Fastly, Inc. 10-K

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data FASTLY, INC. INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The following financial statements are filed as part of this Annual Report on form 10-K: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34 ) Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Operations Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 83 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Fastly, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Fastly, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 24, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Revenue – Refer to Notes 2 and 3 to the financial statements Critical Audit Matter Description Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those products or services. The processing and recording of certain revenue requires a manual process, and therefore the Company uses a complex set of procedures to generate complete and accurate data to record its revenue transactions. For the year ended December 31, 2022, total revenue was $432.7 million, which includes the manually processed revenue. 84 We identified manually processed revenue as a critical audit matter as the manually processed revenue requires a complex set of manual procedures to generate complete and accurate data to process and record revenue. This required an increased extent of effort to audit these manually processed revenue transactions. How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit Our audit procedures related to manually processed revenue included the following, among others: • We tested the effectiveness of controls over the recognition of manually processed revenue. • We obtained an understanding of the nature of the manually processed revenue through inquiry with the Company personnel responsible for the invoice as well as review of the contract with the customer. • For a sample of manually processed revenue transactions, we recalculated the manually processed revenue and evaluated the accuracy of the data used in our recalculation of manually processed revenue by comparing key attributes utilized in our recalculation to source information and documents, including usage, bandwidth, and other services provided. We compared our recalculation of manually processed revenue transactions to the Company’s recorded revenue and evaluated any differences. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP San Francisco, California February 24, 2023 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2014. 85 FASTLY, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands, except share amounts) As of December 31, 2022 As of December 31, 2021 ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 143,391 $ 166,068 Marketable securities, current 374,581 361,795 Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $ 5,029 and $ 3,311 as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively 89,578 64,625 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 28,933 32,160 Total current assets 636,483 624,648 Property and equipment, net 180,378 166,961 Operating lease right-of-use assets, net 68,440 69,631 Goodwill 670,185 636,805 Intangible assets, net 82,900 102,596 Marketable securities, non-current 165,105 528,911 Other assets 92,622 29,468 Total assets $ 1,896,113 $ 2,159,020 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 4,786 $ 9,257 Accrued expenses 61,161 36,112 Finance lease liabilities, current 28,954 21,125 Operating lease liabilities, current 23,026 20,271 Other current liabilities 34,394 45,107 Total current liabilities 152,321 131,872 Long-term debt 704,710 933,205 Finance lease liabilities, non-current 15,507 22,293 Operating lease liabilities, non-current 61,341 55,114 Other long-term liabilities 7,076 2,583 Total liabilities 940,955 1,145,067 Commitments and contingencies (Note 10) Stockholders’ equity: Class A Common stock, $ 0.00002 par value; 1,000,000,000 and 1,094,129,050 shares authorized as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively; 124,336,171 and 118,810,611 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively 2 2 Additional paid-in capital 1,666,106 1,527,468 Accumulated other comprehensive loss ( 9,286 ) ( 2,627 ) Accumulated deficit ( 701,664 ) ( 510,890 ) Total stockholders’ equity 955,158 1,013,953 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 1,896,113 $ 2,159,020 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 86 FASTLY, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (in thousands, except per share data) Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Revenue $ 432,725 $ 354,330 $ 290,874 Cost of revenue 222,944 167,002 120,007 Gross profit 209,781 187,328 170,867 Operating expenses: Research and development 155,308 126,859 74,814 Sales and marketing 179,869 152,645 101,181 General and administrative 120,803 126,845 102,084 Total operating expenses 455,980 406,349 278,079 Loss from operations ( 246,199 ) ( 219,021 ) ( 107,212 ) Net gain on extinguishment of debt 54,391 — — Interest income 7,044 1,282 1,628 Interest expense ( 5,887 ) ( 5,245 ) ( 1,549 ) Other income (expense), net ( 29 ) 356 ( 279 ) Loss before income tax expense (benefit) ( 190,680 ) ( 222,628 ) ( 107,412 ) Income tax expense (benefit) 94 69 ( 11,480 ) Net loss $ ( 190,774 ) $ ( 222,697 ) $ ( 95,932 ) Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted $ ( 1.57 ) $ ( 1.92 ) $ ( 0.93 ) Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted 121,723 116,053 103,552 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 87 FASTLY, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (in thousands) Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Net loss $ ( 190,774 ) $ ( 222,697 ) $ ( 95,932 ) Other comprehensive loss; Foreign currency translation adjustment $ ( 255 ) $ ( 286 ) $ ( 135 ) Loss on investments in available-for-sale-securities ( 6,404 ) ( 2,347 ) ( 55 ) Total other comprehensive loss $ ( 6,659 ) $ ( 2,633 ) $ ( 190 ) Comprehensive loss $ ( 197,433 ) $ ( 225,330 ) $ ( 96,122 ) The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 88 FASTLY, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (in thousands) Common Stock—Class A Common Stock—Class B Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Accumulated Deficit Total Stockholders’ Equity Shares Amount Shares Amount Balance as of December 31, 2019 60,955 $ 1 33,863 $ 1 $ 449,463 $ 196 $ ( 192,009 ) $ 257,652 Change in accounting policy — — — — — — ( 252 ) ( 252 ) Issuance of Class A common stock issued in connection with the follow-on public offering, net of underwriting discounts 6,900 — — — 274,177 — — 274,177 Shares issued related to a business combination 6,368 — — — 622,595 — — 622,595 Value of equity awards assumed in a business combination — — — — 1,129 — — 1,129 Restriction of stock awards ( 896 ) — — — ( 87,714 ) — — ( 87,714 ) Vesting of restricted stock awards 112 — — — — — — — Exercise of stock options 4,360 — — — 15,273 — — 15,273 Exercise of common stock warrants — — 145 — — — — — Vesting of early exercised stock options — — 109 — 467 — — 467 Vesting of restricted stock units 1,377 — — — — — — — Issuance of common stock under ESPP 331 — — — 8,193 — — 8,193 Stock-based compensation — — — — 66,467 — — 66,467 Conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock 23,888 — ( 23,888 ) — — — — — Net loss — — — — — — ( 95,932 ) ( 95,932 ) Other comprehensive loss — — — — — ( 190 ) — ( 190 ) Balance as of December 31, 2020 103,394 $ 1 10,229 $ 1 $ 1,350,050 $ 6 $ ( 288,193 ) $ 1,061,865 Exercise of vested stock options 2,188 — — — 12,626 — — 12,626 Vesting of early exercised stock options 48 — 43 — 405 — — 405 Vesting of restricted stock units 2,000 — — — — — — — Proceeds from sale of restricted shares 224 — — — 10,655 — — 10,655 Vesting of restricted stock awards 448 — — — — — — — Shares issued under ESPP 236 — — — 8,798 — — 8,798 Stock-based compensation — — — — 144,934 — — 144,934 Conversion of Class B to Class A Stock 10,272 1 ( 10,272 ) ( 1 ) — — — — Net loss — — — — — — ( 222,697 ) ( 222,697 ) Other comprehensive loss — — — — — ( 2,633 ) — ( 2,633 ) Balance at December 31, 2021 118,811 $ 2 — $ — $ 1,527,468 $ ( 2,627 ) $ ( 510,890 ) $ 1,013,953 89 FASTLY, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Continued) (in thousands) Common Stock—Class A Common Stock—Class B Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Accumulated Deficit Total Stockholders’ Equity Shares Amount Shares Amount Balance at December 31, 2021 118,811 $ 2 — $ — $ 1,527,468 $ ( 2,627 ) $ ( 510,890 ) $ 1,013,953 Exercise of vested stock options 1,778 — — — 5,688 5,688 Vesting of restricted stock units 3,119 — — — — — — — Vesting of restricted stock awards 112 — — — — — — — Shares issued under ESPP 516 — — — 4,665 — — 4,665 Stock-based compensation — — — — 128,285 — — 128,285 Net loss — — — — — — ( 190,774 ) ( 190,774 ) Other comprehensive loss — — — — — ( 6,659 ) — ( 6,659 ) Balance as of December 31, 2022 124,336 $ 2 — $ — $ 1,666,106 $ ( 9,286 ) $ ( 701,664 ) $ 955,158 90 FASTLY, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss $ ( 190,774 ) $ ( 222,697 ) $ ( 95,932 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation expense 42,619 28,799 19,979 Amortization of intangible assets 21,696 21,238 5,078 Non-cash lease expense 29,714 26,883 21,765 Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs 3,169 3,185 219 Amortization of deferred contract costs 8,916 6,294 3,516 Stock-based compensation 145,796 140,488 64,433 Provision for credit losses 2,406 196 1,719 Interest paid for finance lease ( 2,381 ) ( 1,754 ) ( 688 ) (Gain) loss on disposals of property and equipment 854 ( 300 ) 653 Amortization and accretion of discounts and premiums on investments 3,137 2,221 345 Impairment of operating lease right-of-use assets 2,083 — — Tax benefit related to release of valuation allowance — — ( 12,950 ) Net gain on extinguishment of debt ( 54,391 ) — — Other adjustments 3,688 4 279 Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable ( 27,359 ) ( 14,563 ) ( 9,264 ) Prepaid expenses and other current assets ( 6,758 ) ( 4,777 ) ( 5,550 ) Other assets ( 35,396 ) ( 10,423 ) ( 17,162 ) Accounts payable ( 4,724 ) 146 4,059 Accrued expenses 8,289 4,261 12,992 Operating lease liabilities ( 27,044 ) ( 26,447 ) ( 18,264 ) Other liabilities 6,828 8,764 4,857 Net cash used in operating activities ( 69,632 ) ( 38,482 ) ( 19,916 ) Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of marketable securities ( 355,479 ) ( 928,155 ) ( 269,059 ) Sales of marketable securities 161,918 66,527 143,241 Maturities of marketable securities 535,040 118,085 88,719 Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired ( 25,902 ) ( 1,169 ) ( 200,988 ) Advance payment for purchase of property and equipment ( 42,197 ) — — Purchases of property and equipment ( 19,975 ) ( 34,816 ) ( 29,569 ) Proceeds from sale of property and equipment 492 588 575 Capitalized internal-use software ( 18,146 ) ( 13,479 ) ( 6,131 ) Purchases of intangible assets — ( 2,092 ) ( 1,811 ) Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities 235,751 ( 794,511 ) ( 275,023 ) Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from follow-on public offering, net of underwriting fees — — 274,896 Payments of costs related to follow-on public offering — — ( 675 ) Issuance of convertible note, net of issuance costs — 930,775 — Payments of debt issuance costs — ( 1,351 ) — Repayments of notes payable ( 177,082 ) — ( 20,300 ) Repayments of finance lease liabilities ( 22,532 ) ( 13,568 ) ( 5,773 ) Cash received for restricted stock sold in advance of vesting conditions 10,655 — — Cash paid for early sale of restricted shares ( 10,655 ) — — Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan 4,777 8,069 9,318 Proceeds from exercise of vested stock options 5,688 12,626 15,273 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities ( 189,149 ) 936,551 272,739 Effects of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash ( 390 ) ( 477 ) ( 149 ) Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash ( 23,420 ) 103,081 ( 22,349 ) Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period 166,961 63,880 86,229 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period $ 143,541 $ 166,961 $ 63,880 91 FASTLY, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS—Continued (in thousands) Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: Cash paid for interest $ 2,656 $ 1,938 $ 1,590 Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds received $ 250 $ 267 $ 1,219 Property and equipment additions not yet paid in cash or financed $ 1,492 $ 18,275 $ 3,184 Vesting of early-exercised stock options $ — $ 405 $ 467 Cashless exercise of common stock warrants $ — $ — $ 1,557 Stock-based compensation capitalized to internal-use software $ 7,997 $ 4,446 $ 2,034 Assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations $ 29,606 $ 32,458 $ 23,827 Assets obtained in exchange for finance lease obligations $ 23,575 $ 31,529 $ 22,541 Net non-cash change in operating lease assets and liabilities associated with modifications and terminations $ 3,126 $ — $ — Interest paid for finance leases $ 2,381 $ 1,754 $ 688 Purchase consideration associated with business combination, accrued but not paid $ 8,000 $ — $ — Deployments of prepaid capital equipment $ 5,184 $ — $ — Value of common stock issued and stock awards assumed in a business combination $ — $ — $ 536,432 Receivable related to shares of restricted stock $ — $ 10,655 $ — Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as shown in the statements of cash flows Cash and cash equivalents $ 143,391 $ 166,068 $ 62,900 Restricted cash 150 — 87 Restricted cash included in other assets — 893 893 Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ 143,541 $ 166,961 $ 63,880 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 92 FASTLY, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business Fastly, Inc. has built an edge cloud platform that can process, serve, and secure its customer’s applications as close to their end users as possible. As of December 31, 2022, the Company's edge network spans across 79 markets around the world. The Company was incorporated in Delaware in 2011 and is headquartered in San Francisco, California. As used herein, "Fastly," "the Company," "its" and similar terms include Fastly, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context indicates otherwise. Conversion of Dual Class Common Stock Structure On July 12, 2021, all outstanding shares of Class B common stock automatically converted into the same number of shares of Class A common stock (the "Conversion") pursuant to the terms of the Company's amended and restated certificate of incorporation (the "Certificate"). Upon the Conversion, outstanding options denominated in shares of Class B common stock issued under any of the Company's equity incentive plans remained unchanged, except that such options now represent the right to receive shares of Class A common stock on exercise. In accordance with the Certificate, the shares of Class B common stock that converted to Class A common stock were retired and will not be reissued by the Company. Follow-on Public Offering On May 26, 2020, the Company completed a follow-on public offering in which 6,900,000 shares of Class A common stock were sold, including 900,000 shares sold pursuant to the exercise by the underwriters of an option to purchase additional shares, at the public offering price of $ 41.50 per share. The Company received net proceeds of $ 274.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions, from sales of shares in the public offering. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements and footnotes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”)". The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain changes in presentation have been made to conform the prior period presentation to the current period reporting. Such reclassifications did not affect total revenues, operating income, or net income. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. Actual results and outcomes could differ significantly from the Company's estimates, judgments, and assumptions. Significant estimates, judgments, and assumptions used in these financial statements include, but are not limited to, those related to revenue, accounts receivable and related reserves, internal-use software development costs, the incremental borrowing rate related to the Company’s lease liabilities, fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed during business combinations, useful lives of acquired intangible assets and property and equipment, fair value of the Company's reporting unit, income tax reserves, and accounting for stock-based compensation. Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts, and experience. The effects of material revisions in estimates are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period of change and prospectively from the date of the change in estimate. Due to the Coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic, there has been uncertainty and disruption in the global economy and financial markets. The Company is not aware of any specific event or circumstance that would require an update to its estimates or judgments or a revision of the carrying value of its assets or liabilities as of December 31, 2022. These estimates may change, as new events occur and additional information is obtained, as well as other factors related to COVID-19 that could result in material impacts to the Company's consolidated financial statements in future reporting periods. 