of December 31, 2024. Pursuant to the Rights Agreement, the Company’s board of directors declared a dividend of one preferred share purchase right (each a “Right”) for each outstanding share of Company common stock to stockholders of record as of the close of business on November 18, 2024. Each Right entitles its holder, subject to the terms of the Rights Agreement, to purchase from the Company one one-thousandth of one share of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock, no par value, of the Company at an exercise price of $ 130 .00 per Right, subject to adjustment. Rights will attach to any shares of Company common stock that become outstanding after November 18, 2024 and prior to the earlier of the Distribution Time (as defined in the Rights Agreement) and the redemption or expiration of the Rights, and in certain other circumstances described in the Rights Agreement. The Right expires at the end of November 4, 2025, or earlier if exercised. On October 29, 2025, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Shareholder Rights Agreement (the “Rights Agreement”). The Rights Agreement was originally scheduled to expire at the end of November 4, 2025. The Company entered into the Amendment, which extended the expiration to the end of October 29, 2026 (and made other conforming changes to the Rights Agreement). No other material changes were made to the Rights Agreement. Note 15 – Organic Milk Supply To increase the supply of organic milk available to the Company for the manufacture of finished goods, the Company is purchasing mature dairy cows (or the “herd”) which will be managed by a third-party dairy facility (the “Dairy”), and entered into a supply and purchase agreement (“SPA”) with a COOP (the “COOP”) to purchase the milk produced by the herd. The Company purchased 402 mature dairy cows during the third quarter of 2025 for $ 1,335 and plans further mature dairy cow purchases in the future. As amended in September 2025, the Company entered into a sixty month agreement (the “Herd Agreement”) with a third-party Dairy who will manage care of the herd, milk the herd, and sell the milk to the COOP under the SPA, with a right to purchase the herd at the end of the agreement period for a nominal amount. Beginning December 1, 2025, the Dairy will make monthly payments to Lifeway over the five year agreement period in exchange for its right to possess and control the herd, including the rights to sell milk produced by the herd to the COOP. The herd agreement is treated as a sale of non-financial assets to a party that is not a customer. The Company will recognize a sale upon the delivery of each herd to the Dairy, with interest income recognized over the agreement period. The Company has recorded $ 184 in prepaid and other current assets and $ 1,151 in other assets as of September 30, 2025 related to the herd agreement with no recorded gain or loss on sale. The Company records the purchases of dairy cows as investing outflows, principal payments received as investing inflows and interest income as operating inflows on the statement of cash flows. 18 ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) in this Form 10-Q is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our audited consolidated financial statements, the accompanying notes, and the MD&A included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 (the “Form 10-K”). Unless otherwise specified, any description of “our”, “we”, and “us” in this MD&A refer to Lifeway Foods, Inc. (“Lifeway”) and our wholly-owned subsidiaries. Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements In addition to historical information, this quarterly report contains “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements may be identified by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “from time to time,” “intend,” “plan,” “ongoing,” “realize,” “should,” “may,” “could,” “believe,” “future,” “depend,” “expect,” “will,” “result,” “can,” “remain,” “assurance,” “subject to,” “require,” “limit,” “impose,” “guarantee,” “restrict,” “continue,” “become,” “predict,” “likely,” “opportunities,” “effect,” “change,” “predict,” and “estimate,” and similar terms or terminology, or the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology. Examples of forward-looking statements include, among others, statements we make regarding: · Expectations of the effect on our financial condition of claims, litigation, environmental costs, contingent liabilities and governmental and regulatory investigations and proceedings, if any; · Strategy for acquisitions, customer retention, growth, product development, market position, financial results and reserves; · Estimates of the amounts of sales allowances and discounts to our customers and consumers; · Our belief that we will maintain compliance with our loan agreements and have sufficient liquidity to fund our business operations. Forward looking statements are based on management’s beliefs, assumptions, estimates and observations of future events based on information available to our management at the time the statements are made and include any statements that do not relate to any historical or current fact. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and they involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed, implied or forecast by our forward-looking statements due in part to the risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that include: · Changes in the pricing of commodities; · The actions and decisions of our competitors and customers, including those related to price competition; · Our ability to successfully implement our business strategy; · The effects of government regulation; · Disruptions to our supply chain, or our manufacturing and distribution capabilities, including those due to cybersecurity threats; · Adverse economic conditions in the United States, our primary market, or any of the other jurisdictions in which we conduct significant business in the future, and resultant changes in consumer spending; and · Such other factors as discussed throughout Part I, Item 1 “Business”; Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors”; and Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 , Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q and that are described from time to time in our other periodic reports filed with the SEC. 19 These factors are not necessarily all of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any of our forward-looking statements. Other unknown or unpredictable factors could also have material adverse effects on future results. The Company intends these forward-looking statements to speak only at the date made. Except as otherwise required to be disclosed in periodic reports required to be filed by public companies with the SEC pursuant to the SEC’s rules, Lifeway has no duty to update these statements, and it undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Business Overview Lifeway was founded in 1986 by Michael Smolyansky, ten years after he and his family emigrated from Eastern Europe to the United States. Lifeway was the first to successfully introduce kefir to the U.S. consumer on a commercial scale, initially catering to ethnic consumers in the Chicago, Illinois metropolitan area. Lifeway has grown to become the largest producer and marketer of kefir in the U.S. and an important player in the broader market spaces of probiotic-based products and natural, “better for you” foods. Our primary product is drinkable kefir, a cultured dairy product. Lifeway Kefir is tart and tangy, high in protein, calcium and vitamin D. The Company manufactures (directly or through a co-manufacturer) and markets products under the Lifeway, Fresh Made, and GlenOaks Farms brand names, as well as under private labels on behalf of certain customers. The Company’s product categories are: · Drinkable Kefir, a cultured dairy product sold in a variety of organic and non-organic sizes, flavors, and types. · European-style soft cheeses, including farmer cheese, white cheese, and Sweet Kiss. · Cream and other, which primarily consists of cream, a byproduct of raw milk processing. · Drinkable Yogurt, sold in a variety of sizes and flavors. · ProBugs, a line of kefir products designed for children. · Other Dairy, which primarily consists of Fresh Made butter and sour cream. Recent Developments and Trends Organic Milk Supply To increase the supply of organic milk available to the Company for the manufacture of finished goods, the Company is purchasing mature dairy cows (or the “herd”) which will be managed by a third-party dairy facility (the “Dairy”), and entered into a supply and purchase agreement (“SPA”) with a COOP (the “COOP”) to purchase the milk produced by the herd. The Company purchased 402 mature dairy cows during the third quarter of 2025 for $1,335 and plans further mature dairy cow purchases in the future. As amended in September 2025, the Company entered into a sixty month agreement (the “Herd Agreement”) with a third-party Dairy who will manage care of the herd, milk the herd, and sell the milk to the COOP under the SPA, with a right to purchase the herd at the end of the agreement period for a nominal amount. Beginning December 1, 2025, the Dairy will make monthly payments to Lifeway over the five year agreement period in exchange for its right to possess and control the herd, including the right to sell milk produced by the herd to the COOP. The herd agreement is treated as a sale of non-financial assets to a party that is not a customer. The Company will recognize a sale upon the delivery of each herd to the Dairy, with interest income recognized over the agreement period. The Company has recorded $184 in prepaid and other current assets and $1,151 in other assets as of September 30, 2025 related to the herd agreement with no recorded gain or loss on sale. The Company records the purchases of dairy cows as investing outflows, principal payments received as investing inflows and interest income as operating inflows on the statement of cash flows. 20 Current Macroeconomic Environment We continue to monitor macroeconomic conditions and global trade developments, including inflation in key input costs, recently implemented tariffs, and the potential for additional or modified tariffs or export controls. These evolving global trade policies may contribute to increased supply chain complexity, commodity cost volatility, and broader economic uncertainty. We do not currently expect these conditions to have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial results. We are primarily a United States based manufacturer sourcing a vast majority of our inputs domestically. In addition, all our domestically produced products are sold to customers in the United States. We expect the accelerating consumer focus on health and wellness to drive increased demand for our products. Results of Operations Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 The following