Liberty Global Ltd. 10-K

lbtya-20221231 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K ☑ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31 , 2022 OR ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission file number 001-35961 Liberty Global plc (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) England and Wales 98-1112770 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) Griffin House 161 Hammersmith Rd London United Kingdom W6 8BS (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: + 44 . 208 . 483.6449 or 303.220.6600 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered Class A ordinary shares LBTYA Nasdaq Global Select Market Class B ordinary shares LBTYB Nasdaq Global Select Market Class C ordinary shares LBTYK Nasdaq Global Select Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: none Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐ Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months. Yes ☑ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Check one: Large Accelerated Filer ☑ Accelerated Filer ☐ Non-Accelerated Filer ☐ Smaller Reporting Company ☐ Emerging Growth Company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑ State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates, computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and ask price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter: $ 9.7 billion. The number of outstanding ordinary shares of Liberty Global plc as of January 31, 2023 was: 171,931,486 shares of class A ordinary shares, 12,994,000 shares of class B ordinary shares and 271,214,310 shares of class C ordinary shares. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the definitive proxy statement for the Registrant’s 2023 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K . LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC 2022 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Number PART I Item 1. Business I- 1 Item 1A. Risk Factors I- 26 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments I- 40 Item 2. Properties I- 41 Item 3. Legal Proceedings I- 41 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures I- 41 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities II- 1 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations II- 4 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk II- 34 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data II- 39 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure II- 39 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures II- 39 Item 9B. Other Information II- 39 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections II- 39 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance III- 1 Item 11. Executive Compensation III- 1 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters III- 1 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence III- 1 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services III- 1 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules IV- 1 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary IV- 6 PART I Item 1. BUSINESS Who We Are We are Liberty Global plc ( Liberty Global ), an international converged fixed and mobile communications company, providing world-class connectivity and entertainment services to our residential and business customers. We are focused on building fixed-mobile convergence national champions in our core European markets, and we are constantly striving to enhance and simplify our customers’ lives through quality products and services that give them the freedom to connect, converse, work and be entertained anytime, anywhere they choose. To that end, we deliver market-leading connectivity and entertainment products through next-generation networks that connect retail and wholesale customers subscribing to over 86 million (at December 31, 2022) broadband internet, video, fixed-line telephony and mobile services across our operating companies. Our primary business operations are listed below, all of which we consolidate, with the exception of the VMO2 JV and the VodafoneZiggo JV (each as defined below). Additionally, our ventures arm, Liberty Global Ventures, has investments in more than 75 companies in the fields of content, technology and infrastructure, including strategic stakes in companies such as Plume Design, Inc. ( Plume ), ITV plc ( ITV ), Televisa Univision, Inc. ( Televisa Univision ), AE Group Sàrl ( AtlasEdge ) and Formula E Holdings Ltd. ( Formula E ). Primary Business Operations : Brand Entity Location Ownership (1) Sunrise Switzerland 100.0% Telenet Belgium 61.1% Virgin Media Ireland 100.0% UPC Slovakia Slovakia 100.0% Virgin Media O2 United Kingdom ( U.K. ) 50.0% VodafoneZiggo Netherlands 50.0% (1) As of December 31, 2022. I-1 General Development of Business As a result of a series of mergers that were completed on June 7, 2013, Liberty Global became the publicly-held parent company of the successors by merger of Liberty Global, Inc. (the predecessor to Liberty Global) and Virgin Media Inc. ( Virgin Media ). In this filing on Form 10-K, except where context dictates otherwise, the terms “we”, “our”, “our company” and “us” may refer, as the context requires, to Liberty Global (or its predecessor) or collectively to Liberty Global (or its predecessor) and its subsidiaries and any joint ventures. Unless otherwise indicated, convenience translations into United States ( U.S. ) dollars are calculated as of December 31, 2022, and operational data, including subscriber statistics and ownership percentages, are as of December 31, 2022. Acquisitions and Dispositions We have completed a number of strategic acquisitions, dispositions and joint ventures over the last several years. We made or entered into these acquisitions, dispositions and joint ventures in order to execute on our strategy to concentrate on markets where we can focus on creating national champion converged businesses in core markets and unlock significant synergies. Acquisitions . One of our recent significant acquisitions includes: • On November 11, 2020, we completed the acquisition of Sunrise Communications Group AG ( Sunrise ) through the settlement of the all cash public tender offer to acquire all of the outstanding shares of Sunrise (the Sunrise Acquisition ). In April 2021, we completed a statutory “squeeze-out” procedure, under applicable Swiss law, to acquire the remaining Sunrise Shares that were not acquired pursuant to the tender offer and, accordingly, we now hold 100% of the share capital of Sunrise. Our combined business in Switzerland is now referred to as Sunrise. Joint Ventures . Our significant joint ventures include: • On December 15, 2022, we contributed cash to a newly-formed joint venture in the U.K. (the nexfibre JV ) that is anticipated to roll-out a new fiber network to 5-7 million new homes in the U.K. that are outside the existing footprint of the VMO2 JV (as defined below). We beneficially own 25% of the nexfibre JV, Telefónica (as defined below) beneficially owns 25% and InfraVia Capital Partners ( InfraVia ) beneficially owns the remaining 50%. We account for our 25% interest in the nexfibre JV as an equity method investment. • On September 1, 2021, we (i) contributed certain assets and liabilities to a newly-formed 50:50 joint venture (the AtlasEdge JV ) that was established for the purpose of acquiring and commercializing European technical real estate for edge colocation and hosting services and (ii) sold certain other assets to the AtlasEdge JV. In addition, we sold certain additional assets to the AtlasEdge JV during the fourth quarter of 2021. We account for our interest in the AtlasEdge JV as an equity method investment. • On June 1, 2021, Liberty Global and Telefónica, S.A. ( Telefónica ) completed a transaction (the U.K. JV Transaction ) whereby (i) we contributed Virgin Media’s U.K. operations and certain other Liberty Global subsidiaries to a 50:50 joint venture (the VMO2 JV ) and (ii) Telefónica contributed its U.K. mobile business to the VMO2 JV, creating a nationwide integrated communications provider. We account for our 50% interest in the VMO2 JV as an equity method investment. Dispositions . Our significant dispositions include: • On June 1, 2022, Telenet Group Holding N.V. ( Telenet ) completed the sale of substantially all of its passive infrastructure and tower assets to DigitalBridge Investments LLC ( DigitalBridge ) (the Telenet Tower Sale ). As part of the Telenet Tower Sale, Telenet entered into a master lease agreement to lease back the passive infrastructure and tower assets from DigitalBridge for an initial period of 15 years (the Telenet Tower Lease Agreement ). As part of the Telenet Tower Lease Agreement, Telenet has also committed to lease back 475 build-to-suit sites over the term of the lease. Telenet will act as an agent over the construction of future towers on the build-to-suit sites. • On April 1, 2022, we completed the sale of our operations in Poland ( UPC Poland ) to a subsidiary of iliad S.A. ( iliad ). In connection with the sale of UPC Poland, we agreed to provide certain transitional services to iliad for a period of up to five years. These services principally comprise network and information technology-related functions. I-2 Other Transactions We continue to evaluate a change in jurisdiction of incorporation to Bermuda, which has U.S.-style corporate laws and lower administrative costs. To the extent we determine to move forward with any re-domicile transaction, we would seek shareholder approval in advance. Equity Transactions Share repurchases are an important part of our strategy in creating value for our shareholders. Pursuant to our most recent share repurchase program, our board of directors authorized us to repurchase ten percent of our outstanding shares (measured at the start of each year) during each of 2022 and 2023. Additionally, in July 2022, our board of directors authorized a further $400.0 million for 2022 share repurchases. The following table provides the details of our share repurchases during 2022: Title of shares Number of shares Average price paid per share (1) Aggregate purchase price (1) in millions Class A ordinary shares 3,856,700 $ 21.55 $ 83.1 Class C ordinary shares 69,381,968 $ 23.34 1,619.5 $ 1,702.6 _______________ (1) Amounts include direct acquisition costs. For a further description of our share repurchases, see note 14 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Forward Looking Statements Certain statements in this Annual Report constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. To the extent that statements in this Annual Report are not recitations of historical fact, such statements constitute forward-looking statements, which, by definition, involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such statements. In particular, statements under Item 1. Business , Item 1A. Risk Factors , Item 2. Properties , Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk may contain forward-looking statements, including statements regarding our business, product, foreign currency and finance strategies, our property and equipment additions, subscriber growth and retention rates, competitive, regulatory and economic factors, the timing and impacts of proposed transactions, the maturity of our markets, the potential impact of the coronavirus ( COVID-19 ) and other large-scale health crises on our company, the anticipated impacts of new legislation (or changes to existing rules and regulations), anticipated changes in our revenue, costs or growth rates, our liquidity, credit risks, foreign currency risks, interest rate risks, target leverage levels, debt covenants, our future projected contractual commitments and cash flows, our share repurchase programs and other information and statements that are not historical fact. Where, in any forward-looking statement, we express an expectation or belief as to future results or events, such expectation or belief is expressed in good faith and believed to have a reasonable basis, but there can be no assurance that the expectation or belief will result or be achieved or accomplished. In evaluating these statements, you should consider the risks and uncertainties discussed under Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk , as well as the following list of some, but not all, of the factors that could cause actual results or events (including with respect to affiliates) to differ materially from anticipated results or events: • economic and business conditions and industry trends in the countries in which we or our affiliates operate; • the competitive environment in the industries and in the countries in which we or our affiliates operate, including competitor responses to our products and services; • fluctuations in currency exchange rates and interest rates; • instability in global financial markets, including sovereign debt issues and related fiscal reforms; • consumer disposable income and spending levels, including the availability and amount of individual consumer debt, as a result of among other things, inflationary pressures; I-3 • changes in consumer television viewing and mobile and broadband usage preferences and habits; • consumer acceptance of our existing service offerings, including our broadband internet, television, fixed-line telephony, mobile and business service offerings, and of new technology, programming alternatives and other products and services that we may offer in the future; • our ability to manage rapid technological changes and the rate at which our current technology becomes obsolete; • our ability to maintain or increase the number of subscriptions to our broadband internet, television, fixed-line telephony and mobile service offerings and our average revenue per household; • our ability to provide satisfactory customer service, including support for new and evolving products and services; • our ability to maintain or increase rates to our subscribers or to pass through increased costs to our subscribers as a result of, among other things, inflationary pressures; • the impact of our future financial performance, or market conditions generally, on the availability, terms and deployment of capital; • changes in, or failure or inability to comply with, government regulations and legislation in the countries in which we or our affiliates operate and adverse outcomes from regulatory proceedings; • government intervention that requires opening our broadband distribution networks to competitors, such as certain regulatory obligations imposed in Belgium; • our ability to obtain regulatory approval and shareholder approval and satisfy other conditions necessary to close acquisitions and dispositions and the impact of conditions imposed by competition and other regulatory authorities in connection with acquisitions; • our ability to successfully acquire new businesses and, if acquired, to integrate, realize anticipated efficiencies from, and implement our business plan with respect to, the businesses we have acquired or that we expect to acquire; • changes in laws or treaties relating to taxation, or the interpretation thereof, in the U.K., the U.S. or in other countries in which we or our affiliates operate; • changes in laws, monetary policies and government regulations that may impact the availability or cost of capital and the derivative instruments that hedge certain of our financial risks; • our ability to navigate the potential impacts on our business resulting from the U.K.’s departure from the European Union ( E.U. ); • the ability of suppliers and vendors (including our third-party wireless network provider, Three (Hutchison), under our mobile virtual network operator ( MVNO ) arrangement in Ireland) to timely deliver quality products, equipment, software, services and access; • the availability of attractive programming for our video services and the costs associated with such programming, including production costs, retransmission and copyright fees payable to public and private broadcasters; • uncertainties inherent in the development and integration of new business lines and business strategies; • our ability to adequately forecast and plan future network requirements; • the availability and cost of capital for the acquisition and/or development of telecommunications networks and services; • the availability, cost and regulation of spectrum; • problems we may discover post-closing with the operations, including the internal controls and financial reporting processes, of businesses we acquire; • successfully integrating businesses or operations that we acquire or partner with on the timelines or within the budgets estimated for such integrations; • operating costs, customer loss and business disruption, including maintaining relationships with employees, customers, suppliers or vendors, may be greater than expected in connection with our acquisitions and dispositions; • our ability to realize the expected synergies from our acquisitions and joint ventures in the amounts anticipated or on the anticipated timelines; • our ability to profit from investments, such as our joint ventures, that we do not solely control; I-4 • our ability to protect against, mitigate and contain loss of our and our customers’ data as a result of cyber attacks on us or any of our operating companies; • the leakage of sensitive customer data; • the outcome of any pending or threatened litigation; • the loss of key employees and the availability of qualified personnel; • changes in the nature of key strategic relationships with partners and joint venturers; • our capital structure and factors related to our debt arrangements; and • events that are outside of our control, such as political unrest in international markets, terrorist attacks, malicious human acts, natural disasters, epidemics, pandemics (such as COVID-19) and other similar events, including the ongoing invasion of Ukraine by Russia. The broadband distribution and mobile service industries are changing rapidly and, therefore, the forward-looking statements of expectations, plans and intent in this Annual Report are subject to a significant degree of risk. These forward-looking statements and the above-described risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Annual Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to disseminate any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement. Description of Business We are one of the world’s leading converged video, broadband and communications companies, with a commitment to providing our customers the “best in class” connectivity and entertainment services. These services are delivered to our residential and business customers over our networks and include broadband internet, video, telephony and mobile services. We design our services to enable our customers to access the digital world on their own terms, with “best in class” connectivity at the core of our strategy. Today, our extensive broadband network enables us to deliver ultra-high-speed internet service across our markets, be it through fiber, cable, a combination thereof or mobile technology. We continually strive to extend our reach and reinforce our speed leadership. In most of our footprint we offer converged fixed and mobile experiences in and out of the home, and it is our ambition to further enhance this proposition through strategic acquisitions and partnerships and through product development to offer our customers a world-class suite of products and services. As part of this strategy, Telenet, the VMO2 JV, the VodafoneZiggo JV and Sunrise deliver mobile services as mobile network operators, and Virgin Media Ireland ( VM Ireland ) delivers mobile services as an MVNO through Three (Hutchison’s) network. We provide residential and business telecommunication services in Ireland through VM Ireland, Belgium through Telenet, Switzerland through Sunrise and Slovakia through UPC Slovakia, and we are a leading fixed network provider in each of these countries. We also have investments in the VodafoneZiggo JV and the VMO2 JV, each of which is a fixed network leader in their respective countries. A breakdown of our revenue by major category for our consolidated reportable segments appears in note 19 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As a trusted provider of telecommunications services for our customers, we strive to ensure the connections we make today are building for a sustainable future. Through our next-generation networks and products, digital innovations and a culture of belonging and well-being, we are purpose-driven to be a responsible, sustainable and inclusive company that offers opportunity for everyone to connect to an exciting digital world. We work to ensure that we are continuously focused on the most significant sustainability impacts of our business – that while we create impact for our customers and the communities we serve, we are not creating negative impact for our planet. We are committed to becoming carbon neutral by 2030 for our Scope 1 and 2 emissions and are working across our entire business to build our full Scope 3 ambition. Our commitment to reduce GHG emissions includes purchasing electricity from renewable sources, transitioning our fleet to electric vehicles, improving the efficiency of our networks that will allow us to meet growing connectivity demands without increasing energy consumption, tackling e-waste by reducing the use of raw materials in our products, limiting our packaging and designing our products for longer lifespans and circularity. In addition, we are working with our partners and suppliers to ensure our entire value chain shares our focus on the urgency of the climate crisis. As a founding member of the European Green Digital Coalition, we champion our wider industry as a key player in the development of carbon-reducing digital solutions, to enable other sectors to also become more sustainable. Diversity and inclusion have long been priorities for Liberty Global and our operating companies, and they will become even more integral moving forward. Over the past several years, Liberty Global, VM Ireland, I-5 Telenet, Sunrise, UPC Slovakia, the VMO2 JV and the VodafoneZiggo JV have all pursued gender diversity as a strategic goal, with an emphasis on building a gender-diverse pipeline of talent. Similarly, inclusion is a key focus area, and we are committed to providing an environment that empowers everyone to bring their full selves to work while creating a more inviting workplaces regardless of age, race, gender, ethnicity, neuroability, religion, socioeconomic status, nationality or sexual orientation. Operating Data The following tables present certain operating data as of December 31, 2022, with respect to the networks of our subsidiaries and significant joint ventures. The following tables reflect 100% of the data applicable to each of our subsidiaries and significant joint ventures regardless of our ownership percentage. Homes Passed (1) Fixed-Line Customer Relationships (2) Internet Subscribers (3) Video Subscribers (4) Telephony Subscribers (5) Total RGUs (6) Mobile Subscribers (7) Consolidated Liberty Global: Belgium 3,436,700 2,008,800 1,730,700 1,694,700 1,012,400 4,437,800 2,940,300 Switzerland (8) 2,513,800 1,470,900 1,183,400 1,216,500 1,003,300 3,403,200 2,766,200 Ireland 965,000 421,100 382,600 260,700 252,200 895,500 143,800 Slovakia 637,900 182,400 146,400 164,900 89,400 400,700 — Total 7,553,400 4,083,200 3,443,100 3,336,800 2,357,300 9,137,200 5,850,300 VMO2 JV 16,144,600 5,795,500 5,653,800 13,043,500 33,831,400 VodafoneZiggo JV (9) 7,373,300 3,676,200 3,307,000 3,664,700 1,786,600 8,758,300 5,527,600 _______________ (1) Homes Passed are homes, residential multiple dwelling units or commercial units that can be connected to our networks without materially extending the distribution plant. Certain of our Homes Passed counts are based on census data that can change based on either revisions to the data or from new census results. Due to the fact that we do not own the partner networks (defined below) used in Switzerland (see note 8 below), we do not report homes passed for Switzerland’s partner networks. (2) Fixed-Line Customer Relationships are the number of customers who receive at least one of our internet, video or telephony services that we count as Revenue Generating Units ( RGUs ), without regard to which or to how many services they subscribe. Fixed-Line Customer Relationships generally are counted on a unique premises basis. Accordingly, if an individual receives our services in two premises (e.g., a primary home and a vacation home), that individual generally will count as two Fixed-Line Customer Relationships. We exclude mobile-only customers from Fixed-Line Customer Relationships. (3) Internet Subscribers are homes, residential multiple dwelling units or commercial units that receive internet services over our networks, or that we service through a partner network. In Switzerland, we offer a 10 Mbps internet service to our Video Subscribers without an incremental recurring fee. Our Internet Subscribers in Switzerland include approximately 45,100 subscribers who have requested and received this service. (4) Video Subscribers are homes, residential multiple dwelling units or commercial units that receive our video services over our broadband network or through a partner network. We have approximately 30,100 “lifeline” customers that are counted on a per connection basis, representing the least expensive regulated tier of video cable service, with only a few channels. (5) Telephony Subscribers are homes, residential multiple dwelling units or commercial units that receive voice services over our networks, or that we service through a partner network. Telephony Subscribers exclude mobile telephony subscribers. In Switzerland, we offer a basic phone service to our Video Subscribers without an incremental recurring fee. Our Telephony Subscribers in Switzerland include approximately 188,500 subscribers who have requested and received this service. (6) An RGU is, separately, a Video Subscriber, Internet Subscriber or Telephony Subscriber. A home, residential multiple dwelling unit, or commercial unit may contain one or more RGUs. For example, if a residential customer subscribed to our video service, fixed-line telephony service and broadband internet service, the customer would constitute three RGUs. Total RGUs is the sum of Video, Internet and Telephony Subscribers. RGUs generally are counted on a unique premises basis such that a given premise does not count as more than one RGU for any given service. However, if an individual receives one of our services in two premises (e.g., a primary home and a vacation home), that individual will count as two RGUs for that service. Each bundled cable, internet or telephony service is counted as a separate RGU regardless of the nature of any bundling discount or promotion. Non-paying subscribers are counted as subscribers during their free promotional service period. Some of these subscribers may choose to disconnect after their free service period. Services offered without charge on a long-term basis (e.g., certain preferred subscribers or free service to employees) generally I-6 are not counted as RGUs. We do not include subscriptions to mobile services in our externally reported RGU counts. In this regard, our RGU counts exclude our separately reported postpaid and prepaid mobile subscribers. (7) Our Mobile Subscriber count represents the number of active subscriber identification module ( SIM ) cards in service rather than services provided. For example, if a mobile subscriber has both a data and voice plan on a smartphone this would equate to one mobile subscriber. Alternatively, a subscriber who has a voice and data plan for a mobile handset and a data plan for a laptop would be counted as two mobile subscribers. Customers who do not pay a recurring monthly fee are excluded from our mobile subscriber count after periods of inactivity ranging from 30 to 90 days, based on industry standards within the respective country. In a number of countries, our mobile subscribers receive mobile services pursuant to prepaid contracts. As of December 31, 2022, our mobile subscriber count included approximately 440,000, 271,000, 7,968,300 and 370,700 prepaid Mobile Subscribers in Switzerland, Belgium, the VMO2 JV and the VodafoneZiggo JV, respectively. Prepaid mobile customers are excluded from the VMO2 JV’s and the VodafoneZiggo JV’s mobile subscriber counts after a period of inactivity of three months and nine months, respectively. The mobile subscriber count for the VMO2 JV includes internet of things ( IoT ) connections, which are Machine-to-Machine contract mobile connections, including Smart Metering contract connections. The mobile subscriber count for the VMO2 JV presented in the table above excludes mobile wholesale connections based on their definition. (8) Pursuant to service agreements, Switzerland offers broadband internet, video and telephony services over networks owned by third-party operators ( partner networks ), and following the acquisition of Sunrise, also service homes through Sunrise’s existing agreements with Swisscom, Swiss Fibre Net and local utilities. Under these agreements, RGUs are only recognized if there is a direct billing relationship with the customer. Homes passed or serviceable through the above service agreements are not included in Switzerland’s homes passed count as we do not own these networks. Including these arrangements, our operations in Switzerland have the ability to offer fixed services to the national footprint. (9) Amounts related to the VodafoneZiggo JV’s fixed-line and mobile products include business and multiple dwelling unit subscribers. Additional General Notes to Table: Most of our broadband communications subsidiaries provide broadband internet, video, telephony, mobile, data or other business services. Certain of our business service revenue is derived from small or home office ( SOHO ) subscribers that pay a premium price to receive enhanced service levels along with video, internet or telephony services that are the same or similar to the mass marketed products offered to our residential subscribers. All mass marketed products provided to SOHOs, whether or not accompanied by enhanced service levels and/or premium prices, are included in the respective RGU and customer counts of our broadband communications operations, with only those services provided at premium prices considered to be “SOHO RGUs” or “SOHO customers”. To the extent our existing customers upgrade from a residential product offering to a SOHO product offering, the number of SOHO RGUs or SOHO customers will increase, but there is no impact to our total RGU or customer counts. With the exception of our business SOHO subscribers, we generally do not count customers of business services as customers or RGUs for external reporting purposes. In Belgium, Telenet leases a portion of its network under a long-term finance lease arrangement. These tables include operating statistics for Telenet’s owned and leased networks. While we take appropriate steps to ensure that subscriber statistics are presented on a consistent and accurate basis at any given balance sheet date, the variability from country to country in (1) the nature and pricing of products and services, (2) the distribution platform, (3) billing systems, (4) our bad debt collection efforts and (5) other factors add complexity to the subscriber counting process. We periodically review our subscriber counting policies and underlying systems to improve the accuracy and consistency of the data reported on a prospective basis. Accordingly, we may from time to time make appropriate adjustments to our subscriber statistics based on those reviews. Subscriber information for acquired entities is preliminary and subject to adjustment until we have completed our review of such information and determined that it is presented in accordance with our policies. I-7 Products and Services Our main products and services are intelligent WiFi and internet services, video, mobile and telephony services. Intelligent WiFi and Internet Services Connectivity is a critical building block for vibrant communities. As highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic, all aspects of society, including families, businesses, education and healthcare, to name a few, rely heavily on connectivity and the digital services that depend on it. To meet our customers’ expectations of seamless connectivity, we are developing a fully digital, cloud-based connectivity ecosystem that we call “ ONE Connect ,” built on top of our fiber-rich fixed broadband network and recently expanded mobile network. ONE Connect is orchestrated by a fully cloud-based digital journey, enabling fast and flexible introduction of new hardware and services, as well as cloud-to-cloud open API integration, simplifying the on-boarding of new services and devices. The devices used within our ONE Connect ecosystem are connected and protected through our security gateway and VPN, both at home and on the go. At home, our customers can benefit from the gigabit speeds enabled by our “ Connect Box ” (described below), as well as “ Intelligent WiFi ”, which has optimization functionalities, such as the ability to adapt to the number of people and devices online at any given time in order to improve and extend wireless connectivity reach and speeds. We have completed the rollout of our award-winning Intelligent WiFi across all our markets. In addition, we introduced our first “ Smart Home ” bundles in select markets, enabling those customers to take their smart home ambitions to the next level, including enhanced entertainment, home automation and home security. Finally, our “ Connect App ” is the digital touchpoint that allows customers to access and manage all of our services. Our Connect Box is a next generation Intelligent WiFi and telephony gateway that enables us to maximize the impact of our ultrafast broadband networks by providing reliable wireless connectivity anywhere in the home. This gateway can be self-installed and allows customers to customize their home WiFi service. Our latest versions of the gigabit Connect Box are based on DOCSIS 3.1 technology and WiFi 6, providing even better in-home WiFi service. Our new DOCSIS 3.1 Connect Box runs our “ One Firmware ” stack, a middleware software system based on the Reference Design Kit for Broadband ( RDK-B ). RDK-B is an open source initiative with wide participation from operators, device manufacturers and silicon vendors that standardizes core functions used in broadband devices, set-top boxes and IoT solutions. We have extended the One Firmware stack to support our ONE Connect ecosystem. One Firmware runs on system-on-a-chip ( SOC ) technology from multiple vendors and can run on any SOC that is RDK-B compliant, enabling greater speed and agility for on-boarding of new customer premises equipment ( CPE ) platforms and ecosystem features, allowing us to build once and port to many. During 2022, we continued the roll out of One Firmware to our legacy DOCSIS 3.0 WiFi 5GW and our next generation DOCSIS 3.1 WiFi 6 GW. In addition, we completed the porting activity of One Firmware to our new XGSPON and ethernet WiFi 6 gateways. To support the adoption of fiber-to-the-home, cabinet, building or node networks (fiber-to-the-home/-cabinet/-building/-node is referred to herein as FTTx ) access in both on-net and off-net scenarios, we plan to add XGS-PON (an updated standard for passive optical networks that supports higher-speed, 10 Gbps symmetrical data transfers) and Ethernet-based Connect Boxes with WiFi 6, providing speeds up to 10 Gbps that run our One Firmware and support our ONE Connect ecosystem. Our Connect Box is available in all our markets, and during 2022, approximately 12 million of our customers have a Connect Box. In addition to our core markets, we distribute our Connect Box to other markets in Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean. Robust wireless connectivity is increasingly important with our customers spending more and more time using bandwidth-heavy services on multiple devices. We also offer our Connect App that, among other things, allows our customers to optimize their WiFi coverage and manage their connected devices. In addition, we provide Intelligent WiFi mesh boosters, which increase speed, reliability and coverage by adapting to the environment at home. Internet speed is of crucial importance to our customers, as they spend more time streaming video and other bandwidth-heavy services on multiple devices. Our extensive broadband network enables us to deliver ultra-high-speed internet service across our markets. Our residential subscribers access the internet via cable modems connected to their internet capable devices, or wirelessly via a WiFi gateway device. We offer multiple tiers of broadband internet service up to gigabit speeds that is now available across our entire European footprint. The speed of service depends on the customer location and their service selected. By leveraging our existing fiber-rich broadband networks, we are in a position to deliver gigabit services by deploying the next generation DOCSIS 3.1 technology. DOCSIS 3.1 technology is an international standard that defines the requirements for data transmission over a cable system. Not only does DOCSIS 3.1 technology improve our internet speeds and reliability, it allows for efficient network growth. Currently, our ultra-high-speed internet service is based primarily on DOCSIS 3.1 technology, and we offer this technology in all of our markets. As of the end of 2022, both the VMO2 JV’s and the VodafoneZiggo JV’s broadband networks were capable of offering every customer of the VMO2 JV and the VodafoneZiggo JV gigabit internet speeds. I-8 We offer value-added broadband services in certain of our markets for an incremental charge. These services include Intelligent WiFi features, security (e.g., anti-virus, anti-spyware, firewall and spam protection), Smart Home services, and online storage solutions and web spaces. Subscribers to our internet service pay a monthly fee based on the tier of service selected. In addition to the monthly fee, customers pay an activation service fee upon subscribing to an internet service. This one-time fee may be waived for promotional reasons. We determine pricing for each different tier of internet service through an analysis of speed, market conditions and other factors. Mobile Services Mobile services are another key building block for us to provide customers with seamless connectivity. Telenet, the VMO2 JV, the VodafoneZiggo JV and Sunrise offer mobile services as mobile network providers, and VM Ireland offers mobile services as an MVNO over a third-party network through Three (Hutchison). Pursuant to VM Ireland’s agreement with Three (Hutchison) to provide mobile services as an MVNO, Three (Hutchison) leases a third-party’s radio access network and owns the core network, including switching, backbone and interconnections. VM Ireland’s MVNO arrangement with Three (Hutchison) permits VM Ireland to offer its customers mobile services without needing to build and operate a cellular radio tower network. In each of our markets, we offer a range of mobile related services. The majority of subscribers take a post-paid service plan, which has an agreed monthly fee for a set duration (typically 1 to 2 years). The monthly fee will vary depending on the country and service package selected. Service packages can have different levels of data allowances, voice minutes and network speed, as well as differing other aspects, such as roaming charges and contract duration. Post-paid services are also offered as a bundle with fixed services, and by taking a “converged” offering, customers typically receive some benefits such as lower total cost or additional features. Post-paid services are offered to both business and retail consumers. In addition, we offer pre-paid mobile services, where the customers pay in advance for a pre-determined amount of airtime or data and which generally have no minimum contract term. In countries where we operate as a mobile service operator, we also offer a number of MVNOs, where other mobile providers use our mobile network for their mobile offering. Video Services Our video service is, and continues to be, one of the foundations of our product offerings in our markets. Our cable operations offer multiple tiers of digital video programming and audio services, starting with a basic video service. Subscribers to our basic video service pay a fixed monthly fee and receive digital video channels (including a growing number of high definition ( HD ) and ultra-high definition 4K resolution ( 4K ) channels) and several digital and analog radio channels, as well as an electronic programming guide. We tailor our video services in each country of operation based on programming preferences, culture, demographics and local regulatory requirements. We also offer a variety of premium channel packages to meet the interests of our subscribers. For an additional monthly charge, a subscriber may upgrade to one of our extended digital tier services and receive an increased number of video and radio channels, including the channels in the basic tier service and additional HD and 4K channels. Our channel offerings include general entertainment, sports, movies, series, documentaries, lifestyles, news, adult, children and ethnic and foreign channels. Discounts to our monthly service fees are available to any subscriber who selects a bundle of two or more of our services ( bundled services ): video, internet, fixed-line telephony and, in most of our markets, mobile services. Bundled services consist of double-play for two services, triple-play for three services and, where available, quad-play for four services. To meet customer demands, we have enhanced our video services with additional relevant content services and features, which increases viewing satisfaction and addresses individual user needs. Our latest next generation product suite is called “ Horizon 4 ”, a cloud-based, multi-screen entertainment platform that combines linear television (including recording and replay features), premium video-on-demand (“ VoD ”) offerings, an increasing amount of integrated premium global and local video applications and mobile viewing into one entertainment experience. Horizon 4 comes with a state-of-the-art personal user interface that is intuitively easy to navigate. Content recommendations and favorite channel settings can be customized to individual user profiles. Video playback control, navigation shortcuts and content searches can all be conducted via a voice control button on the remote control, a feature highly appreciated by our customers. Horizon 4 is available in all of our markets on the latest set top boxes and is capable of delivering 4K video content, including high dynamic range. The platform also features a ‘Personal Home’ page that automatically aggregates content, both linear and VoD, in a streamlined user interface, based on the user’s viewing habits. It has achieved significant positive customer feedback, manifesting in high product net promoter score figures. Horizon 4 is marketed under the name “Telenet TV-Box” in Belgium, “Sunrise TV” in Switzerland, I-9 “Virgin TV360” in the U.K., through the VMO2 JV, and Ireland and “MediaBox Next” in the Netherlands through the VodafoneZiggo JV. In the U.K., the forerunner product of Horizon 4 is based on the TiVo platform and was developed under a strategic partnership agreement with TiVo Inc. The TiVo platform is deployed on a basic set-top box as well as the Virgin Media V6 box. Similar to Horizon 4, the Virgin Media V6 box combines 4K video, including high dynamic range, with improved streaming functionalities and more processing power. The Virgin Media V6 box allows customers to record six channels simultaneously while watching a seventh channel. Customers can also start watching a program on one television and pick up where they left off on other boxes in another room or through an app on their smart phones and tablets. Over 50% of the VMO2 JV’s customers have the Virgin Media V6 box. Similar to the hardware already deployed via the VodafoneZiggo JV, over time these V6 boxes will be flashed with the latest Horizon 4 software, bringing our latest and most successful television and entertainment experience to the VMO2 JV’s customers without the need to exchange the installed hardware. Approximately 25% of the VMO2 JV’s customers are on the Horizon 4 platform. In the summer of 2020, we launched our first IP-only streaming device in our former Polish operations, which runs the full Horizon 4 product suite and features a small puck-like form factor that can be tucked away behind a TV screen. This all-IP mini 4K capable TV box has extremely low power consumption, and its casing is made from recycled plastic, proudly winning us the Digital TV Europe’s Video Tech Innovation Sustainability Award in December 2020 as well as the Red Dot Product Design Award in 2021. We have also launched this all-IP 4K capable TV box in Switzerland, the Netherlands and the U.K. We intend to continue rolling out this product to our other markets in the coming years. Underpinned by this new IP-only streaming device, we launched our first subscription VoD-focused proposition in the U.K. called ‘Stream’. In addition to a slimmer channel lineup, this new package allows customers to pick and choose their favorite entertainment packages each month (e.g., Netflix, Disney+ and Prime Video) and get a 10% credit back for each subscription they add via our platform. By bundling their over the top ( OTT ) subscriptions together, customers also have an easy-to-see overview of what they are paying for and can manage them in a straightforward way, allowing for added flexibility as their viewing habits change. One of our key video services is “ Replay TV ”. Through Replay TV, the last seven days of content (subject to rights related to blackouts) is made available via the electronic programming guide ( EPG ) for on demand viewing. Customers can simply open the EPG, scroll back and replay linear programming instantly. This same technical solution also allows our customers to replay a television program from the start even while the live broadcast is in progress. Additionally, customers have the option of recording television programs in the cloud (or onto the hard disk drive in the set top box in the U.K., through the VMO2 JV, and in Ireland, through VM Ireland). Replay TV is one of the most used and appreciated features on our platforms. In most of our markets, we offer transactional VoD giving subscribers access to thousands of movies and television series. In several of our markets, our subscription VoD service is included in certain of our video offerings. This service is tailored to the specific market based on available content, consumer preferences and competitive offers, and it includes various programming, such as music, kids, documentaries, adult, sports and TV series. We continue to develop our VoD services to provide a growing collection of programming from local and international suppliers, including, among others, Disney/Fox, NBC/Universal, CBS/Paramount, Warner Bros.