93 Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and accounts receivable. The Company's cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities primarily consisted of bank deposits, money market funds, investment-grade commercial paper, corporate notes and bonds, U.S. treasury securities, municipal securities, foreign government and supranational securities and asset-backed securities held at major financial institutions that the Company believes to be of high credit standing. The primary focus of its investment strategy is to preserve capital and meet liquidity requirements. The Company's investment policy limits the amount of credit exposure with any one financial institution or commercial issuer. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable are primarily limited to certain customers to which the Company makes substantial sales. The Company's customer base consists of a large number of geographically dispersed customers diversified across several industries . No customer accounted for more than 10% of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. No customer accounted for more than 10% of the total accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Affiliated customers that are business units of a single company in the streaming entertainment space generated an aggregate of 11 % of the Company's revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The same affiliated customers accounted for an aggregate of 15 % of the Company's accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities Cash and cash equivalents include cash held in banks and highly liquid money market funds, all with original maturities of three months or less when acquired. The Company’s short-term and long-term marketable securities consists of fixed income U.S. and foreign government agency securities, corporate bonds, asset-backed securities and commercial paper. Management determines the appropriate classification of the Company's investments at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. The Company classifies its marketable securities as either short-term or long-term based on each instrument's underlying remaining contractual maturity date. The Company classifies its marketable securities as available-for-sale as it has the ability to sell the marketable securities prior to its maturity. The Company’s marketable securities are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported, net of tax, as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity. Cash and cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximate fair market value. Short-term and long-term marketable securities are classified as available-for-sale debt securities and are also carried at fair market value. When the available-for-sale debt securities are sold, cost is based on the specific identification method, and the realized gains and losses are included in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company evaluates its investments periodically for possible other-than-temporary impairment. A decline in fair value below the amortized costs of its available-for-sale debt securities is considered an other-than-temporary impairment if the Company has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of the entire amortized cost basis. Otherwise, the credit loss component of the impairment is recorded as allowance for credit losses with an offsetting entry charged to other income (expense), net, while the remaining loss is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). Restricted Cash As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had restricted cash balance of $ 0.2 million and $ 0.9 million, respectively, which consists of letters of credits related to lease arrangements that are collateralized by restricted cash. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, these amounts are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets. Accounts Receivable, net Accounts receivable are recorded and carried at the original invoiced amount, net of an allowance for any potential credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is determined based upon the assessment of various factors, such as historical 94 experience, credit quality of its customers, age of the accounts receivable balances, geographic related risks, economic conditions, and other factors that may affect a customer's ability to pay. The Company records these charges as a component of general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations in the period in which the change occurs. The Company does not have any off-balance sheet credit exposure related to its customers. Incremental Costs to Obtain a Contract with a Customer The Company capitalizes incremental costs associated with obtaining customer contracts, specifically certain commission payments. The Company pays commissions based on contract value upon signing a new arrangement with a customer and upon renewal and upgrades of existing contracts with customers only if the renewal and upgrades result in an incremental increase in contract value. These costs are deferred on the consolidated balance sheets and amortized over the expected period of benefit on a straight-line basis. The Company also pays commissions on an ongoing basis based upon revenue recognized. In these cases, no incremental costs are deferred, as the commissions are earned and expensed in the same period for which the associated revenue is recognized. Based on the nature of the Company's unique technology and services, and the rate at which the Company continually enhances and updates its technology, the expected life of the customer arrangement is determined to be approximately five years . Commissions for new arrangements and renewals are both amortized over five years . Amortization is primarily included in sales and marketing expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Deferred commission and incentive payments are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company's available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash are recorded at cost, which approximates fair value. Additionally, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximates fair value due to their short-term nature. For disclosure purposes, the Company measures the fair value of its outstanding senior convertible notes using a market approach based on actual bids and offers in an over-the-counter market, or Level 2 inputs, on the last trading day of the period. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful life of each asset category is as follows: Computer and networking equipment 3 - 5 years Leasehold improvements Shorter of lease term or 5 years Furniture and fixtures 3 years Office equipment 3 years Internal-use software 3 years The Company periodically reviews the estimated useful lives of property and equipment and any changes to the estimated useful lives are recorded prospectively from the date of the change. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of the assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gain or loss is included in the consolidated statements of operations. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Internal-Use Software Development Costs Labor and related costs associated with internal-use software incurred during the application development stage are capitalized. Capitalization of costs begins when the preliminary project stage is completed, management has committed to funding the project, and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended. Capitalization ceases at the point when the project is fully tested and substantially complete and is ready for its intended purpose. The capitalized amounts are included in property and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company amortizes such costs on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software, which is generally 3 years. 95 Completed internal-use software that is related to the Company's network is amortized to cost of revenue over its estimated useful life. Costs incurred during the planning, training, and post-implementation stages of the software development life-cycle are expensed as incurred. Business Combinations The Company accounts for its acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires, among other things, allocation of the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values on the acquisition date. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires significant judgment and estimates including the selection of valuation methodologies, future expected cash flows, discount rates, and useful lives. The Company’s estimates of fair value are based on assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. During the measurement period, not to exceed one year from the date of acquisition, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with a corresponding offset to goodwill to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date. At the conclusion of the measurement period, or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. When the Company issues payments or grants of equity to selling stockholders in connection with an acquisition, the Company evaluates whether the payments or awards are compensatory. This evaluation includes whether cash payments or stock award vesting is contingent on the continued employment of the selling stockholder beyond the acquisition date. If continued employment is required for the cash to be paid or stock awards to vest, the award is treated as compensation for post-acquisition services and is recognized as compensation expense. Transaction costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred, and are included in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Segments The Company considers operating segments to be components of the Company in which separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by the Company's Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The CODM is the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"). The CEO reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis, accompanied by information about revenue, customer size, and industry vertical for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. The Company has determined that it is organized as a single operating segment with no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results, or plans for levels or components below the consolidated unit level. Accordingly, the Company has determined that it has a single reportable segment and operating segment. Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Other Long-Lived Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired business over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired. The carrying amount of goodwill is reviewed for impairment at least annually, in the fourth quarter, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The Company has a single operating segment and reporting unit structure for all of the periods presented. As part of the annual goodwill impairment test, the Company first performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary. If, as a result of the qualitative assessment, it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test will be required. If the Company has determined it necessary to perform a quantitative impairment assessment, the Company will compare the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill of the reporting unit. The Company did not recognize any goodwill impairment charges for any of the periods presented. 96 The Company's definite lived intangible assets are carried at cost, net of accumulated amortization. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The Company estimates the useful life by estimating the expected period of economic benefit. The useful lives of the intangible assets are as follows: Customer relationships 3 to 8 years Developed technology 4 to 5 years Trade names 3 to 4 years Backlog 2 years Internet protocol addresses 10 years In-process research and development ("IPR&D") Indefinite Long-lived assets, including property and equipment, definite lived intangible assets, and operating lease right-of-use assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances, such as service discontinuance, technological obsolescence, significant decreases in market capitalization, facility closures, or work-force reductions indicate that the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group may not be recoverable. When such events occur, the Company compares the carrying amount of the asset or asset group to the undiscounted expected future cash flows related to the asset or asset group. If this comparison indicates that an impairment is present, the amount of impairment is calculate as the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset or asset group. The Company's indefinite lived intangibles are assessed annually for impairment. The Company did not recognize any impairment charges on its long-lived assets and indefinite-lived intangible assets for any of the periods presented other than the operating lease right-of-use asset impairment discussed in Note 7. 97 Leases The Company leases office space and data centers ("Colocation leases") under non-cancelable operating leases with various expiration dates. The Company also leases server equipment under non-cancelable finance leases with various expiration dates. The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease at inception. Operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the present value of the future lease payments at commencement date. The interest rate implicit in the Company's operating leases is not readily determinable, and therefore an incremental borrowing rate is estimated to determine the present value of future payments. The estimated incremental borrowing rate factors in a hypothetical interest rate on a collateralized basis with similar terms, payments, and economic environments. Operating lease right-of-use assets also include any prepaid lease payments and exclude lease incentives. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term commencing on the date the Company has the right to use the leased property. The lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. The Company generally uses the base, non-cancelable, lease term when recognizing the lease assets and liabilities, unless it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised. The lease agreements may contain variable costs such as common area maintenance, operating expenses or other costs. Variable lease costs are expensed as incurred on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company's lease agreements generally do not contain any residual value guarantees or restrictive covenants. Certain of our operating leases contain both lease and non-lease components. Non-lease components for our office spaces include fixed payments for maintenance, utilities, real estate taxes, and management fees. Non-lease components for colocation leases include fixed payments for utilities and other operating costs. For both office spaces and colocation leases, the Company combines fixed lease and non-lease components and account for them as a single lease component. The Company leases networking equipment from a third party, through equipment finance leases. These leases include a bargain purchase option, resulting in a full transfer of ownership at the completion of the lease term. Operating leases are reflected in operating lease right-of-use assets, operating lease liabilities, and operating lease liabilities, non-current on the consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property and equipment, net, finance lease liabilities, and finance lease liabilities, non-current on the consolidated balance sheets. Convertible Debt The Company early adopted ASU 2020-06 as of January 1, 2021, which in effect, allows for the separation models for convertible debt arrangements that contain cash conversion features, which were accounted for as a cash conversion or beneficial conversion features, to be removed. The Company evaluated the terms of its debt in line with ASU 2020-06 and concluded that the instrument does not require separation and that there were no other derivatives that required separation. The Company has combined these features with the host contract and accounted for the convertible debt as a single liability in long-term debt on the consolidated balance sheets. The carrying amount of the liability is based on the gross proceeds, net of the unamortized transaction costs incurred related to the issuance of the convertible debt instrument, and the partial repurchase made in May 2022. The debt discount from the net unamortized transaction cost is amortized to interest expense over the term of the convertible debt instrument using the effective interest rate method. The Company applies the if-converted method for calculation of diluted earnings per share for the convertible debt instrument. Revenue recognition The Company primarily derives revenue from the sale of services to customers executing contracts in which the standard contract term is one year, although terms may vary by