table presents certain information concerning our financial results, including information presented as a percentage of consolidated net sales: Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 $ % $ % Net sales 57,143 100.0% 46,095 100.0% Cost of goods sold 39,821 69.7% 33,508 72.7% Depreciation expense 914 1.6% 720 1.6% Total cost of goods sold 40,735 71.3% 34,228 74.3% Gross profit 16,408 28.7% 11,867 25.7% Selling expenses 5,047 8.8% 3,979 8.6% General & administrative expense 6,186 10.8% 3,564 7.7% Amortization expense 135 0.2% 135 0.3% Total operating expenses 11,368 19.8% 7,678 16.6% Income from operations 5,040 8.9% 4,189 9.1% Other income (expense): Interest expense (21 ) 0.0% (4 ) (0.0% ) Gain on sale of property and equipment – 0.0% 3 0.0% Fair value loss on investments – 0.0% – 0.0% Gain on sales of investments – 0.0% – 0.0% Other income (expense), net 73 0.1% 138 0.3% Total other income (expense) 52 0.1% 137 0.3% Income before provision for income taxes 5,092 9.0% 4,326 9.4% Provision for income taxes 1,563 2.7% 1,350 2.9% Net income 3,529 6.3% 2,976 6.5% 21 Net Sales Net sales were at $57,143 for the three-month period ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $11,048 or 24.0% versus prior year. The net sales increase was primarily driven by higher volumes of our branded drinkable kefir. The third quarter 2024 benefited from a customer relationship we strategically exited in the third quarter of 2024, and a significant distributor shifting from Lifeway delivered to customer pick-up in late 2024, which results in lower net sales and lower freight out expense. On a comparable basis adjusting for these two factors, the Company’s net sales increased approximately 29% in the third quarter of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. Gross Profit Gross profit as a percentage of net sales was 28.7% and 25.7% in the three-month period ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase versus the prior year was driven by higher volumes of our branded products, which provided manufacturing efficiencies and the favorable impact of conventional milk pricing. Selling Expenses Selling expenses increased by $1,068 to $5,047 during the three-month period ended September 30, 2025 from $3,979 during the same period in 2024. Selling expenses as a percentage of net sales increased to 8.8% in the three-month period ended September 30, 2025 from 8.6% during the same period in 2024. The increase is primarily a result of our continued investments in marketing activities to drive brand awareness and sales volumes. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses increased $2,622 to $6,186 during the three-month period ended September 30, 2025 from $3,564 during the same period in 2024. The Company incurred approximately $2,400 of professional fees associated with the Danone unsolicited purchase proposal and non-routine stockholder action. Provision for Income Taxes Income taxes were recognized at effective rates of 30.3% and 31.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The change in the Company’s effective tax rate is primarily driven by changes in the amount of non-deductible officer compensation and non-deductible stock-based compensation expense. The Company’s effective tax rate may change from period to period based on recurring and non-recurring factors including the relative mix of pre-tax earnings (or losses), the jurisdictional mix of earnings, enacted tax legislation, state income taxes, the impact of non-deductible items, changes in valuation allowances, settlement of tax audits, and the expiration of the statute of limitations in relation to unrecognized tax benefits. The Company records discrete income tax items such as enacted tax rate changes and completed tax audits in the period in which they occur. 22 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 The following table presents certain information concerning our financial results, including information presented as a percentage of consolidated net sales: Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 $ % $ % Net sales 157,135 100.0% 139,886 100.0% Cost of goods sold 111,744 71.1% 101,127 72.3% Depreciation expense 2,548 1.6% 2,082 1.5% Total cost of goods sold 114,292 72.7% 103,209 73.8% Gross profit 42,843 27.3% 36,677 26.2% Selling expense 14,463 9.2% 11,256 8.0% General & administrative expense 15,566 9.9% 11,877 8.5% Amortization expense 405 0.3% 405 0.3% Total operating expenses 30,434 19.4% 23,538 16.8% Income from operations 12,409 7.9% 13,139 9.4% Other income (expense): Interest expense (56 ) 0.0% (102 ) (0.1% ) Gain on property and equipment – – 3 0.0% Fair value loss on investments (20 ) 0.0% – 0.0% Gain on investments 3,407 2.2% – 0.0% Other income (expense), net 229 0.1% 153 0.1% Total other income (expense) 3,560 2.3% 54 0.0% Income before provision for income taxes 15,969 10.2% 13,193 9.4% Provision for income taxes 4,651 3.0% 4,008 2.9% Net income 11,318 7.2% 9,185 6.5% Net Sales Net sales were at $157,135 for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $17,249 or 12.3% versus prior year. The net sales increase was primarily driven by higher volumes of our branded drinkable kefir, partially offset by the planned trade promotion investment to support incremental distribution of farmers cheese and kefir. The first nine months of 2024 benefited from a customer relationship we strategically exited in the third quarter of 2024, and a significant distributor shifting from Lifeway delivered to customer pick-up in late 2024, which results in lower net sales and lower freight out expense. On a comparable basis adjusting for these two factors, the Company’s net sales increased approximately 19% in the first nine months of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. Gross Profit Gross profit as a percentage of net sales was 27.3% and 26.2% during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase versus the prior year was driven by higher volumes of our branded products, which provided manufacturing efficiencies and the favorable impact of conventional milk pricing, partially offset by organic milk pricing and planned trade promotion investment. 