-Discovery and Sony. In addition, in all of our markets we offer global premium OTT services such as Netflix, YouTube and Amazon Prime Video, and we also offer local OTT services via a large portion of our set-top boxes. These types of paid subscription services can be bundled into customers’ packages like in the Stream proposition or, in many cases, added directly to customers’ bills, offering them further convenience. Most of this content is also available via our online mobile app, “ Horizon Go ”, which is available on mobile devices (iOS and Android) and, in some markets as well, via Amazon Fire TV, Apple TV and Android TV devices. Thanks to the 360 integration of Horizon 4 across multiple screens, customers can pause a program, series or movie and seamlessly continue watching from where they left off on another device, whether on a television, tablet, smart phone or laptop. Additionally, Horizon Go enables customers to remotely schedule the recording of a television program on their Horizon 4 box at home. Telephony Services Multi-feature telephony services are available through voice-over-internet-protocol ( VoIP ) technology in most of our broadband communication markets. In the U.K., the VMO2 JV also provides traditional circuit-switched telephony services. We pay interconnect fees to other telephony and internet providers when calls by our subscribers terminate on another network and receive similar fees from providers when calls by their users terminate on our network through interconnection points. I-10 Our telephony service may be selected in several of our markets on a standalone basis and in all of our markets in combination with one or more of our other services. Our telephony service includes a basic fixed-line telephony product for line rental and various calling plans, which may consist of any of the following: unlimited network, national or international calling, unlimited off-peak calling and minute packages, including calls to fixed and mobile phones. We also offer value added services, such as a personal call manager, unified messaging and a second or third phone line at an incremental cost. Multiple Dwelling Units and Partner Networks In July of 2022, Telenet entered into an agreement with Fluvius System Operator CV ( Fluvius ) in which Telenet and Fluvius agreed to create a separate, self-funding infrastructure company in the Flanders region of Belgium ( NetCo ) that will operate the network infrastructure assets of both companies in the region. NetCo expects to further roll-out and operate a hybrid fiber coaxial ( HFC ) and fiber-to-the-home ( FTTH ) network within Telenet’s current geographic footprint. Following the closing of this transaction, Telenet will become a wholesale access client of NetCo. This transaction is subject to regulatory approval by the European Commission, which is expected to be received mid-2023. Upon closing of the transaction with Fluvius, the long-term lease that Telenet currently has with Fluvius will terminate. Pursuant to an agreement executed on June 28, 2008 (the 2008 PICs Agreement ) with four associations of municipalities in Belgium (the pure intercommunales or PICs ), Telenet leases the PICs broadband communications network and, accordingly, makes its services available to all of the homes passed by the cable network owned by the PICs. Telenet has a direct customer relationship with the video subscribers on the PICs network. Pursuant to the 2008 PICs Agreement, Telenet has full rights to use substantially all of the PICs network under a long-term finance lease. Unless extended, the 2008 PICs Agreement will expire on September 23, 2046, and cannot be terminated earlier (except in the case of non-payment or bankruptcy of Telenet). For additional information on the 2008 PICs Agreement, see note 18 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For over 70% of Sunrise’s basic video subscribers, Sunrise maintains billing relationships with landlords or housing associations and provides basic video service to the tenants. The landlord or housing association administers the billing for the basic video service with their tenants and manages service terminations for their rental units. When tenants select triple-play bundles with or without mobile service from Sunrise, they then migrate to a direct billing relationship with us. Sunrise offers broadband internet, enhanced video and telephony services directly to the video cable subscribers of those partner networks that enter into service operating contracts with Sunrise. Sunrise has the direct customer billing relationship with these subscribers. By permitting Sunrise to offer some or all of its broadband internet, video and telephony products directly to those partner network subscribers, Sunrise’s service operating contracts have expanded the addressable markets for Sunrise’s digital products. In exchange for the right to provide digital products directly to the partner network subscribers, Sunrise pays to the partner network a share of the revenue generated from those subscribers. Sunrise also provides network maintenance services and engineering and construction services to its partner networks. Business Services In addition to our residential services, we offer business services in all of our operations. For business and public sector organizations, we provide a complete range of voice, advanced data, video, wireless and cloud-based services, as well as mobile and converged fixed-mobile services. Our business customers include SOHO (generally up to five employees), small business and medium and large enterprises. We also provide business services on a wholesale basis to other operators. Our business services are designed to meet the specific demands of our business customers with a wide range of services, including increased data transmission speeds and virtual private networks. These services fall into five broad categories: • data services for fixed internet access, with a 4G connectivity backup, IP virtual private networks based on SDWAN solutions, and high-capacity point-to-point services, including dedicated cloud connections; • cloud collaboration VoIP solutions and circuit switch telephony, unified communications and conferencing options; • wireless services for mobile voice and data, as well as managed WiFi networks; • video programming packages and select channel lineups for targeted industries or full programming packages for SOHO customers; and • value added services, including managed security systems, cloud enabled business applications, storage and web hosting. I-11 Our intermediate to long-term strategy is to enhance our capabilities and offerings in the business sector so we become a preferred provider in the business market. To execute this strategy, customer experience and strategic marketing play a key role. Our business services are provided to customers at contractually established prices based on the size of the business, type of services received and the volume and duration of the service agreement. SOHO and small business customers pay business market prices on a monthly subscription basis to receive enhanced service levels and business features that support their needs. For more advanced business services, these customers generally enter into a service agreement. For medium to large business customers, we enter into individual agreements that address their needs. These agreements are generally for a period of at least one year. Investments VMO2 JV . Liberty Global owns 50% of the VMO2 JV, an integrated communications provider of broadband internet, video, fixed-line telephony, mobile and converged services to residential and business customers in the U.K. As part of the U.K. JV Transaction, Liberty Global entered into a shareholders agreement with Telefónica, that previously owned O2 in the U.K. (the U.K. JV Shareholders Agreement ), which sets forth the corporate governance of the VMO2 JV, as well as, among other things, its dividend policy and non-competition provisions. The U.K. JV Shareholders Agreement mandates that the VMO2 JV distribute to Liberty Global and Telefónica on a quarterly basis a pro rata dividend equaling (unless agreed otherwise) all unrestricted cash, subject to certain minimum thresholds and financing arrangements. Subject to certain exceptions, Liberty Global may not transfer its ownership interest in the VMO2 JV without consent from Telefónica. Additional information on the U.K. JV Shareholders Agreement can be found in note 7 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The VMO2 JV offers gigabit internet across its entire fixed network footprint, reaching over 16.1 million homes, combined with a mobile network that offers 99% indoor and outdoor population coverage on 4G, as well as 5G services in over 1,600 towns and cities across the U.K. The VMO2 JV had over 13 million RGUs as of December 31, 2022, comprised of approximately 5.7 million broadband internet subscribers. The VMO2 JV does not report video or telephony subscribers on an individualized basis, although such subscribers are included in its total RGU figure. In addition, the VMO2 JV had approximately 33.8 million mobile subscribers and is the U.K.’s leading mobile operator in terms of connections, with 44.7 million connections across its mobile, IoT and wholesale services. In addition to gigabit broadband, the VMO2 JV provides fixed-line TV and telephony services. In 2022, the VMO2 JV launched a new flexible entertainment service called ‘Stream,’ which combines the customer’s subscription packages such as Netflix, Disney+, and Amazon Prime, as well as the free TV channels under one system while also allowing the customer to transform their TV into a voice-activated unit. The VMO2 JV’s TV customers continue to have access to the Horizon 4 minibox and its functionalities (marketed as ‘Virgin TV 360’), including ‘Catch up’, ‘Startover’ and pause live TV, the Virgin TV Go app and VoD, along with access to a range of premium subscription-based and pay per view services. The VMO2 JV provides a wide range of mobile telecommunications and associated value-added products and services, such as voice, messaging and data services, handsets and hardware (e.g., wearables and handsets), stand-alone mobile devices and other accessories. The VMO2 JV’s consumer convergence offering is led by its “ Volt ” proposition, offering new and existing customers that take Virgin Media broadband and eligible O2 Pay Monthly plans an upgrade to the next fixed broadband speed tier, increased mobile data and more value, including a wifi guarantee. As of December 31, 2022, Volt had surpassed 1.3 million customers, while fixed-mobile convergence penetration stood at approximately 45%. The VMO2 JV also provides business and wholesale products and services to large enterprises, public sector entities and small and medium business customers as well as wholesale and MVNO partners. nexfibre JV . We own a 25% interest in the nexfibre JV, a newly formed joint venture in the U.K. that intends to construct and operate a wholesale FTTH broadband network of 5-7 million premises that does not overlap with the VMO2 JV’s existing network. Telefónica owns 25% of the nexfibre JV, and InfraVia owns the remaining 50%. The VMO2 JV will act as the anchor client for the new nexfibre JV’s fiber network. The VMO2 JV also entered into a master services agreement with the nexfibre JV to provide access to the VMO2 JV’s expertise in the telecommunications business. In combination with the VMO2 JV’s existing network and planned FTTH upgrades, the VMO2 JV and the nexfibre JV networks are expected to expand gigabit coverage to approximately 80% of the U.K. once completed. I-12 In connection with the formation of the nexfibre JV, we entered into shareholders agreements with Telefónica and InfraVia, providing for the governance of the nexfibre JV, including, among other things, its dividend policy and non-compete provisions. It also provides for restrictions on transfer of interests in the nexfibre JV and exit arrangements. Under the dividend policy, the nexfibre JV is required to distribute all unrestricted cash to Telefónica, InfraVia and us, subject to minimum cash requirements and financing arrangements. VodafoneZiggo JV . We own a 50% interest in the VodafoneZiggo JV, which is a leading Dutch company that provides fixed, mobile and integrated communication and entertainment services to consumers and businesses in the Netherlands. In connection with the formation of the VodafoneZiggo JV, we entered into a shareholders agreement with Vodafone Group plc ( Vodafone ) providing for the governance of the VodafoneZiggo JV, including, among other things, its dividend policy and non-compete provisions. It also provides for restrictions on the transfer of interests in the VodafoneZiggo JV and exit arrangements. Under the dividend policy, the VodafoneZiggo JV is required to distribute all unrestricted cash to Vodafone and us, subject to minimum cash requirements and financing arrangements. We also entered into a framework agreement with the VodafoneZiggo JV to provide access to each partner’s expertise in the telecommunications business. For additional information on the above agreements, see note 7 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The fiber-rich broadband network of the VodafoneZiggo JV passes approximately 7.4 million homes. In 2022 the VodafoneZiggo JV began offering gigabit internet speeds for residential and business customers across its entire footprint. The VodafoneZiggo JV also offers nationwide 4G and 5G mobile coverage. At December 31, 2022, the VodafoneZiggo JV had 8.8 million RGUs, of which 3.7 million were video, 3.3 million were broadband internet and 1.8 million were fixed-line telephony. In addition, the VodafoneZiggo JV had 5.5 million mobile customers. Besides its residential services, the VodafoneZiggo JV offers extensive business services throughout the Netherlands. The operations of the VodafoneZiggo JV are subject to various regulations, which are described below under Regulatory Matters—Joint Venture Entities—The Netherlands . The VodafoneZiggo JV’s customers continue to have access to the Horizon 4 minibox and its functionalities (marketed as “Ziggo TV”), including Replay TV, the Ziggo Go app, pause live TV and VoD, gigabit internet speeds and an extensive WiFi community network. The VodafoneZiggo JV also has its own sports channel, Ziggo Sport, and offers some exclusive programming. The VodafoneZiggo JV’s customers also have access to Vodafone’s nationwide 4G (referred to herein as LTE ) and 5G wireless services, under either a prepaid or postpaid service plan. The VodafoneZiggo JV provides its mobile services under various licenses that have a weighted average useful life of approximately 18 years as of December 31, 2022. With its mobile services, the VodafoneZiggo JV is able to offer quad-play bundles and converged services to its residential and business customers. Additional Business Information Ventures Liberty Global’s investment arm, Liberty Global Ventures, has amassed a portfolio of investments in more than 75 companies across the world, investing in the fields of content, technology and infrastructure. With its long-term, founder-friendly mindset, Liberty Global Ventures makes meaningful investments in technologies that will change how people live and work tomorrow. Some of the companies in Liberty Global’s portfolio include All3Media Ltd. ( All3Media ), Plume, ITV, Lions Gate Entertainment Corp. ( Lionsgate ), Televisa Univision, AtlasEdge, Formula E, Aviatrix Systems, Inc., Pax8 Inc., Lacework Inc. and EdgeConneX Inc., among others. When advantageous, we seek to forge commercial relationships between our operating companies and the companies we invest in, creating an even stronger partnership to help drive growth and efficiencies. The investments identified by company name above are intended to be merely illustrative, do not represent a complete list and are not necessarily the largest of our long-term investments. From time to time, we may make investments in other companies that we choose not to identify by company name for commercial, legal, strategic or other reasons. Technology Our broadband internet, video and fixed-line telephony services are primarily transmitted over an HFC network. This network is composed primarily of national and regional fiber networks, which are connected to the home over the last few hundred meters by coaxial cable. Alongside our HFC network, we are increasingly rolling out services based on FTTH and leveraging fixed wireless access ( FWA ) technologies to service customers not covered by our fixed networks in areas where it may not be cost effective to deploy fixed networks. I-13 We closely monitor our network capacity and customer usage. Where necessary, we increase our capacity incrementally, for instance by splitting nodes in our cable network. We also continue to explore improvements to our services and new technologies that will enhance our customer’s connected entertainment experience. These actions include: • recapturing bandwidth and optimizing our networks by: ◦ increasing the number of nodes in our markets; ◦ increasing the bandwidth of our hybrid fiber coaxial cable network to 1 GHz; ◦ converting analog channels to digital; ◦ moving channels to IP delivery; ◦ deploying additional DOCSIS 3.1 channels; ◦ replacing copper lines with modern optic fibers; and ◦ using digital compression technologies. • freeing spectrum for high-speed internet, VoD and other services by encouraging customers to move from analog to digital services; • increasing the efficiency of our networks by moving head-end functions (encoding, transcoding and multiplexing) to cloud storage systems; • enhancing our network to accommodate business services; • using wireless technologies to extend our services outside of the home; • offering remote access to our video services through laptops, smart phones and tablets; • expanding the availability of the Horizon 4 minibox and Virgin TV Go, as well as Horizon 4, and related products and developing and introducing online media sharing and streaming or cloud-based video; and • testing new technologies. As stated above, we are expanding our HFC and FTTH footprint. In addition, we are seeking mobile service opportunities where we have established cable networks and expanding our fixed-line networks where we have a strong mobile offering. This will allow us to offer converged fixed-line and mobile services to our customers. We deliver high-speed data and fixed-line telephony over our broadband network in our markets. The cable networks of our operations in Europe are connected to our “Aorta” backbone. The Aorta backbone is recognized as a Tier 1 Carrier, which permits us to serve our customers through settlement-free collaboration with other carriers without the cost of using a third-party network. In support of our connectivity strategy, we are moving our customers into a gigabit society. All of our broadband networks are already capable of supporting the next generation of ultra-high-speed internet service at gigabit speeds. To provide these speeds to our subscribers, we plan to grow our base of DOCSIS 3.1 technology throughout our footprint. The use of DOCSIS 3.1 technology provides us significantly higher efficiencies on our networks and allow us to offer faster speeds, in-home WiFi and better services. The new gateways and the continued upgrades to our network in the coming years will allow us to maximize high-speed connectivity over our broadband networks and deliver gigabit services in a cost-effective manner. It will also allow us to meet the expectations of our customers for high-speed internet access both in cities and rural areas of our footprint. While DOCSIS 3.1 technology will provide up to 2.5 Gbps, in 2023, we plan to deploy XGS-PON technology across our FTTH footprint, enabling speeds of up to 10 Gbps. In addition, we have started prototyping technology that is anticipated to equally provide 10 Gbps capabilities across our HFC footprint. Supply Sources Content . In our markets, entertainment platforms remain a key part of the telecommunication services bundle. Therefore, in addition to providing services that allow our customers to view programming when and where they want, we are investing in content that customers want. Our content strategy is based on: • proposition (exceeding our customers’ entertainment desires and expectations); • product (delivering the best content available); I-14 • procurement (investment in the best brands, movies, shows and sports); and • partnering (strategic alignment, acquisitions and growth opportunities). We license almost all of our programming and on-demand offerings from content providers and third-party rights holders, including broadcasters and cable programming networks. Under our channel distribution agreements, we generally pay a monthly fee on a per channel or per subscriber basis, with occasional minimum pay guarantees. For on-demand programming, we generally pay a revenue share for transactional VoD (occasionally with minimum guarantees) and either a flat fee or a monthly fee per subscriber for subscription VoD. For a majority of our agreements, we seek to include the rights to offer the licensed programming to our customers through multiple delivery platforms and through our apps for smart phones and tablets. In seeking licenses for content, we, including the VMO2 JV and the VodafoneZiggo JV, as applicable, partner with leading international and regional pay television providers, such as Disney, Sony, UKTV Paramount Global, AMC, NBCUniversal, RTL, BBC and Warner Bros. Discovery (including HBO). We also seek to carry in each of our markets key public and private broadcasters, and in some markets, we acquire local premium programming through select relationships with companies such as Sky plc ( Sky ), BT Group plc ( BT ), Warner Bros. Discovery and CANAL+ Polska S.A. For our VoD services, we license a variety of programming, including box sets of television series, movies, music, kids’ programming and documentaries. In recent years, OTT apps have become increasingly important in the content space and, as part of our content strategy, we have put in place deals with a number of global and regional app providers. We currently have arrangements with Disney (The Walt Disney Company Limited and The Walt Disney Company Benelux), Netflix International B.V. ( Netflix ) and with Amazon Europe Core S.A.R.L. ( Amazon ). Pursuant to these arrangements, Disney+, Netflix and Amazon Prime Video services, respectively, are available via certain of our set-top boxes to our video customers across many of our markets each as premium OTT services. The Disney + app is available to customers in the U.K. through the VMO2 JV and in the Netherlands (launched December 2022) through the VodafoneZiggo JV. The Netflix app is available to customers in the U.K., through the VMO2 JV, the Netherlands through the VodafoneZiggo JV, Ireland, Switzerland and Belgium. The Amazon Prime Video app is currently available to our customers in the U.K. through the VMO2 JV, the Netherlands through the VodafoneZiggo JV, Ireland, Switzerland and Belgium. We also entered into an arrangement with Google Ireland Limited for the YouTube and YouTube Kids services apps which are available via certain of our set top boxes to customers in the U.K. through the VMO2 JV, the Netherlands through the VodafoneZiggo JV, Ireland, Switzerland and Belgium. In order to tailor our entertainment offerings to each market, we have added various locally relevant apps such as BBC iPlayer in the U.K. through the VMO2 JV, NPO Start and Videoland in the Netherlands through the VodafoneZiggo JV, VRT Max in Belgium and BluePlay in Switzerland. In addition, we have concluded deals with the Viaplay group (previously NENT) for the Viaplay service in the Netherlands through the VodafoneZiggo JV, which launched in March 2022. Exclusive content is another element of our content strategy. To support this approach, we are investing in content assets. We have invested in various content companies, including ITV, All3Media, Lionsgate, Virgin Media TV, SBS Belgium, Woestijnvis and Caviar Group. We are also investing in sports, both as a broadcaster and as a rights owner. We have our own sports channels, under the Play Sports brand in Belgium which is exclusively available to Telenet customers, and MySports in Switzerland, which Sunrise licenses to other platforms in Switzerland. In Ireland, Virgin Media customers have access to VM More which includes sports programming as well as first look products and premium content. In addition, the VodafoneZiggo JV owns Ziggo Sport and commissions the production of certain shows such as Rondo and Race Cafe . The basic Ziggo Sport service is available exclusively to the VodafoneZiggo JV’s customers; however, the premium service is widely available through license arrangements. In addition, we have commissioned our own drama series content. Through All3Media, we co-produced a television series, known as The Feed , which was released in 2019 in several of our markets, and co-produced Blood in Ireland, which aired in 2018 and 2020. With Lionsgate, we pre-purchased the spy thriller series The Rook , which premiered in 2019. In addition, we have produced the Swiss sitcom Fassler-Kunz , the Swiss series Im Heimatland and the original Belgian series Chaussée d’Amour and De Dag with local production companies. These television series will primarily be available to our customers on an on-demand basis. We will also continue to commission, produce and/or co-produce content for our free-to-air ( FTA ) assets and VoD platforms in Ireland and Telenet will continue to commission, produce and/or co-produce content for its FTA assets via SBS Belgium and VoD platforms in Belgium, mainly via Streamz , its joint venture for subscription VoD with DPG Media. Customer Premises Equipment . We purchase each type of CPE from a number of different suppliers. CPE includes set-top boxes, modems, WiFi routers and boosters, digital video recorders ( DVRs ), tuners and similar devices. For each type of equipment, we retain specialists to provide customer support. For our broadband services, we use a variety of suppliers for our network equipment and the various services we offer. Similarly, we use a variety of suppliers for mobile handsets to offer our customers mobile services. I-15 Software Licenses . We license software products, including email and security software, and content, such as news feeds, from several suppliers for our internet services. The agreements for these products typically require us to pay a fee for software licenses and/or a share of advertising revenue for content licenses. For our mobile network operations and our fixed-line telephony services, we license software products, such as voicemail, text messaging and caller ID, from a variety of suppliers. For these licenses we seek to enter into long-term contracts, which generally require us to pay based on usage of the services. For mobile services in Ireland provided through an MVNO arrangement with Three (Hutchison), we are dependent on third-party wireless network providers. Our MVNO operation in Ireland has an agreement with Three (Hutchison) to carry the mobile communications traffic of our customers. We seek to enter into medium to long-term arrangements for these services. A termination of this arrangements could significantly impact our MVNO-operated mobile services in Ireland. Competition All of our businesses operate in highly competitive and rapidly evolving markets. The speed of technological advancements is likely to continue to increase, giving customers more options for telecommunications services and products. Our customers want access to high quality telecommunication products that provide a seamless connectivity experience. Accordingly, our ability to offer converged services (video, internet and telephony through our, fixed and mobile networks) is a key component of our strategy. In many of our markets, we compete with incumbent companies that provide converged mobile and fixed-line services, as well as companies that are established in one or more communication products. Many of these companies have extensive resources allowing them to offer competitively priced converged services. Consequently, our businesses face significant competition. Our ability to offer high-quality and attractive triple-play or quad-play bundles and fixed-mobile convergence bundles in these markets is one of our key strategies to attract and retain customers. We seek to distinguish ourselves through our multimedia gateway services, interactive video products (such as Replay TV and VoD), proprietary sports offerings, extensive content offers (for both in and out of the home) and our high-speed connectivity services backed by intelligent in-home WiFi solutions. In this section, we begin with an overview on the competitive nature of the broadband internet, video, mobile and telephony services in our markets, and then provide information on key competitors in our more material markets. Internet Our businesses face competition in a rapidly evolving broadband marketplace from both incumbent and non-incumbent telecommunications companies, mobile operators and other internet service providers, many of which have substantial resources. The internet services offered by these competitors include both fixed-line broadband internet via cable, digital subscriber lines ( DSL ) or FTTx and wireless broadband. These competitors have a range of product offerings with varying speeds and pricing, as well as interactive services, data and content services offered to households and businesses. With the demand for mobile internet services increasing, competition from wireless services using various advanced technologies is an important competitive factor. In all of our markets, competitors offer high-speed mobile data via 4G or 5G networks. In this intense competitive environment, internet speed and pricing are the key criteria for customers. Our strategy is seamless speed leadership. Our focus is on increasing the maximum speed of our connections while providing a reliable customer experience and offering a variety of service tiers, prices, bundled products and a range of value-added services, including intelligent in-home connectivity solutions. We update our bundles and packages on an ongoing basis to meet the needs of our customers and to retain an attractive value-for-money ratio. Ultra-high download speeds of 1 Gbps are available throughout our operational footprints in each of the U.K., Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Ireland. We use our competitively priced ultra-high-speed internet services to encourage customers to switch to our services from other providers. A notable competitive factor for us is overbuilding of our networks with FTTx technology by incumbent companies and other third parties. At the moment, we do not consider our networks to be critically overbuilt; however certain FTTx providers accelerated the rollout of their networks. We are confident that our hybrid fiber-coaxial networks can be upgraded to higher speeds, to match potential FTTx based products. Furthermore, whenever it makes operational and economic sense, we seek to capitalize on opportunities to grow our network capabilities through FTTx technology. This can be seen through the VMO2’s previously-communicated plans to upgrade its entire U.K. fixed network to full FTTx, as well as the nexfibre JV’s announced fiber project that will target building up to 7 million new FTTH homes in the coming years. • Telenet . In the Flanders region of Belgium, Telenet is the leading provider of residential broadband internet services. Telenet’s primary competitor is Proximus NV/SA ( Proximus ). Proximus is a well-established competitor offering quad-play bundles. Proximus’ DSL and very high-speed DSL technology ( VDSL ) services provide download speeds up to 100 Mbps. Moreover, Proximus offers up to 1 Gbps speed via its fiber network that is available in selected cities I-16 and is being actively deployed elsewhere in the country. Similar to its video services, Telenet faces competition in the provision of internet services from other providers who have wholesale access to Telenet’s cable network. Through such access, Orange Belgium N.V ( Orange Belgium ) currently offers its mobile subscribers a triple-play bundle including enhanced video, mobile and fixed broadband internet services. Furthermore, Orange Belgium is awaiting regulatory approval for its acquisition of VOO, a telecom operator that owns cable networks in the Wallonia region of Belgium. Telenet has signed an Memorandum of Understanding with Orange Belgium with respect to potentially gaining access to VOO’s cable network in Wallonia. Furthermore, Telenet and Fluvius entered into an agreement to create NetCo, regulatory approval for which is expected in mid-2023. • Sunrise . In Switzerland, Swisscom is the largest provider of broadband internet services, and is Sunrise’s primary competitor. Swisscom offers download speeds ranging from 100 Mbps to up to 10 Gbps, depending on the region. Swisscom continues to expand its FTTx network to Switzerland households in our footprint, as well as in our partner network footprints. Salt, a predominantly mobile player, also competes in this arena, with a focus on fixed-mobile convergence through a combination of FTTx and fixed wireless access technologies offering 10 Gbps internet speeds. In this competitive market, Sunrise offers a fixed-mobile convergence portfolio called “Sunrise Up”, enabling customers to benefit from the ultra-high-speed connectivity that is available across all of Sunrise’s customer premises and offers significant fixed and mobile cross-selling opportunities. For more information on the Sunrise Acquisition, see note 5 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. • Significant Joint Ventures . In the U.K., the VMO2 JV faces numerous competitors for broadband internet services, the largest of which is BT. BT is actively building out its FTTx network through its subsidiary, Openreach, to support its goal of covering 25 million homes by the end of 2026. In support of this mission, BT offers a range of ultrafast consumer packages with speeds of up to 900 Mbps. As noted above, the VMO2 JV has reached 1 Gbps connectivity in all of its 16.1 million premises. Moreover, the VMO2 JV announced its intention to upgrade its fixed network to full fiber-to-the-premise by the end of 2028 and extend its FTTH footprint to up to 23 million premises through its partnership with the nexfibre JV. This plan is expected to fuel connectivity innovation for consumers and businesses, create options to potentially pursue the broadband wholesale market in the U.K. and to protect from growing FTTx competition. The VodafoneZiggo JV’s primary competitor, Koninklijke KPN N.V. ( KPN ), offers internet protocol television ( IPTV ) over its FTTx network and through broadband internet connections using DSL or VDSL. Where KPN has enhanced its VDSL system, it offers broadband internet with download speeds of up to 200 Mbps, and on its FTTx networks, it offers download speeds of up to 1 Gbps. Portions of the VodafoneZiggo JV’s network have been overbuilt by KPN’s and other providers’ FTTx networks. In 2021, KPN and pension fund, APG, established a joint venture company called Glaspoort, that is targeting fiber rollouts in medium-dense, rural and industrials areas by connecting up to 1.2 million households and businesses by 2026. KPN will also continue to pursue its existing fiber roll-out plans in the coming years, with Glaspoort’s scope expected to accelerate KPN’s goal to reach approximately 80% FTTx coverage by 2026. We expect competitive pressure from the fiber overbuild to intensify in the coming periods. At the end of 2022, all of the VodafoneZiggo JV’s 7.4 million households had access to ultra-fast 1 Gbps connectivity to support our competitive edge and speed advantage. Video Distribution Our video services compete primarily with traditional FTA broadcast television services, direct-to-home satellite service providers, OTT and broadcaster VoD providers, as well as other fixed-line and mobile telecommunications carriers and broadband providers offering a similar range of video services. Many of these competitors have a national footprint and offer features, pricing and video services individually and in bundles comparable to what we offer. OTT video content providers utilizing our or our competitors’ high-speed internet connections are also a significant competitive factor, as are other video service providers that overlap our service areas. The OTT video providers (such as HBO Now, Amazon Prime Video, Netflix, Disney+ and AppleTV+) offer VoD service for television series, movies and programming from broadcasters. Generally, the content libraries of such services are offered for a monthly fee. Typically, these services are available on multiple devices in and out of the home. Moreover, broadcasters offer direct to customer content, including VoD, live and catch-up television via their own platforms (such as BBC iPlayer, Discovery and RTL). To retain our competitive position, we provide our subscribers with TV everywhere products and premium OTT video services through our online mobile apps, VoD and Replay TV services or through our arrangements with Netflix, Amazon, YouTube and others. Our businesses also compete to varying degrees with other sources of information and entertainment, such as online entertainment, newspapers, magazines, books, live entertainment/concerts and sporting events. I-17 Our ability to attract and retain customers depends on our continued ability to acquire appealing content, provide easy to use services on acceptable terms and to deliver content on multiple devices inside and outside the home. Some competitors have obtained long-term exclusive contracts for certain programming, which limits the opportunities for other providers to offer such programs. Our operations have limited access to certain of such programming through select contracts with these companies, including Sky and BT in the U.K. Moreover, telecommunication providers increasingly offer access to OTT platforms through their systems. If exclusive content offerings increase through other providers, programming options could be a deciding factor for subscribers on selecting a video service. We compete on value by offering advanced digital services with a premier user interface, such as cloud recording and DVR functionality, HD/4K, VoD, voice control, OTT aggregation, Replay TV and multiscreen services via a superior user interface. We also compete by offering attractive content packages, as well as bundled services, at reasonable prices. In each of the countries where we operate, we tailor our packages to include attractive channel offerings and offer recurring discounts for bundled services and loyalty contracts, as well as integrated billing for OTT services. In addition, from time to time, we modify our digital channel offerings to improve the quality of our programming. Where mobile voice and data are available, we focus on our converged service offerings at attractive prices. In our other operations, we use the triple-play bundle as a means of driving video, as well as other products where convenience and price can be leveraged across the portfolio of services. We also continue to enhance our Horizon 4 platform to meet our customers’ desire to view programming anytime and anywhere, such as new applications and expanding its availability in our markets. • Telenet . Telenet’s principal competitor is Proximus, the incumbent telecommunications operator, which has interactive digital television, replay television, VoD, OTT and HD service as part of its video offer, as well as mobile-only video propositions tailored to the needs of younger market segments. Proximus offers customers a wide range of both individual and bundled services at competitive prices. Also, as a result of regulatory obligations, Telenet and other Belgian cable operators must give alternative providers access to their cable networks. Orange Belgium gained such access in 2016 and currently offers its mobile subscribers a triple play bundle, including mobile, enhanced video and broadband internet services. Telenet may face increased competition from other providers of video services who take advantage of the wholesale access and may be able to offer triple- and quad-play services. For more information on wholesale access, see Regulatory Matters—Belgium. In order to compete effectively against alternative providers, Telenet leverages its extensive cable network, the broad acceptance of its basic cable television services, its Telenet TV offering and its additional features, such as HD and DVR functionality, VoD offerings, its Play Sports channel and original programming delivered via the Horizon 4 multimedia box. It is also using mobile services to drive its other products through its converged offerings. In addition, Telenet and DPG Media now offer a streaming platform called Streamz, which combines some of the best locally produced series and must-see international content from HBO, extensive kids’ content, films and documentaries. Streamz is available for a monthly fee. • Sunrise . Our main competitor in Switzerland is Swisscom, the incumbent telecommunications operator, which provides IPTV services over DSL, VDSL and FTTx networks. Swisscom offers VoD services, DVR and replay functionality, HD channels and has exclusive rights to distribute certain sports programming. Swisscom launched an advanced set-top box in the market with voice control, Smart Home integration and content aggregation beyond video, such as music streaming and gaming services. Although its presence is limited, Salt focuses on value propositions by including TV within their bundles and providing access to OTT via Apple TV. In this saturated market, price competition and high promotional intensity are significant factors. To compete effectively in Switzerland, Sunrise promotes its TV offering and a related family of products together with Replay TV and VoD, giving subscribers the ability to personalize their programming and viewing preferences while delivering an excellent user interface with voice control. Sunrise has its own sports channel, My Sports and aggregates third-party apps (e.g. Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Sky Show, YouTube and others). Sunrise has expanded its video product offering to Yallo, its ancillary brand, an important step in moving Yallo to full telecommunications functionality. Yallo customers can access over 270 channels (many in Full HD and Dolby Digital), replay services and streaming apps such as Netflix, Disney+ and Amazon Prime which come pre-installed on the TV box. For more information on the Sunrise Acquisition, see note 5 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. I-18 • Significant Joint Ventures . The VMO2 JV’s principal competitors for digital television services are Sky and FTA television providers. Other significant competitors are BT and TalkTalk Telecom Group plc ( TalkTalk ), each of which offer triple-play services, IPTV video services and multimedia home gateways. Sky owns the U.K. rights to various entertainment, sports and movie programming. Sky is both a principal competitor and an important supplier of content to the VMO2 JV. Various Sky channels, including Sky Sports , are available over Sky’s satellite system and our cable networks, as well as via Sky’s apps and online players and other television platforms, and some of the channels are available on BT and TalkTalk platforms. The VMO2 JV distributes several basic and premium video channels supplied by Sky. BT is also both a principal competitor and an important supplier of content to the VMO2 JV. BT owns premium BT Sport channels, providing a range of sports content, including football (soccer) from the English Premier League and its exclusive rights to the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League. The BT Sport channels are available on the VMO2 JV’s cable network as well as its competitors’ networks. The VMO2 JV is expanding its broadband network and actively promoting its 4K and HDR ready boxes running on its Horizon 4 platform (marketed as “Virgin TV360”) as well as it online streaming service, Virgin TV Go. Customers also have access to a new entertainment service, Stream, which is an all-in-one streaming TV box, combining TV channels and aggregating third-party subscription services such as Sky Sports, Netflix, and Disney+. Stream provides personalized viewing recommendations and allows customers to customize their subscription mix, billed through a single Virgin Media account. The VodafoneZiggo JV primarily competes with KPN with respect to video distribution, which provides IPTV services over DSL, VDSL and FTTx networks. KPN offers many of the same interactive video service features as the VodafoneZiggo JV does including VoD services, DVR, replay functionality and HD channels. KPN also offers its customers bundling packages that include its video products, creating a highly competitive market for the VodafoneZiggo JV’s products and services. Mobile and Telephony Services In Belgium, as a mobile network operator ( MNO ), we are one of the larger mobile providers based on number of SIM cards. The same is true for the VodafoneZiggo JV in the Netherlands. We also substantially expanded our mobile business with the acquisition of Sunrise in Switzerland and through the joint venture with Telefónica’s U.K. brand, O2, in the U.K. In the markets where we are an MNO, we continue to deploy additional bandwidth and look to acquire additional spectrum to deliver our wide range of services to our customers and expand our 4G and 5G services. Competition remains significant across each of our markets. We offer various calling plans, such as unlimited calling, national or international calling and use converged bundles and benefits to cross-sell mobile to our existing fixed customers. Our ability to offer fixed-mobile convergence services is a key driver of growth. Furthermore, in order to address lower segments of the market, we operate with ancillary mobile brands, such as Base (Belgium), Yallow (Switzerland) and Hollandsnieuwe (Netherlands). The market for fixed-line telephony services is saturated in all of our markets. Changes in market share are driven by the combination of price and quality of services provided and the inclusion of telephony services in bundled offerings. Our fixed-line telephony services compete against the incumbent telecommunications operators. In all of our markets, we also compete with other VoIP operators offering service across broadband lines. In addition, our businesses face competition from other FTTx-based providers or other indirect access providers. In each of our markets, we face competition with a dominant fixed-line telephony provider, most of which also have competitive mobile offers based on 4G or 5G services. In our largest markets, the key dominant telephony providers are Proximus (Belgium) and Swisscom (Switzerland). These telephony competitors are also the largest mobile operators in these markets based on number of SIM cards. These competitors include their mobile products in bundles with fixed-line services. Moreover, there is a fundamental shift in customer preference towards mobile and OTT. As a result, we expect our fixed telephony user base to continue its decline in favor of mobile connectivity and OTT services. Human Capital Resources As of December 31, 2022, our consolidated subsidiaries had an aggregate of approximately 10,100 full-time equivalent employees, including approximately 3,660 in Belgium, 2,980 in Switzerland, 1,260 in the U.K., 940 in the Republic of Ireland, 870 in the Netherlands, 280 in Slovakia and 110 in the United States. With respect to our significant nonconsolidated joint ventures, the VMO2 JV employs approximately 16,350 people and the VodafoneZiggo JV employs approximately 6,170 people. None of the above figures include contractors or temporary employees. I-19 A majority of our European employees are represented by workers councils. We strive to maintain a positive relationship with all of our employees, as well as the workers councils representing them where applicable. There have been no significant interruptions of our operations in recent years due to labor disputes. In challenging our employees to achieve their full potential, become purposeful leaders and to Grow With Us , we commit significant resources and make ongoing investments toward the development of our employees’ leadership skills. Our skills development offerings cover key talent communities - from graduates and apprentices, to people managers, emerging leaders and senior leaders. Such programs include our Finance, Technology, CyberSecurity and People graduate schemes that thrust new graduates into our fast-paced and dynamic business model, giving them immediate real-world experience along with structured support from the company, so that each graduate exits their program prepared to be a leader of tomorrow. Liberty Global also aims to prepare its future senior leadership through its Fast Forward program, a year-long program in which high performing individuals are trained and challenged to become Liberty Global’s leaders of tomorrow. We invest significantly in our employees, because we recognize that when each employee is supported and given the opportunity to succeed, our company as a whole flourishes. We are committed to building a diverse, inclusive and equitable culture, where everyone belongs. We have been actively challenging our own behaviors and each other to create such culture. Being diverse, inclusive and equitable is important to our employees’ experience and performance, talent acquisition and retention, and it brings us closer to the communities in which we live and operate. In 2022, we built upon our Diversity, Equity & Inclusion ( DE&I ) ambitions. We have continued to work with our DE&I Council, composed of our CEO and 19 executive representatives from around the company that meets regularly to discuss company strategies, initiatives and policies concerning DE&I. We have worked closely with our five Employee Resource Groups ( ERGs ) that focus on gender, race and ethnicity, multigenerational families, disability, neurodiversity and LGBTQIA+, ensuring that we are actively listening and co-creating. The VMO2 JV and VodafoneZiggo JV, along with Sunrise and VM Ireland, also have their own ERGs to provide support for their local employees and to complement Liberty Global’s DE&I strategy and initiatives. In addition, our DE&I Council has worked diligently to prepare concrete, implementable initiatives to further our collective DE&I strategy. Such initiatives are measurable, allowing us to easily track our progress. We also conduct compulsory anti-bullying, anti-discrimination and anti-harassment training for all of our employees in line with our Anti-Discrimination, Harassment and Bullying policy and engage in small-group, impactful conversations, centering on discrimination and harassment in the workplace. Our venture capital arm has committed $10 million to investing in start-up companies, including through our partner, Avesta Capital, that make a positive impact on society. These companies, such as Blue Studios, Kiira Health, BoxPower, Harvest Thermal and Sunny Day Fund are specifically focused on socially conscious business practices, such as tackling economic and social inequity, as well as climate change. Liberty Global prides itself on the achievements it has made with respect to DE&I, but it recognizes that there is much work still to be done, and that to grow as a company we must invest in our people so that they can be themselves at work everyday. Our compensation program is key to our company’s success and incentivizes our management team to execute our financial and operational goals. We concentrate on attracting, retaining and motivating talented executives who can be responsive to new and different opportunities for our company and thereby create value for our customers and shareholders. The primary goals of our executive compensation program are to: motivate our executives to maximize their contributions to the company’s success, attract and retain the best leaders for our business and align our executives’ interests with creating shareholder value. At Liberty Global we are committed to the health and safety of our employees and visitors to our sites and we ensure compliance with all relevant national health and safety regulations. For employees, we currently utilize a hybrid work-from-home/work-from-office work program. We have also made available a series of well-being resources based on a four-pronged strategy focused on the mental, physical, social and financial aspects of health and well-being. Included in this strategy, among other things, is access to group training sessions, private work-out facilities, bicycle reimbursement plans, in-office flu vaccinations, and private check-up visits. We measure employee engagement quarterly against external benchmarks defined by a leading human resources consultant. We perform in line with global industry benchmarks and exceed benchmarks set by high performing organizations in areas such as in inclusion, well-being, manager support and senior leadership communication. The high performing comparison group is comprised of organizations with strong financial performance and superior human resource practices, representing the gold standard for employee engagement. Survey results are owned by managers and executives, who are accountable for formulating action plans. In addition, we gather qualitative and quantitative insights with methods such as shorter-term pulse surveys and narrower focus groups. This approach informs decision making across key employee focus areas, including for example, well-being, work-from-home opportunities and skills development. I-20 Additional information on our workforce and our commitment to our employees is made available in Liberty Global’s Annual Corporate Responsibility Report, which we expect to be published on our website at the beginning of the third quarter of 2023. Regulatory Matters Overview Video distribution, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony and mobile businesses are regulated in each of the countries in which we operate. The scope of regulation varies from country to country, although in some significant respects, regulation in E.U. markets is harmonized under the regulatory structure of the E.U. Of the six countries in our footprint, four are part of the E.U.: the Republic of Ireland, the Netherlands (nonconsolidated joint venture), Belgium and Slovakia. Our other operations are in the U.K. (nonconsolidated joint venture) and Switzerland are not in the E.U. but generally enact rules similar to that of the E.U. The U.K. formally left the E.U. on January 31, 2020, commonly referred to as “ Brexit ”. On December 24, 2020, the U.K. and the E.U. reached the “Trade and Cooperation Agreement” referred to as the “ E.U.-U.K. Agreement ”. Principles on state aid are also contained in the E.U.-U.K. Agreement to prevent either side from granting unfair subsidies, and to provide a dispute settlement mechanism to ensure businesses from the E.U. and the U.K. compete on a level playing field. In relation to the telecommunications sector, the U.K. and the E.U. have agreed to maintain the existing levels of liberalization in their markets, including standard provisions on authorizations, access to and use of telecoms networks, interconnection, fair and transparent regulation and the allocation of scarce resources. The E.U.-U.K. Agreement contains measures to encourage cooperation and promote fair and transparent rates for international mobile roaming. However, the U.K. previously introduced a number of measures aimed at providing safeguards for consumers, which continue to apply. Such measures include limits on the amount that customers can be charged for using mobile data abroad before having to opt in if they wish to use more data and alert warnings as customers reach various milestones in data allowances included within their packages. Additionally, the Northern Irish Protocol regulates the relationship between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, ensuring that no hard border is placed between the two, as well as keeping Northern Ireland inside the E.U. single market. The Northern Irish Protocol, while not material to our or the VMO2 JV’s operations, affects the movement of consumer premises equipment and installation personnel between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. In Switzerland, the distribution of radio and television is regulated under the Radio and Television Act. The provision of telecommunications services is regulated by the Telecommunications Act. In addition, the Competition Act, the Data Protection Act and the Act on the Surveillance of Post and Telecommunications are relevant to our business. Sector Regulations The European Electronic Communications Code (the Code ) is the primary source of regulation governing our E.U. operations. The Code came into effect on December 20, 2018 and has been transposed by a majority of the Member States and the U.K. into their respective national laws. On April 6, 2022, the European Commission referred a number of Member States to the Court of Justice of the European Union for being late with the transposition, including Ireland. Ireland is in the process of adopting two legislative instruments that should give effect to the Code, the European Communities (Electronic Communications) Regulations 2022 and the Communications Regulation (Enforcement) Bill 2022. The U.K. has largely transposed the Code into its national laws. Switzerland, while not part of the E.U., has a regulatory system that partially reflects the principles of the E.U. The Telecommunications Act in Switzerland regulates, in general, the transmission of information, including the transmission of radio and television signals. The Code primarily seeks to develop open markets for communication services within Europe. It harmonizes the rules within the E.U. for the establishment and operation of electronic communication networks, including cable television and traditional telephony networks, and the offer of electronic communication services, such as telephony (including OTT services), internet and, to some degree, television services. Set forth below are certain key provisions included in the Code that are most applicable to our operations. • Significant Market Power . Specific obligations imposed by National Regulatory Authorities ( NRAs ) in E.U. Member States apply only to service providers deemed to have Significant Market Power ( SMP ) in a relevant market. For purposes of the Code, a service provider has SMP where it enjoys a position of significant economic strength, affording it the power to behave independently of competitors, customers and consumers to an appreciable extent. I-21 If a service provider is found to have SMP in any particular market, the applicable NRA must impose certain conditions on that service provider. We have been found to have SMP in certain markets in which we operate and further findings of SMP are possible, which may negatively impact our business. However, across our footprint, we have noticed an increased tendency of NRAs towards deregulation, with only a small number of markets currently being subject to this type of regulation. The U.K. has a similar system with the applicable NRA assessing markets on a forward-looking basis to determine SMP. In Switzerland, there is no such forward-looking system, rather a service provider can be regulated based on general competition law. • Must-Carry Obligations . Member States may impose reasonable must-carry obligations on certain service providers under their jurisdiction. Such obligations must be based on clearly defined general interest objectives, be proportionate and transparent and be subject to periodic review. The U.K. and Switzerland have a regulatory system that reflects these principles. We are subject to must carry regulations in all markets in which we operate, and we do not expect the such obligations to be curtailed in the foreseeable future. NRAs may, in some cases, impose access obligations on service providers, regardless of whether they have SMP. Under the Code and the E.U. Broadband Cost Reduction Directive, service providers may be required to provide access to certain elements of their passive network infrastructure upon reasonable request if there are significant economic or physical replicability barriers. Service providers may be required to provide access to their active infrastructure as well but only if a number of additional requirements are met. The U.K. has a similar system in place, while the Telecommunications Act in Switzerland requires operators with a dominant position to grant access to other providers on a non-discriminatory manner at cost-oriented prices. Net Neutrality, Roaming and Call Termination In November 2015, the European Parliament adopted the regulation on the first E.U.-wide net neutrality regime. The regulation allows for specialized services, optimized for specific content and subjects service providers like Liberty Global, through its operating companies, to reasonable traffic management requirements. The U.K. transposed net neutrality into its national law following Brexit. In Switzerland, the Telecommunications Act introduced more transparent net neutrality regulation that allows for traffic management in limited circumstances (e.g., to fight exceptional network congestion). Customers must be informed if traffic is treated unequally and about the quality of the internet service (for both fixed and mobile internet). The 2015 regulation mentioned above also prohibits retail roaming tariffs and sets wholesale roaming price caps. In 2019 the E.U. introduced caps on wholesale rates for intra-E.U. calls to bring these in line with the wholesale roaming caps. The Telecommunications Act in Switzerland implemented roaming obligations, including mandatory discounted roaming packages, per second or per kilobyte of roaming charges and capped fees for all roaming services. In relation to the U.K., E.U. operators are now free to raise wholesale charges for U.K. operators (and vice-versa) but may choose not to. Call termination tariffs for SMP providers are set by NRAs, but for the E.U., the Code includes a system of single maximum, E.U.-wide voice termination rates for fixed and mobile. All fixed service providers are subject to a maximum fixed termination rate of €0.07 per minute, and by 2024 the single maximum rate for mobile termination will be €0.20 per minute. In the U.K., an SMP provider must provide termination on fair and reasonable terms, conditions and charges, which must be no higher than BT’s regulated charges unless certain conditions are met. Switzerland does not follow the E.U. standard, however. Call termination rates in Switzerland are unregulated and commercially negotiated by operators. If an agreement cannot be found for fixed termination rates, the parties may initiate proceedings at the Communication Commission (ComCom), which then sets cost-oriented termination rates. Overall, termination rates in Switzerland are higher than the E.U. average. In each country in which we operate, we have been found to have SMP for call termination. Broadcasting and Content Law The Audiovisual Media Services Directive ( AVMSD ) governs the activities of broadcasters under E.U. law. The E.U. Member States that we operate in have fully transposed the AVMSD into their respective national laws. Generally, broadcasts originating in and intended for reception within an E.U. Member State must respect the laws of that Member State. Pursuant to the AVMSD, however, E.U. Member States must allow broadcast signals of broadcasters established in another E.U. Member State to be freely transmitted within their territory, so long as the broadcaster complies with the law of their home state. In addition, when we offer third-party VoD services on our network, it is the third-party I-22 provider, and not us as the distributor, that is regulated in respect of these services. The U.K. and Switzerland have regulatory systems that also reflect these principles. The AVMSD established quotas, applicable to both linear and non-linear services, for the transmission of European-produced programming and programs made by European producers who are independent of broadcasters. Such obligations are applicable to our businesses in the E.U. The U.K. and Switzerland have similar principles in their regulatory systems. To build upon the AVMSD, the European Commission published a proposal for the Media Freedom Act in September of 2022. It is not clear at this time when this proposed law would be adopted and become effective. The new law aims to help ensure media pluralism across the E.U., as well as ownership transparency requirements, especially with respect to foreign financing and the introduction of a review mechanism for concentrations of media companies. We expect that the Media Freedom Act will impact our business, however, until the final legislation is adopted, we will not know to what extent. Member States are also allowed to require service providers to contribute financially to the production of European works, including requiring financial contributions from VoD providers established in other territories that target audiences in their jurisdiction. Such obligations are applicable to (or are expected to become applicable to) certain of our businesses. In addition, European Commission regulations mandate that commercial providers of online content services (including OTT service providers) enable subscribers who are temporarily present in any Member State to access and use online content services in substantially the same manner as in their country of residence. We comply with these content portability requirements. In the U.K., the VMO2 JV is required to hold individual licenses under the Broadcasting Acts 1990 and 1996 for any television channels (including barker channels) that it owns or operates and to provide certain other services on its cable television platform, such as electronic program guides. These television licensable content service ( TLCS ) licenses are granted and administered by the U.K. Office of Communications ( Ofcom ), the U.K.’s NRA. Under these licenses, each covered service must comply with a number of Ofcom codes, including the Broadcasting Code, and with all of Ofcom’s directions. Breach of any of the terms of a TLCS license may result in the imposition of fines and, potentially, license revocation. As a provider of an on-demand program service ( ODPS ), the VMO2 JV must comply with numerous statutory obligations related to “editorial content” and notify Ofcom of its intention to provide an ODPS. Failure to notify Ofcom or comply with the relevant statutory obligations may result in the imposition of fines or, ultimately, a prohibition on providing an ODPS. Technological Regulation The E.U. legislature is increasingly imposing additional mandatory requirements regarding energy consumption of the telecommunications equipment we provide our customers. We have been working to lower power consumption of our set-top boxes. Legislation in this area may be adopted that could adversely affect the cost and/or the functionality of equipment we deploy to customers. Pursuant to an E.U. regulation on standby power (the Standby Regulation ), many devices are required to have either a low power standby mode or off mode, unless such mode is inappropriate for the intended use of the product. In particular, the Standby Regulation sets, among other things, the maximum power consumption of networked consumer equipment while in the so-called “Networked Standby” or “High Network Availability” modes. All of the devices we purchase and/or develop comply with the requirements of the Standby Regulation. Also, the E.U.’s Radio Equipment Directive regulates radio equipment held for sale. It sets essential requirements for safety and health, electromagnetic compatibility and the efficient use of the radio spectrum. Due to a Mutual Recognition Agreement established between the E.U. and Switzerland, the Standby Regulation and the Radio Equipment Directive both apply in Switzerland. Before Brexit, the U.K. implemented the Standby Regulation and the Radio Equipment Directive into national law. Through the E.U.’s Radio Spectrum Policy Program, certain spectrum has been approved for mobile broadband use. The terms under which this spectrum becomes available varies among the European countries in which we operate, and certain uses of this spectrum may interfere with services carried on our cable networks. I-23 Privacy Regulation In January 2017, the European Commission published a proposal for a revised e-Privacy regulation. Negotiations among E.U. Member States are still in process, and we cannot predict the ultimate outcome of these negotiations. In May 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation ( GDPR ) became effective in the E.U. The GDPR sets strict standards regarding the handling, use and retention of personal data. Organizations that fail to comply face stiff penalties. The GDPR applies to the European Economic Area ( EEA ), which includes the E.U. and a number of countries, but does not include the U.K. or Switzerland. When personal data is transferred outside the EEA, special safeguards stemming from the GDPR, such as the adoption of adequacy decisions and the use of standard contractual clauses ( SCCs ), are enforced to ensure that data is transferred in a protected manner. Adequacy decisions indicate which third countries have sufficiently similar data protection laws in place to those provided under the GDPR. Transfers to an “adequate” third country is compared to a transmission of data within the E.U. On June 28, 2021, the European Commission adopted an adequacy decision for the U.K., as the U.K.’s data protection system is based on the same GDPR rules that were applicable when the U.K. was a Member State. However, the adequacy decision is subject to a “sunset clause”, which establishes the automatic expiration of the decision after four years from its adoption. The adequacy findings may then be renewed if the U.K. continues to ensure an adequate level of data protection. On December 13, 2022, the European Commission adopted a draft adequacy decision for the E.U.-U.S. Data Privacy Framework, replacing the Privacy Shield deal which was struck down by the European Court of Justice in July 2020. U.S. companies will be able to join the E.U.-U.S. Data Privacy Framework by committing to comply with a detailed set of privacy obligations. E.U. citizens will also have access to a number of redress mechanisms in case their personal data is handled in violation of this framework, including an independent dispute resolution mechanism and a newly created ‘Data Protection Review Court’. The draft adequacy decision is now going through its adoption procedure and is expected to be finalized in the summer of 2023. When a data transfer involves a third country that has not been granted an adequacy decision, our operations must use SCCs. The European Commission has issued an implementing decision on new SCCs, under which it makes clear that using standard contractual clauses does not automatically make an international data transfer GDPR compliant. Instead, the parties must perform “transfer impact assessments” in order to address any possible risks in the data transfer and take supplementary measures. The impact assessment takes into account maters such as the circumstances of the transfer, the nature of the parties, the personal data involved and the laws and practices of the country of destination. A continued flow of personal data from the EEA to Switzerland is ensured by the revised Swiss Data Protection Act ( DPA ), which is expected to come into force on September 1, 2023. The DPA ensures compatibility with E.U. law and provides for better protection of personal data, more transparency regarding the processing of data and a strengthening of the individual’s information rights (e.g., if such individual’s data is processed in a foreign country). Other Regulations In addition to the industry-specific regimes discussed above, our operating companies must comply with a range of both specific and general legislation concerning cybersecurity and consumer protection, among other matters. With respect to cybersecurity, in 2016, the E.U. adopted a directive on security of network and information systems ( NIS Directive ), which provides legal measures to boost the overall level of cybersecurity in the E.U. Our operations in the E.U. do not fall under the NIS Directive, but a transposition of the Directive in Ireland, Slovakia and the Netherlands has effectively introduced the NIS Directive concepts into those jurisdictions. The successor to the NIS Directive, a directive on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the E.U. ( NIS 2 Directive ), was adopted by the E.U. legislature and published on December 14, 2022. Member States will have until October 18, 2024 to transpose the directive into their national legislation. The E.U. and U.K. have announced restrictions related to so-called “high risk vendors” ( HRVs ) in the telecommunications sector. The E.U. published a “toolbox” of suggested measures for regulating 5G networks, acknowledging the need for a risk assessment of 5G equipment suppliers and the need to adopt mitigating measures by E.U. governments. Some Member States are addressing security concerns by identifying individual HRVs in advance, whose equipment should be excluded or limited for all network operations in the country. Switzerland has not yet adopted a policy position on the matter, but is studying the matter with a view to the potential adoption of measures in the future. I-24 The U.K.’s recent Telecoms Security Act imposes a new security framework on telecommunication providers and gives the U.K. government new powers to, among other things, direct telecommunication providers to remove HRVs from their networks. Similar legislation has also been adopted in the Netherlands and Belgium. The Digital Markets Act and the Digital Services Act were adopted in September and October 2022, respectively and will become effective in 2024. While the Digital Markets Act will have an immaterial impact on our business, under the Digital Services Act we will have additional obligations imposed on us, including with respect to periodic reporting, content moderation and the establishment of points of contact with national authorities and customers. In February 2022, the European Commission introduced the Data Act, which would require companies to share personal and non-personal data generated by IoT products with users and third parties, upon the user’s request. The Data Act also requires companies to share personal and non-personal data with public sector bodies in situations of exceptional need, and imposes switching and interoperability requirements on cloud services. Negotiations between the European Council and the European Parliament are still in process, and we cannot predict the ultimate outcome of these negotiations. The Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive ( CSRD ) came into force on January 5, 2023. The CSRD extends and strengthens the existing rules on non-financial reporting and aims to eventually have the same standards for both sustainability reporting and financial reporting. Companies will have to report on how sustainability issues affect their business, as well as the impact of their activities on people and the environment. The CSRD also aims to simplify the reporting process for companies, providing a single framework for providing information to investors and stakeholders. The first of the reporting requirements relevant to Liberty Global will apply in 2025 (for fiscal year 2024 reporting), with additional reporting requirements coming into effect on a staggered basis until 2029. Our operating companies are also subject to both national and European level regulations on competition and on consumer protection, which are largely regulated under the Code. For example, while our operating companies may offer their services in bundled packages in European markets, they are sometimes not permitted to make a subscription to one service, such as cable television, conditional upon a subscription to another service, such as telephony. They may also face restrictions on the degree to which they may discount certain products included in the bundled packages. We often undergo close regulatory scrutiny from competition authorities, in particular with respect to proposed business combinations that often require clearance from the European Commission or national competition authorities, which can block, impose conditions on, or delay an acquisition, disposition or combination, thus possibly hampering our opportunities for growth. Additional scrutiny is also imposed under the national foreign direct investment screening regimes recently adopted by the U.K. and by some E.U. Member States. Such regimes which allow national governments to review and impose conditions on certain transactions involving critical infrastructures such as telecommunications. In the event conditions are imposed and we fail to meet them in a timely manner, the relevant authority or governments may impose fines and, if in connection with a transaction, may require restorative measures, such as a disposition of assets or divestiture of operations. Belgium Telenet has been found to have SMP in the wholesale broadband market, obliging it to (1) provide third-party operators with access to the digital television platform (including basic digital video and analog video) and (2) make available to third-party operators a bitstream offer of broadband internet access including fixed voice as an option. The Belgian NRA has imposed monthly wholesale cable resale access prices. These rates are expected to evolve over time due to, among other reasons, broadband capacity usage. The obligations on Telenet may strengthen its competitors by granting them access to Telenet’s fixed network to offer competing products and services notwithstanding Telenet’s substantial investments in developing its high-performing fixed infrastructure. In addition, any access granted to competitors could (1) limit the bandwidth available to Telenet to provide new or expanded products and services to its customers, and (2) adversely impact Telenet’s ability to maintain or increase its revenue and cash flows. The extent of any such adverse impacts ultimately will be dependent on the degree to which competitors take advantage of the access of Telenet’s network, the rates that Telenet receives for such access and other competitive factors or market developments. I-25 Significant Joint Venture Entities United Kingdom End of Contract Notifications and Annual Best Tariff Notifications . Specific obligations regarding end of contract and annual best tariff notifications are imposed by Ofcom on providers. These require the VMO2 JV to (i) alert customers who are approaching the end of a minimum contract term to the fact that their contract period is coming to an end and to set out the best new price that the VMO2 JV can offer them and (ii) once a year, alert customers who are out of contract to that fact and again confirm the best new price the VMO2 JV can offer them. In both cases, the VMO2 JV must also set out the price available to new customers for an equivalent service offering. These requirements have adversely impacted our and the VMO2 JV’s revenue since their implementation. Broadband Expansion . The U.K.’s Telecommunications Infrastructure (Leasehold Property) Act imposes building regulations that require new housing developments to have gigabit capable access. This new legislation comes as a result of the U.K. government’s push to encourage greater investment in new digital infrastructure and deliver FTTH/gigabit capable networks to approximately 85% of U.K. premises by 2025. Netherlands From 2017 to 2021, the Netherlands’ NRA, the Autoriteit Consument & Markt ( ACM ), conducted a market analysis of high-quality wholesale access. On November 18, 2021, the ACM submitted to the European Commission its intended decision to withdraw regulation of the high-quality business telecom services provided over KPN’s network. On December 16, 2021, the European Commission indicated that it had no comments, resulting in the final decision of the ACM on December 23, 2021 to completely deregulate the high-quality wholesale access market in the Netherlands. Available Information All our filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC ), including our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, as well as amendments to such filings are available on our internet website free of charge generally within 24 hours after we file such material with the SEC. Our website address is www.libertyglobal.com. The information on our website is not part of this Annual Report and is not incorporated by reference herein. The SEC also maintains a website address at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Item 1A. RISK FACTORS In addition to the other information contained in this Annual Report, you should consider the following risk factors in evaluating our results of operations, financial condition, business and operations or an investment in the shares of our company. The risk factors described in this section have been separated into four groups: • risks that relate to the competition we or our affiliates face and the technology used in our businesses; • risks that relate to operating in overseas markets and being subject to foreign regulation; • risks that relate to certain financial matters; and • other risks, including risks that, among other things, relate to the obstacles that may be faced by anyone who may seek to acquire us. Although we describe below and elsewhere in this Annual Report the risks we consider to be the most material, there may be other unknown or unpredictable economic, business, competitive, regulatory or other factors that also could have material adverse effects on our results of operations, financial condition, business or operations in the future. In addition, past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future periods. If any of the events described below, individually or in combination, were to occur, our businesses, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows could be materially adversely affected. I-26 Factors Relating to Competition and Technology We operate in increasingly competitive markets, and there is a risk that we will not be able to effectively compete with other service providers. The markets for cable television, broadband internet, telephony and mobile services are highly competitive. In the provision of video services, we face competition from FTA and digital terrestrial television ( DTT ) broadcasters, video provided via satellite platforms, networks using DSL, VDSL or vectoring technology, multi-channel multi-point distribution system operators, FTTx networks, OTT video service providers, and, in some countries where parts of our systems are overbuilt, cable networks, among others. Our operating businesses are facing increasing competition from video services provided by, or over the networks of, incumbent telecommunications operators and other service providers. As the availability and speed of broadband internet increases, we also face competition from OTT video content providers utilizing our or our competitors’ high-speed internet connections. In the provision of telephony and broadband internet services, we are experiencing increasing competition from the incumbent telecommunications operators and other service providers in each country in which we operate, including for both retail and wholesale products and services, as well as providers of mobile voice and data. The incumbent telecommunications operators typically dominate the market for these services and have the advantage of nationwide networks and greater resources than we have to devote to the provision of these services. Many of the incumbent operators offer double-play, triple-play and quadruple-play bundles of services. In many countries, we also compete with other operators using local loop unbundling to provide these services, other facilities-based operators and wireless providers. Developments in DSL as well as investments into FTTx technology by the incumbent telecommunications operators and alternative providers have improved the attractiveness of our competitors’ products and services and strengthened their competitive position. Developments in wireless technologies, such as 5G and FWA, are creating additional competitive challenges. In some of our markets, national and local government agencies may seek to become involved, either directly or indirectly, in the establishment of FTTx networks, DTT systems or other communications systems. We intend to pursue available options to restrict such involvement or to ensure that such involvement is on commercially reasonable terms. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be successful in these pursuits. As a result, we may face competition from entities not requiring a normal commercial return on their investments. In addition, we may face more vigorous competition than would have been the case if there were no government involvement. We expect the level and intensity of competition to continue to increase from both existing competitors and the influx of new market entrants as a result of changes in the regulatory framework of the industries in which we operate, as well as strategic alliances and cooperative relationships among industry participants. Increased competition could result in increased customer churn, reductions of customer acquisition rates for some products and services and significant price and promotional competition in our markets. In combination with difficult economic environments, these competitive pressures could adversely impact our ability to increase or, in certain cases, maintain the revenue, average revenue per RGU or mobile subscriber, as applicable ( ARPU ), RGUs, mobile subscribers, Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in note 19 to our consolidated financial statements), Adjusted EBITDA margins and liquidity of our operating segments. Changes in technology may limit the competitiveness of and demand for our services. Technology in the video, telecommunications and data services industries is changing rapidly, including advances in current technologies and the emergence of new technologies. New technologies, products and services may impact consumer behavior and therefore demand for our products and services. The ability to anticipate changes in technology and consumer tastes and to develop and introduce new and enhanced products and services on a timely basis will affect our ability to continue to grow, increase our revenue and number of subscribers and remain competitive. New products and services, once marketed, may not meet consumer expectations or demand, can be subject to delays in development or may fail to operate as intended. A lack of market acceptance of new products and services that we may offer, or the development of significant competitive products or services by others, could have a material adverse impact on our revenue and Adjusted EBITDA. Our significant property and equipment additions may not generate a positive return. Significant additions to our property and equipment are, or in the future may be, required to add customers to our networks and to upgrade or expand our broadband communications networks and upgrade CPE to enhance our service offerings and improve the customer experience. Additions to our property and equipment, which are currently underway, require significant capital expenditures for equipment and associated labor costs to build out and/or upgrade our networks as well as for related CPE. Additionally, significant competition, the introduction of new technologies, the expansion of existing technologies, such as FTTx and advanced DSL technologies, the impact of natural disasters or adverse regulatory developments could cause us to decide to undertake previously unplanned builds or upgrades of our networks and CPE. I-27 No assurance can be given that any newbuilds, rebuilds, upgrades or extensions of our network will increase penetration rates, increase average monthly subscription revenue per average cable RGU or mobile subscriber, as applicable, or otherwise generate positive returns as anticipated, or that we will have adequate capital available to finance such newbuilds, rebuilds, upgrades or extensions. Additionally, costs related to our property and equipment additions could end up being greater than originally anticipated or planned. If this is the case, we may require additional financing sooner than anticipated, we may have to divert funding from other planned projects or we may have to delay or abandon some or all of our development and expansion plans or otherwise forego market opportunities. Additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, if at all, and our ability to incur additional debt will be limited by our debt agreements. If we are unable to, or elect not to, pay for costs associated with adding new customers, expanding, extending or upgrading our networks or making our other planned or unplanned additions to our property and equipment, or are delayed in making such investments, our growth could be limited and our competitive position could be harmed. We depend almost exclusively on our relationships with third-party programming providers and broadcasters for programming content, and a failure to acquire a wide selection of popular programming on acceptable terms could adversely affect our business. The success of our video subscription business depends, in large part, on our ability to provide a wide selection of popular programming to our subscribers. In general, we do not produce our own content, and we depend on our agreements, relationships and cooperation with public and private broadcasters, rights holders and collective rights associations to obtain such content. If we fail to obtain a diverse array of popular programming for our pay television services, including a sufficient selection of HD channels as well as non-linear content (such as a selection of attractive VoD content) and rights for ancillary services such as DVR and catch up or 'Replay' services, on satisfactory terms, we may not be able to offer a compelling video product to our customers at a price they are willing to pay. Additionally, we are frequently negotiating and renegotiating programming agreements and our annual costs for programming can vary. There can be no assurance that we will be able to renegotiate or renew the terms of our programming agreements on acceptable terms or at all. There has also been a rise in the number of direct-to-consumer offerings from content owners which impacts negotiations and the content, rights available and restrictions imposed on us. Programming and copyright costs represent a significant portion of our operating costs and are subject to price rises in future periods due to various factors, including (i) higher costs associated with the expansion of our digital video content, including rights associated with ancillary product offerings and rights that provide for the broadcast of live sporting events and (ii) rate increases, including as a result of inflationary pressures. If we are unable to obtain or retain attractively priced, competitive content, demand for our existing and future video services could decrease, thereby limiting our ability to attract new customers, maintain existing customers and/or migrate customers from lower-tier programming to higher-tier programming, thereby inhibiting our ability to execute our business plans. Furthermore, we may be placed at a competitive disadvantage if certain of our competitors obtain exclusive programming rights, particularly with respect to popular sports and movie programming, and as certain players in the OTT market, for example Netflix, Amazon and Disney, increasingly produce their own exclusive content. We depend on third-party suppliers and licensors to supply necessary equipment, software and certain services required for our businesses. We rely on third-party vendors for the equipment, software and services that we