contract. Most of the Company's contracts are non-cancelable over the contractual term. The majority of the Company's usage based contracts commit the customer to a minimum monthly level of usage and specify the rate at which the customer must pay for actual usage above the monthly minimum. The Company also offers subscriptions to access a unified security web application and application programming interface at a fixed rate. The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, where revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those products or services. The processing and recording of certain revenue requires a manual process, which uses a complex set of procedures to generate complete and accurate data to record these revenue transactions. The Company enters 98 into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, each of which are distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. The Company's contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment. Performance obligations generally represent stand-ready obligations that are satisfied over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the Company. These obligations can be network services, security, compute, professional services, support, and other edge cloud platform services. Accordingly, the Company's revenue is recognized over time, consistent with the pattern of benefit provided to the customer over the term of the agreement. For contracts with multiple performance obligations that are delivered over different time periods, the Company allocates the contract transaction price to each performance obligation using the estimated standalone selling price ("SSP") of each distinct good or service in the contract. Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation. The Company analyzes separate sales of its products and services or the discounted list price per management's approved price list as a basis for estimating the SSP of these products and services. In instances where SSP is not directly observable, such as when the Company does not sell the product or service separately, the Company determines the SSP using information that may include market conditions and other observable inputs. The Company typically has more than one SSP for individual products and services due to the stratification of those products and services by customers and circumstances. In these instances, the Company may use information, such as geographic region and distribution channel, in determining the SSP. The transaction price in a contract for usage-based services is typically equal to the minimum commit price in the contract plus any variable amounts of usage above the minimum commitment, less any discounts provided. The transaction price in a contract that does not contain usage-based services is equal to the total contract value. Because the Company's typical contracts represent distinct services delivered over time with the same pattern of transfer to the customer, usage-based consideration primarily related to actual consumption over the minimum commit levels is allocated to the period to which it relates. The amount of consideration recognized for usage above the minimum commit price is limited to the amount the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for providing services. The Company has elected to apply the practical expedient for estimating and disclosing the variable consideration when variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation from its remaining performance obligations under these contracts. Revenue on the Company's subscription services are recognized ratably over their respective contractual term. At times, customers may request changes that either amend, replace, or cancel existing contracts. Judgment is required to determine whether the specific facts and circumstances within the contracts should be accounted for as a separate contract or as a modification. In contracts where there are timing differences between when the Company transfers a promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service, the Company has determined its contracts do not include a significant financing component. The Company has also elected the practical expedient to not measure financing components for any contract where the timing difference is less than one year. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue consists primarily of fees paid to network providers for bandwidth and to third-party network data centers for housing servers, also known as colocation costs. Cost of revenue also includes employee costs for network operation, build-out and support and services delivery, network storage costs, cost of managed services and software-as-a-service, depreciation of network equipment used to deliver services, and amortization of network-related internal-use software. The Company enters into contracts for bandwidth with third-party network providers with terms of typically one year . These contracts generally commit the Company to pay minimum monthly fees plus additional fees for bandwidth usage above the committed level. The Company enters into contracts for colocation services with third-party providers with terms typically ranging from one to six years . 99 Research and Development Costs Research and development costs consist of primarily payroll and related personnel costs for the design, development, testing, and enhancement of the Company's edge cloud platform. Research and development expenses also include cloud infrastructure fees for development and testing. Costs incurred in the development of the Company's edge cloud platform are expensed as incurred, excluding those expenses which meet the criteria for development of internal-use software. Advertising Expense The Company recognizes advertising expense as incurred. The Company recognized total advertising expense of approximately $ 2.5 million, $ 2.3 million and $ 3.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense based on the grant-date fair value of the awards. The fair values of the restricted stock units ("RSUs"), restricted stock awards ("RSAs") and performance stock awards ("PSUs") are based on the fair value of the Company’s stock price on the grant date. The fair values of stock options and ESPP are based on the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of the market-based performance stock awards ("MPSUs") is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model. The determination of the fair value of a stock-based award is affected by the deemed fair value of the underlying stock price on the grant date, as well as assumptions regarding a number of other complex and subjective variables, including expected term and stock price volatility of the awards. Stock-based compensation expense for awards with service-based vesting only is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally four years . In addition to service-based conditions, stock-based compensation expense for awards that have performance-based or market-based conditions are recognized over the requisite service period for each separately-vesting tranche as though each tranche of the award is its own separate grant, which results in an accelerated recognition of compensation cost. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. Foreign Currency The functional currency of the Company's foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. The monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in a currency other than the U.S. dollar of the Company's foreign subsidiaries are remeasured into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date, while non-monetary items are remeasured at historical rates. Revenue and expenses are remeasured at average exchange rates during the period. Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. The aggregate transaction gain or loss for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is included in the determination of net income for the period and was not material to the respective periods. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, the Company determines deferred tax assets and liabilities on the basis of the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities by using enacted tax rates for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets to the extent that it believes that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If the Company determines that it would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of 100 their net recorded amount, the Company would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes. The Company records uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740 on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) it determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Company recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits on the income tax expense line in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. Accrued interest and penalties are included in accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheet. Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders Basic and diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders adjusts basic earnings per share for the potentially dilutive impact of stock options, restricted stock units, restricted stock awards, shares issuable under its employee stock purchase place and performance stock awards. The Company also applies the if-converted method for calculation of diluted per share for its convertible debt instruments. As the Company has reported losses for all periods presented, all potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive and accordingly, basic net loss per share equals diluted net loss per share. Prior to the Conversion, the Company's basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders was presented in conformity with the two-class method required for multiple classes of common stock and participating securities. Under the two-class method, net income is attributed to common stockholders and participating securities based on their participation rights. Under the two-class method, basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders adjusts basic earnings per share for the potentially dilutive impact of stock options, restricted stock units, restricted stock awards, shares issuable under our employee stock purchase place and performance stock awards. Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements The Company has not adopted any new accounting standards in fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Other recently issued accounting standards are not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. Please refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 for the standards adopted in the Company's comparative periods presented. 3. Revenue Revenue by geography is based on the billing address of the customer. Aside from the United States, no other single country accounted for more than 10% of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The following table presents the Company's net revenue by geographic region: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) United States $ 316,149 $ 260,399 $ 196,538 Asia Pacific 58,073 39,496 44,060 Europe 38,469 35,177 32,768 All other 20,034 19,258 17,508 Total revenue $ 432,725 $ 354,330 $ 290,874 101 The majority of the Company's revenue is derived from enterprise customers, which are defined as customers with revenue in excess of $ 100,000 over the previous 12-month period. The following table presents the Company's net revenue for enterprise and non-enterprise customers: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Enterprise customers $ 386,853 $ 313,360 $ 256,483 Non-enterprise customers 45,872 40,970 34,391 Total revenue $ 432,725 $ 354,330 $ 290,874 Contract balances The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. The Company has an unconditional right to consideration when it invoices its customers and records a receivable. The Company records a contract asset, or a receivable, when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing. The Company records a contract liability, or deferred revenue, when revenue is recognized subsequent to invoicing. Deferred revenue includes amounts billed to customers for which revenue has not been recognized and consists of the unearned portions of edge cloud platform usage and billings to customers for the Company's security subscription services. Amounts that have been invoiced for annual subscriptions, but not collected, are recorded in accounts receivable and in unearned revenue or in revenue depending on whether services have been delivered to the customer. The Company's payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, and generally range from 30 to 90 days. The following table presents the Company's contract assets and contract liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021: As of December 31, 2022 As of December 31, 2021 (in thousands) Contract assets $ 19 $ 89 Contract liabilities $ 30,544 $ 28,907 The following table presents the revenue recognized during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 from amounts included in the contract liability at the beginning of the period: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Revenue recognized in the period from amounts included in contract liability at the beginning of the period $ 26,274 $ 15,948 Remaining performance obligations As of December 31, 2022, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied was $ 198.3 million. This amount includes future committed revenue for periods within current contracts with customers, as well as deferred revenue arising from consideration invoiced for which the related performance obligations have not been satisfied. The Company has elected to not provide certain information about its remaining performance obligations for service contracts with an original contract duration of one year or less. As of December 31, 2022, the Company expects to recognize approximately 80 % of its remaining performance obligations over the next 12 months. The Company's typical contractual term with its customers is one year, although terms may vary by contract. 102 Costs to obtain a contract As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company's costs to obtain contracts were as follows: As of December 31, 2022 As of December 31, 2021 (in thousands) Deferred contract costs, net $ 50,523 $ 23,830 During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized $ 8.9 million, $ 6.3 million and $ 3.5 million of amortization related to deferred contract costs, respectively. These costs are recorded within sales and marketing expenses on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. 4. Investments and Fair Value Measurements The Company's total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities consisted of the following: As of December 31, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents: Cash $ 46,516 $ 134,774 Money market funds 96,875 31,294 Total cash and cash equivalents 143,391 166,068 Marketable securities: U.S. Treasury securities $ 287,988 $ 184,946 Corporate notes and bonds 71,744 $ 11,327 Commercial paper — 124,089 Asset-backed securities 175 21,576 Municipal securities 2,221 2,250 Foreign government and supranational securities 12,453 17,607 Total marketable securities, current $ 374,581 $ 361,795 U.S. Treasury securities — 239,528 Corporate notes and bonds 140,949 197,298 Asset-backed securities 24,156 77,142 Municipal securities — 2,312 Foreign government and supranational securities — 12,631 Total marketable securities, non-current $ 165,105 $ 528,911 Total marketable securities $ 539,686 $ 890,706 Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities $ 683,077 $ 1,056,774 103 Available-for-Sale Investments The following table summarizes adjusted cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value related to available-for-sale securities classified as marketable securities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021: As of December 31, 2022 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gain Gross Unrealized Loss Fair Value (in thousands) U.S. Treasury securities $ 291,685 $ — $ ( 3,697 ) $ 287,988 Corporate notes and bonds 217,187 — ( 4,494 ) 212,693 Commercial paper — — — — Asset-backed securities 24,617 — ( 286 ) 24,331 Municipal securities 2,322 — ( 101 ) 2,221 Foreign government and supranational securities 12,522 — ( 69 ) 12,453 Total available-for-sale investments $ 548,333 $ — $ ( 8,647 ) $ 539,686 As of December 31, 2021 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gain Gross Unrealized Loss Fair Value (in thousands) U.S. Treasury securities $ 425,560 $ 1 $ ( 1,086 ) $ 424,475 Corporate notes and bonds 209,550 — ( 925 ) 208,625 Commercial paper 124,098 — ( 9 ) 124,089 Asset-backed securities 98,857 — ( 140 ) 98,717 Municipal securities 4,577 — ( 15 ) 4,562 Foreign government and supranational securities 30,306 — ( 68 ) 30,238 Total available-for-sale investments $ 892,948 $ 1 $ ( 2,243 ) $ 890,706 There were no material realized gains or losses from sales of marketable securities that were reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into other income as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. There were 76 securities in a continuous loss position for 12 months or longer as of December 31, 2022. No securities were in a continuous loss position for 12 months or longer as of December 31, 2021. Investments are reviewed periodically to identify possible other-than-temporary impairments. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not record any impairment charges for its marketable debt securities in its consolidated statements of operations. No impairment loss has been recorded on the securities as the Company does not intend to sell any impaired securities, nor is it more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell impaired securities before recovery of amortized cost basis. Furthermore, the Company has determined that the decline in fair value of the investment is not due to credit related factors. Fair Value of Financial Instruments For certain of the Company's financial instruments, including cash held in banks, accounts receivable, and accounts payable, the carrying amounts approximate fair value due to their short maturities, and are therefore excluded from the fair value tables below. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There is a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows: Level 1—Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; 104 Level 2—Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity, which require management judgment or estimation. The Company measures its cash equivalents, marketable securities, and restricted cash at fair value. The Company classifies its cash equivalents, marketable securities and restricted cash within Level 1 or Level 2 because the Company values these investments using quoted market prices or alternative pricing sources and models utilizing market observable inputs. The Company classifies its investments, which are comprised of corporate notes and bonds, commercial paper, U.S. treasury securities, foreign government and supranational securities and asset-backed securities within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy because the fair value of these securities is priced by using inputs based on non-binding market consensus prices that are primarily corroborated by observable market data or quoted market prices for similar instruments. Financial assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis consisted of the following types of instruments: As of December 31, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Cash equivalents: Money market funds $ 96,875 $ — $ — $ 96,875 Total cash equivalents 96,875 — — 96,875 Marketable securities: U.S. Treasury securities — 287,988 — 287,988 Corporate notes and bonds — 212,693 — 212,693 Commercial paper — — — — Asset-backed securities — 24,331 — 24,331 Municipal securities — 2,221 — 2,221 Foreign government and supranational securities — 12,453 — 12,453 Total marketable securities — 539,686 — 539,686 Restricted cash: Restricted cash, current 150 — — 150 Total restricted cash 150 — — 150 Total financial assets $ 97,025 $ 539,686 $ — $ 636,711 105 As of December 31, 2021 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Cash equivalents: Money market funds $ 31,294 $ — $ — $ 31,294 Total cash equivalents 31,294 — — 31,294 Marketable securities: U.S. Treasury securities — 424,475 — 424,475 Corporate notes and bonds — 208,625 — 208,625 Commercial paper — 124,089 — 124,089 Asset-backed securities — 98,717 — 98,717 Municipal securities — 4,562 — 4,562 Foreign government and supranational securities — 30,238 — 30,238 Total marketable securities — 890,706 — 890,706 Restricted cash: Restricted cash, non-current 893 — — 893 Total restricted cash 893 — — 893 Total financial assets $ 32,187 $ 890,706 $ — $ 922,893 Restricted cash was $ 0.2 million and $ 0.9 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company's restricted cash balance consisted of letters of credit related to lease arrangements that were collateralized by its cash. The amounts as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, were classified as current and non-current, respectively, on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. There were no transfers of assets and liabilities measured at fair value between Level 1 and Level 2, or between Level 2 and Level 3, during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. 5. Business Combinations Glitch, Inc. On May 18, 2022, the Company acquired 100 % of the voting equity interest of Glitch, Inc. ("Glitch"), a software company specializing in developer project management tools, for $ 34.9 million in cash, of which $ 8.0 million has been held back as security for indemnification claims under the terms of the merger agreement ("Holdback"). The Holdback will be distributed to the shareholders of Glitch between 12 and 24 months following acquisition closing date. The acquisition is expected to expand the Company's brand awareness within the developer community and bolster the Company's existing product offerings by making it easier to innovate at a layer in the Company's software stack. The Company accounted for the transaction as a business combination. The purchase price was preliminarily allocated based on the estimated fair value of the identified intangible assets of $ 2.0 million, cash of $ 1.6 million and other net assets of $ 0.6 million, and goodwill of $ 32.6 million. The goodwill was primarily attributed to the value of synergies created with the acquisition of Glitch's technology offering. Goodwill is not deductible for income tax purposes. The fair values assigned to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on management’s estimates and assumptions and may be subject to change as additional information is received. The provisional measurements of fair value for income taxes payable and deferred taxes may be subject to change as additional information is received and certain tax returns are finalized. The Company expects to finalize the fair value measurements as soon as practicable, but not later than one year from the acquisition date. 106 Identifiable finite-lived intangible assets were comprised of the following (in thousands): Total Estimated useful life (in years) Developed Technology $ 630 4 Customer relationships 760 3 Trade name 610 4 Total intangible assets acquired $ 2,000 For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company incurred $ 2.0 million in acquisition-related expenses. The acquired intangible assets have a total weighted average amortization period of 3.6 years. From the date of the acquisition, the financial results of Glitch have been included in and are not material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Pro forma revenue and results of operations have not been presented because the historical results are not material to the condensed consolidated financial statements in any period presented. Signal Sciences On October 1, 2020, the Company completed the acquisition of Signal Sciences where the Company acquired 100 % of the voting rights of Signal Sciences and it is now a wholly-owned subsidiary. The acquisition expands its security portfolio and bolsters its existing security offerings with its web application and API protection solutions. Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, the Company acquired Signal Sciences for an aggregate purchase price of $ 759.4 million, consisting of approximately $ 223.0 million in cash and the balance in Class A Common Stock and equity consideration of $ 536.4 million. A total of 6,367,709 shares were issued of which the fair value of 5,471,210 shares were attributed to purchase price and 896,499 shares, which are restricted as they are subject to revesting conditions, will be included in stock-based compensation as required service is provided. All of these shares have a par value of $ 0.00002 per share. As part of the acquisition, the Company also assumed the Signal Sciences Corp. 2014 Stock Option and Grant Plan, as amended (the “Signal Plan”) and the outstanding unvested options to purchase shares of common stock of Signal Sciences Corp. thereunder, and such options became exercisable to purchase shares of Fastly’s Class A common stock, subject to appropriate adjustments to the number of shares and the exercise price of each such option."). In connection with the above, the Company registered 251,754 shares under the Signal Plan. The Company assumed the aforementioned unvested options at the completion of the acquisition with an estimated fair value of $ 21.8 million. Of the total consideration, $ 1.1 million was allocated to the purchase price and $ 20.7 million was allocated to future services and will be expensed over the remaining requisite service periods of approximately 2.5 years on a straight-line basis. The estimated fair value of the stock options the Company assumed