23 Selling Expense Selling expense increased by $3,207 to $14,463 during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 from $11,256 during the same period in 2024. Selling expenses as a percentage of net sales increased to 9.2% in the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 from 8.0% during the same period in 2024. The increase is primarily a result of our continued investments in marketing activities to drive brand awareness and sales volumes. General and Administrative Expense General and administrative expense increased $3,689 to $15,566 during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 from $11,877 during the same period in 2024. The Company incurred approximately $4,300 of professional fees associated with the Danone unsolicited purchase proposal and non-routine stockholder action. Provision for Income Taxes Income taxes were recognized at effective tax rates of 29.1% and 30.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The change in the Company’s effective tax rate is primarily driven by changes in the amount of non-deductible officer compensation and non-deductible stock-based compensation expense. The Company’s effective tax rate may change from period to period based on recurring and non-recurring factors including the relative mix of pre-tax earnings (or losses), the jurisdictional mix of earnings, enacted tax legislation, state income taxes, the impact of non-deductible items, changes in valuation allowances, settlement of tax audits, and the expiration of the statute of limitations in relation to unrecognized tax benefits. The Company records discrete income tax items such as enacted tax rate changes and completed tax audits in the period in which they occur. Income taxes are discussed in Note 10 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Liquidity and Capital Resources Management assesses the Company’s liquidity in terms of its ability to generate cash to fund its operating, investing, and financing activities. The Company remains in a strong financial position, and believes that its cash flow from operations, revolving credit facility, and cash and cash equivalents will continue to provide sufficient liquidity for its working capital needs, capital resource requirements, and growth initiatives and to ensure the continuation of the Company as a going concern. If additional borrowings are needed, $25,000 was available under the Revolving Credit Facility as of September 30, 2025 (see Note 7, Debt). We are in compliance with the terms of the Credit Agreement and expect to meet foreseeable financial requirements. The success of our business and financing strategies will continue to provide us with the financial flexibility to take advantage of various opportunities as they arise. To date, we have been successful in generating cash and obtaining financing as needed. However, if a serious economic or credit market crisis ensues, it could have a negative effect on our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition. The Company’s most significant ongoing short-term cash requirements relate primarily to funding operations (including expenditures for raw materials, labor, manufacturing and distribution, trade and promotions, advertising and marketing, and tax liabilities) as well as expenditures for property, plant and equipment. Long-term cash requirements primarily relate to funding long-term debt repayments (see Note 7, Debt) and deferred income taxes (see Note 10, Income Taxes, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K). 24 Cash Flow The following table is derived from our Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows: Nine months Ended September 30, Net Cash Flows Provided By (Used In): 2025 2024 Operating activities $ 10,681 $ 15,541 Investing activities $ (4,354 ) $ (5,431 ) Financing activities $ (65 ) $ (2,750 ) Operating Activities Net cash provided in operating activities was $10,681 and $15,541 during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease was primarily due to lower cash earnings and the change in working capital. Investing Activities Net cash used by investing activities was $4,354 and $5,431 during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in cash used reflects cash proceeds of $5,152 received in the first quarter and $54 in the second quarter of 2025 from the sale of our Simple Mills investment. The increase in purchases of property and equipment is primarily driven by the expansion of manufacturing capacity and modernization of our Waukesha, Wisconsin facility. This project will enable Lifeway to meet increasing sales demand and will double the facility’s manufacturing capacity and improve packaging efficiency, as well as other operational improvements. The Company currently estimates investing approximately $45,000. As of