require in order to provide services to our customers. Our suppliers often conduct business worldwide and their ability to meet our needs is subject to various risks, including political and economic instability, natural calamities, interruptions in transportation or supply chain systems, terrorism and labor issues. As a result, we may not be able to obtain the equipment, software and services required for our businesses on a timely basis or on satisfactory terms. Any shortfall in CPE could lead to delays in completing extensions or upgrades to our networks and in connecting customers to our services and, accordingly, could adversely impact our ability to maintain or increase our RGUs, revenue and cash flows. Also, if demand exceeds the suppliers’ and licensors’ capacity or if they experience financial difficulties, the ability of our businesses to provide some services may be materially adversely affected, which in turn could affect our businesses’ ability to attract and retain customers. We have experienced certain business disruptions due to the worldwide silicon shortage, which has increased the delivery lead times and pricing of certain of our key components. We cannot predict how long such shortages will continue or what future disruptions to our business. Although we actively monitor the creditworthiness of our key third-party suppliers and licensors, the financial failure of a key third-party supplier or licensor could disrupt our operations and have an adverse impact on our revenue and cash flows. We rely upon intellectual property that is owned or licensed by us to use various technologies, conduct our operations and sell our products and services. Legal challenges could be made against our use of our or our licensed intellectual property rights (such as trademarks, patents and trade secrets) and we may be required to enter into licensing arrangements on unfavorable terms, incur monetary damages or be enjoined from use of the intellectual property rights in question . Spectrum cost and availability and regulation may adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results . As we continue to enhance the quality of our services in certain geographic areas and deploy new technologies, including 5G, we may need to acquire additional spectrum in the future. As a result, we will continue to actively seek to make additional investment in spectrum, which could be significant. I-28 The continued interest in, and acquisition of, spectrum by existing carriers and others may reduce our ability to acquire, and increase the acquisition cost of, spectrum in the secondary market or negatively impact our ability to gain access to spectrum through other means, including government auctions. Our return on investment in spectrum depends on our ability to attract additional customers and to provide additional services and usage to existing customers. Additionally, applicable regulatory bodies may not be able to provide sufficient additional spectrum to auction. We may also be unable to secure the spectrum necessary to maintain or enhance our competitive position in auctions or in the secondary market, on favorable terms or at all. Certain regulatory bodies may impose conditions on the acquisition or use of new wireless broadband mobile spectrum that may negatively impact our ability to obtain spectrum economically or in appropriate configurations or coverage areas. If we cannot acquire needed spectrum, if competitors acquire spectrum that allows them to provide competitive services or if we cannot deploy services over acquired spectrum on a timely basis without burdensome conditions, at reasonable costs, or while maintaining network quality levels, our ability to attract and retain customers and our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected. Certain of our businesses that offer mobile telephony and data services rely on the radio access networks of third-party wireless network providers to carry our mobile communications traffic. Our services to mobile customers in Ireland rely on the use of an MVNO arrangement, currently with Three (Hutchison), whereby we utilize the radio access networks of a third-party wireless network provider to carry our mobile communications traffic. If our MVNO arrangement is terminated, or if Three (Hutchison) fails to provide the services required under our MVNO arrangement, or if it fails to deploy and maintain its network, and we are unable to find a replacement network operator on a timely and commercially reasonable basis or at all, we could be prevented from continuing the mobile services relying on such MVNO arrangement. Additionally, as our MVNO arrangement comes to term, we may not be able to renegotiate renewal or replacement MVNO arrangement on the same or more favorable terms. Failure in our or third-party technology or telecommunications systems, leakage of sensitive customer data, or security breaches could significantly disrupt our operations, reduce our customer base and result in fines, litigation or lost revenue. Our success depends, in part, on the continued and uninterrupted performance of our information technology and network systems, including internet sites, data hosting and processing facilities and other hardware, software and technical applications and platforms, as well as our customer service centers. Some of these are managed, hosted, provided or used by third-party service providers or their vendors, to assist in conducting our business. In addition, the hardware supporting a large number of critical systems for our cable network in a particular country or geographic region is housed in a relatively small number of locations. Our and our third-party service providers’ systems and equipment (including our routers and set-top boxes) are vulnerable to damage or security breach from a variety of sources, including telecommunications failures, power loss (such as blackouts or brownouts), malicious human acts, security flaws and natural disaster or extreme weather events (including heatwaves, large storms and floods, whether or not arising from short-term or long-term changes in weather patterns). Moreover, despite security measures, unauthorized parties may gain access to or disrupt our or our third-party service providers’ servers, systems and equipment by, among other things, hacking into our servers, systems and equipment or those of our third-party service providers through fraud, computer viruses, worms, phishing, physical or electronic break-ins or burglaries, or errors by our or our third-party service providers’ employees. We and our third-party service providers may not be able to anticipate or respond in an adequate and timely manner to attempts to obtain authorized access to, disable or degrade our or our third-party service providers’ systems because the techniques for doing so change frequently, are increasingly complex and sophisticated and are difficult to detect for periods of time. In addition, as discussed further below, the security measures and procedures we and our third-party service providers have in place to protect personal data and other information may not be sufficient to counter all data security breaches, cyber-attacks or system failures. In some cases, mitigation efforts may depend on third parties who may not deliver products or services that meet the required contractual standards or whose hardware, software or network services may be subject to error, defect, delay or outage. Through our operations, sales and marketing activities, we collect and store certain personal information related to our customers. This may include phone numbers, drivers license numbers, contact preferences, personal information stored on electronic devices and payment information, including credit and debit card data. We also gather and retain information about employees in the normal course of business. In certain circumstances, where it is lawful to do so, we may share information about such persons with third-party service providers that assist with certain aspects of our business. Unauthorized parties may attempt to gain access to such data and information using the same methods described in the prior paragraph. As a result, data and information we gather could be subject to misappropriation, misuse, leakage, falsification or accidental release or loss of information maintained in our information technology systems and networks and those of our third-party service providers, including customer and personnel data. As a result of the increasing awareness concerning the importance of safeguarding personal information, the potential misuse of such information and legislation that has been adopted or is being considered across all of our markets regarding the protection, privacy and security of personal information, information-related risks are I-29 increasing, particularly for businesses like ours that handle a large amount of personal data. Failure to comply with these data protection laws may result in, among other consequences, fines, litigation or regulatory actions by local, state, federal or non-U.S. authorities. Despite the precautions we have taken, unanticipated problems affecting our systems and equipment could cause business disruptions such as failures in our information technology systems, disruption in the transmission of signals over our networks, unauthorized access to the data and information we gather or similar problems. Further, although we devote significant resources to our cybersecurity programs and have implemented security measures to protect our systems and data, and to prevent, detect and respond to data security incidents, there can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent these threats. Any disruptive situation that causes loss, misappropriation, misuse or leakage of data could damage our reputation and the credibility of our operations and could subject us to potential liability, including litigation or other legal actions against us, the imposition of penalties, fines, fees or liabilities, which may not be covered by our insurance policies, and lost customers or revenue. While we maintain cyber liability insurance that provides both third-party liability and first-party liability insurance coverage, such insurance may not be sufficient to protect against all of our businesses’ losses from any future disruptions or breaches of their systems or other events as described above. Also, a cybersecurity breach and the changing cybersecurity landscape could require us to devote significant management resources to address the problems associated with the breach and to expend significant additional resources to upgrade further the security measures we employ to protect customer, employee and other personal information against cyber-attacks and other wrongful attempts to access such information, which could result in a disruption of our operations. This includes additional infrastructure capacity spending to mitigate any system degradation and the reallocation of resources from development activities. To date, other than the non-permitted access of one of Virgin Media’s databases in February of 2020, we have not been subject to cyberattacks or network disruptions that, individually or in the aggregate, have been material to our operations or financial condition. Although we have not detected another material security breach or cybersecurity incident to date, we have been the target of events of this nature and expect to be subject to similar attacks in the future. We and our third-party vendors rely on the availability of raw materials used to produce our CPE. If the materials become scarce or our supply chains for obtaining such materials are disrupted, we might be forced to expend significant resources to obtain replacement materials or experience significant delays in delivering certain CPE to our customers, which could damage our reputation, credibility and business and have a negative impact on our revenue or margins. Factors Relating to Operations and Regulation Our businesses are conducted almost exclusively outside of the U.S., which gives rise to numerous operational risks. Our businesses operate almost exclusively in countries outside the U.S. and are subject to the following inherent risks: • fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; • difficulties in staffing and managing international operations; • potentially adverse tax consequences; • export and import restrictions, custom duties, tariffs and other trade barriers; • increases in taxes and governmental fees; • economic and political instability; and • changes in foreign and domestic laws and policies that govern operations of foreign-based companies. Operational risks that we may experience in certain countries include disruptions of services or loss of property or equipment that are critical to overseas businesses due to expropriation, nationalization, war, insurrection, terrorism or general social or political unrest. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk with respect to our consolidated debt in situations where our debt is denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the operations whose cash flows support our ability to repay or refinance such debt. Although we generally match the denomination of our and our subsidiaries’ borrowings with the functional currency of the operations that are supporting the respective borrowings, market conditions or other factors may cause us to enter into borrowing arrangements that are not denominated in the functional currency of the underlying operations (unmatched debt). In these cases, our policy is to provide for an economic hedge against foreign currency exchange rate movements by using derivative instruments to synthetically I-30 convert unmatched debt into the applicable underlying currency. At December 31, 2022, substantially all of our debt was either directly or synthetically matched to the applicable functional currencies of the underlying operations. We are also exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk in respect of our cash and cash equivalents and in respect of investments held within separately managed accounts. A substantial portion of our cash and cash equivalents is held in U.S. dollars, but we hold balances in other currencies reflecting the operational and strategic needs of the company. The investments held in our separately managed accounts are generally in U.S. dollars, and any instruments denominated in a foreign currency are generally hedged back to the U.S. dollar. In addition, we are exposed to foreign currency risk to the extent that we enter into transactions denominated in currencies other than our or our subsidiaries’ respective functional currencies (non-functional currency risk), such as equipment purchases, programming contracts, notes payable and notes receivable (including intercompany amounts). Changes in exchange rates with respect to amounts recorded on our consolidated balance sheets related to these items will result in unrealized (based upon period-end exchange rates) or realized foreign currency transaction gains and losses upon settlement of the transactions. Moreover, to the extent that our revenue, costs and expenses are denominated in currencies other than our respective functional currencies, we will experience fluctuations in our revenue, costs and expenses solely as a result of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Generally, we will consider hedging non-functional currency risks when the risks arise from agreements with third parties that involve the future payment or receipt of cash or other monetary items to the extent that we can reasonably predict the timing and amount of such payments or receipts and the payments or receipts are not otherwise hedged. In this regard, we have entered into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge certain of these risks. For additional information concerning our foreign currency forward contracts, see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We are also exposed to unfavorable and potentially volatile fluctuations of the U.S. dollar (our reporting currency) against the currencies of our operating subsidiaries when their respective financial statements are translated into U.S. dollars for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements. Cumulative translation adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive earnings or loss as a separate component of equity. Any increase (decrease) in the value of the U.S. dollar against any foreign currency that is the functional currency of one of our operating subsidiaries will cause us to experience unrealized foreign currency translation losses (gains) with respect to amounts already invested in such foreign currencies. Accordingly, we may experience a negative impact on our comprehensive earnings or loss and equity with respect to our holdings solely as a result of foreign currency translation. Our primary exposure to foreign currency translation risk during the three months ended December 31, 2022 was to the euro and Swiss franc, as 55.1% and 43.6% of our reported revenue during the period was derived from subsidiaries whose functional currencies are the euro and Swiss franc, respectively. In addition, our reported operating results are impacted by changes in the exchange rates for other local currencies in Europe. We do not hedge against the risk that we may incur non-cash losses upon the translation of the financial statements of our subsidiaries and affiliates into U.S. dollars. Our businesses are subject to risks of adverse regulation. Our businesses are subject to the unique regulatory regimes of the countries in which they operate. Video distribution, broadband internet, telephony and mobile services are subject to licensing or registration eligibility rules and regulations, which vary by country. Countries in which we operate may adopt laws and regulations regarding electronic commerce, which could dampen the growth of the internet services being offered and developed by our businesses. In a number of countries, our ability to increase prices for, or change our services, including the programming packages we offer is limited by regulation or conditions imposed by competition authorities or is subject to review by regulatory authorities or is subject to termination rights of customers. More significantly, regulatory authorities may require us, particularly if we are deemed to possess SMP or there are significant economic or physical replicability barriers, to grant third parties access to our networks, facilities or services to distribute their own services or resell our services to end customers. Consequently, our businesses must adapt their ownership and organizational structures as well as their pricing and service offerings to satisfy the rules and regulations to which they are subject. A failure to comply with applicable rules and regulations could result in penalties, restrictions on our business, loss of required licenses or other adverse conditions. Adverse changes in rules and regulations could: • impair our ability to use our networks in ways that would generate maximum revenue and Adjusted EBITDA; • create a shortage of capacity on our networks, which could limit the types and variety of services we seek to provide our customers; • impact our ability to access spectrum for our mobile services; • strengthen our competitors by granting them access and lowering their costs to enter into our markets; and I-31 • significantly and adversely impact our results of operations. Businesses, including ours, that offer multiple services, such as video distribution as well as internet, telephony, and/or mobile services, or that are vertically integrated and offer both video distribution and programming content, often face close regulatory scrutiny from competition authorities. This is particularly the case with respect to any proposed business combinations, which often require clearance from the European Commission or national competition authorities, which can block, impose conditions on, or delay an acquisition, thus possibly hampering our opportunities for growth. Additional scrutiny is also imposed under the national foreign direct investment screening regimes recently adopted by the U.K. and some E.U. Member States, which allow national governments to review and impose conditions on certain transactions involving critical infrastructures such as telecommunications. In the event conditions are imposed and we fail to meet them in a timely manner, the relevant authority or governments may impose fines and, if in connection with a transaction, may require restorative measures, such as a disposition of assets or divestiture of operations. For information on certain other regulatory developments that could adversely impact our results of operations in future periods, see Legal and Regulatory Proceedings and Other Contingencies in note 18 to our consolidated financial statements. New and existing legislation, and interpretations thereof, may significantly alter the regulatory regimes applicable to us, which could adversely affect our competitive position and profitability, and we may become subject to more extensive regulation, particularly if we are deemed to possess significant market power in any of the markets in which we operate. Significant changes to the existing regulatory regimes applicable to the provision of video, telephony, internet and mobile services have been and are still being introduced. For example, in the E.U., the Code is the primary source of communications regulation affecting our E.U. businesses, including access, user and privacy rights, video must-carry services and our competitive activities. The U.K. and Switzerland have systems that largely reflect the principles of the E.U. In addition, we are subject to regular review by national regulatory authorities in the E.U. and the U.K. concerning whether we exhibit SMP. A finding of SMP can result in our company becoming subject to open access, pricing and other requirements that could potentially advantage our competitors. This has resulted, for example, in obligations with respect to call termination for our telephony business in Europe and video and broadband internet access obligations in Belgium. If any laws, regulations or rules are enacted or reinterpreted so as to expand the regulation of our products and services or our disclosure obligations, they could affect our operations or require significant expenditures. For example, certain of our business operations will become subject to corporate responsibility reporting obligations pursuant to the CSRD in the coming years. We cannot predict future developments in these areas, and any changes to the regulatory framework for our products and services or our disclosure obligations could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations. The U.K.’s departure from the E.U. could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. The U.K. formally exited the E.U. on January 31, 2020, and on December 24, 2020, entered into the E.U.-U.K. Agreement. For more information regarding the E.U.-U.K. Agreement, see Item 1. Business - Regulatory Matters - Overview discussion above. Examples of the potential impact Brexit could have on our business, financial condition or results of operations include: • changes in foreign currency exchange rates and disruptions in the capital markets. For example, a sustained period of weakness in the British pound sterling or the euro could have an adverse impact on our liquidity, including our ability to fund repurchases of our equity securities and other U.S. dollar-denominated liquidity requirements; • shortages of labor necessary to conduct our business; • disruption to our U.K. supply chain and related increased cost of supplies; • a weakened U.K. economy resulting in decreased consumer demand for our products and services in the U.K.; • legal uncertainty, increased compliance costs and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the U.K. determines which E.U. laws and directives to replace or replicate, or where previously implemented by enactment of U.K. laws or regulations, to retain, amend or repeal; and • various geopolitical forces may impact the global economy and our business, including, for example, other E.U. member states (in particular those member states where we have operations) proposing referendums to, or electing to, exit the E.U. We cannot be certain that we will be successful with respect to acquisitions, dispositions, joint ventures, partnerships or other similar transactions, or that we will achieve the anticipated benefits thereof. Historically, our businesses have grown, in part, through selective acquisitions that enabled them to take advantage of existing networks, local service offerings and region- I-32 specific management expertise, and we have also taken advantage of attractive opportunities to sell select businesses and partner with others. We expect to seek to continue improving our company through attractive acquisitions, dispositions, joint ventures, partnerships or other similar transactions in selected markets, such as the Sunrise Acquisition in November 2020, the sale of UPC Poland in April 2022 and the Telenet Tower Sale in June 2022, as well as the formations of the VMO2 JV in June 2021, the AtlasEdge JV in September 2021 and the nexfibre JV in December 2022. Our ability to complete any transaction may be limited by many factors, including government regulation, availability of financing, our or our counterparty’s debt covenants, the prevalence of complex ownership structures among potential targets, acquirers, joint ventures or partners, disapproval by shareholders of potential targets or acquirers, and competition from other potential acquirers, including private equity funds. Even if we are successful in completing such transactions, integration and separation activities may present significant costs and challenges. We cannot be assured that we will be successful with respect to acquisitions, dispositions, joint ventures, partnerships or other similar transactions or realizing the anticipated benefits thereof. In addition, we anticipate that most, if not all, companies acquired by us will be located outside the U.S. Foreign companies may not have disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls over financial reporting that are as thorough or effective as those required by U.S. securities laws and applicable accounting rules. While we intend to conduct appropriate due diligence and to implement appropriate controls and procedures as we integrate acquired companies, we may not be able to certify as to the effectiveness of these companies’ disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls over financial reporting until we have fully integrated them. The expected synergies and benefits from our acquisitions and joint ventures may not be realized in the amounts anticipated or may not be realized within the expected time frame, and risks associated with the foregoing may also result from the extended delay in the integration of the companies. Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of our acquisitions and joint ventures will depend, to a large extent, on our ability to integrate our businesses and the acquired or joint venture company’s business in a manner that facilitates growth opportunities and achieves the projected cost savings. In addition, some of the anticipated synergies are not expected to occur for some time following the completion of such acquisitions and joint ventures and will require substantial capital expenditures before realizing some of those synergies. The COVID-19 pandemic may delay, reduce or eliminate some of our anticipated synergies and other benefits, including a delay in the integration of, or inability to integrate, the business that we acquire or partner with. Even if we are able to integrate successfully, the anticipated benefits of such transactions, including the expected synergies and network benefits, may not be realized fully or at all or may take longer to realize than expected. We have incurred substantial expenses as a result of completing our various acquisitions and joint ventures. We expect that substantial additional expenses will need to be incurred in order to integrate the businesses, operations, policies, and procedures. While we have assumed that a certain level of transaction-related expenses will be incurred, factors beyond our control could affect the total amount or the timing of these expenses. Many of the expenses that will be incurred, by their nature, are difficult to estimate accurately. These expenses could exceed the costs historically borne by us and offset, in whole or in part, the expected synergies. Our integration efforts may not be executed successfully, or such integration may be more difficult, time consuming or costly than expected. Operating costs, customer loss and business disruption, including maintaining relationships with employees, customers, suppliers or vendors, may be greater than expected. The combination of independent businesses is complex, costly and time-consuming, and may divert significant management attention and resources. This process may disrupt our business or otherwise impact our ability to compete. The overall combination of our and the businesses of those companies that we acquire or partner with may also result in material unanticipated problems, expenses, liabilities, competitive responses and impacts and loss of customers and other business relationships. The difficulties of combining the operations of the companies include, among others: • diversion of management attention to integration matters; • difficulties in integrating operations and systems, including intellectual property and communications systems, administrative and information technology infrastructure, and supplier and vendor arrangements, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic; • challenges in conforming standards, controls, procedures and accounting and other policies; • alignment of key performance measurements may result in a greater need to communicate and manage clear expectations while we work to integrate and align policies and practices; • difficulties in integrating employees; I-33 • the transition of management to the combined company management team, and the need to address possible differences in corporate cultures, management philosophies, and compensation structures; • challenges in retaining existing customers and obtaining new customers; • compliance with government regulations • known or potential unknown liabilities of the acquired businesses that are larger than expected; and • other potential adverse consequences and unforeseen increased expenses or liabilities associated with the applicable transaction. Additionally, uncertainties over the integration process could cause customers, suppliers, distributors, dealers, retailers and others to seek to change or cancel our existing business relationships or to refuse to renew existing relationships. Suppliers, distributors and content and application providers may also delay or cease developing new products for us that are necessary for the operations of our business due to uncertainties or lack of available resources. Competitors may also target our existing customers by highlighting potential uncertainties and integration difficulties. Some of these factors are outside our control, and any one of them could result in lower revenues, higher costs and diversion of management time and energy, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and operating results. In addition, even if the integration is successful, the full benefits of our acquisitions and partnerships including, among others, the synergies, cost savings or sales or growth opportunities may not be realized. As a result, it cannot be assured that we will realize the full benefits expected from such transactions within the anticipated time frames or at all. Certain operations are conducted by joint ventures that we cannot operate solely for our benefit . Certain of our operations, particularly the VMO2 JV in the U.K. and the VodafoneZiggo JV in the Netherlands, are conducted through joint ventures or partnerships. We share ownership and management of these joint venture with one or more parties who may or may not have the same goals, strategies, priorities or resources as we do. In general, joint ventures are intended to be operated for the benefit of all co-owners, rather than for our exclusive benefit. Operating a business as a joint venture often requires additional organizational formalities as well as time-consuming procedures for sharing information, accounting and making decisions. In certain cases, our joint venture partners must agree in order for the applicable joint venture to take certain actions. Our inability to take unilateral action that we believe is in our best interests may have an adverse effect on the financial performance of the joint venture and the return on our investment. In joint ventures, we believe our relationship with our co-owners is an important factor to the success of the joint venture, and if a co-owner changes, our relationship may be adversely affected. In addition, the benefits from a successful joint venture are shared among the co-owners, so that we do not receive all the benefits from our successful joint ventures. Our interests in the VodafoneZiggo JV and the VMO2 JV are held pursuant to Shareholders Agreements that contain provisions relating to governance as well as transfer and exit rights, which, depending on the circumstances, may not be in the best interest of our company. Our noncontrolling interests in the VodafoneZiggo JV and the VMO2 JV are held pursuant to shareholders’ agreements (each a Shareholders Agreements ), which provides the terms of the governance of the VodafoneZiggo JV and the VMO2 JV, as applicable, including among others, decision-making process, information access, dividend policy and non-compete provisions. These provisions may prevent the VodafoneZiggo JV or the VMO2 JV, as applicable from making decisions or taking actions that would protect or advance the interests of our company, and could even result in the VodafoneZiggo JV or the VMO2 JV, as applicable, making decisions or taking actions that adversely impact our company. Further, our ability to access the cash of the VodafoneZiggo JV or the VMO2 JV, as applicable, pursuant to the dividend policy contained in the Shareholders Agreements may be restricted in certain circumstances. The Shareholders Agreements also provide for restrictions on the transfer of interests in the VodafoneZiggo JV and the VMO2 JV, as applicable, which could adversely affect our ability to sell our interest in the VodafoneZiggo JV or the VMO2 JV, as applicable, and/or the prices at which our interest may be sold, as well as certain exit arrangements, which could force us to sell our interest. For additional information on the VodafoneZiggo JV or the VMO2 JV and their respective Shareholders Agreement, see note 7 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We may have exposure to additional tax liabilities. We are subject to income taxes as well as non-income based taxes, such as value-added tax ( VAT ) in the U.K., the U.S. and many other jurisdictions around the world. In addition, most tax jurisdictions that we operate in have complex and subjective rules regarding the valuation of intercompany services, cross-border payments between affiliated companies and the related effects on income tax, VAT and transfer tax. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities. In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We are regularly under audit by tax authorities in many of the jurisdictions in which we operate. These audits may lead to disputes with tax I-34 authorities which may result in litigation. Although we believe that our tax estimates are reasonable, any material differences as a result of final determinations of tax audits or tax disputes could have an adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations in the period or periods for which such determination is made. We are subject to changing tax laws, treaties and regulations in and between countries in which we operate, including treaties between and among the U.K., the U.S. and many other jurisdictions in which we have a presence. Also, various income tax proposals in the jurisdictions in which we operate could result in changes to the existing laws on which our deferred taxes are calculated. A change in these tax laws, treaties or regulations, or in the interpretation thereof, could result in a materially higher income or non-income tax expense, and any such material changes could cause a material change in our effective tax rate. In this regard, there have been significant changes or proposed changes to the tax laws in numerous jurisdictions in which we operate, the impacts of which have been reflected accordingly in our financial statements. Further changes in the tax laws of the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate could arise as a result of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting ( BEPS ) project undertaken by the Organizational Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ). The OECD represents a coalition of member countries that encompass most of the jurisdictions in which we operate. In October 2021, the OECD announced the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework of Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, which agreed to a two-pillar solution to reform international taxation. Pillar One provides a mechanism to align taxing rights more closely with local market engagement; generally, where people or consumers are located. Pillar Two establishes a global minimum tax regime through a series of interlocking rules that would apply when a country’s income tax rate is below 15%. In most jurisdictions in which we operate, it is anticipated that the Pillar Two rules will be enacted by the end of 2023 with the income inclusion rule applying to accounting periods beginning on or after December 31, 2023 and the undertaxed profits rule taking effect for years beginning from December 31, 2024. It is possible that jurisdictions in which we do business could react to the BEPS initiatives or their own concerns by enacting tax legislation that could adversely affect our financial position through increasing our tax liabilities. Further, the BEPS project as well as legislative changes in many countries, has resulted in various initiatives that require the sharing of company financial and operation information with taxing authorities on a local or global basis. This may lead to greater audit scrutiny of profits earned in other countries as well as disagreements between jurisdictions associated with the proper allocation of profits between jurisdictions. The “Virgin” brand is used by certain of our consolidated subsidiaries and nonconsolidated joint ventures under licenses from Virgin Enterprises Limited and is not under the control of such subsidiaries. The activities of the group of companies utilizing the “Virgin” brand and other licensees could have a material adverse effect on the goodwill of customers towards our business as a licensee and the licenses from Virgin Enterprises Limited can be terminated in certain circumstances. The “Virgin” brand is integral to the corporate identity of our consolidated subsidiaries and nonconsolidated joint venture that utilize such brand. Such subsidiaries are reliant on the general goodwill of consumers towards the Virgin brand. Consequently, adverse publicity in relation to the group of companies utilizing the “Virgin” brand or its principals, particularly Sir Richard Branson, who is closely associated with the brand, or in relation to another licensee of the “Virgin” name and logo (particularly in the U.K., where the VMO2 JV does business) could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and our business and results of operations. In addition, the licenses from Virgin Enterprises Limited can be terminated in certain circumstances. For example, Virgin Enterprises Limited can terminate the licenses, after providing our applicable subsidiaries with an opportunity to cure, (i) if they or any of their affiliates commit persistent and material breaches or flagrant and material breaches of the licenses, (ii) if Virgin Enterprises Limited has reasonable grounds to believe that the use (or lack of use) of the licensed trademarks by such subsidiaries has been or is likely to result in a long-term and material diminution in the value of the “Virgin” brand, or (iii) if a third-party who is not (or one of whose directors is not) a “fit and proper person”, such as a legally disqualified director or a bankrupt entity, acquires “control” of Liberty Global. Such a termination could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Factors Relating to Certain Financial Matters Our substantial leverage could limit our ability to obtain additional financing and have other adverse effects. We seek to maintain our debt at levels that provide for attractive equity returns without assuming undue risk. In this regard, we generally seek to cause our operating subsidiaries to maintain their debt at levels that result in a consolidated debt balance that is between four and five times our consolidated Adjusted EBITDA (using consistent currency exchange rates for debt and EBITDA). As a result, we are highly leveraged. At December 31, 2022, the outstanding principal amount of our consolidated debt, together with our finance lease obligations aggregated $13.8 billion, including $0.8 billion that is classified as current on our consolidated balance sheet and $12.7 billion that is not due until 2028 or thereafter. We believe that we have sufficient resources to repay or refinance the current portion of our debt and finance lease obligations and to fund our foreseeable liquidity requirements during the next 12 months. However, as our maturing debt grows in later years, we anticipate that we will seek to refinance or otherwise extend our debt maturities. In this regard, we redeemed certain debt instruments using proceeds from the sale of UPC Polska, and targeted such redemptions at instruments with shorter maturities. As a result of unfavorable I-35 geopolitical conditions in 2022, credit markets were not offering attractive terms for issuance and thus we did not complete any refinancing transactions on our consolidated businesses. No assurance can be given that we will be able to complete these refinancing transactions or otherwise extend our debt maturities. In this regard, it is not possible to predict how political and economic conditions, sovereign debt concerns or any adverse regulatory developments could impact the credit and equity markets we access and, accordingly, our future liquidity and financial position. Our ability to service or refinance our debt and to maintain compliance with the leverage covenants in the credit agreements and indentures of our borrowing groups is dependent primarily on our ability to maintain or increase the Adjusted EBITDA of our operating subsidiaries and to achieve adequate returns on our property and equipment additions and acquisitions. In addition, our ability to obtain additional debt financing is limited by the incurrence-based leverage covenants contained in the various debt instruments of our borrowing groups. For example, if the Adjusted EBITDA of one of our borrowing groups were to decline, our ability to obtain additional debt could be limited. Accordingly, if our cash provided by operations declines or we encounter other material liquidity requirements, we may be required to seek additional debt or equity financing in order to meet our debt obligations and other liquidity requirements as they come due. In addition, our current debt levels may limit our ability to incur additional debt financing to fund working capital needs, acquisitions, property and equipment additions, or other general corporate requirements. We can give no assurance that any additional debt or equity financing will be available on terms that are as favorable as the terms of our existing debt or at all. Further, our board of directors has approved a share repurchase program for Liberty Global in 2022. Any cash used by our company in connection with any future repurchases of our ordinary shares would not be available for other purposes, including the repayment of debt. For additional information concerning our share repurchase programs, see note 14 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to various debt instruments that contain restrictions on how we finance our operations and operate our businesses, which could impede our ability to engage in beneficial transactions. Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to significant financial and operating restrictions contained in outstanding credit agreements, indentures and similar instruments of indebtedness. These restrictions will affect, and in some cases significantly limit or prohibit, among other things, the ability of those subsidiaries to: • incur or guarantee additional indebtedness; • pay dividends or make other upstream distributions; • make investments; • transfer, sell or dispose of certain assets, including subsidiary stock; • merge or consolidate with other entities; • engage in transactions with us or other affiliates; or • create liens on their assets. As a result of restrictions contained in these debt instruments, the companies party thereto, and their subsidiaries, could be unable to obtain additional capital in the future to: • fund property and equipment additions or acquisitions that could improve their value; • meet their loan and capital commitments to their business affiliates; • invest in companies in which they would otherwise invest; • fund any operating losses or future development of their business affiliates; • obtain lower borrowing costs that are available from secured lenders or engage in advantageous transactions that monetize their assets; or • conduct other necessary or prudent corporate activities. In addition, most of the credit agreements to which these subsidiaries are parties include financial covenants that require them, in certain circumstances, to maintain certain leverage ratios if the drawings under the applicable revolving credit facility exceed a certain percentage of the commitments under such revolving credit facility. Their ability to meet these financial covenants may be affected by adverse economic, competitive, or regulatory developments and other events beyond their control, and we cannot assure you that these financial covenants will be met. In the event of a default under such subsidiaries’ I-36 credit agreements or indentures, the lenders or bondholders, as applicable, may accelerate the maturity of the indebtedness under those agreements or indentures, which could result in a default under other outstanding credit facilities or indentures. We cannot assure you that any of these subsidiaries will have sufficient assets to repay indebtedness outstanding under their credit agreements and indentures. Any refinancing of this indebtedness is likely to contain similar restrictive covenants. We are exposed to interest rate risks. Shifts in such rates may adversely affect the debt service obligation of our subsidiaries. We are exposed to the risk of fluctuations in interest rates, primarily through the credit facilities of certain of our subsidiaries, which are indexed to EURIBOR, LIBOR or other base rates. Although we enter into various derivative transactions to manage exposure to movements in interest rates, there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to do so at a reasonable cost or at all. If we are unable to effectively manage our interest rate exposure through derivative transactions, any increase in market interest rates would increase our interest rate exposure and debt service obligations, which would exacerbate the risks associated with our leveraged capital structure. In July 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (the authority that regulates LIBOR) announced that it intends to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021. Additionally, the European Money Markets Institute (the authority that administers EURIBOR) announced that measures would need to be undertaken by the end of 2021 to reform EURIBOR to ensure compliance with the E.U. Benchmarks Regulation. In November 2020, ICE Benchmark Administration (the entity that administers LIBOR) announced its intention to continue publishing USD LIBOR rates until June 30, 2023, with the exception of the one-week and two-month rates which, along with all CHF and GBP LIBOR rates, it ceased to publish after December 31, 2021. Furthermore, in November 2022, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority proposed that certain tenors of USD LIBOR would continue to be published on a synthetic basis until the end of September 2024. While this extension allows additional runway on existing contracts using USD LIBOR rates, companies are still encouraged to transition away from using USD LIBOR as soon as practicable and should not enter into new contracts that use USD LIBOR after 2021. The methodology for EURIBOR has been reformed and EURIBOR has been granted regulatory approval to continue to be used. Currently, there is no consensus amongst loan borrowers and investors for what rate(s) should replace USD LIBOR. In October 2020, the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (the ISDA ) launched the Fallback Supplement, which, as of January 25, 2021, amended the standard definitions for interest rate derivatives to incorporate fallbacks for derivatives linked to certain key interbank offered rates ( IBORs ). The ISDA also launched the Fallback Protocol, a protocol that enables market participants to incorporate these revisions into their legacy non-cleared derivatives with other counterparties that choose to adhere to the protocol. The fallbacks for a particular currency apply following a permanent cessation of the IBOR in that currency, or in the case of a LIBOR setting, that LIBOR setting becoming permanently unrepresentative, and are adjusted versions of the risk-free rates identified in each currency. Our credit agreements contain provisions that contemplate alternative calculations of the base rate applicable to our LIBOR-indexed and EURIBOR-indexed debt to the extent LIBOR or EURIBOR (as applicable) are not available, which alternative calculations we do not anticipate will be materially different from what would have been calculated under LIBOR or EURIBOR (as applicable). Additionally, no mandatory prepayment or redemption provisions would be triggered under our credit agreements in the event that either the LIBOR rate or the EURIBOR rate is not available. It is possible, however, that any new reference rate that applies to our LIBOR-indexed or EURIBOR-indexed debt could be different from any new reference rate that applies to our LIBOR-indexed or EURIBOR-indexed derivative instruments. For discontinued currencies and tenors, we expect to continue taking steps to mitigate the changes in these benchmark rates, including by amending existing credit agreements and adhering to the Fallback Protocol, where appropriate. We plan to continue to manage this difference and any resulting increased variable-rate exposure through modifications to our debt and/or derivative instruments, however, future market conditions may not allow immediate implementation of desired modifications and our subsidiaries may incur significant associated costs. We are subject to increasing operating costs and inflation risks, which may adversely affect our results of operations. While our operations attempt to increase our subscription rates to offset increases in programming, inputs and operating costs, there is no assurance that they will be able to do so. In certain countries in which we operate, our ability to increase subscription rates is subject to regulatory controls. Also, our ability to increase subscription rates may be constrained by competitive pressures. Therefore, programming, inputs and operating costs may rise faster than associated revenue, resulting in a material negative impact on our cash flows and net earnings (loss). We are also impacted by inflationary increases in salaries, wages, benefits, regulatory, energy and other administrative costs in certain of our markets as a result of, among other things, Russia’s war in Ukraine. In this regard, inflation rates in the countries in which we operate have recently increased, and in many countries, such increases have been significant. Continuing uncertainties and challenging conditions in the global economy and in the countries in which we operate may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. The current macroeconomic environment is highly volatile, with continued instability in global markets, including ongoing trade negotiations, uncertainty over inflation, energy price fluctuations, continued escalation in geopolitical tensions and global recession fears having all contributed to a I-37 challenging global economic environment. Future developments are dependent upon a number of political and economic factors, including the additional borrowing incurred by countries during the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential for lower growth expectations, higher global interest rates and continued inflationary pressures. As a result, we cannot predict how long challenging conditions will exist or the extent to which the markets in which we operate may deteriorate. Additional risks arising from the ongoing economic challenges in Europe are described below under the Risk Factor titled: We are exposed to sovereign debt and currency instability risks that could have an adverse impact on our liquidity, financial condition and cash flows. Unfavorable economic conditions, including the current cost-of-living crises in many of the countries in which we operate, may impact a significant number of our subscribers and/or the prices we are able to charge for our products and services, and, as a result, it may be (i) more difficult for us to attract new subscribers and maintain current subscribers, (ii) more likely that subscribers will downgrade or disconnect their services and (iii) more difficult for us to maintain ARPUs at existing levels. Countries may also seek new or increased revenue sources due to fiscal deficits. Such actions may further adversely affect our company and our joint ventures. Accordingly, our ability to increase, or, in certain cases, maintain, the revenue, ARPUs, RGUs, mobile subscribers, Adjusted EBITDA, margins and liquidity of our operating segments could be adversely affected if the macroeconomic environment remains uncertain or declines further. We are currently unable to predict the extent of any of these potential adverse effects. We are exposed to sovereign debt and currency instability risks that could have an adverse impact on our liquidity, financial condition and cash flows. Our operations are subject to macroeconomic and political risks that are outside of our control. For example, high levels of sovereign debt in the U.S. and several countries in which we or our affiliates operate, combined with structural changes arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, could potentially lead to additional fiscal reforms (including austerity measures), tax increases, sovereign debt restructurings, high corporate default rates, currency instability, increased counterparty credit risk, high levels of volatility and disruptions in the credit and equity markets, as well as other outcomes that might adversely impact our company. With regard to currency instability issues, concerns exist in the Eurozone with respect to individual macro-fundamentals on a country-by-country basis, as well as with respect to the overall stability of the European monetary union and the suitability of a single currency to appropriately deal with specific fiscal management and sovereign debt issues in individual Eurozone countries. The realization of these concerns could lead to the exit of one or more countries from the European monetary union and the re-introduction of individual currencies in these countries, or, in more extreme circumstances, the possible dissolution of the European monetary union entirely, which could result in the redenomination of a portion or, in the extreme case, all of our Euro-denominated assets, liabilities and cash flows to the new currency of the country in which they originated. This could result in a mismatch in the currencies of our assets, liabilities and cash flows. Any such mismatch, together with the capital market disruption that would likely accompany any such redenomination event, could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity and financial condition. Furthermore, any redenomination event would likely be accompanied by significant economic dislocation, particularly within the eurozone countries, which in turn could have an adverse impact on demand for our products and services, and accordingly, on our revenue and cash flows. Moreover, any changes from Euro to non-Euro currencies within the countries in which we operate would require us to modify our billing and other financial systems. No assurance can be given that any required modifications could be made within a time frame that would allow us to timely bill our customers or prepare and file required financial reports. In light of the significant exposure that we have to the Euro through our Euro-denominated borrowings, derivative instruments, cash balances and cash flows, a redenomination event could have a material adverse impact on our company. We may not freely access the cash of our operating companies. Our operations are conducted through our subsidiaries. Our current sources of corporate liquidity include (i) our cash and cash equivalents, (ii) investments held within separately managed accounts, and (iii) interest and dividend income received on our cash and cash equivalents and investments. From time to time, we also receive (a) proceeds in the form of distributions or loan repayments from our subsidiaries or affiliates, (b) proceeds upon the disposition of investments and other assets and (c) proceeds in connection with the incurrence of debt or the issuance of equity securities. The ability of our operating subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments or advances to us depends on their individual operating results and any statutory, regulatory or contractual restrictions to which they may be or may become subject and in some cases our receipt of such payments or advances may be limited due to tax considerations or the presence of noncontrolling interests. Most of our operating subsidiaries are subject to credit agreements or indentures that restrict sales of assets and prohibit or limit the payment of dividends or the making of distributions, loans or advances to shareholders and partners, including us. In addition, because these subsidiaries are separate and distinct legal entities they have no obligation to provide us funds for payment obligations, whether by dividends, distributions, loans or other payments. We are exposed to the risk of default by the counterparties to our cash and short-term investments, derivative and other financial instruments, and undrawn debt facilities. Although we seek to manage the credit risks associated with our cash and short-term investments, derivative and other financial instruments, and undrawn debt facilities, we are exposed to the risk that I-38 our counterparties will default on their obligations to us. While we regularly review our credit exposures and currently have no specific concerns about the creditworthiness of any counterparty for which we have material credit risk exposures, we cannot rule out the possibility that one or more of our counterparties could fail or otherwise be unable to meet its obligations to us. Any such instance of default or failure could have an adverse effect on our cash flows, results of operations, financial condition and/or liquidity. In this regard, (i) we may incur losses to the extent that we are unable to recover debts owed to us, including cash deposited and the value of financial losses, (ii) we may incur significant costs to recover amounts owed to us, and such recovery may take a long period of time or may not be possible at all, (iii) our derivative liabilities may be accelerated by the default of our counterparty, (iv) we may be exposed to financial risks as a result of the termination of affected derivative contracts, and it may be costly or impossible to replace such contracts or otherwise mitigate such risks, (v) amounts available under committed credit facilities may be reduced and (vi) disruption to the credit markets could adversely impact our ability to access debt financing on favorable terms, or at all. At December 31, 2022, our exposure to counterparty credit risk included (i) cash and cash equivalent and restricted cash balances of $1.7 billion, (ii) aggregate undrawn debt facilities of $1.5 billion and (iii) derivative assets with an aggregate fair value of $0.9 billion. For additional information regarding our derivative contracts and debt, see notes 8 and 11, respectively, to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We may not report net earnings. We reported earnings (loss) from continuing operations of $1,105.3 million, $13,527.5 million and ($1,525.1 million) during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In light of our historical financial performance, we cannot assure you that we will report net earnings in the near future. Other Factors We have not historically paid any cash dividends, and we may not pay dividends consistently or at all on any class of our ordinary shares. We do not presently intend to pay cash dividends on any class of our ordinary shares for the foreseeable future. However, we have the right to pay dividends, effect securities distributions or make bonus issues on Liberty Global shares. In addition, any dividends or distributions on, or repurchases of Liberty Global shares will reduce our “Distributable Reserves” (defined as our accumulated, realized profits less accumulated, realized losses, as measured for U.K. statutory purposes) legally available to be paid as dividends by our company under English law on any of our ordinary shares. The loss of certain key personnel could harm our business. We have experienced employees at both the corporate and operational levels who possess substantial knowledge of our business and operations. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in retaining their services or that we would be successful in hiring and training suitable replacements without undue costs or delays. As a result, the loss of any of these key employees could cause significant disruptions in our business operations, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations. John C. Malone has significant voting power with respect to corporate matters considered by our shareholders. John C. Malone beneficially owns outstanding ordinary shares of Liberty Global representing 30.65% of our aggregate voting power as of February 13, 2023. By virtue of Mr. Malone’s voting power in our company, as well as his position as Chairman of our board of directors, Mr. Malone may have significant influence over the outcome of any corporate transaction or other matters submitted to our shareholders for approval. For example, under English law and our articles of association, certain matters (including amendments to the articles of association) require the approval of 75% of the shareholders who vote (in person or by proxy) on the relevant resolution, and other certain corporate transactions or matters may require the approval of at least 75% of the outstanding shares of each class of our ordinary shares. Because Mr. Malone beneficially owns 30.65% of our aggregate voting power and 67.63% of the outstanding Class B ordinary shares of Liberty Global, he has the ability to prevent the requisite approval threshold from being met even though the other shareholders may determine that such action or transaction is beneficial for the company. Mr. Malone’s rights to vote or dispose of his equity interests in our company are not subject to any restrictions in favor of us other than as may be required by applicable law and except for customary transfer restrictions pursuant to equity award agreements. It may be difficult for a third-party to acquire us, even if doing so may be beneficial to our shareholders. Certain provisions of our articles of association and of English law may discourage, delay, or prevent a change in control of our company that a shareholder may consider favorable. These provisions include the following: • authorizing a capital structure with multiple classes of ordinary shares; a Class B share class that entitles the holders to 10 votes per share; a Class A share class that entitles the holders to one vote per share; and a Class C share class that, except as otherwise required by applicable law, entitles the holders to no voting rights; I-39 • authorizing the issuance of “blank check” shares (both ordinary and preference), which could be issued by our board of directors to increase the number of outstanding shares and thwart a takeover attempt; • classifying our board of directors with staggered three-year terms, which may lengthen the time required to gain control of our board of directors, although under English law, shareholders of our company can remove a director without cause by ordinary resolution; • prohibiting shareholder action by written resolution, thereby requiring all shareholder actions to be taken at a meeting of the shareholders; • requiring the approval of 75% in value of the shareholders (or class of shareholders) and/or English court approval for certain statutory mergers or schemes of arrangements; and • establishing advance notice requirements for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by shareholders at shareholder meetings. Change in control provisions in our incentive plans and related award agreements or in executive employment agreements may also discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, even if such change of control would be in the best interests of our shareholders. The enforcement of civil liabilities against us may be more difficult. Because we are a public limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales, investors could experience more difficulty enforcing judgments obtained against us in U.S. courts than would currently be the case for U.S. judgments obtained against a U.S. company. It may also be more difficult (or impossible) to bring some types of claims against us in courts sitting in England than it would be to bring similar claims against a U.S. company in a U.S. court. In particular, English law significantly limits the circumstances under which shareholders of English companies may bring derivative actions. Under English law generally, only the company can be the proper plaintiff in proceedings in respect of wrongful acts committed against us. Our articles of association provide for the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts for shareholder lawsuits against us or our directors. We are exposed to the risks arising from widespread epidemic diseases in the countries in which we operate, such as the outbreak of COVID-19, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The COVID-19 pandemic and the emergency measures imposed by governments worldwide, including travel limitations, limits on social activity and the shutdown of non-essential businesses have adversely impacted the global economy, disrupted global supply chains and created significant volatility and disruption of financial markets. While it is not currently possible to estimate the duration and severity of the adverse economic impact resulting from the preventative measures taken to contain or mitigate the spread of COVID-19, a continued period of global economic disruption may continue to have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations in future periods. We may also be adversely impacted by any government mandated regulations on our business that could be implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, countries may seek new or increased revenue sources due to fiscal deficits that resulted from measures taken to mitigate the adverse economic impacts of COVID-19, such as, among other things, imposing new taxes on the products and services we provide. We are currently unable to predict the extent of any of these potential adverse effects. Geopolitical conflicts, energy shortages and other adverse incidents beyond our control could adversely affect our revenue and results of operations. Political unrest and global conflicts like the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine have disrupted, and in the future may further continue to disrupt, global supply chains and heighten volatility and disruption of global financial markets. While we do not have direct operations within Russia or Ukraine, the conflict involving these nations has heightened the disruption to our supply chain, triggered inflation in our labor and energy costs and may increase our risk of cyberattacks, which could result in significant losses and damage and could damage our reputation with customers and suppliers if their confidential information is compromised. The impact of these global events on our longer-term operational and financial performance will depend on future developments, our and governmental responses to inflation, and the duration and severity of the conflict in Ukraine. Any terrorist attacks or incidents prompted by political unrest, particularly in markets that we serve, and the national and global military, diplomatic and financial response to such attacks or other threats, also may adversely affect our revenue and results of operations. Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. I-40 Item 2. PROPERTIES We lease our corporate offices in London, U.K., in Denver, Colorado, U.S. and in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. All of our other real or personal property is owned or leased by our subsidiaries and affiliates. Our subsidiaries and affiliates own or lease the fixed assets necessary for the operation of their respective businesses, including office space, transponder space, head-end facilities, rights of way, cable television and telecommunications distribution equipment, telecommunications switches, base stations, cell towers, CPE and other property necessary for their operations. The physical components of their broadband networks require maintenance and periodic upgrades to support the new services and products they introduce. Subject to these maintenance and upgrade activities, our management believes that our current facilities are suitable and adequate for our business operations for the foreseeable future. Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS From time to time, our subsidiaries and affiliates have become involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of their operations in the normal course of business. For additional information, see note 18 to our consolidated financial statements in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. I-41 PART II Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES General The capitalized terms used in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are defined in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. In the following text, the terms “we,” “our,” “our company” and “us” may refer, as the context requires, to Liberty Global or collectively to Liberty Global and its subsidiaries. Market Information Our share capital comprises Liberty Global Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares, which trade on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbols “LBTYA,” “LBTYB,” and “LBTYK,” respectively. Share price information for securities traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market can be found on the Nasdaq’s website at www.nasdaq.com. The following table sets forth the quarterly range of high and low sales prices of Liberty Global Class B ordinary shares for 2022 and 2021. Although Liberty Global Class B ordinary shares are traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, an established public trading market does not exist for the shares, as they are not actively traded. Liberty Global Class B ordinary shares High Low 2022 First quarter $ 30.30 $ 23.55 Second quarter $ 26.20 $ 21.39 Third quarter $ 23.59 $ 16.62 Fourth quarter $ 20.99 $ 16.30 2021 First quarter $ 36.11 $ 22.58 Second quarter $ 38.89 $ 25.00 Third quarter $ 31.00 $ 26.15 Fourth quarter $ 30.85 $ 26.76 Holders As of January 31, 2023, there were 1,225, five and 1,390 record holders of Liberty Global Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares, respectively. These amounts do not include the number of shareholders whose shares are nominally held by banks, brokerage houses or other institutions, but include each such institution as one record holder. Dividends We have not paid any cash dividends on any of our ordinary shares, and we have no present intention of doing so. Any future payment of cash dividends will be determined by our board of directors in light of our earnings, financial condition and other relevant considerations, including applicable laws in England and Wales. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities None. II-1 Issuer Purchase of Equity Securities The following table sets forth information regarding our company’s purchase of its own equity securities during the three months ended December 31, 2022: Period Total number of shares purchased Average price paid per share (a) Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly-announced plans or programs Value of shares that may yet be repurchased under the plans or programs October 1, 2022 through October 31, 2022: Class A — — — (b) Class C 6,634,155 17.38 6,634,155 (b) November 1, 2022 through November 30, 2022: Class A — — — (b) Class C — — — (b) December 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022: Class A — — — (b) Class C — — — (b) Total — October 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022: Class A — — — (b) Class C 6,634,155 17.38 6,634,155 (b) _______________ (a) Average price paid per share includes direct acquisition costs. (b) Under our current repurchase program that was approved in July 2021, we are authorized during 2023 to repurchase 10% of our total outstanding shares as of the beginning of the year, or approximately 45.9 million shares. Based on the respective closing share prices as of December 30, 2022, this would equate to total share repurchases of approximately $0.9 billion. However, the actual U.S. dollar amount of our share repurchases during 2023 will be determined by the actual transaction date share prices during the year and could differ significantly from this amount. II-2 Stock Performance Graph The following graph compares the changes in the cumulative total shareholder return on our Liberty Global Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2022, to the change in the cumulative total returns of the Nasdaq US Benchmark Telecom TR Index and the Nasdaq US Benchmark TR Index (assuming reinvestment of dividends, where applicable). The graph assumes that $100 was invested on January 1, 2018. December 31, 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Liberty Global - Class A $ 59.54 $ 63.45 $ 67.58 $ 77.40 $ 52.82 Liberty Global - Class B $ 59.07 $ 63.97 $ 68.97 $ 79.21 $ 53.45 Liberty Global - Class C $ 60.99 $ 64.42 $ 69.89 $ 83.01 $ 57.42 Nasdaq US Benchmark Telecom TR Index $ 93.18 $ 117.75 $ 129.33 $ 136.23 $ 105.87 Nasdaq US Benchmark TR Index $ 94.56 $ 124.03 $ 150.41 $ 189.36 $ 152.00 II-3 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion and analysis, which should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, is intended to assist in providing an understanding of our results of operations and financial condition and is organized as follows: • Overview. This section provides a general description of our business and recent events. • Results of Operations. This section provides an analysis of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. • Liquidity and Capital Resources. This section provides an analysis of our corporate and subsidiary liquidity and consolidated statements of cash flows. • Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates. This section discusses those material accounting policies that involve uncertainties and require significant judgment in their application. • Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk. This section provides discussion and analysis of the foreign currency, interest rate and other market risk that our company faces. Included below is an analysis of our results of operations and cash flows for 2022, as compared to 2021. An analysis of our results of operations and cash flows for 2021, as compared to 2020, can be found under Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended, for the year ended December 31, 2021 (our 2021 10-K ), which is available through the Securities and Exchange Commission’s website at www.sec.gov. Unless otherwise indicated, convenience translations into U.S. dollars are calculated, and operational data is presented, as of December 31, 2022. Overview General We are an international provider of broadband internet, video, fixed-line telephony and mobile communications services to residential customers and businesses in Europe. Our operations comprise businesses that provide residential and B2B communications services in (i) Switzerland and Slovakia through UPC Holding, (ii) Belgium through Telenet and (iii) Ireland through VM Ireland. In addition, we own 50% noncontrolling interests in (a) the VMO2 JV, which provides residential and B2B communications services in the U.K., and (b) the VodafoneZiggo JV, which provides residential and B2B communications services in the Netherlands. Through March 31, 2022, we provided residential and B2B communications services in Poland through UPC Holding. On April 1, 2022, we completed the sale of our operations in Poland. Accordingly, our operations in Poland are reflected as discontinued operations for all applicable periods. In the following discussion and analysis, the operating statistics, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition that we present and discuss are those of our continuing operations, unless otherwise indicated. For additional information regarding the sale of UPC Poland, including with respect to our use of proceeds, see note 6 to our consolidated financial statements. Through May 31, 2021, our consolidated operations also provided residential and B2B communications services in the U.K. through Virgin Media. On June 1, 2021, we contributed the U.K. JV Entities to the VMO2 JV and began accounting for our 50% interest in the VMO2 JV as an equity method investment. For additional information, see note 6 to our consolidated financial statements. Operations Our company delivers market-leading products through next-generation networks that connect our customers to broadband internet, video, fixed-line telephony and mobile services. At December 31, 2022, our continuing operations owned and operated networks that passed 7,553,400 homes and served 4,083,200 fixed-line customers and 5,850,300 mobile subscribers. Broadband internet services. We offer multiple tiers of broadband internet service up to Gigabit speeds depending on location. We continue to invest in new technologies that allow us to increase the internet speeds we offer to our customers. II-4 Video services. We provide video services, including various enhanced products that enable our customers to control when they watch their programming. These products range from digital video recorders to multimedia home gateway systems capable of distributing video, voice and data content throughout the home and to multiple devices. Fixed-line telephony services. We offer fixed-line telephony services via either voice-over-internet-protocol or “ VoIP ” technology or circuit-switched telephony, depending on location. Mobile services. We offer voice and data mobile services, either over our own networks or as an MVNO over third-party networks, depending on location. In addition, we generate revenue from the sale of mobile handsets. B2B services. Our B2B services include voice, broadband internet, data, video, wireless and cloud services. Other. We also have significant investments in ITV, Televisa Univision, Lacework, Plume, the AtlasEdge JV, All3Media, EdgeConneX, Lionsgate, the Formula E racing series and several regional sports networks. The investments identified by company name above are intended to be merely illustrative, do not represent a complete list and are not necessarily the largest of our long-term investments. From time to time, we may make investments in other companies that we choose not to identify by company name for commercial, legal, strategic or other reasons. For additional information regarding the details of our products and services, see Item 1. Business included in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Strategy and Management Focus From a strategic perspective, we are seeking to build national fixed-mobile converged communications businesses that have strong prospects for future growth. As discussed further under Liquidity and Capital Resources — Capitalization below, we also seek to maintain our debt at levels that provide for attractive equity returns without assuming undue risk. We strive to achieve organic revenue and customer growth in our operations by developing and marketing bundled entertainment and information and communications services, and extending and upgrading the quality of our networks where appropriate. As we use the term, organic growth excludes foreign currency translation effects ( FX ) and the estimated impact of acquisitions and dispositions. While we seek to increase our customer base, we also seek to maximize the average revenue we receive from each household by increasing the penetration of our broadband internet, video, fixed-line telephony and mobile services with existing customers through product bundling and upselling. Impact of COVID-19 The global COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact the economies of the countries in which we operate. However, during 2022, the impact on our company continued to be relatively minimal as demand for our products and services remained strong. It is not currently possible to estimate the duration and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic or the adverse economic impact resulting from the preventative measures taken to contain or mitigate its outbreak, therefore no assurance can be given that an extended period of global economic disruption would not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations in future periods. Competition and Other External Factors We are experiencing competition in all of the markets in which we or our affiliates operate. This competition, together with macroeconomic and regulatory factors, has adversely impacted our revenue, number of customers and/or average monthly subscription revenue per fixed-line customer or mobile subscriber, as applicable ( ARPU ). For additional information regarding the competition we face, see Item 1. Business — Competition and — Regulatory Matters included in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For additional information regarding the revenue impact of changes in the fixed-line customers and ARPU of our consolidated reportable segments, see Discussion and Analysis of our Reportable Segments below . For information regarding certain other regulatory developments that could adversely impact our results of operations in future periods, see Legal and Regulatory Proceedings and Other Contingencies in note 18 to our consolidated financial statements. II-5 Results of Operations We have completed a number of transactions that impact the comparability of our 2022 and 2021 results of operations, the most notable of which are (i) the U.K. JV Transaction on June 1, 2021, (ii) the sale of UPC Poland on April 1, 2022 and (iii) the Telenet Tower Sale on June 1, 2022. For further information regarding our acquisitions and dispositions, see notes 5 and 6, respectively, to our consolidated financial statements. In the following discussion, we quantify the estimated impact of material acquisitions (the Acquisition Impact ) and dispositions on our operating results. The Acquisition Impact represents our estimate of the difference between the operating results of the periods under comparison that is attributable to an acquisition. In general, we base our estimate of the Acquisition Impact on an acquired entity’s operating results during the first three to twelve months following the acquisition date, as adjusted to remove integration costs and any other material unusual or nonoperational items, such that changes from those operating results in subsequent periods are considered to be organic changes. Accordingly, in the following discussion, (i) organic variances attributed to an acquired entity during the first 12 months following the acquisition date represent differences between the Acquisition Impact and the actual results and (ii) the calculation of our organic change percentages includes the organic activity of an acquired entity relative to the Acquisition Impact of such entity. With respect to material dispositions, the organic changes that are discussed below reflect adjustments to exclude the historical prior-year results of any disposed entities to the extent that such entities are not included in the corresponding results for the current-year period. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates have a significant impact on our reported operating results as all of our operating segments have functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Our primary exposure to FX risk during the three months ended December 31, 2022 was to the euro and Swiss franc, as 55.1% and 43.6% of our reported revenue during the period was derived from subsidiaries whose functional currencies are the euro and Swiss franc, respectively. In addition, our reported operating results are impacted by changes in the exchange rates for certain other local currencies in Europe. The portions of the changes in the various components of our results of operations that are attributable to changes in FX are highlighted under Discussion and Analysis of our Reportable Segments and Discussion and Analysis of our Consolidated Operating Results below. For information regarding our foreign currency risks and the applicable foreign currency exchange rates in effect for the periods covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, see Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk — Foreign Currency Risk below. The amounts presented and discussed below represent 100% of each of our consolidated reportable segment’s results of operations. As we have the ability to control Telenet, we consolidate 100% of its revenue and expenses in our consolidated statements of operations despite the fact that third parties own a significant interest. The noncontrolling owners’ interests in the operating results of Telenet and other less significant majority-owned subsidiaries are reflected in net earnings or loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in our consolidated statements of operations. Similarly, despite only holding a 50 % noncontrolling interest in both the VMO2 JV and the VodafoneZiggo JV, we present 100 % of the revenue and Adjusted EBITDA of those entities in the tables below. Discussion and Analysis of our Reportable Segments General All of our reportable segments derive their revenue primarily from residential and B2B communications services. For detailed information regarding the composition of our reportable segments and how we define and categorize our revenue components, see note 19 to our consolidated financial statements. For additional information regarding the results of operations of the VMO2 JV and the VodafoneZiggo JV, refer to Discussion and Analysis of our Consolidated Operating Results — Share of results of affiliates, net below. The tables presented below in this section provide the details of the revenue and Adjusted EBITDA of our reportable segments for 2022, as compared to 2021. These tables present (i) the amounts reported for the current and comparative periods, (ii) the reported U.S. dollar change and percentage change from period to period and (iii) with respect to our consolidated reportable segments, the organic U.S. dollar change and percentage change from period to period. For our organic comparisons, which exclude the impact of FX, we assume that exchange rates remained constant at the prior-period rate during all periods presented. We also provide a table showing the Adjusted EBITDA margins of our reportable segments for 2022 and 2021 at the end of this section. II-6 Most of our revenue is derived from jurisdictions that administer VAT or similar revenue-based taxes. Any increases in these taxes could have an adverse impact on our ability to maintain or increase our revenue to the extent that we are unable to pass such tax increases on to our customers. In the case of revenue-based taxes for which we are the ultimate taxpayer, we will also experience increases in our operating costs and expenses and corresponding declines in our Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margins to the extent of any such tax increases. We pay interconnection fees to other telephony providers when calls or text messages from our subscribers terminate on another network, and we receive similar fees from such providers when calls or text messages from their customers terminate on our networks or networks that we access through MVNO or other arrangements. The amounts we charge and incur with respect to fixed-line telephony and mobile interconnection fees are subject to regulatory oversight. To the extent that regulatory authorities introduce fixed-line or mobile termination rate changes, we would experience prospective changes and, in very limited cases, we could experience retroactive changes in our interconnect revenue and/or costs. The ultimate impact of any such changes in termination rates on our Adjusted EBITDA would be dependent on the call or text messaging patterns that are subject to the changed termination rates. We are subject to inflationary pressures with respect to certain costs and foreign currency exchange risk with respect to costs and expenses that are denominated in currencies other than the respective functional currencies of our reportable segments. Any cost increases that we are not able to pass on to our subscribers through rate increases would result in increased pressure on our operating margins. For additional information regarding our foreign currency exchange risks see Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk — Foreign Currency Risk below. Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure, which we believe is a meaningful measure because it represents a transparent view of our recurring operating performance that is unaffected by our capital structure and allows management to readily view operating trends from a consolidated view. Investors should view consolidated Adjusted EBITDA as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, GAAP measures of performance included in our consolidated statements of operations. The following table provides a reconciliation of earnings (loss) from continuing operations to Adjusted EBITDA: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 in millions Earnings (loss) from continuing operations $ 1,105.3 $ 13,527.5 $ (1,525.1) Income tax expense (benefit) 318.9 473.3 (275.9) Other income, net (134.4) (44.9) (76.2) Gain on AtlasEdge JV Transactions — (227.5) — Gain on U.K. JV Transaction — (10,873.8) — Gain on Telenet Tower Sale (700.5) — — Share of results of affiliates, net 1,267.8 175.4 245.3 Losses (gains) on debt extinguishment, net (2.8) 90.6 233.2 Realized and unrealized losses (gains) due to changes in fair values of certain investments, net 302.1 (735.0) (45.2) Foreign currency transaction losses (gains), net (1,407.2) (1,324.5) 1,409.3 Realized and unrealized losses (gains) on derivative instruments, net (1,191.7) (622.9) 878.7 Interest expense 589.3 882.1 1,186.8 Operating income 146.8 1,320.3 2,030.9 Impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net 85.1 (19.0) 97.4 Depreciation and amortization 2,171.4 2,353.7 2,227.2 Share-based compensation expense 192.1 308.1 348.0 Adjusted EBITDA $ 2,595.4 $ 3,963.1 $ 4,703.5 II-7 Revenue of our Reportable Segments General. While not specifically discussed in the below explanations of the changes in the revenue of our reportable segments, we are experiencing competition in all of our markets. This competition has an adverse impact on our ability to increase or maintain our total number of customers and/or our ARPU. Variances in the subscription revenue that we receive from our customers are a function of (i) changes in the number of our fixed-line customers or mobile subscribers outstanding during the period and (ii) changes in ARPU. Changes in ARPU can be attributable to (a) changes in prices, (b) changes in bundling or promotional discounts, (c) changes in the tier of services selected, (d) variances in subscriber usage patterns and (e) the overall mix of fixed and mobile products within a segment during the period. Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organic increase (decrease) 2022 2021 $ % $ % in millions, except percentages Switzerland $ 3,180.9 $ 3,321.9 $ (141.0) (4.2) $ (0.5) — Belgium 2,807.3 3,065.9 (258.6) (8.4) 49.2 1.6 U.K. (a) — 2,736.4 (2,736.4) (100.0) — — Ireland 494.7 550.0 (55.3) (10.1) 5.6 1.0 Central and Other 722.4 648.7 73.7 11.4 70.0 10.8 Intersegment eliminations (9.6) (11.6) 2.0 N.M. 2.0 N.M. Total $ 7,195.7 $ 10,311.3 $ (3,115.6) (30.2) $ 126.3 1.7 VMO2 JV (b) $ 12,857.2 $ 8,522.9 $ 4,334.3 50.9 VodafoneZiggo JV $ 4,284.6 $ 4,824.2 $ (539.6) (11.2) _______________ N.M. — Not Meaningful. (a) Represents the revenue of the U.K. JV Entities through the June 1, 2021 closing of the U.K. JV Transaction. (b) The 2021 amount represents the revenue of the VMO2 JV for the period beginning June 1, 2021. II-8 Switzerland. The details of the decrease in Switzerland’s revenue during 2022, as compared to 2021, are set forth below: Subscription revenue Non-subscription revenue Total in millions Decrease in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of customers $ (5.8) $ — $ (5.8) ARPU (42.3) — (42.3) Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue (a) — (13.3) (13.3) Total decrease in residential fixed revenue (48.1) (13.3) (61.4) Increase in residential mobile revenue (b) 29.4 19.1 48.5 Increase in B2B revenue (c) 3.4 15.2 18.6 Decrease in other revenue — (6.2) (6.2) Total organic increase (decrease) (15.3) 14.8 (0.5) Impact of FX (101.3) (39.2) (140.5) Total $ (116.6) $ (24.4) $ (141.0) _______________ (a) The decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue is primarily due to lower revenue associated with our Swiss sports channels. (b) The increase in residential mobile subscription revenue is largely due to an increase in the average number of mobile subscribers. The increase in residential mobile non-subscription revenue is primarily attributable to an increase in revenue from handset sales. (c) The increase in B2B non-subscription revenue is primarily due to the net effect of (i) higher revenue from wholesale services and (ii) lower revenue from telephony services. II-9 Belgium. The details of the decrease in Belgium’s revenue during 2022, as compared to 2021, are set forth below: Subscription revenue Non-subscription revenue Total in millions Increase (decrease) in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of customers $ (16.0) $ — $ (16.0) ARPU 3.9 — 3.9 Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue — (4.2) (4.2) Total decrease in residential fixed revenue (12.1) (4.2) (16.3) Increase (decrease) in residential mobile revenue (a) 30.5 (41.7) (11.2) Increase in B2B revenue (b) 14.2 53.1 67.3 Increase in other revenue — 9.4 9.4 Total organic increase 32.6 16.6 49.2 Impact of acquisitions — 39.8 39.8 Impact of dispositions — (0.8) (0.8) Impact of FX (254.9) (91.9) (346.8) Total $ (222.3) $ (36.3) $ (258.6) _______________ (a) The increase in residential mobile subscription revenue is primarily due to higher ARPU. The decrease in residential mobile non-subscription revenue is primarily attributable to lower interconnect revenue. (b) The increase in B2B subscription revenue is primarily attributable to an increase in ARPU. The increase in B2B non-subscription revenue is largely due to higher revenue from wholesale services and an increase in interconnect revenue. For information concerning certain regulatory developments that could have an adverse impact on our revenue in Belgium, see Legal and Regulatory Proceedings and Other Contingencies — Belgium Regulatory Developments in note 18 to our consolidated financial statements. Ireland. The details of the decrease in Ireland’s revenue during 2022, as compared to 2021, are set forth below: Subscription revenue Non-subscription revenue Total in millions Increase (decrease) in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of customers $ (8.1) $ — $ (8.1) ARPU 6.2 — 6.2 Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue — (0.6) (0.6) Total decrease in residential fixed revenue (1.9) (0.6) (2.5) Increase in residential mobile revenue 3.7 1.1 4.8 Increase in B2B revenue 1.1 1.1 2.2 Increase in other revenue — 1.1 1.1 Total organic increase 2.9 2.7 5.6 Impact of FX (44.7) (16.2) (60.9) Total $ (41.8) $ (13.5) $ (55.3) II-10 Programming and Other Direct Costs of Services, Other Operating Expenses and SG&A Expenses of our Consolidated Reportable Segments For information regarding the changes in our (i) programming and other direct costs of services, (ii) other operating expenses and (iii) SG&A expenses , see Discussion and Analysis of our Consolidated Operating Results below. Adjusted EBITDA of our Reportable Segments Adjusted EBITDA is the primary measure used by our chief operating decision maker to evaluate segment operating performance. As presented below, consolidated Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure, which investors should view as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, GAAP measures of performance included in our consolidated statements of operations. The following table sets forth the Adjusted EBITDA of our reportable segments. Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organic increase (decrease) 2022 2021 $ % $ % in millions, except percentages Switzerland $ 1,137.8 $ 1,208.7 $ (70.9) (5.9) $ (3.0) (0.3) Belgium 1,308.1 1,481.8 (173.7) (11.7) 14.7 1.0 U.K. (a) — 1,085.3 (1,085.3) (100.0) — — Ireland 197.5 218.6 (21.1) (9.7) 3.2 1.5 Central and Other (47.0) (33.1) (13.9) (42.0) (64.3) N.M. Intersegment eliminations (1.0) 1.8 (2.8) N.M. (2.8) N.M. Total $ 2,595.4 $ 3,963.1 $ (1,367.7) (34.5) $ (52.2) (1.8) VMO2 JV (b) $ 4,562.2 $ 2,716.6 $ 1,845.6 67.9 VodafoneZiggo JV $ 2,018.0 $ 2,265.6 $ (247.6) (10.9) _______________ N.M. — Not Meaningful. (a) Represents the Adjusted EBITDA of the U.K. JV Entities through the June 1, 2021 closing of the U.K. JV Transaction. (b) The 2021 amount represents Adjusted EBITDA of the VMO2 JV for the period beginning June 1, 2021. Adjusted EBITDA Margin The following table sets forth the Adjusted EBITDA margins (Adjusted EBITDA divided by revenue) of each of our reportable segments: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 Switzerland 35.7 % 36.4 % Belgium 46.6 % 48.3 % Ireland 39.9 % 39.7 % VMO2 JV 35.5 % 31.9 % VodafoneZiggo JV 47.1 % 47.0 % In addition to organic changes in the revenue, operating and SG&A expenses of our reportable segments, the Adjusted EBITDA margins presented above include the impact of acquisitions, as applicable. For discussion of the factors contributing to the changes in the Adjusted EBITDA margins of our consolidated reportable segments, see the analysis of our revenue included in Discussion and Analysis of our Reportable Segments above and the analysis of our expenses included in Discussion and II-11 Analysis of our Consolidated Operating Results below. For discussion of the factors contributing to the changes in the Adjusted EBITDA margins of the VMO2 JV and the VodafoneZiggo JV, see Discussion and Analysis of our Consolidated Operating Results — Share of results of affiliates, net below. Discussion and Analysis of our Consolidated Operating Results General For more detailed explanations of the changes in our revenue, see Discussion and Analysis of our Reportable Segments above. Revenue Our revenue by major category is set forth below: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organic increase (decrease) 2022 2021 $ % $ % in millions, except percentages Residential revenue: Residential fixed revenue (a): Subscription revenue (b): Broadband internet $ 1,378.2 $ 2,371.7 $ (993.5) (41.9) $ 39.2 2.7 Video 1,077.4 1,831.8 (754.4) (41.2) (55.9) (4.5) Fixed-line telephony 381.4 841.1 (459.7) (54.7) (43.7) (9.5) Total subscription revenue 2,837.0 5,044.6 (2,207.6) (43.8) (60.4) (1.9) Non-subscription revenue 94.5 161.2 (66.7) (41.4) (18.0) (15.1) Total residential fixed revenue 2,931.5 5,205.8 (2,274.3) (43.7) (78.4) (2.4) Residential mobile revenue (c): Subscription revenue (b) 1,401.4 1,630.7 (229.3) (14.1) 63.6 4.4 Non-subscription revenue 543.7 760.8 (217.1) (28.5) (21.1) (3.5) Total residential mobile revenue 1,945.1 2,391.5 (446.4) (18.7) 42.5 2.1 Total residential revenue 4,876.6 7,597.3 (2,720.7) (35.8) (35.9) (0.7) B2B revenue (d): Subscription revenue 515.1 619.0 (103.9) (16.8) 18.6 3.4 Non-subscription revenue 861.7 1,243.8 (382.1) (30.7) 68.6 7.9 Total B2B revenue 1,376.8 1,862.8 (486.0) (26.1) 87.2 6.2 Other revenue (e) 942.3 851.2 91.1 10.7 75.0 8.4 Total $ 7,195.7 $ 10,311.3 $ (3,115.6) (30.2) $ 126.3 1.7 _______________ (a) Residential fixed subscription revenue includes amounts received from subscribers for ongoing services and the recognition of deferred installation revenue over the associated contract period. Residential fixed non-subscription revenue includes, among other items, channel carriage fees, late fees and revenue from the sale of equipment. (b) Residential subscription revenue from subscribers who purchase bundled services at a discounted rate is generally allocated proportionally to each service based on the standalone price for each individual service. As a result, changes in the standalone pricing of our fixed and mobile products or the composition of bundles can contribute to changes in our product revenue categories from period to period. (c) Residential mobile subscription revenue includes amounts received from subscribers for ongoing services. Residential mobile non-subscription revenue includes, among other items, interconnect revenue and revenue from sales of mobile handsets and other devices. Residential mobile interconnect revenue was $140.0 million and $232.6 million during 2022 and 2021, respectively. II-12 (d) B2B subscription revenue represents revenue from (i) services provided to SOHO subscribers and (ii) mobile services provided to medium and large enterprises. SOHO subscribers pay a premium price to receive expanded service levels along with broadband internet, video, fixed-line telephony or mobile services that are the same or similar to the mass marketed products offered to our residential subscribers. A portion of the change in our B2B subscription revenue is attributable to the conversion of certain residential subscribers to SOHO subscribers. B2B non-subscription revenue includes (a) revenue from business broadband internet, video, fixed-line telephony and data services offered to medium and large enterprises and, fixed-line and mobile services on a wholesale basis, to other operators and (b) revenue from long-term leases of portions of our network. (e) Other revenue includes, among other items, (i) revenue earned from the U.K. JV Services and NL JV Services, (ii) broadcasting revenue in Belgium and Ireland, (iii) revenue earned from transitional and other services provided to various third parties and (iv) revenue earned from the sale of CPE to the VodafoneZiggo JV. Total revenue. Our consolidated revenue decreased $3,115.6 million or 30.2% during 2022, as compared to 2021. This decrease includes a decrease of $2,736.4 million attributable to the impact of the U.K. JV Transaction. On an organic basis, our consolidated revenue increased $126.3 million or 1.7%. Residential revenue. The details of the decrease in our consolidated residential revenue during 2022, as compared to 2021, are as follows (in millions): Decrease in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of customers $ (32.0) ARPU (28.4) Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue (18.0) Total decrease in residential fixed revenue (78.4) Increase in residential mobile subscription revenue 63.6 Decrease in residential mobile non-subscription revenue (21.1) Total decrease in residential revenue (35.9) Impact of acquisitions and dispositions (2,287.4) Impact of FX (397.4) Total decrease in residential revenue $ (2,720.7) On an organic basis, our consolidated residential fixed subscription revenue decreased $60.4 million or 1.9% during 2022, as compared to 2021, primarily attributable to a decrease in Switzerland. On an organic basis, our consolidated residential fixed non-subscription revenue decreased $18.0 million or 15.1% during 2022, as compared to 2021, primarily due to a decrease in Switzerland. On an organic basis, our consolidated residential mobile subscription revenue increased $63.6 million or 4.4% during 2022, as compared to 2021, primarily attributable to increases in Belgium and Switzerland. On an organic basis, our consolidated residential mobile non-subscription revenue decreased $21.1 million or 3.5% during 2022, as compared to 2021, primarily due to a decrease in Belgium, partially offset by an increase in Switzerland. B2B revenue. On an organic basis, our consolidated B2B subscription revenue increased $18.6 million or 3.4% during 2022, as compared to 2021, primarily due to an increase in Belgium. On an organic basis, our consolidated B2B non-subscription revenue increased $68.6 million or 7.9% during 2022, as compared to 2021, primarily attributable to increases in Belgium and Switzerland. Other revenue. On an organic basis, our consolidated other revenue increased $75.0 million or 8.4% during 2022, as compared to 2021, primarily attributable to an increase in Central and Other due to the net effect of (i) an increase in revenue earned from the sale of CPE to the VodafoneZiggo JV and (ii) a decrease in revenue earned from the NL JV Services. II-13 Programming and other direct costs of services Programming and other direct costs of services include programming and copyright costs, interconnect and access costs, costs of mobile handsets and other devices and other direct costs related to our operations, including costs associated with our transitional service agreements. Programming and copyright costs represent a significant portion of our operating costs and are subject to rise in future periods due to various factors, including (i) higher costs associated with the expansion of our digital video content, including rights associated with ancillary product offerings and rights that provide for the broadcast of live sporting events and (ii) rate increases. The details of our programming and other direct costs of services are as follows: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organic increase (decrease) 2022 2021 $ % $ % in millions, except percentages Switzerland $ 1,020.1 $ 1,063.2 $ (43.1) (4.1) $ 2.0 0.2 Belgium 657.9 706.8 (48.9) (6.9) (2.4) (0.3) U.K. (a) — 868.1 (868.1) (100.0) — — Ireland 134.2 157.7 (23.5) (14.9) (7.1) (4.5) Central and Other 276.3 226.1 50.2 22.2 66.0 29.2 Intersegment eliminations (2.8) (4.3) 1.5 N.M. 1.5 N.M. Total $ 2,085.7 $ 3,017.6 $ (931.9) (30.9) $ 60.0 2.7 _______________ N.M. — Not Meaningful. (a) Represents the programming and other direct costs of the U.K. JV Entities through the June 1, 2021 closing of the U.K. JV Transaction. Our programming and other direct costs of services decreased $931.9 million or 30.9% during 2022, as compared to 2021. This decrease includes a decrease of $868.1 million attributable to the impact of the U.K. JV Transaction. On an organic basis, our programming and other direct costs of services increased $60.0 million or 2.7%. This increase is primarily due to the net effect of the following factors: • An increase in costs of $65.8 million in Central and Other related to the sale of CPE to the VodafoneZiggo JV; • A decrease in programming and copyright costs of $22.3 million or 3.7%, attributable to lower costs for certain premium and/or basic content, primarily in Ireland and Switzerland; • A decrease in interconnect and access costs of $22.3 million or 2.8%, primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower interconnect and mobile roaming costs in Switzerland and Belgium, (ii) higher leased tower costs in Switzerland and (iii) lower MVNO costs in Switzerland; • An increase in mobile handset and other device costs of $21.9 million or 6.7%, largely due to higher sales volumes in Switzerland; and • An increase of $8.1 million associated with the impact of the classification of costs in connection with the U.K. JV Services provided by Central and Other, which, subsequent to the completion of the U.K. JV Transaction, are classified as direct costs of services. This increase was fully offset by a corresponding decrease in various SG&A expense categories within Central and Other. II-14 Other operating expenses Other operating expenses include network operations, customer operations, customer care, share-based compensation and other costs related to our operations. We do not include share-based compensation in the following discussion and analysis of the other operating expenses of our consolidated reportable segments as share-based compensation expense is not included in the performance measures of our consolidated reportable segments. Share-based compensation expense is separately discussed further below. The details of our other operating expenses are as follows: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organic increase (decrease) 2022 2021 $ % $ % in millions, except percentages Switzerland $ 422.3 $ 405.1 $ 17.2 4.2 $ 36.4 9.0 Belgium 434.4 451.6 (17.2) (3.8) 10.4 2.2 U.K. (a) — 405.9 (405.9) (100.0) — — Ireland 90.0 94.5 (4.5) (4.8) 6.7 7.1 Central and Other 139.2 115.1 24.1 20.9 33.6 29.2 Intersegment eliminations (2.6) (1.3) (1.3) N.M. (1.3) N.M. Total other operating expenses excluding share-based compensation expense 1,083.3 1,470.9 (387.6) (26.4) $ 85.8 7.9 Share-based compensation expense 4.9 13.7 (8.8) (64.2) Total $ 1,088.2 $ 1,484.6 $ (396.4) (26.7) _______________ N.M. — Not Meaningful. (a) Represents the other operating expenses of the U.K. JV Entities through the June 1, 2021 closing of the U.K. JV Transaction. Our other operating expenses (exclusive of share-based compensation expense) decreased $387.6 million or 26.4% during 2022, as compared to 2021. This decrease includes a decrease of $405.9 million attributable to the impact of the U.K. JV Transaction. On an organic basis, our other operating expenses increased $85.8 million or 7.9%. This increase is primarily due to the following factors: • An increase in business service costs of $42.4 million or 32.5%, primarily due to (i) an increase in energy costs, primarily in Belgium, and (ii) higher consulting costs, primarily in Central and Other; • An increase in bad debt expense of $17.6 million or 82.3%, primarily in Switzerland. This increase includes $4.5 million recognized in Switzerland associated with the sale of certain handset receivables, for which the proceeds of CHF 110.3 million ($113.7 million at the applicable rate) were received on July 1, 2022. The expense recognized during the second quarter of 2022 represents the difference between the carrying amount of the associated receivables and the amount received pursuant to the sale; and • An increase in core network and information technology-related costs of $14.2 million or 5.7%, primarily due to (i) higher network maintenance costs, primarily due to an increase in Central and Other that was only partially offset by a decrease in Switzerland, and (ii) higher information technology-related expenses in Ireland, Central and Other and Belgium. II-15 SG&A expenses SG&A expenses include human resources, information technology, general services, management, finance, legal, external sales and marketing costs, share-based compensation and other general expenses. We do not include share-based compensation in the following discussion and analysis of the SG&A expenses of our consolidated reportable segments as share-based compensation expense is not included in the performance measures of our consolidated reportable segments. Share-based compensation expense is separately discussed further below. The details of our SG&A expenses are as follows: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Organic increase (decrease) 2022 2021 $ % $ % in millions, except percentages Switzerland $ 600.7 $ 644.9 $ (44.2) (6.9) $ (35.9) (5.4) Belgium 406.9 425.7 (18.8) (4.4) 26.5 6.2 U.K. (a) — 377.1 (377.1) (100.0) — — Ireland 73.0 79.2 (6.2) (7.8) 2.8 3.6 Central and Other 353.9 340.6 13.3 3.9 34.7 10.2 Intersegment eliminations (3.2) (7.8) 4.6 N.M. 4.6 N.M. Total SG&A expenses excluding share-based compensation expense 1,431.3 1,859.7 (428.4) (23.0) $ 32.7 2.2 Share-based compensation expense 187.2 294.4 (107.2) (36.4) Total $ 1,618.5 $ 2,154.1 $ (535.6) (24.9) ______________ N.M. — Not Meaningful. (a) Represents the SG&A expenses the U.K. JV Entities through the June 1, 2021 closing of the U.K. JV Transaction. Supplemental SG&A expense information Year ended December 31, Decrease Organic increase 2022 2021 $ % $ % in millions, except percentages General and administrative (a) $ 1,102.9 $ 1,443.6 $ (340.7) (23.6) $ 17.9 1.5 External sales and marketing 328.4 416.1 (87.7) (21.1) 14.8 4.4 Total $ 1,431.3 $ 1,859.7 $ (428.4) (23.0) $ 32.7 2.2 ______________ (a) General and administrative expenses include all personnel-related costs within our SG&A expenses, including personnel-related costs associated with our sales and marketing function. Our SG&A expenses (exclusive of share-based compensation expense) decreased $428.4 million or 23.0% during 2022, as compared to 2021. This decrease includes a decrease of $377.1 million attributable to the impact of the U.K. JV Transaction. On an organic basis, our SG&A expenses increased $32.7 million or 2.2%. This increase is primarily due to the following factors: • An increase in business service costs of $27.2 million or 15.7%, primarily due to higher (i) travel and entertainment costs in Central and Other, (ii) energy costs in Central and Other and Belgium, (iii) facility management costs in Belgium and Central and Other and (iv) consulting costs, as a decrease in Switzerland was more than offset by increases in Belgium and Central and Other; and II-16 • An increase in external sales and marketing costs of $14.8 million or 4.4%, primarily due to higher costs associated with advertising campaigns in Switzerland. Share-based compensation expense Our share-based compensation expense primarily relates to the share-based incentive awards issued by Liberty Global to its employees and employees of its subsidiaries. A summary of our aggregate share-based compensation expense is set forth below: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 in millions Liberty Global: Non-performance based incentive awards (a) $ 133.5 $ 168.6 Performance-based incentive awards (b) 7.1 59.6 Other (c) 30.8 33.6 Total Liberty Global 171.4 261.8 Telenet share-based incentive awards (d) 10.9 35.1 Other 9.8 11.2 Total $ 192.1 $ 308.1 Included in: Other operating expenses $ 4.9 $ 13.7 Total SG&A expenses 187.2 294.4 Total $ 192.1 $ 308.1 _______________ (a) In April 2021, with respect to 2014 and 2015 grants, the compensation committee of our board of directors approved the extension dates of outstanding SARs and director options from a seven-year term to a ten-year term. Accordingly, the Black-Scholes fair values of the respective outstanding awards increased, resulting in the recognition of an aggregate incremental share-based compensation expense of $22.7 million during 2021. (b) Includes share-based compensation expense related to (i) our 2019 Challenge Performance Awards and (ii) in the 2021 period, PSUs and our 2019 CEO Performance Award. (c) Represents annual incentive compensation and defined contribution plan liabilities that have been or are expected to be settled with Liberty Global ordinary shares. In the case of the annual incentive compensation, shares have been or will be issued to senior management and key employees pursuant to a shareholding incentive program. The shareholding incentive program allows these employees to elect to receive up to 100% of their annual incentive compensation in ordinary shares of Liberty Global in lieu of cash. In addition, amounts include compensation expense related to the 2022 and 2021 Ventures Incentive Plans. (d) Represents the share-based compensation expense associated with Telenet’s share-based incentive awards, which, at December 31, 2022, included performance- and non-performance-based stock option awards with respect to 3,519,920 Telenet shares. These stock option awards had a weighted average exercise price of €31.43 ($33.66). For additional information concerning our share-based compensation, see note 15 to our consolidated financial statements. II-17 Depreciation and amortization expense Our depreciation and amortization expense was $2,171.4 million and $2,353.7 million during 2022 and 2021, respectively. Excluding the effects of FX, depreciation and amortization expense decreased $6.3 million or 0.3% during 2022, as compared to 2021. This decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) a decrease associated with certain assets becoming fully depreciated, primarily in Central and Other, Switzerland and Belgium and (ii) an increase associated with property and equipment additions related to the installation of CPE, the expansion and upgrade of our networks and other capital initiatives, primarily in Central and Other, Switzerland and Belgium. Impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net We recognized impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net, of $85.1 million during 2022, as compared to ($19.0 million) during 2021. The 2022 amount primarily includes (i) a $39.6 million provision in Central and Other related to a legal contingency, (ii) abandoned lease expense of $20.2 million, primarily in Switzerland, and (iii) direct acquisition and disposition costs of $19.4 million, primarily in Belgium. The 2021 amount primarily includes (i) a $108.6 million gain related to the settlement of certain litigation in Switzerland, (ii) restructuring charges of $58.2 million, including $53.7 million of employee severance and termination costs related to certain reorganization activities, primarily in Switzerland, and (iii) direct acquisition and disposition costs of $53.0 million, primarily related to costs incurred in connection with the formation of the VMO2 JV and the Sunrise Acquisition. If, among other factors, (i) our equity values were to decline or (ii) the adverse impacts of economic, competitive, regulatory or other factors were to cause our results of operations or cash flows to be worse than anticipated, we could conclude in future periods that impairment charges are required in order to reduce the carrying values of our goodwill and, to a lesser extent, other long-lived assets. Any such impairment charges could be significant. For additional information regarding our impairments, see Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates — Impairment of Goodwill below. Interest expense We recognized interest expense of $589.3 million and $882.1 million during 2022 and 2021, respectively. Excluding the effects of FX, interest expense decreased $220.4 million or 25.0% during 2022, as compared to 2021. This decrease is primarily attributable to a lower average outstanding debt balance, largely due to the impact of the U.K. JV Transaction. For additional information regarding our outstanding indebtedness, see note 11 to our consolidated financial statements. It is possible that the interest rates on (i) any new borrowings could be higher than the current interest rates on our existing indebtedness and (ii) our variable-rate indebtedness could increase in future periods. As further discussed in note 8 to our consolidated financial statements and under Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk below, we use derivative instruments to manage our interest rate risks. II-18 Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net Our realized and unrealized gains or losses on derivative instruments include (i) unrealized changes in the fair values of our derivative instruments that are non-cash in nature until such time as the derivative contracts are fully or partially settled and (ii) realized gains or losses upon the full or partial settlement of the derivative contracts. The details of our realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 in millions Cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts (a) $ 1,185.5 $ 578.9 Foreign currency forward and option contracts 28.3 (31.8) Equity-related derivative instruments: ITV Collar — (11.8) Other (21.4) 85.6 Total equity-related derivative instruments (b) (21.4) 73.8 Other (0.7) 2.0 Total $ 1,191.7 $ 622.9 _______________ (a) The gains during 2022 and 2021 are attributable to net gains associated with changes in (i) certain market interest rates and (ii) the relative value of certain currencies. In addition, the gains during 2022 and 2021 include net losses of $16.6 million and $10.7 million, respectively, resulting from changes in our credit risk valuation adjustments. (b) For information concerning the factors that impact the valuations of our equity-related derivative instruments, see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements. For additional information concerning our derivative instruments, see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements and Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk below. II-19 Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net Our foreign currency transaction gains or losses primarily result from the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than the underlying functional currency of the applicable entity. Unrealized foreign currency transaction gains or losses are computed based on period-end exchange rates and are non-cash in nature until such time as the amounts are settled. The details of our foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 in millions Intercompany payables and receivables denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency (a) $ 1,806.7 $ 1,595.7 U.S. dollar denominated debt issued by euro functional currency entities (476.7) (399.1) Cash and restricted cash denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency 80.9 (101.1) U.S. dollar denominated debt issued by British pound sterling functional currency entities — 246.2 Euro denominated debt issued by British pound sterling functional currency entities — (24.1) Other (3.7) 6.9 Total $ 1,407.2 $ 1,324.5 _______________ (a) Amounts primarily relate to (i) loans between certain of our non-operating and operating subsidiaries in Europe, which generally are denominated in the currency of the applicable operating subsidiary, and (ii) loans between certain of our non-operating subsidiaries in the U.S. and Europe. For information regarding how we manage our exposure to foreign currency risk, see Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk — Foreign Currency Risk below. II-20 Realized and unrealized gains (losses) due to changes in fair values of certain investments, net Our realized and unrealized gains or losses due to changes in fair values of certain investments include unrealized gains or losses associated with changes in fair values that are non-cash in nature until such time as these gains or losses are realized through cash transactions. For additional information regarding our investments, fair value measurements and debt, see notes 7, 9 and 11, respectively, to our consolidated financial statements. The details of our realized and unrealized gains (losses) due to changes in fair values of certain investments, net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 in millions ITV $ (233.9) $ 15.3 Pax8 79.3 — Lionsgate (69.2) 33.9 SMAs (49.1) (10.1) EdgeConneX 43.4 28.9 Plume (34.8) 133.9 Skillz (34.7) (100.4) TiBiT (a) 26.4 — Lacework (26.3) 223.9 Televisa Univision 23.1 301.6 Aviatrix — 65.4 Other, net (b) (26.3) 42.6 Total $ (302.1) $ 735.0 _______________ (a) Our investment in TiBiT was sold during the fourth quarter of 2022. (b) Includes gains of $15.7 million and $12.9 million, respectively, related to investments that were sold during the year. Gains (losses) on debt extinguishment, net We recognized net gains (losses) on debt extinguishment of $2.8 million and ($90.6 million) during 2022 and 2021, respectively. The gain during 2022 is attributable to (i) a net gain associated with settlement discounts of $9.8 million, (ii) the write-off of $5.5 million of unamortized deferred financing costs and discounts and (iii) the payment of $1.5 million of third-party costs. The loss during 2021 is attributable to (i) the write-off of $77.7 million of unamortized deferred financing costs and discounts and (ii) the payment of $12.9 million of redemption premiums. For additional information concerning our gains (losses) on debt extinguishment, net, see note 11 to our consolidated financial statements. II-21 Share of results of affiliates, net The following table sets forth the details of our share of results of affiliates, net: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 in millions VMO2 JV (a) $ (1,396.6) $ (97.2) VodafoneZiggo JV (b) 241.2 (32.0) Streamz (35.2) (0.7) Eltrona (34.2) (17.2) AtlasEdge JV (23.3) (5.8) Formula E (20.2) (2.5) All3Media (10.0) (17.4) Other 10.5 (2.6) Total $ (1,267.8) $ (175.4) _______________ (a) Represents (i) our 50% share of the results of operations of the VMO2 JV and (ii) 100% of the share-based compensation expense associated with Liberty Global awards granted to VMO2 JV employees who were formerly employees of Liberty Global prior to the VMO2 JV formation, as these awards remain our responsibility. The summarized results of operations of the VMO2 JV are set forth below: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 (1) in millions Revenue $ 12,857.2 $ 8,522.9 Adjusted EBITDA $ 4,562.2 $ 2,716.6 Operating income (expense) (2) $ (3,461.5) $ 74.8 Non-operating income (expense) (3) $ 448.7 $ (426.4) Net loss $ (3,042.0) $ (173.2) _______________ (1) Includes the operating results of the VMO2 JV for the period from June 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021. (2) Includes depreciation and amortization expense of $4,108.5 million and $2,551.2 million, respectively. (3) Includes interest expense of $1,016.2 million and $568.6 million, respectively. The 2022 amount includes a charge of £3.1 billion ($3.6 billion at the applicable rate) related to the VMO2 JV’s goodwill impairment, as described in note 7 to our consolidated financial statements. The VMO2 JV was formed on June 1, 2021. As a result, the reported amounts for 2021 are based on results for the period beginning June 1, 2021. The change in the VMO2 JV’s revenue during 2022, as compared to 2021, is primarily due to the net effect of (i) an increase in mobile subscription revenue and (ii) a decrease in B2B revenue, with each revenue category as defined and reported by the VMO2 JV. The change in the VMO2 JV’s Adjusted EBITDA during 2022, as compared to 2021, is primarily due to the net effect of (a) the realization of synergies and cost efficiencies and (b) higher energy costs. In addition, the reported revenue and Adjusted EBITDA amounts are impacted by FX. II-22 (b) Represents (i) our 50% share of the results of operations of the VodafoneZiggo JV and (ii) interest income of $53.8 million and $56.5 million, respectively, representing 100% of the interest earned on the VodafoneZiggo JV Receivables. The summarized results of operations of the VodafoneZiggo JV are set forth below: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 in millions Revenue $ 4,284.6 $ 4,824.2 Adjusted EBITDA $ 2,018.0 $ 2,265.6 Operating income (1) $ 394.1 $ 351.2 Non-operating income (expense) (2) $ 214.2 $ (442.1) Net earnings (loss) $ 394.7 $ (163.1) _______________ (1) Includes depreciation and amortization expense of $1,610.7 million and $1,870.0 million, respectively. (2) Includes interest expense of $606.4 million and $605.0 million, respectively. The decrease in the VodafoneZiggo JV’s revenue during 2022, as compared to 2021, is primarily due to the net effect of (i) a decrease in residential fixed revenue, (ii) an increase in B2B revenue and (iii) higher residential mobile revenue. The decrease in the VodafoneZiggo JV’s Adjusted EBITDA during 2022, as compared to 2021, is primarily due to inflation-related increases in energy and staff costs. In addition, the reported revenue and Adjusted EBITDA amounts are impacted by FX. For additional information regarding our equity method investments, see note 7 to our consolidated financial statements. Gain on Telenet Tower Sale In connection with the Telenet Tower Sale, we recognized a pre-tax gain during 2022 of $700.5 million. For additional information, see note 6 to our consolidated financial statements. Gain on U.K. JV Transaction In connection with the U.K. JV Transaction, we recognized a pre-tax gain during 2021 of $10,873.8 million, net of the recognition of a cumulative foreign currency translation loss of $1,198.6 million. For additional information, see note 6 to our consolidated financial statements. Gain on AtlasEdge JV Transactions In connection with the AtlasEdge JV Transactions, we recognized a pre-tax gain during 2021 of $227.5 million, net of the recognition of a cumulative foreign currency translation loss of $1.8 million. For additional information, see note 6 to our consolidated financial statements. Other income, net We recognized other income, net, of $134.4 million and $44.9 million during 2022 and 2021, respectively. These amounts include (i) interest and dividend income of $76.6 million and $13.9 million, respectively, and (ii) credits related to the non-service component of our net periodic pension costs of $33.9 million and $38.9 million, respectively. II-23 Income tax benefit (expense) We recognized income tax expense of $318.9 million and $473.3 million during 2022 and 2021, respectively. The income tax expense during 2022 differs from the expected income tax expense of $270.6 million (based on the U.K. statutory income tax rate of 19.0%), primarily due to the net negative impact of (i) statutory rates in certain jurisdictions in which we operate that differ from the U.K. statutory income tax rate, (ii) certain permanent differences between the financial and tax accounting treatment of interest and other expenses and (iii) certain permanent differences between the financial and tax accounting treatment of items associated with investments in subsidiaries and affiliates. The negative impact of these items was partially offset by the net positive impact of non-deductible or non-taxable foreign currency exchange results. The income tax expense during 2021 differs from the expected income tax expense of $2,660.2 million (based on the U.K. statutory income tax rate of 19.0%), primarily due to the positive impact of the non-taxable gain associated with the U.K. JV Transaction. For additional information concerning our income taxes, see note 13 to our consolidated financial statements. Earnings (loss) from continuing operations During 2022 and 2021, we reported earnings from continuing operations of $1,105.3 million and $13,527.5 million, respectively, consisting of (i) operating income of $146.8 million and $1,320.3 million, respectively, (ii) net non-operating income of $1,277.4 million and $12,680.5 million, respectively, and (iii) income tax expense of $318.9 million and $473.3 million, respectively. Gains or losses associated with (i) changes in the fair values of derivative instruments, (ii) movements in foreign currency exchange rates and (iii) the disposition of assets and changes in ownership are subject to a high degree of volatility and, as such, any gains from these sources do not represent a reliable source of income. In the absence of significant gains in the future from these sources or from other non-operating items, our ability to achieve earnings is largely dependent on our ability to increase our aggregate operating income to a level that more than offsets the aggregate amount of our (a) interest expense, (b) other non-operating expenses and (c) income tax expense. Due largely to the fact that we seek to maintain our debt at levels that provide for attractive equity returns, as discussed under Material Changes in Financial Condition — Capitalization below, we expect we will continue to report significant levels of interest expense for the foreseeable future. For information concerning our expectations with respect to trends that may affect certain aspects of our operating results in future periods, see the discussion under Overview above. For information concerning the reasons for changes in specific line items in our consolidated statements of operations, see Discussion and Analysis of our Reportable Segments and Discussion and Analysis of our Consolidated Operating Results above. Earnings from discontinued operations, net of taxes We reported earnings from discontinued operations, net of taxes, of $34.6 million and $82.6 million during 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to the results of UPC Poland. In addition, we recognized a gain on the sale of UPC Poland of $846.4 million during 2022, which includes a cumulative foreign currency translation gain of $10.9 million. For additional information, see note 6 to our consolidated financial statements. Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests were $513.1 million and $183.3 million during 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily attributable to the results of operations of Telenet. II-24 Liquidity and Capital Resources Sources and Uses of Cash We are a holding company that is dependent on the capital resources of our subsidiaries to satisfy our liquidity requirements at the corporate level. Each of our significant operating subsidiaries is separately financed within one of our three subsidiary “borrowing groups”. These borrowing groups include the respective restricted parent and subsidiary entities within UPC Holding, Telenet and VM Ireland. Although our borrowing groups typically generate cash from operating activities, the terms of the instruments governing the indebtedness of these borrowing groups may restrict our ability to access the liquidity of these subsidiaries. In addition, our ability to access the liquidity of these and other subsidiaries may be limited by tax and legal considerations, the presence of noncontrolling interests and other factors. Cash, Cash Equivalents and SMAs The details of the U.S. dollar equivalent balances of our consolidated cash and cash equivalents and investments held under SMAs at December 31, 2022 are set forth in the following table (in millions): Cash and cash equivalents held by: Liberty Global and unrestricted subsidiaries: Liberty Global (a) $ 1.8 Unrestricted subsidiaries (b) 580.5 Total Liberty Global and unrestricted subsidiaries 582.3 Borrowing groups (c): Telenet 1,140.0 UPC Holding 3.0 VM Ireland 0.9 Total borrowing groups 1,143.9 Total cash and cash equivalents (d) 1,726.2 Investments held under SMAs (e) 2,854.6 Total cash and cash equivalents and investments held under SMAs $ 4,580.8 _______________ (a) Represents the amount held by Liberty Global on a standalone basis. (b) Represents the aggregate amount held by subsidiaries that are outside of our borrowing groups. (c) Represents the aggregate amounts held by the parent entity and restricted subsidiaries of our borrowing groups. (d) The total cash and cash equivalents balance includes $1,307.9 million or 75.8% and $347.2 million or 20.1% denominated in euros and U.S. dollars, respectively. (e) The balance of our investments held under SMAs was denominated entirely in U.S. dollars. For additional information regarding our cash and cash equivalents and investments held under SMAs, see the discussion under Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk — Cash and Investments below. II-25 Liquidity of Liberty Global and its Unrestricted Subsidiaries The $1.8 million of cash and cash equivalents held by Liberty Global and, subject to certain tax and legal considerations, the $580.5 million of aggregate cash and cash equivalents held by unrestricted subsidiaries, together with the $2,854.6 million of investments held under SMAs, represented available liquidity at the corporate level at December 31, 2022. Our remaining cash and cash equivalents of $1,143.9 million at December 31, 2022 were held by our borrowing groups, as set forth in the table above. As noted above, various factors may limit our ability to access the cash of our borrowing groups. For information regarding certain limitations imposed by our subsidiaries’ debt instruments at December 31, 2022, see note 11 to our consolidated financial statements. Our short-term sources of corporate liquidity include (i) cash and cash equivalents held by Liberty Global and, subject to certain tax and legal considerations, Liberty Global’s unrestricted subsidiaries, (ii) investments held under SMAs, (iii) interest and dividend income received on our and, subject to certain tax and legal considerations, our unrestricted subsidiaries’ cash and cash equivalents and investments, including dividend distributions received from the VMO2 JV or the VodafoneZiggo JV, (iv) cash received with respect to transitional and other services provided to various third parties and (v) interest payments received with respect to the VodafoneZiggo JV Receivables. From time to time, Liberty Global and its unrestricted subsidiaries may also receive (i) proceeds in the form of dividend distributions or loan repayments from Liberty Global’s borrowing groups or affiliates (including amounts from the VMO2 JV or the VodafoneZiggo JV) upon (a) the completion of recapitalizations, refinancings, asset sales or similar transactions by these entities or (b) the accumulation of excess cash from operations or other means, (ii) proceeds upon the disposition of investments and other assets of Liberty Global and its unrestricted subsidiaries, such as the sale of UPC Poland, and (iii) proceeds in connection with the incurrence of debt by Liberty Global or its unrestricted subsidiaries or the issuance of equity securities by Liberty Global, including equity securities issued to satisfy subsidiary obligations. No assurance can be given that any external funding would be available to Liberty Global or its unrestricted subsidiaries on favorable terms, or at all. At December 31, 2022, our consolidated cash and cash equivalents balance included $1,345.8 million held by entities that are domiciled outside of the U.K. Based on our assessment of our ability to access the liquidity of our subsidiaries on a tax efficient basis and our expectations with respect to our corporate liquidity requirements, we do not anticipate that tax considerations will adversely impact our corporate liquidity over the next 12 months. Our ability to access the liquidity of our subsidiaries on a tax efficient basis is a consideration in assessing the extent of our share repurchase program. In addition, the amount of cash we receive from our subsidiaries and affiliates to satisfy U.S. dollar-denominated liquidity requirements is impacted by fluctuations in exchange rates, particularly with regard to the translation of euros, British pound sterling and Swiss francs into U.S. dollars. In this regard, the strengthening (weakening) of the U.S. dollar against these currencies will result in decreases (increases) in the U.S. dollars received from the applicable subsidiaries to fund the repurchase of our equity securities and other U.S. dollar-denominated liquidity requirements. Our short- and long-term liquidity requirements include corporate general and administrative expenses and, from time to time, cash requirements in connection with (i) the repayment of third-party and intercompany debt, (ii) the satisfaction of contingent liabilities, (iii) acquisitions, (iv) the repurchase of equity and debt securities, (v) other investment opportunities, (vi) any funding requirements of our subsidiaries and affiliates or (vii) income tax payments. In addition, our parent entity uses available liquidity to make interest and principal payments on notes payable to certain of our unrestricted subsidiaries (aggregate outstanding principal of $12.7 billion at December 31, 2022 with varying maturity dates). During 2022, the aggregate amount of our share repurchases, including direct acquisition costs, was $1,702.6 million. As a U.K. incorporated company, we may only elect to repurchase shares or pay dividends to the extent of our Distributable Reserves. Under our current repurchase program, we are authorized during 2023 to repurchase 10% of our total outstanding shares as of the beginning of the year. For additional information regarding our share repurchase programs, see note 14 to our consolidated financial statements. Liquidity of Borrowing Groups The cash and cash equivalents of our borrowing groups are detailed in the table above. In addition to cash and cash equivalents, the primary sources of liquidity of our borrowing groups are cash provided by operations and borrowing availability under their respective debt instruments. For the details of the borrowing availability of our borrowing groups at December 31, 2022, see note 11 to our consolidated financial statements. The aforementioned sources of liquidity may be supplemented in certain cases by contributions and/or loans from Liberty Global and its unrestricted subsidiaries. II-26 The liquidity of our borrowing groups generally is used to fund (i) property and equipment additions, (ii) debt service requirements and (iii) income tax payments, as well as to settle certain obligations that are not included on our December 31, 2022 consolidated balance sheet. In this regard, we have significant commitments related to (a) certain operating costs associated with our networks, (b) purchase obligations associated with CPE and certain service-related commitments and (c) programming studio output and sports rights contracts. These obligations are expected to represent a significant liquidity requirement of our borrowing groups, a significant portion of which is due over the next 12 to 24 months. For additional information regarding our commitments, see note 18 to our consolidated financial statements. From time to time, our borrowing groups may also require liquidity in connection with (i) acquisitions and other investment opportunities, (ii) loans to Liberty Global, (iii) capital distributions to Liberty Global and other equity owners or (iv) the satisfaction of contingent liabilities. No assurance can be given that any external funding would be available to our borrowing groups on favorable terms, or at all. For additional information regarding our consolidated cash flows, see the discussion under Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows below. Capitalization We seek to maintain our debt at levels that provide for attractive equity returns without assuming undue risk. In this regard, we generally seek to cause our operating subsidiaries to maintain their debt at levels that result in a consolidated debt balance (measured using subsidiary debt figures at swapped foreign currency exchange rates, consistent with the covenant calculation requirements of our subsidiary debt agreements) that is between four and five times our consolidated Adjusted EBITDA, although the timing of our acquisitions and financing transactions and the interplay of average and spot foreign currency rates may impact this ratio. Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure, which investors should view as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, GAAP measures of performance included in our consolidated statements of operations. Our ability to service or refinance our debt and to maintain compliance with the leverage covenants in the credit agreements and indentures of our borrowing groups is dependent primarily on our ability to maintain or increase the Adjusted EBITDA of our operating subsidiaries and to achieve adequate returns on our property and equipment additions and acquisitions. In addition, our ability to obtain additional debt financing is limited by the incurrence-based leverage covenants contained in the various debt instruments of our borrowing groups. For example, if the Adjusted EBITDA of one of our borrowing groups were to decline, our ability to obtain additional debt could be limited. Under our credit facilities and senior and senior secured notes there is no cross-default risk between subsidiary borrowing groups in the event that one or more of our borrowing groups were to experience significant declines in their Adjusted EBITDA to the extent they were no longer able to service their debt obligations. Any mandatory prepayment events or events of default that may occur would only impact the relevant borrowing group in which these events occur and do not allow for any recourse to other borrowing groups or Liberty Global plc. Our credit facilities and senior and senior secured notes require that certain members of the relevant borrowing group guarantee the payment of all sums payable thereunder and such group members are required to grant first-ranking security over their shares or, in certain borrowing groups, over substantially all of their assets to secure the payment of all sums payable thereunder. At December 31, 2022, each of our borrowing groups was in compliance with its debt covenants. In addition, we do not anticipate any instances of non-compliance with respect to the debt covenants of our borrowing groups that would have a material adverse impact on our liquidity during the next 12 months. At December 31, 2022, the outstanding principal amount of our consolidated debt, together with our finance lease obligations, aggregated $13.8 billion, including $0.8 billion that is classified as current on our consolidated balance sheet and $12.7 billion that is not due until 2028 or thereafter. All of our consolidated debt and finance lease obligations have been borrowed or incurred by our subsidiaries at December 31, 2022. II-27 We believe we have sufficient resources to repay or refinance the current portion of our debt and finance lease obligations and to fund our foreseeable liquidity requirements during the next 12 months. However, as our maturing debt grows in later years, we anticipate we will seek to refinance or otherwise extend our debt maturities. No assurance can be given that we will be able to complete these refinancing transactions or otherwise extend our debt maturities. In this regard, it is not possible to predict how political and economic conditions, sovereign debt concerns or any adverse regulatory developments could impact the credit and equity markets we access and, accordingly, our future liquidity and financial position. Our ability to access debt financing on favorable terms, or at all, could be adversely impacted by (i) the financial failure of any of our counterparties, which could (a) reduce amounts available under committed credit facilities and (b) adversely impact our ability to access cash deposited with any failed financial institution, and (ii) tightening of the credit markets. In addition, any weakness in the equity markets could make it less attractive to use our shares to satisfy contingent or other obligations, and sustained or increased competition, particularly in combination with adverse economic or regulatory developments, could have an unfavorable impact on our cash flows and liquidity. For additional information concerning our debt and finance lease obligations, see notes 11 and 12, respectively, to our consolidated financial statements. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows General. Our cash flows are subject to significant variations due to FX. See related discussion under Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk — Foreign Currency Risk below. Summary. The 2022 and 2021 consolidated statements of cash flows of our continuing operations are summarized as follows: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 Change in millions Net cash provided by operating activities $ 2,786.7 $ 3,364.0 $ (577.3) Net cash provided (used) by investing activities 1,296.6 (5,745.5) 7,042.1 Net cash used by financing activities (3,273.4) (1,512.6) (1,760.8) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash (27.7) (6.6) (21.1) Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 782.2 $ (3,900.7) $ 4,682.9 Operating Activities. The decrease in net cash provided by our operating activities is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) a decrease in cash provided by our Adjusted EBITDA and related working capital items, which includes (a) the impact of the U.K. JV Transaction and (b) an increase in cash of $113.7 million (at the applicable rate) in connection with the sale of certain handset receivables in Switzerland, (ii) an increase in cash provided due to higher dividend distributions from the VMO2 JV, (iii) a decrease due to FX, (iv) an increase in cash provided due to lower payments of interest, including the impact of the U.K. JV Transaction, (v) an increase in cash provided due to higher net cash receipts related to derivative instruments, and (vi) an increase in cash provided due to higher receipts of interest. Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure, which investors should view as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, GAAP measures of performance included in our consolidated statements of operations. Investing Activities. The change in net cash provided (used) by our investing activities is primarily attributable to (i) an increase in cash of $3,424.0 million associated with restricted cash contributed to the VMO2 JV in connection with the U.K. JV Transaction during the first six months of 2021, (ii) an increase in cash of $1,553.3 million in connection with the sale of UPC Poland, (iii) an increase in cash of $870.5 million associated with lower net cash paid for investments, primarily related to our investments held under SMAs, (iv) an increase in cash of $779.9 million in connection with the Telenet Tower Sale and (v) an increase in cash of $477.9 million due to higher dividend distributions received from the VMO2 JV. Capital expenditures decreased from $1,408.0 million during 2021 to $1,303.2 million during 2022 due to the net effect of (a) a decrease due to the impact of the U.K. JV Transaction, (b) a decrease due to FX and (c) an increase in our net local currency capital expenditures and related working capital movements, including the impact of lower capital-related vendor financing. II-28 The capital expenditures we report in our consolidated statements of cash flows do not include amounts that are financed under capital-related vendor financing or finance lease arrangements. Instead, these amounts are reflected as non-cash additions to our property and equipment when the underlying assets are delivered and as repayments of debt when the principal is repaid. In this discussion, we refer to (i) our capital expenditures as reported in our consolidated statements of cash flows, which exclude amounts financed under capital-related vendor financing or finance lease arrangements, and (ii) our total property and equipment additions, which include our capital expenditures on an accrual basis and amounts financed under capital-related vendor financing or finance lease arrangements. For further details regarding our property and equipment additions, see note 19 to our consolidated financial statements. A reconciliation of our consolidated property and equipment additions to our consolidated capital expenditures, as reported in our consolidated statements of cash flows, is set forth below: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 in millions Property and equipment additions $ 1,588.9 $ 2,169.5 Assets acquired under capital-related vendor financing arrangements (182.8) (661.1) Assets acquired under finance leases (34.2) (42.6) Changes in current liabilities related to capital expenditures (68.7) (57.8) Capital expenditures, net $ 1,303.2 $ 1,408.0 The decrease in our property and equipment additions during 2022, as compared to 2021, is primarily due to the net effect of (i) a decrease due to the impact of the U.K. JV Transaction, (ii) a decrease due to FX, (iii) an increase in local currency expenditures of our subsidiaries due to the net effect of (a) an increase in expenditures for the purchase and installation of CPE, (b) an increase in expenditures for new build and upgrade projects, (c) a decrease in baseline expenditures, including network improvements and expenditures for property and facilities and information technology systems, and (d) a decrease expenditures to support new customer products and operational efficiency initiatives. During 2022 and 2021, our property and equipment additions represented 22.1% and 21.0% of revenue, respectively. We expect our 2023 property and equipment additions to remain relatively stable as compared to our 2022 property and equipment additions. The actual amount of our 2023 property and equipment additions may vary from our expectations for a variety of reasons, including (i) changes in (a) the competitive or regulatory environment, (b) business plans, (c) our expected future operating results or (d) foreign currency exchange rates and (ii) the availability of sufficient capital. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that our actual property and equipment additions will not vary materially from our expectations. Financing Activities. The increase in net cash used by our financing activities is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) an increase in cash used of $1,825.9 million due to higher net repayments of debt, (ii) a decrease in cash used of $287.3 million due to lower net repayments of vendor financing, including the impact of the U.K. JV Transaction, (iii) an increase in cash used of $193.6 million due to higher net payments related to derivatives and (iv) an increase in cash used of $123.0 million due to higher repurchases of Liberty Global ordinary shares. II-29 Adjusted Free Cash Flow We define adjusted free cash flow as net cash provided by the operating activities of our continuing operations, plus operating-related vendor financed expenses (which represents an increase in the period to our actual cash available as a result of extending vendor payment terms beyond normal payment terms, which are typically 90 days or less, through non-cash financing activities), less (i) cash payments in the period for capital expenditures, (ii) principal payments on operating- and capital-related amounts financed by vendors and intermediaries (which represents a decrease in the period to our actual cash available as a result of paying amounts to vendors and intermediaries where we previously had extended vendor payments beyond the normal payment terms) and (iii) principal payments on finance leases (which represents a decrease in the period to our actual cash available), each as reported in our consolidated statements of cash flows with each item excluding any cash provided or used by our discontinued operations. Net cash provided by the operating activities of our continuing operations includes cash paid for third-party costs directly associated with successful and unsuccessful acquisitions and dispositions of $36.2 million and $80.5 million during 2022 and 2021, respectively. We believe our presentation of adjusted free cash flow, which is a non-GAAP measure, provides useful information to our investors because this measure can be used to gauge our ability to (i) service debt and (ii) fund new investment opportunities after consideration of all actual cash payments related to our working capital activities and expenses that are capital in nature whether paid inside normal vendor payment terms or paid later outside normal vendor payment terms (in which case we typically pay in less than 365 days). Adjusted free cash flow should not be understood to represent our ability to fund discretionary amounts, as we have various mandatory and contractual obligations, including debt repayments, that are not deducted to arrive at these amounts. Investors should view adjusted free cash flow as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, GAAP measures of liquidity included in our consolidated statements of cash flows. Further, our adjusted free cash flow may differ from how other companies define and apply their definition of adjusted free cash flow. The following table provides the details of our adjusted free cash flow: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 in millions Net cash provided by operating activities of our continuing operations $ 2,786.7 $ 3,364.0 Operating-related vendor financing additions (a) 522.7 1,781.6 Cash capital expenditures, net (1,303.2) (1,408.0) Principal payments on operating-related vendor financing (616.1) (1,408.0) Principal payments on capital-related vendor financing (210.1) (964.4) Principal payments on finance leases (62.0) (75.7) Adjusted free cash flow $ 1,118.0 $ 1,289.5 _______________ (a) For purposes of our consolidated statements of cash flows, operating-related vendor financing additions represent operating-related expenses financed by an intermediary that are treated as constructive operating cash outflows and constructive financing cash inflows when the intermediary settles the liability with the vendor. When we pay the financing intermediary, we record financing cash outflows in our consolidated statements of cash flows. For purposes of our adjusted free cash flow definition, we (i) add in the constructive financing cash inflow when the intermediary settles the liability with the vendor as our actual net cash available at that time is not affected and (ii) subsequently deduct the related financing cash outflow when we actually pay the financing intermediary, reflecting the actual reduction to our cash available to service debt or fund new investment opportunities. II-30 Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates In connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, we make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Critical accounting policies are defined as those policies that are reflective of significant judgments, estimates and uncertainties, which would potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. We believe the following accounting policies are critical in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements because of the judgment necessary to account for these matters and the significant estimates involved, which are susceptible to change: • Impairment of goodwill; • Costs associated with the capitalization of property and equipment; • Fair value measurements; and • Income tax accounting. We have discussed the selection of the aforementioned critical accounting policies with the audit committee of our board of directors. For additional information concerning our significant accounting policies, see note 3 to our consolidated financial statements. Impairment of Goodwill Carrying Value. The aggregate carrying value of our goodwill comprised 21.7% of our total assets at December 31, 2022. We evaluate goodwill for impairment at least annually on October 1 and whenever facts and circumstances indicate that a reporting unit’s carrying amount may not be recoverable. For impairment evaluations, we first make a qualitative assessment to determine if the goodwill may be impaired. If it is more-likely-than-not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value, we then compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its respective carrying amount. Any excess of the carrying amount over the fair value would be charged to operations as an impairment loss. A reporting unit is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment (referred to as a “component”). When required, considerable management judgment is necessary to estimate the fair value of reporting units. The equity of one of our reporting units, Telenet, is publicly traded in an active market. For this reporting unit, our fair value determination is based on quoted market prices. For other reporting units, we typically determine fair value using an income-based approach (discounted cash flows) based on assumptions in our long-range business plans and, in some cases, a combination of an income-based approach and a market-based approach. With respect to our discounted cash flow analysis used in the income-based approach, the timing and amount of future cash flows under these business plans require estimates of, among other items, subscriber growth and retention rates, rates charged per product, expected gross margins and Adjusted EBITDA margins and expected property and equipment additions. The development of these cash flows, and the discount rate applied to the cash flows, is subject to inherent uncertainties, and actual results could vary significantly from such estimates. Our determination of the discount rate is based on a weighted average cost of capital approach, which uses a market participant’s cost of equity and after-tax cost of debt and reflects the risks inherent in the cash flows. Based on the results of our 2022 qualitative assessment of our reporting unit carrying values, we determined that it was more-likely-than-not that fair value exceeded carrying value for all of our reporting units. During the three years ended December 31, 2022, we did not record any significant impairment charges with respect to our goodwill. For additional information regarding our goodwill, see note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. If, among other factors, (i) our equity values were to decline or (ii) the adverse impacts of economic, competitive, regulatory or other factors were to cause our results of operations or cash flows to be worse than anticipated, we could conclude in future periods that impairment charges are required in order to reduce the carrying values of our goodwill. Any such impairment charges could be significant. II-31 Costs Associated with the Capitalization of Property and Equipment We capitalize costs associated with the construction of new, or upgrades to existing, fixed and mobile transmission and distribution facilities, the installation of new fixed-line services and the development of internal-use software. Installation activities that are capitalized include (i) the initial connection (or drop) from our fixed-line system to a customer location, (ii) the replacement of a drop and (iii) the installation of equipment for new, or upgrades to existing, fixed-line services. The costs of other customer-facing activities, such as reconnecting customer locations where a drop already exists, disconnecting customer locations and repairing or maintaining drops, are expensed as incurred. We capitalize internal and external costs directly associated with the development of internal-use software. We make judgments regarding the construction, upgrade and installation activities to be capitalized and the development of internal-use software. In addition to direct external and internal labor and materials, we also capitalize other costs directly attributable to our construction and installation activities, including dispatch costs, quality-control costs, vehicle-related costs and certain warehouse-related costs. The capitalization of these costs is based on time sheets, standard costs, call tracking systems and other verifiable means that directly link the costs incurred with the applicable capitalizable activity. We continuously monitor the appropriateness of our capitalization policies and update the policies when necessary to respond to changes in facts and circumstances, such as the development of new products and services and changes in the manner that installations, construction or upgrade activities or the development of internal-use software are performed. Fair Value Measurements GAAP provides guidance with respect to the recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements and for a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. Level 1 inputs are quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted market prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Recurring Valuations. We perform recurring fair value measurements with respect to our derivative instruments and our fair value method investments. We use (i) cash flow valuation models to determine the fair values of our interest rate and foreign currency derivative instruments and (ii) a Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair values of our equity-related derivative instruments. We use quoted market prices when available and, when not available, we use a combination of an income approach (discounted cash flows) and a market approach (market multiples of similar businesses) to determine the fair value of our fair value method investments. For a detailed discussion of the inputs we use to determine the fair value of our derivative instruments and fair value method investments, see note 9 to our consolidated financial statements. See also notes 7 and 8 to our consolidated financial statements for information concerning our fair value method investments and derivative instruments, respectively. Changes in the fair values of our derivative instruments and fair value method investments have had, and we believe will continue to have, a significant and volatile impact on our results of operations. During 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recognized net gains (losses) of $889.6 million, $1,357.9 million and ($833.5 million), respectively, attributable to changes in the fair values of these items. As further described in note 9 to our consolidated financial statements, actual amounts received or paid upon the settlement or disposition of these investments and instruments may differ materially from the recorded fair values at December 31, 2022. For information concerning the sensitivity of the fair value of certain of our more significant derivative instruments to changes in market conditions, see Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Sensitivity Information below. Nonrecurring Valuations. Our nonrecurring valuations are primarily associated with (i) the application of acquisition accounting, (ii) impairment assessments and (iii) the accounting for our initial investment in significant joint ventures, each of which require that we make fair value determinations as of the applicable valuation date. In making these determinations, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the recorded amounts, including, but not limited to, expected future cash flows, market comparables and discount rates, remaining useful lives of long-lived assets, replacement or reproduction costs of property and equipment and the amounts to be recovered in future periods from acquired net operating losses and other deferred tax assets. To assist us in making these fair value determinations, we may engage third-party valuation specialists. Our estimates in this area impact, among other items, the amount of depreciation and amortization, impairment charges and income tax expense or benefit that we report. Our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain. A significant portion of our long-lived assets were initially recorded through the application of II-32 acquisition accounting and all of our long-lived assets are subject to impairment assessments. For additional information, see note 9 to our consolidated financial statements. For information regarding our acquisitions and long-lived assets, see notes 5 and 10 to our consolidated financial statements, respectively. Income Tax Accounting We are required to estimate the amount of tax payable or refundable for the current year and the deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and income tax basis of assets and liabilities and the expected benefits of utilizing net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, using enacted tax rates in effect for each taxing jurisdiction in which we operate for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. This process requires our management to make assessments regarding the timing and probability of the ultimate tax impact of such items. Net deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if we believe that it is more-likely-than-not such net deferred tax assets will not be realized. Establishing or reducing a tax valuation allowance requires us to make assessments about the timing of future events, including the probability of expected future taxable income and available tax planning strategies. At December 31, 2022, the aggregate valuation allowance provided against deferred tax assets was $1,586.5 million. The actual amount of deferred income tax benefits realized in future periods will likely differ from the net deferred tax assets reflected in our December 31, 2022 consolidated balance sheet due to, among other factors, possible future changes in income tax law, or interpretations thereof, in the jurisdictions in which we operate and differences between estimated and actual future taxable income. Any such factors could have a material effect on our current and deferred tax positions as reported in our consolidated financial statements. A high degree of judgment is required to assess the impact of possible future outcomes on our current and deferred tax positions. Tax laws in jurisdictions in which we have a presence are subject to varied interpretation, and many tax positions we take are subject to significant uncertainty regarding whether the position will be ultimately sustained after review by the relevant tax authority. We recognize the financial statement effects of a tax position when it is more-likely-than-not, based on technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. The determination of whether the tax position meets the more-likely-than-not threshold requires a facts-based judgment using all information available. In a number of cases, we have concluded that the more-likely-than-not threshold is not met and, accordingly, the amount of tax benefit recognized in our consolidated financial statements is different than the amount taken or expected to be taken in our tax returns. As of December 31, 2022, the amount of unrecognized tax benefits for financial reporting purposes, but taken or expected to be taken in our tax returns, was $435.2 million, of which $337.9 million would have a favorable impact on our effective income tax rate if ultimately recognized, after considering amounts that we would expect to be offset by valuation allowances. We are required to continually assess our tax positions, and the results of tax examinations or changes in judgment can result in substantial changes to our unrecognized tax benefits. II-33 Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK We are exposed to market risk in the normal course of our business operations due to our investments in various foreign countries and ongoing investing and financing activities. Market risk refers to the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and stock prices. The risk of loss can be assessed from the perspective of adverse changes in fair values, cash flows and future earnings. As further described below, we have established policies, procedures and processes governing our management of market risks and the use of derivative instruments to manage our exposure to such risks. Cash and Investments We invest our cash in highly liquid instruments that meet high credit quality standards. We are exposed to exchange rate risk to the extent that the denominations of our cash and cash equivalent balances, revolving lines of credit and other short-term sources of liquidity do not correspond to the denominations of our and our subsidiaries’ short-term liquidity requirements. In order to mitigate this risk, we actively manage the denominations of our cash balances in light of our and our subsidiaries’ forecasted liquidity requirements. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, our consolidated cash balances included $1,307.9 million or 75.8% and $387.3 million or 42.5%, respectively, denominated in euros and $347.2 million or 20.1% and $468.8 million or 51.5%, respectively, denominated in U.S. dollars. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the balances of our consolidated investments held under SMAs of $ 2,854.6 million and $ 2,801.3 million, respectively, were denominated entirely in U.S. dollars. Foreign Currency Risk We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk with respect to our consolidated debt in situations where our debt is denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the operations whose cash flows support our ability to repay or refinance such debt. Although we generally match the denomination of our and our subsidiaries’ borrowings with the functional currency of the operations that are supporting the respective borrowings, market conditions or other factors may cause us to enter into borrowing arrangements that are not denominated in the functional currency of the underlying operations (unmatched debt). In these cases, our policy is to provide for an economic hedge against foreign currency exchange rate movements by using derivative instruments to synthetically convert unmatched debt into the applicable underlying currency. At December 31, 2022, substantially all of our debt was either directly or synthetically matched to the applicable functional currencies of the underlying operations. For additional information concerning the terms of our derivative instruments, see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements. In addition to the exposure that results from the mismatch of our borrowings and underlying functional currencies, we are exposed to foreign currency risk to the extent that we enter into transactions denominated in currencies other than our or our subsidiaries’ respective functional currencies (non-functional currency risk), such as equipment purchases, programming contracts, notes payable and notes receivable (including intercompany amounts). Changes in exchange rates with respect to amounts recorded on our consolidated balance sheets related to these items will result in unrealized (based upon period-end exchange rates) or realized foreign currency transaction gains and losses upon settlement of the transactions. Moreover, to the extent that our revenue, costs and expenses are denominated in currencies other than our respective functional currencies, we will experience fluctuations in our revenue, costs and expenses solely as a result of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Generally, we will consider hedging non-functional currency risks when the risks arise from agreements with third parties that involve the future payment or receipt of cash or other monetary items to the extent that we can reasonably predict the timing and amount of such payments or receipts and the payments or receipts are not otherwise hedged. In this regard, we have entered into foreign currency forward and option contracts to hedge certain of these risks. For additional information concerning our foreign currency forward and option contracts, see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements. We are also exposed to unfavorable and potentially volatile fluctuations of the U.S. dollar (our reporting currency) against the currencies of our operating subsidiaries when their respective financial statements are translated into U.S. dollars for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements. Cumulative translation adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive earnings or loss as a separate component of equity. Any increase (decrease) in the value of the U.S. dollar against any foreign currency that is the functional currency of one of our operating subsidiaries will cause us to experience unrealized foreign currency translation losses (gains) with respect to amounts already invested in such foreign currencies. Accordingly, we may experience a negative impact on our comprehensive earnings or loss and equity with respect to our holdings solely as a result of FX. Our primary exposure to FX risk during the three months ended December 31, 2022 was to the euro and Swiss franc, as 55.1% and 43.6% of our reported revenue during the period was derived from subsidiaries whose functional currencies are the euro and Swiss franc, respectively. In addition, our reported operating results are impacted by changes in the exchange rates for other local currencies in Europe. We do not hedge against the risk that we may incur non-cash II-34 losses upon the translation of the financial statements of our subsidiaries and affiliates into U.S. dollars. For additional information regarding certain currency instability risks, see Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations above. The relationships between the primary currencies of the countries in which we operate and the U.S. dollar, which is our reporting currency, are shown below, per one U.S. dollar: As of December 31, 2022 2021 Spot rates: Euro 0.9337 0.8782 Swiss franc 0.9219 0.9114 British pound sterling 0.8265 0.7388 Polish zloty 4.3686 4.0285 Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Average rates: Euro 0.9509 0.8455 0.8775 Swiss franc 0.9548 0.9139 0.9389 British pound sterling 0.8112 0.7269 0.7796 Polish zloty 4.4555 3.8595 3.8979 Inflation and Foreign Investment Risk We are subject to inflationary pressures with respect to labor, programming and other costs. In this regard, inflation rates in the countries in which we operate have recently increased, and in many countries such increases have been significant. While we attempt to increase our revenue to offset increases in costs, there is no assurance that we will be able to do so. Therefore, costs could rise faster than associated revenue, thereby resulting in a negative impact on our operating results, cash flows and liquidity. The economic environment in the respective countries in which we operate is a function of government, economic, fiscal and monetary policies and various other factors beyond our control that could lead to inflation. We are unable to predict the extent that price levels might be impacted in future periods by the current state of the economies in the countries in which we operate. Interest Rate Risks We are exposed to changes in interest rates primarily as a result of our borrowing activities, which include fixed-rate and variable-rate borrowings by our borrowing groups. Our primary exposure to variable-rate debt is through the EURIBOR-indexed and LIBOR-indexed debt of our borrowing groups and the variable-rate debt of certain of our other subsidiaries. In general, we enter into derivative instruments to protect against increases in the interest rates on our variable-rate debt. Accordingly, we have entered into various derivative transactions to manage exposure to increases in interest rates. We use interest rate derivative contracts to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed and variable interest rates calculated by reference to an agreed-upon notional principal amount. From time to time we also use interest rate cap, floor and collar agreements and swaptions that lock in a maximum interest rate if variable rates rise, but also allow our company to benefit, to a limited extent in the case of collars, from declines in market rates. Under our current guidelines, we use various interest rate derivative instruments to mitigate interest rate risk. The final maturity dates of our various portfolios of interest rate derivative instruments might, in some instances, fall short of the respective maturities of the underlying variable-rate debt. In this regard, we use judgment to determine the appropriate composition and maturity dates of our portfolios of interest rate derivative instruments, taking into account the relative costs and benefits of different maturity profiles in light of current and expected future market conditions, liquidity issues and other factors. For additional information concerning the impacts of these interest rate derivative instruments, see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements. In July 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (the authority that regulates LIBOR) announced that it intends to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021. Additionally, the European Money Markets Institute (the authority that administers EURIBOR) announced that measures would need to be undertaken by the end of 2021 to reform II-35 EURIBOR to ensure compliance with the E.U. Benchmarks Regulation. In November 2020, ICE Benchmark Administration (the entity that administers LIBOR) announced its intention to continue publishing USD LIBOR rates until June 30, 2023, with the exception of the one-week and two-month rates which, along with all CHF and GBP LIBOR rates, it ceased to publish after December 31, 2021. Furthermore, in November 2022, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority proposed that certain tenors of USD LIBOR would continue to be published on a synthetic basis until the end of September 2024. While this extension allows additional runway on existing contracts using USD LIBOR rates, companies are still encouraged to transition away from using USD LIBOR as soon as practicable and should not enter into new contracts that use USD LIBOR after 2021. The methodology for EURIBOR has been reformed and EURIBOR has been granted regulatory approval to continue to be used. Currently, there is no consensus amongst loan borrowers and investors for what rate(s) should replace USD LIBOR. In October 2020, the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (the ISDA ) launched the Fallback Supplement, which, as of January 25, 2021, amended the standard definitions for interest rate derivatives to incorporate fallbacks for derivatives linked to certain key interbank offered rates ( IBORs ). The ISDA also launched the Fallback Protocol, a protocol that enables market participants to incorporate these revisions into their legacy non-cleared derivatives with other counterparties that choose to adhere to the protocol. The fallbacks for a particular currency apply following a permanent cessation of the IBOR in that currency, or in the case of a LIBOR setting, that LIBOR setting becoming permanently unrepresentative, and are adjusted versions of the risk-free rates identified in each currency. Our credit agreements contain provisions that contemplate alternative calculations of the base rate applicable to our LIBOR-indexed and EURIBOR-indexed debt to the extent LIBOR or EURIBOR (as applicable) are not available, which alternative calculations we do not anticipate will be materially different from what would have been calculated under LIBOR or EURIBOR (as applicable). Additionally, no mandatory prepayment or redemption provisions would be triggered under our credit agreements in the event that either the LIBOR rate or the EURIBOR rate is not available. It is possible, however, that any new reference rate that applies to our LIBOR-indexed or EURIBOR-indexed debt could be different from any new reference rate that applies to our LIBOR-indexed or EURIBOR-indexed derivative instruments. For discontinued currencies and tenors, we expect to continue taking steps to mitigate the changes in these benchmark rates, including by amending existing credit agreements and adhering to the Fallback Protocol, where appropriate. We plan to continue to manage this difference and any resulting increased variable-rate exposure through modifications to our debt and/or derivative instruments, however, future market conditions may not allow immediate implementation of desired modifications and our subsidiaries may incur significant associated costs. Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the outstanding principal amount of our variable-rate indebtedness aggregated $9.3 billion and $9.6 billion, respectively, and the weighted average interest rate (including margin) on such variable-rate indebtedness was approximately 5.9% and 2.7%, respectively, excluding the effects of interest rate derivative contracts, deferred financing costs, original issue premiums or discounts and commitment fees, all of which affect our overall cost of borrowing. Assuming no change in the amount outstanding at December 31, 2022, and without giving effect to any interest rate derivative contracts, deferred financing costs, original issue premiums or discounts and commitment fees, a hypothetical 50 basis point (0.50%) increase (decrease) in our weighted average variable interest rate would increase (decrease) our annual consolidated interest expense and cash outflows by $46.5 million. As discussed above and in note 8 to our consolidated financial statements, we use interest rate derivative contracts to manage our exposure to increases in variable interest rates. In this regard, increases in the fair value of these contracts generally would be expected to offset most of the economic impact of increases in the variable interest rates applicable to our indebtedness to the extent and during the period that principal amounts are matched with interest rate derivative contracts. Counterparty Credit Risk We are exposed to the risk that the counterparties to the derivative instruments, undrawn debt facilities and cash investments of our subsidiary borrowing groups will default on their obligations to us. We manage these credit risks through the evaluation and monitoring of the creditworthiness of, and concentration of risk with, the respective counterparties. In this regard, credit risk associated with our derivative instruments and undrawn debt facilities is spread across a relatively broad counterparty base of banks and financial institutions, however notwithstanding, given the size of our derivative portfolio, the default of certain counterparties could have a significant impact on our consolidated statements of operations. Collateral is generally not posted by either party under the derivative instruments of our subsidiary borrowing groups. Most of our cash currently is invested in either (i) AAA-rated money market funds, including funds that invest in government obligations, or (ii) overnight deposits with banks having a minimum credit rating of A by Standard & Poor’s or an equivalent rating by Moody’s Investor Service. To date, neither the access to nor the value of our cash and cash equivalent balances have been adversely impacted by liquidity problems of financial institutions. II-36 At December 31, 2022 and 2021, our exposure to counterparty credit risk included (i) cash and cash equivalent and restricted cash balances of $1.7 billion and $0.9 billion, respectively, (ii) aggregate undrawn debt facilities of $1.5 billion and $1.6 billion, respectively, and (iii) derivative assets with an aggregate fair value of $922.5 million and $57.8 million, respectively. Each of our subsidiary borrowing groups have entered into derivative instruments under master agreements with each counterparty that contain master netting arrangements that are applicable in the event of early termination by either party to such derivative instrument. The master netting arrangements are limited to the derivative instruments governed by the relevant master agreement within each individual borrowing group and are independent of similar arrangements of our other subsidiary borrowing groups. Under our derivative contracts, it is generally only the non-defaulting party that has a contractual option to exercise early termination rights upon the default of the other counterparty and to set off other liabilities against sums due upon such termination. However, in an insolvency of a derivative counterparty, under the laws of certain jurisdictions, the defaulting counterparty or its insolvency representatives may be able to compel the termination of one or more derivative contracts and trigger early termination payment liabilities payable by us, reflecting any mark-to-market value of the contracts for the counterparty. Alternatively, or in addition, the insolvency laws of certain jurisdictions may require the mandatory set off of amounts due under such derivative contracts against present and future liabilities owed to us under other contracts between us and the relevant counterparty. Accordingly, it is possible that we may be subject to obligations to make payments, or may have present or future liabilities owed to us partially or fully discharged by set off as a result of such obligations, in the event of the insolvency of a derivative counterparty, even though it is the counterparty that is in default and not us. To the extent that we are required to make such payments, our ability to do so will depend on our liquidity and capital resources at the time. In an insolvency of a defaulting counterparty, we will be an unsecured creditor in respect of any amount owed to us by the defaulting counterparty, except to the extent of the value of any collateral we have obtained from that counterparty. In addition, where a counterparty is in financial difficulty, under the laws of certain jurisdictions, the relevant regulators may be able to (i) compel the termination of one or more derivative instruments, determine the settlement amount and/or compel, without any payment, the partial or full discharge of liabilities arising from such early termination that are payable by the relevant counterparty or (ii) transfer the derivative instruments to an alternative counterparty. While we currently have no specific concerns about the creditworthiness of any counterparty for which we have material credit risk exposures, we cannot rule out the possibility that one or more of our counterparties could fail or otherwise be unable to meet its obligations to us. Any such instance could have an adverse effect on our cash flows, results of operations, financial condition and/or liquidity. Although we actively monitor the creditworthiness of our key vendors, the financial failure of a key vendor could disrupt our operations and have an adverse impact on our revenue and cash flows. Sensitivity Information Information concerning the sensitivity of the fair value of certain of our more significant derivative instruments to changes in market conditions is set forth below. The potential changes in fair value set forth below do not include any amounts associated with the remeasurement of the derivative asset or liability into the applicable functional currency. For additional information, see notes 8 and 9 to our consolidated financial statements. UPC Holding Cross-currency and Interest Rate Derivative Contracts Holding all other factors constant, at December 31, 2022: (i) an instantaneous increase (decrease) of 10% in the value of the Swiss franc relative to the U.S. dollar would have decreased (increased) the aggregate fair value of the UPC Holding cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts by approximately €414 million ($444 million); (ii) an instantaneous increase (decrease) of 10% in the value of the Swiss franc relative to the euro would have decreased (increased) the aggregate fair value of the UPC Holding cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts by approximately €325 million ($348 million); and II-37 (iii) an instantaneous increase (decrease) in the relevant base rate of 50 basis points (0.50%) would have decreased (increased) the aggregate fair value of the UPC Holding cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts by approximately €99 million ($106 million). Telenet Cross-currency and Interest Rate Derivative Contracts Holding all other factors constant, at December 31, 2022: (i) an instantaneous increase (decrease) of 10% in the value of the euro relative to the U.S. dollar would have decreased (increased) the aggregate fair value of the Telenet cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts by approximately €297 million ($318 million); and (ii) an instantaneous increase (decrease) in the relevant base rate of 50 basis points (0.50%) would have decreased (increased) the aggregate fair value of the Telenet cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts by approximately €72 million ($78 million). Projected Cash Flows Associated with Derivative Instruments The following table provides information regarding the projected cash flows associated with our derivative instruments. The U.S. dollar equivalents presented below are based on interest rate projections and exchange rates as of December 31, 2022. These amounts are presented for illustrative purposes only and will likely differ from the actual cash payments or receipts required in future periods. For additional information regarding our derivative instruments, see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements. For information concerning the counterparty credit risk associated with our derivative instruments, see the discussion under Counterparty Credit Risk above. Payments (receipts) due during: Total 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Thereafter in millions Projected derivative cash payments (receipts), net: Interest-related (a) $ (158.6) $ (379.6) $ (313.7) $ (275.3) $ (268.6) $ (297.9) $ (1,693.7) Principal-related (b) 62.2 — 63.5 53.0 — (54.2) 124.5 Other (c) 6.2 0.4 0.3 — — — 6.9 Total $ (90.2) $ (379.2) $ (249.9) $ (222.3) $ (268.6) $ (352.1) $ (1,562.3) _______________ (a) Includes (i) the cash flows of our interest rate cap, floor and swap contracts and (ii) the interest-related cash flows of our cross-currency and interest rate swap contracts. (b) Includes the principal-related cash flows of our cross-currency swap contracts. (c) Includes amounts related to foreign currency forward contracts. II-38 Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The consolidated financial statements of Liberty Global are filed under this Item, beginning on page II-42. Financial statement schedules are filed under Item 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures In accordance with Exchange Act Rule 13a-15, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer (the Executives ), of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2022. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, the Executives recognize that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is necessarily required to apply judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and objectives. Based on that evaluation, the Executives concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of December 31, 2022, to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Internal control over financial reporting (a) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting is included herein on page II-40. (b) Audit Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The audit report of KPMG LLP is included herein on page II-41. (c) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There have been no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation described above that occurred during the fourth fiscal quarter covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION Not applicable. Item 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS Not applicable. II-39 Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management assessed the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, using the criteria in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our management believes that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report included herein. II-40 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and Board of Directors Liberty Global plc: Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited Liberty Global plc and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive earnings (loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I to II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 22, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ KPMG LLP Denver, Colorado February 22, 2023 II-41 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and Board of Directors Liberty Global plc: Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Liberty Global plc and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive earnings (loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I to II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 22, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Capitalization of external costs As discussed in Notes 3 and 10 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company capitalizes certain external costs for construction and installation activities and internal use software. Capitalized external costs for construction and installation activities and internal use software are recorded within property and equipment, net which has a balance of $6,504.5 million as of December 31, 2022. II-42 We identified the assessment of the capitalization of external costs for construction and installation activities and internal use software as a critical audit matter. Assessing the Company’s determination of which costs qualify for capitalization or expense required a high degree of auditor judgment to evaluate the nature of the supporting documentation. The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We applied auditor judgment to determine the nature of procedures to be performed over the capitalization of external costs for construction and installation activities and internal use software. This included comparing the external costs capitalized in the current year for construction and installation activities and internal use software to the historical external costs capitalized, considering the nature of the Company’s business activities, to identify, for further investigation, inconsistent trends or unexpected patterns of capitalization. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the capitalization of external costs for construction and installation activities and internal use software. This included controls related to (1) the Company’s identification of qualifying capital external costs and (2) the Company’s review of the nature of the underlying activity. We selected a sample of capitalized external costs in the current year and independently assessed the Company’s determination that such costs qualify for capitalization by investigating the nature of the costs based on underlying third-party documentation such as project documentation, vendor contracts and invoices. /s/ KPMG LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2004. Denver, Colorado February 22, 2023 II-43 LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS December 31, 2022 2021 in millions ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,726.2 $ 910.6 Trade receivables, net 830.6 907.3 Short-term investments (measured at fair value on a recurring basis) (note 7) 2,621.6 2,269.6 Derivative instruments (note 8) 382.7 244.3 Current assets of discontinued operations (note 6) — 925.0 Other current assets (notes 4 and 7) 736.3 683.7 Total current assets 6,297.4 5,940.5 Investments and related notes receivable (including $ 2,179.0 million and $ 2,757.8 million, respectively, measured at fair value on a recurring basis) (note 7) 14,856.1 19,703.0 Property and equipment, net (notes 10 and 12) 6,504.5 6,981.5 Goodwill (note 10) 9,316.1 9,523.4 Intangible assets subject to amortization, net (note 10) 2,342.4 2,342.5 Other assets, net (notes 4, 8, 12 and 13) 3,578.5 2,426.1 Total assets $ 42,895.0 $ 46,917.0 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. II-44 LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS — (Continued) December 31, 2022 2021 in millions LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 610.1 $ 613.4 Deferred revenue (note 4) 264.4 274.7 Current portion of debt and finance lease obligations (notes 11 and 12) 799.7 850.3 Accrued capital expenditures 244.0 257.7 Accrued income taxes 235.6 236.6 Derivative instruments (note 8) 296.8 221.8 Current liabilities of discontinued operations (note 6) — 201.3 Other accrued and current liabilities (note 12) 1,470.4 1,429.0 Total current liabilities 3,921.0 4,084.8 Long-term debt and finance lease obligations (notes 11 and 12) 12,963.5 13,974.8 Long-term operating lease liabilities (notes 6 and 12) 1,645.9 1,226.1 Other long-term liabilities (notes 4, 8, 13 and 16) 1,791.2 2,033.3 Total liabilities 20,321.6 21,319.0 Commitments and contingencies (notes 8, 11, 12, 13, 16 and 18) Equity (note 14): Liberty Global shareholders: Class A ordinary shares, $ 0.01 nominal value. Issued and outstanding 171,917,370 and 174,310,558 shares, respectively 1.8 1.8 Class B ordinary shares, $ 0.01 nominal value. Issued and outstanding 12,994,000 and 12,930,839 shares, respectively 0.1 0.1 Class C ordinary shares, $ 0.01 nominal value. Issued and outstanding 274,436,585 and 340,114,729 shares, respectively 2.7 3.4 Additional paid-in capital 2,300.8 3,893.0 Accumulated earnings 19,617.7 18,144.5 Accumulated other comprehensive earnings, net of taxes 513.4 3,892.2 Treasury shares, at cost ( 0.1 ) ( 0.1 ) Total Liberty Global shareholders 22,436.4 25,934.9 Noncontrolling interests 137.0 ( 336.9 ) Total equity 22,573.4 25,598.0 Total liabilities and equity $ 42,895.0 $ 46,917.0 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. II-45 LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 in millions, except per share amounts Revenue (notes 4, 6, 7 and 19) $ 7,195.7 $ 10,311.3 $ 11,545.4 Operating costs and expenses (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, shown separately below): Programming and other direct costs of services 2,085.7 3,017.6 3,320.6 Other operating (note 15) 1,088.2 1,484.6 1,719.3 Selling, general and administrative ( SG&A ) (note 15) 1,618.5 2,154.1 2,150.0 Depreciation and amortization (note 10) 2,171.4 2,353.7 2,227.2 Impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net (notes 5 and 16) 85.1 ( 19.0 ) 97.4 7,048.9 8,991.0 9,514.5 Operating income 146.8 1,320.3 2,030.9 Non-operating income (expense): Interest expense ( 589.3 ) ( 882.1 ) ( 1,186.8 ) Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net (note 8) 1,191.7 622.9 ( 878.7 ) Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net 1,407.2 1,324.5 ( 1,409.3 ) Realized and unrealized gains (losses) due to changes in fair values of certain investments, net (notes 7 and 9) ( 302.1 ) 735.0 45.2 Gains (losses) on debt extinguishment, net (note 11) 2.8 ( 90.6 ) ( 233.2 ) Share of results of affiliates, net (note 7) ( 1,267.8 ) ( 175.4 ) ( 245.3 ) Gain on Telenet Tower Sale (note 6) 700.5 — — Gain on U.K. JV Transaction (note 6) — 10,873.8 — Gain on AtlasEdge JV Transactions (note 6) — 227.5 — Other income, net 134.4 44.9 76.2 1,277.4 12,680.5 ( 3,831.9 ) Earnings (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes 1,424.2 14,000.8 ( 1,801.0 ) Income tax benefit (expense) (note 13) ( 318.9 ) ( 473.3 ) 275.9 Earnings (loss) from continuing operations 1,105.3 13,527.5 ( 1,525.1 ) Discontinued operations (note 6): Earnings from discontinued operations, net of taxes 34.6 82.6 58.4 Gain on disposal of discontinued operations, net of taxes 846.4 — — 881.0 82.6 58.4 Net earnings (loss) 1,986.3 13,610.1 ( 1,466.7 ) Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests ( 513.1 ) ( 183.3 ) ( 161.3 ) Net earnings (loss) attributable to Liberty Global shareholders $ 1,473.2 $ 13,426.8 $ ( 1,628.0 ) Basic earnings (loss) attributable to Liberty Global shareholders per share (note 3): Continuing operations $ 1.21 $ 24.01 $ ( 2.80 ) Discontinued operations (note 6) 1.80 0.15 0.10 $ 3.01 $ 24.16 $ ( 2.70 ) Diluted earnings (loss) attributable to Liberty Global shareholders per share (note 3): Continuing operations $ 1.19 $ 23.45 $ ( 2.80 ) Discontinued operations (note 6) 1.77 0.14 0.10 $ 2.96 $ 23.59 $ ( 2.70 ) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. II-46 LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS (LOSS) Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 in millions Net earnings (loss) $ 1,986.3 $ 13,610.1 $ ( 1,466.7 ) Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of taxes (note 17): Continuing operations: Foreign currency translation adjustments ( 3,214.8 ) ( 1,069.8 ) 2,586.2 Reclassification adjustment included in net earnings (loss) (note 6) ( 4.2 ) 1,249.3 ( 1.5 ) Pension-related adjustments and other ( 113.2 ) 80.7 ( 17.2 ) Other comprehensive earnings (loss) from continuing operations ( 3,332.2 ) 260.2 2,567.5 Other comprehensive earnings (loss) from discontinued operations (note 6) ( 44.4 ) ( 59.9 ) 13.5 Other comprehensive earnings (loss) ( 3,376.6 ) 200.3 2,581.0 Comprehensive earnings (loss) ( 1,390.3 ) 13,810.4 1,114.3 Comprehensive earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests ( 515.3 ) ( 184.5 ) ( 161.9 ) Comprehensive earnings (loss) attributable to Liberty Global shareholders $ ( 1,905.6 ) $ 13,625.9 $ 952.4 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. II-47 LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY Liberty Global shareholders Non-controlling interests Total equity Ordinary shares Additional paid-in capital Accumulated earnings Accumulated other comprehensive earnings, net of taxes Treasury shares, at cost Total Liberty Global shareholders Class A Class B Class C in millions Balance at January 1, 2020, before effect of accounting change $ 1.8 $ 0.1 $ 4.4 $ 6,136.9 $ 6,350.4 $ 1,112.7 $ ( 0.1 ) $ 13,606.2 $ ( 407.6 ) $ 13,198.6 Impact of ASU No. 2016-13 (note 2) — — — — ( 30.3 ) — — ( 30.3 ) 0.2 ( 30.1 ) Balance at January 1, 2020 as adjusted for accounting change 1.8 0.1 4.4 6,136.9 6,320.1 1,112.7 ( 0.1 ) 13,575.9 ( 407.4 ) 13,168.5 Net loss — — — — ( 1,628.0 ) — — ( 1,628.0 ) 161.3 ( 1,466.7 ) Other comprehensive earnings, net of taxes (note 17) — — — — — 2,580.4 — 2,580.4 0.6 2,581.0 Repurchases and cancellations of Liberty Global ordinary shares (note 14) — — ( 0.5 ) ( 1,071.8 ) — — — ( 1,072.3 ) — ( 1,072.3 ) Share-based compensation (note 15) — — — 261.7 — — — 261.7 — 261.7 Dividend distributions by subsidiaries to noncontrolling interest owners (note 14) — — — — — — — — ( 139.2 ) ( 139.2 ) Repurchases by Telenet of its outstanding shares — — — ( 45.3 ) — — — ( 45.3 ) 7.2 ( 38.1 ) Adjustments due to changes in subsidiaries’ equity and other, net — — — ( 9.8 ) — — — ( 9.8 ) 13.3 3.5 Balance at December 31, 2020 $ 1.8 $ 0.1 $ 3.9 $ 5,271.7 $ 4,692.1 $ 3,693.1 $ ( 0.1 ) $ 13,662.6 $ ( 364.2 ) $ 13,298.4 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. II-48 LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY — (Continued) Liberty Global shareholders Non-controlling interests Total equity Ordinary shares Additional paid-in capital Accumulated earnings Accumulated other comprehensive earnings, net of taxes Treasury shares, at cost Total Liberty Global shareholders Class A Class B Class C in millions Balance at January 1, 2021 $ 1.8 $ 0.1 $ 3.9 $ 5,271.7 $ 4,692.1 $ 3,693.1 $ ( 0.1 ) $ 13,662.6 $ ( 364.2 ) $ 13,298.4 Net earnings — — — — 13,426.8 — — 13,426.8 183.3 13,610.1 Other comprehensive earnings, net of taxes (note 17) — — — — — 199.1 — 199.1 1.2 200.3 Repurchases and cancellations of Liberty Global ordinary shares (note 14) — — ( 0.5 ) ( 1,580.6 ) — — — ( 1,581.1 ) — ( 1,581.1 ) Share-based compensation (note 15) — — — 257.9 — — — 257.9 — 257.9 Dividend distributions by subsidiaries to noncontrolling interest owners (note 14) — — — — — — — — ( 141.8 ) ( 141.8 ) Repurchases by Telenet of its outstanding shares — — — ( 16.9 ) — — — ( 16.9 ) 1.6 ( 15.3 ) Adjustments due to changes in subsidiaries’ equity and other, net — — — ( 39.1 ) 25.6 — — ( 13.5 ) ( 17.0 ) ( 30.5 ) Balance at December 31, 2021 $ 1.8 $ 0.1 $ 3.4 $ 3,893.0 $ 18,144.5 $ 3,892.2 $ ( 0.1 ) $ 25,934.9 $ ( 336.9 ) $ 25,598.0 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. II-49 LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY — (Continued) Liberty Global shareholders Non-controlling interests Total equity Ordinary shares Additional paid-in capital Accumulated earnings Accumulated other comprehensive earnings, net of taxes Treasury shares, at cost Total Liberty Global shareholders Class A Class B Class C in millions Balance at January 1, 2022 $ 1.8 $ 0.1 $ 3.4 $ 3,893.0 $ 18,144.5 $ 3,892.2 $ ( 0.1 ) $ 25,934.9 $ ( 336.9 ) $ 25,598.0 Net earnings — — — — 1,473.2 — — 1,473.2 513.1 1,986.3 Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes (note 17) — — — — — ( 3,378.8 ) — ( 3,378.8 ) 2.2 ( 3,376.6 ) Repurchases and cancellations of Liberty Global ordinary shares (note 14) — — ( 0.7 ) ( 1,701.9 ) — — — ( 1,702.6 ) — ( 1,702.6 ) Share-based compensation (note 15) — — — 171.1 — — — 171.1 — 171.1 Dividend distributions by subsidiaries to noncontrolling interest owners (note 14) — — — — — — — — ( 66.3 ) ( 66.3 ) Repurchases by Telenet of its outstanding shares — — — ( 28.0 ) — — — ( 28.0 ) 3.1 ( 24.9 ) Adjustments due to changes in subsidiaries’ equity and other, net — — — ( 33.4 ) — — — ( 33.4 ) 21.8 ( 11.6 ) Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 1.8 $ 0.1 $ 2.7 $ 2,300.8 $ 19,617.7 $ 513.4 $ ( 0.1 ) $ 22,436.4 $ 137.0 $ 22,573.4 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. II-50 LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 in millions Cash flows from operating activities: Net earnings (loss) $ 1,986.3 $ 13,610.1 $ ( 1,466.7 ) Earnings from discontinued operations 881.0 82.6 58.4 Earnings (loss) from continuing operations 1,105.3 13,527.5 ( 1,525.1 ) Adjustments to reconcile earnings (loss) from continuing operations to net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations: Share-based compensation expense 192.1 308.1 348.0 Depreciation and amortization 2,171.4 2,353.7 2,227.2 Impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net 85.1 ( 19.0 ) 97.4 Amortization of deferred financing costs and non-cash interest 31.0 31.9 44.8 Realized and unrealized losses (gains) on derivative instruments, net ( 1,191.7 ) ( 622.9 ) 878.7 Foreign currency transaction losses (gains), net ( 1,407.2 ) ( 1,324.5 ) 1,409.3 Realized and unrealized losses (gains) due to changes in fair values of certain investments, net 302.1 ( 735.0 ) ( 45.2 ) Losses (gains) on debt extinguishment, net ( 2.8 ) 90.6 233.2 Share of results of affiliates, net 1,267.8 175.4 245.3 Deferred income tax expense (benefit) 172.5 318.2 ( 262.9 ) Gain on Telenet Tower Sale ( 700.5 ) — — Gain on U.K. JV Transaction — ( 10,873.8 ) — Gain on AtlasEdge JV Transactions — ( 227.5 ) — Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of the effects of acquisitions and dispositions: Receivables and other operating assets 796.3 707.1 947.3 Payables and accruals ( 755.9 ) ( 872.3 ) ( 830.7 ) Dividend distributions received from the VMO2 JV 454.6 214.8 — Dividend distributions received from the VodafoneZiggo JV 266.6 311.7 249.5 Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations 2,786.7 3,364.0 4,016.8 Net cash provided by operating activities of discontinued operations 51.1 185.0 169.0 Net cash provided by operating activities $ 2,837.8 $ 3,549.0 $ 4,185.8 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. II-51 LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS — (Continued) Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 in millions Cash flows from investing activities: Cash paid for investments $ ( 9,433.8 ) $ ( 7,261.8 ) $ ( 8,240.5 ) Cash received from the sale of investments 9,213.3 6,170.8 6,031.9 Cash received in connection with the sale of UPC Poland 1,553.3 — — Capital expenditures, net ( 1,303.2 ) ( 1,408.0 ) ( 1,292.8 ) Cash received in connection with the Telenet Tower Sale 779.9 — Dividend distributions received from the VMO2 JV 477.9 — — Cash released from the Vodafone Escrow Accounts, net 6.5 214.9 104.9 Cash received (paid) in connection with acquisitions, net of cash acquired 2.7 ( 70.8 ) ( 5,267.8 ) Net cash received in connection with the AtlasEdge JV Transactions — 144.5 — Cash and restricted cash contributed to the VMO2 JV in connection with the U.K. JV Transaction — ( 3,424.0 ) — Loans to the VodafoneZiggo JV — ( 123.0 ) ( 122.7 ) Net cash received in connection with the U.K. JV Transaction — 108.6 — Other investing activities, net — ( 96.7 ) ( 30.2 ) Net cash provided (used) by investing activities of continuing operations 1,296.6 ( 5,745.5 ) ( 8,817.2 ) Net cash used by investing activities of discontinued operations ( 15.6 ) ( 51.0 ) ( 56.8 ) Net cash provided (used) by investing activities 1,281.0 ( 5,796.5 ) ( 8,874.0 ) Cash flows from financing activities: Borrowings of debt 4.7 2,570.7 13,205.8 Operating-related vendor financing additions 522.7 1,781.6 2,754.5 Repayments and repurchases of debt and finance lease obligations: Debt (excluding vendor financing) ( 980.9 ) ( 1,721.0 ) ( 8,857.1 ) Principal payments on operating-related vendor financing ( 616.1 ) ( 1,408.0 ) ( 2,381.7 ) Principal payments on capital-related vendor financing ( 210.1 ) ( 964.4 ) ( 2,088.8 ) Principal payments on finance leases ( 62.0 ) ( 75.7 ) ( 86.0 ) Repurchases of Liberty Global ordinary shares ( 1,703.4 ) ( 1,580.4 ) ( 1,072.3 ) Dividend distributions by subsidiaries to noncontrolling interest owners ( 61.1 ) ( 137.6 ) ( 137.1 ) Net cash received (paid) related to derivative instruments ( 50.0 ) 143.6 129.1 Payment of financing costs and debt premiums ( 28.5 ) ( 23.3 ) ( 290.0 ) Other financing activities, net ( 88.7 ) ( 98.1 ) ( 71.9 ) Net cash provided (used) by financing activities of continuing operations ( 3,273.4 ) ( 1,512.6 ) 1,104.5 Net cash used by financing activities of discontinued operations ( 2.6 ) ( 33.3 ) ( 20.9 ) Net cash provided (used) by financing activities $ ( 3,276.0 ) $ ( 1,545.9 ) $ 1,083.6 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. II-52 LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS — (Continued) Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 in millions Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash: Continuing operations $ ( 27.7 ) $ ( 6.6 ) $ 141.0 Discontinued operations — — — Total ( 27.7 ) ( 6.6 ) 141.0 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash: Continuing operations 782.2 ( 3,900.7 ) ( 3,554.9 ) Discontinued operations 32.9 100.7 91.3 Total 815.1 ( 3,800.0 ) ( 3,463.6 ) Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash: Beginning of year 917.3 4,717.3 8,180.9 Net increase (decrease) 815.1 ( 3,800.0 ) ( 3,463.6 ) End of year $ 1,732.4 $ 917.3 $ 4,717.3 Cash paid for interest: Continuing operations $ 547.1 $ 830.3 $ 1,126.0 Discontinued operations 0.3 1.7 1.7 Total $ 547.4 $ 832.0 $ 1,127.7 Net cash paid for taxes: Continuing operations $ 164.3 $ 156.2 $ 228.9 Discontinued operations 7.4 34.2 18.8 Total $ 171.7 $ 190.4 $ 247.7 Details of end of year cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash: Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,726.2 $ 910.6 $ 1,327.2 Restricted cash included in other current assets and other assets, net 6.2 6.7 6.8 Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash included in assets held for sale — — 3,383.3 Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 1,732.4 $ 917.3 $ 4,717.3 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. II-53 LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (1) Basis of Presentation Liberty Global plc ( Liberty Global ) is a public limited company organized under the laws of England and Wales. In these notes, the terms “we,” “our,” “our company” and “us” may refer, as the context requires, to Liberty Global or collectively to Liberty Global and its subsidiaries. We are an international provider of broadband internet, video, fixed-line telephony and mobile communications services to residential customers and businesses in Europe. Our continuing operations comprise businesses that provide residential and business-to-business ( B2B ) communications services in (i) Switzerland and Slovakia through certain wholly-owned subsidiaries that we collectively refer to as “ UPC Holding ”, (ii) Belgium through Telenet Group Holding N.V. ( Telenet ), a 61.1 %-owned subsidiary, and (iii) Ireland through another wholly-owned subsidiary ( VM Ireland ). In addition, we own 50 % noncontrolling interests in (a) a 50 : 50 joint venture (the VMO2 JV ) with Telefónica SA ( Telefónica ), which provides residential and B2B communication services in the United Kingdom (U.K. ), and (b) a 50 : 50 joint venture (the VodafoneZiggo JV ) with Vodafone Group plc ( Vodafone ), which provides residential and B2B communication services in the Netherlands. Through March 31, 2022, we provided residential and B2B communications services in Poland through UPC Holding. On April 1, 2022, we completed the sale of our operations in Poland. Accordingly, in these consolidated financial statements, our operations in Poland are reflected as discontinued operations for all applicable periods. For additional information, see note 6. Through May 31, 2021, our consolidated operations also included residential and B2B communications services provided to customers in the U.K. through Virgin Media Inc. ( Virgin Media ). On June 1, 2021, we contributed the U.K. JV Entities (as defined in note 6) to the VMO2 JV and began accounting for our 50 % interest in the VMO2 JV as an equity method investment. For additional information, see note 6. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ( GAAP ). Unless otherwise indicated, the amounts presented in these notes relate only to our continuing operations, and ownership percentages and convenience translations into United States ( U.S. ) dollars are calculated as of December 31, 2022. (2) Accounting Changes and Recent Accounting Pronouncements Accounting Changes ASU 2016-13 In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the FASB ) issued Accounting Standards Update ( ASU ) No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Statements ( ASU 2016-13 ), which changes the recognition model for credit losses related to assets held at amortized cost. ASU 2016-13 eliminates the threshold that a loss must be considered probable to recognize a credit loss and instead requires an entity to reflect its current estimate of lifetime expected credit losses. We adopted ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020 on a modified retrospective basis by recording a cumulative effect adjustment of $ 30.3 million to our accumulated earnings related to increases to our allowances for certain trade and notes receivable. Recent Accounting Pronouncements ASU 2022-04 In September 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-04, Liabilities—Supplier Finance Programs ( ASU 2022-04 ), which requires additional disclosures for buyers participating in supplier financing programs, which we refer to as vendor financing, including (i) the key terms of the arrangement, (ii) the confirmed amount outstanding at the end of the period, (iii) the balance sheet presentation of related amounts and (iv) a reconciliation of the balances from period to period. ASU 2022-04 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect ASU 2022-04 to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. For additional information regarding our vendor financing obligations, see note 11. II-54 LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued) December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 ASU 2021-08 In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers ( ASU 2021-08 ), which requires contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as if the acquirer had originated the contracts. ASU 2021-08 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The main impact of the adoption of ASU 2021-08 will be the recognition of contract assets and contract liabilities in future business combinations at amounts generally consistent with the carrying value of such assets and liabilities of the acquiree immediately before the acquisition date. ASU 2020-04 In April 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting ( ASU 2020-04 ), which provides optional expedients and exceptions for contract modifications, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate ( LIBOR ) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. In accordance with the optional expedients in ASU 2020-04, we modified certain debt agreements during 2022 to replace LIBOR with another reference rate and applied the practical expedient to account for the modification as a continuation of the existing contract. The use of optional expedients in ASU 2020-04 has not had a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements to date. For additional information regarding our debt, see note 11. (3) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates and assumptions are used in accounting for, among other things, the valuation of acquisition-related assets and liabilities, deferred income taxes and related valuation allowances, loss contingencies, fair value measurements, impairment assessments, capitalization of internal costs associated with construction and installation activities and the development of internal-use software, useful lives of long-lived assets, share-based compensation and actuarial liabilities associated with certain benefit plans. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include our accounts and the accounts of all voting interest entities where we exercise a controlling financial interest through the ownership of a direct or indirect controlling voting interest and variable interest entities for which our company is the primary beneficiary. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash Cash equivalents consist of money market funds and other investments that are readily convertible into cash and have maturities of three months or less at the time of acquisition. We record money market funds at the net asset value as there are no restrictions on our ability, contractual or otherwise, to redeem our investments at the stated net asset value. Restricted cash consists of cash held in restricted accounts, including cash held as collateral for debt and other compensating balances. Restricted cash amounts that are required to be used to purchase long-term assets or repay long-term debt are classified as long-term assets. All other cash that is restricted to a specific use is classified as current or long-term based on the expected timing of the disbursement. Our significant non-cash investing and financing activities are disclosed in our consolidated statements of equity and in notes 6, 10, 11 and 12. II-55 LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued) December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 Cash Flow Statement For purposes of our consolidated statements of cash flows, operating-related expenses financed by an intermediary are treated as constructive operating cash outflows and constructive financing cash inflows when the intermediary settles the liability with the vendor as there is no actual cash outflow until we pay the financing intermediary. When we pay the financing intermediary, we record financing cash outflows in our consolidated statements of cash flows. The capital expenditures we report in our consolidated statements of cash flows do not include amounts that are financed under capital-related vendor financing or finance lease arrangements. Instead, these amounts are reflected as non-cash additions to our property and equipment when the underlying assets are delivered, and as repayments of debt when the principal is repaid. Trade Receivables Our trade receivables are reported net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. Such allowance aggregated $ 43.1 million and $ 42.0 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based upon our current estimate of lifetime expected credit losses related to uncollectible accounts receivable. We use a number of factors in determining the allowance, including, among other things, collection trends, prevailing and anticipated economic conditions and specific customer credit risk. The allowance is maintained until either payment is received or the likelihood of collection is considered to be remote. Concentration of credit risk with respect to trade receivables is limited due to the large number of residential and business customers. We also manage this risk by disconnecting services to customers whose accounts are delinquent. Investments We make elections, on an investment-by-investment basis, as to whether we measure our investments at fair value. Such elections are generally irrevocable. With the exception of those investments over which we exercise significant influence, we generally elect the fair value method. For those investments over which we exercise significant influence, we generally elect the equity method. We determine the appropriate classification of our investments in debt securities at the time of purchase based on the underlying nature and characteristics of each security. All of our debt securities are classified as available for sale and are reported at fair value. Under the fair value method, investments are recorded at fair value and any changes in fair value are reported in realized and unrealized gains or losses due to changes in fair values of certain investments, net, in our consolidated statements of operations. All costs directly associated with the acquisition of an investment to be accounted for using the fair value method are expensed as incurred. In addition, any interest received on our debt securities is reported as interest income in our consolidated statements of operations. Under the equity method, investments are recorded at cost and are subsequently increased or reduced to reflect our share of net earnings or losses of the investee. All costs directly associated with the acquisition of an investment to be accounted for using the equity method are included in the carrying amount of the investment. For additional information regarding our fair value and equity method investments, see notes 7 and 9. Under the equity method, investments, originally recorded at cost, are adjusted to recognize our share of net earnings or losses of the affiliates as they occur rather than as dividend distributions are received, with our recognition of losses generally limited to the extent of our investment in, and advances and commitments to, the investee. The portion of the difference between our investment and our share of the net assets of the investee that represents goodwill is not amortized, but continues to be considered for impairment. Profits on transactions with equity affiliates for which assets remain on our or our investee’s balance sheet are eliminated to the extent of our ownership in the investee. Dividend distributions from publicly-traded investees that are not accounted for under the equity method are recognized when declared as dividend income in our consolidated statements of operations. Dividend distributions from our equity method investees and all of our privately-held investees are reflected as reductions in the carrying values of the applicable investments. Dividend distributions that are deemed to be (i) returns on our investments are included in cash flows from operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows and (ii) returns of our investments are included in cash flows from investing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows. II-56 LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued) December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 We continually review all of our equity method investments to determine whether a decline in fair value below the cost basis is deemed other-than-temporary. The primary factors we consider in our determination are the extent and length of time that the fair value of the investment is below our company’s carrying value and the financial condition, operating performance and near-term prospects of the investee, changes in the stock price or valuation subsequent to the balance sheet date, and the impacts of exchange rates, if applicable. If the decline in fair value of an equity method investment is deemed to be other-than-temporary, the cost basis of the security is written down to fair value and the corresponding charge is reported in share of results of affiliates, net, in our consolidated statements of operations. Realized gains and losses are determined on an average cost basis. Securities transactions are recorded on the trade date. Financial Instruments Due to the short maturities of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term liquid investments, trade and other receivables, other current assets, accounts payable and other accrued and current liabilities, their respective carrying values approximate their respective fair values. For information concerning the fair values of certain of our investments, derivatives and debt, see notes 7, 8 and 11, respectively. For information regarding how we arrive at certain of our fair value measurements, see note 9. Derivative Instruments All derivative instruments, whether designated as hedging relationships or not, are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. We generally do not apply hedge accounting to our derivative instruments, therefore changes in the fair value of derivative instruments are recognized in earnings or loss. The net cash received or paid related to our derivative instruments is classified as an operating, investing or financing activity in our consolidated statements of cash flows based on the objective of the derivative instrument and the classification of the applicable underlying cash flows. For additional information regarding our derivative instruments, see note 8. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. We capitalize costs associated with the construction of new, or upgrades to existing, fixed and mobile transmission and distribution facilities, the installation of new fixed-line services and the development of internal-use software. Capitalized construction and installation costs include materials, labor and other directly attributable costs. Installation activities that are capitalized include (i) the initial connection (or drop) from our fixed-line system to a customer location, (ii) the replacement of a drop and (iii) the installation of equipment for new, or upgrades to existing, fixed-line services. The costs of other customer-facing activities, such as reconnecting and disconnecting customer locations and repairing or maintaining drops, are expensed as incurred. Interest capitalized with respect to construction activities was not material during any of the periods presented. Capitalized internal-use software is included as a component of property and equipment. We capitalize internal and external costs directly associated with the development of internal-use software. We also capitalize costs associated with the purchase of software licenses. Maintenance and training costs, as well as costs incurred during the preliminary stage of an internal-use software development project, are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the underlying asset. Equipment under finance leases is amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term or estimated useful life of the asset. Useful lives used to depreciate our property and equipment are assessed periodically and are adjusted when warranted. The useful lives of fixed and mobile distribution systems that are undergoing a rebuild are adjusted such that property and equipment to be retired will be fully depreciated by the time the rebuild is completed. For additional information regarding the useful lives of our property and equipment, see note 10. Additions, replacements and improvements that extend the asset life are capitalized. Repairs and maintenance are charged to operations. II-57 LIBERTY GLOBAL PLC Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued) December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 We recognize a liability for asset retirement obligations in the period in which it is incurred if sufficient information is available to make a reasonable estimate of fair values. Asset retirement obligations may arise from the loss of rights of way that we obtain from local municipa