September 30, 2025, approximately $9,200 is included on the consolidated balance sheet in property, plant and equipment, with cumulative cash paid of approximately $6,100. The project will be funded primarily through cash on-hand and cash flow from operations, with further requirements available under the Company’s revolving credit facility. The project is expected to be completed during the fourth fiscal quarter of 2026. Our capital spending is focused in three core areas: growth, cost reduction, and facility improvements. Growth capital spending supports capacity expansion and new product innovation and enhancements. Cost reduction and facility improvements support manufacturing efficiency, safety, and productivity. Financing Activities Net cash used in financing activities was $65 and $2,750 during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The cash used in 2025 represents credit agreement amendment expenses incurred during the first quarter. The cash used in 2024 represented the quarterly principal payments under the term loan, which was paid in full during the second quarter of 2024. Debt Obligations As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $0 outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility. The Company had $25,000 available for future borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility as of September 30, 2025. The Credit Agreement includes customary representations, warranties, and covenants, including financial covenants requiring the Company to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio of no less than 1.25 to 1.00, and a maximum cash flow leverage ratio of no greater than 2.00 to 1.00 for each fiscal quarter commencing with the fiscal quarter ending March 31, 2025. The Company is in compliance with all applicable financial debt covenants as of September 30, 2025. See Note 7 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our indebtedness and related agreements. 25 Recent Accounting Pronouncements Information regarding recent accounting pronouncements is provided in Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates A description of the Company’s critical accounting policies and estimates is contained in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. There were no material changes to the Company’s critical accounting policies and estimates in the nine months ended September 30, 2025. ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK. Not applicable. ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures The Company has established disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), and such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management, together with our CEO and CFO, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025. Based on this evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2025. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2025 that has materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 26 PART II – OTHER INFORMATION ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS. Information regarding legal proceedings is available in Note 9, Commitment and Contingencies. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS. There have been no material changes from the risk factors disclosed in Part I, Item 1A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS. None. ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES. None. ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION. During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K. 27 ITEM 6. EXHIBITS. No. Description Form Period Ending Exhibit Filing Date 3.1 Amendment No. 1 to the Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of Lifeway Foods, Inc. 8-K 3.1 11/4/2025 4.1 Shareholder Rights Agreement, dated as of November 4, 2024, by and between the Company and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as rights agent (which includes the Form of Rights Certificate as Exhibit B thereto) 8-K 4.1 11/5/2024 4.2 Amendment No. 1 to Shareholder Rights Agreement, dated as of October 29, 2025, by and between the Company and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as rights agent 8-A12B/A 4.2 10/29/2025 4.3 Cooperation Agreement, dated as of September 30, 2025, by and between Lifeway Foods, Inc. and Danone North America PBC 8-K 4.1 10/1/2025 31.1 Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Julie Smolyansky Filed Herewith 31.2 Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Eric Hanson Filed Herewith 32.1 Section 1350 Certification of Julie Smolyansky * Furnished Herewith 32.2 Section 1350 Certification of Eric Hanson * Furnished Herewith 101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document) 101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in IXBRL, and included in exhibit 101). * The exhibits deemed furnished with this Form 10-Q and are not deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall they be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act., whether made before or after the date of the filing of this Form 10-Q and irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing. 28 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. LIFEWAY FOODS, INC. Date: November 12, 2025 By: /s/ Julie Smolyansky Julie Smolyansky Chief Executive Officer, President, and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Date: November 12, 2025 By: /s/ Eric Hanson Eric Hanson Chief Financial & Accounting Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) 29