was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The share conversion ratio of 0.1 was applied to convert Signal Sciences’ outstanding stock awards into shares of Fastly's common stock. Of the 6,367,709 shares issued in connection with the acquisition, a restriction was placed on 896,499 shares belonging to the three co-founders of Signal Sciences to make them subject to revesting on a quarterly basis over a 2-year period. Since they are subject to service conditions, they will be accounted for as a post-acquisition compensation expense over the requisite service period, which is also the vesting period of the award. During the year-ended December 31, 2021, 336,188 unvested shares were sold. The Company accounted for the transaction as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. The Company allocated the purchase price to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their respective estimated fair values on the acquisition date. The fair values assigned to tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on management’s estimates and assumptions and may be subject to change as additional information is received. The determination of the fair value of the intangible assets acquired required management to make significant estimates and assumptions related to forecasted future revenues and selection of the royalty rate and discount rate. Excess purchase price consideration was recorded as goodwill which includes value attributable to the assembled workforce. 107 The purchase consideration was allocated to the tangible and intangible assets and liabilities acquired as of the acquisition date, with the excess recorded to goodwill as shown below. Amount Assets acquired Cash and cash equivalents $ 21,501 Other current assets 6,419 Intangible assets, net 124,100 Other non-current assets 8,094 Total assets acquired $ 160,114 Liabilities assumed Current liabilities ( 14,755 ) Non-current liabilities ( 21,170 ) Total liabilities assumed $ ( 35,925 ) Net assets acquired 124,189 Total acquisition consideration 759,393 Goodwill transferred $ 635,204 Identifiable finite-lived intangible assets were comprised of the following (in thousands): Total Estimated useful life (in years) Customer relationships $ 69,100 8.0 Developed Technology $ 49,500 5.0 Trade name $ 3,300 3.0 Backlog $ 2,200 2.0 Total intangible assets acquired $ 124,100 The fair values of the acquired developed technology and trade name intangible assets were determined using the relief from royalty method. The fair values of the acquired customer relationships and backlog intangible assets were determined using the multi-period excess earnings method. The acquired intangible assets have a total weighted average amortization period of 6.6 years. As part of the stock acquisition of Signal Sciences, the Company allocated a significant value of the acquisition to intangible assets. The deferred tax liability provided an additional source of taxable income to support the realization of the pre-existing deferred tax assets. As a result, a portion of the Company's valuation allowance was released and the Company recorded a $ 13.0 million tax benefit in the year ended December 31, 2020. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 , acquisition-related expenses of $ 2.5 million and $ 20.8 million, respectively, were included within general and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The amounts of revenue and net loss of Signal Sciences included in the Company's consolidated statement of operations from the acquisition date of October 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 are $ 6.7 million and $ 23.0 million, respectively. Pro Forma Financial Information The following unaudited pro forma information presents the combined results of operations as if the acquisition of Signal Sciences had been completed as of th e beginning of the Company's fiscal year 2020. The unaudited pro forma results include adjustments primarily related to the amortization of intangible assets, share-based compensation expense for shares which are restricted as they are subject to revesting conditions , and the inclusion of acquisition costs as of the earliest period presented. There were no material transactions between Fastly and Signal Sciences during the periods presented that would need to be eliminated. 108 The unaudited pro forma results do not reflect any cost saving synergies from operating efficiencies, or the effect of the incremental costs incurred from integrating these companies. For pro forma purposes, 2020 earnings were adjusted to exclude acquisition-related costs. Accordingly, these unaudited pro forma results are presented for informational purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of what the actual results of operations of the combined company would have been if the acquisition had occurred at the beginning of the period presented, nor are they indicative of future results of operations. The unaudited pro forma financial information was as follows (in thousands): (Unaudited) As of December 31, 2020 (in thousands) Revenue $ 313,665 Net loss $ ( 159,248 ) 6. Balance Sheet Information Allowance for Credit Losses The activity in the accounts receivable reserves is as follows: As of December 31, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Beginning balance $ 3,311 $ 3,248 $ 1,816 Additions to the reserves 2,406 196 1,719 Write-offs and adjustments ( 688 ) ( 133 ) ( 287 ) Ending balance $ 5,029 $ 3,311 $ 3,248 Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment, net consisted of the following: As of December 31, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Computer and networking equipment $ 225,009 $ 207,575 Leasehold improvements 8,374 4,631 Furniture and fixtures 1,792 1,606 Office equipment 1,176 654 Internal-use software 66,488 40,345 Property and equipment, gross 302,839 254,811 Accumulated depreciation and amortization ( 122,461 ) ( 87,850 ) Property and equipment, net $ 180,378 $ 166,961 Depreciation on property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was approximately $ 42.6 million, $ 28.8 million, and $ 19.8 million, respectively. Included in these amounts was amortization expense for capitalized internal-use software costs of approximately $ 8.6 million, $ 4.6 million and $ 2.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the unamortized balance of capitalized internal-use software costs on the Company's consolidated balance sheets was approximately $ 45.5 million and $ 27.9 million, respectively. 109 The Company leases certain networking equipment from various third parties through equipment finance leases. The Company's networking equipment assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 , included a total of $ 77.3 million and $ 67.8 million acquired under finance lease agreements, respectively. These leases are capitalized in property and equipment, and the related amortization of assets under finance leases is included in depreciation and amortization expense. The accumulated depreciation of the associated networking equipment assets under finance leases totaled $ 28.1 million and $ 14.4 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 , respectively. Other Assets Other assets consisted of the following: As of December 31, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Deferred contract costs, net $ 50,523 $ 23,830 Advance payment for purchase of property and equipment 37,013 — Other assets 5,086 5,638 Total other assets $ 92,622 $ 29,468 Accrued Expenses Accrued expenses consisted of the following: As of December 31, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Accrued compensation and related benefits $ 20,204 $ 13,543 Accrued bonus 15,818 — Accrued colocation and bandwidth costs 10,448 10,205 Other tax liabilities 8,698 8,070 Other accrued liabilities 5,993 4,294 Total accrued expenses $ 61,161 $ 36,112 Other Current Liabilities Other current liabilities consisted of the following: As of December 31, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Deferred revenue $ 28,047 $ 26,421 Accrued computer and networking equipment 1,467 18,081 Holdback payable 4,013 — Other current liabilities 867 605 Total other current liabilities $ 34,394 $ 45,107 110 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) The following table summarizes the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is reported as a component of stockholders’ equity: Foreign Currency Translation Available-for-sale investments Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in thousands) Balance at December 31, 2019 $ 99 $ 97 $ 196 Other comprehensive income (loss) ( 135 ) ( 55 ) ( 190 ) Balance at December 31, 2020 ( 36 ) 42 6 Other comprehensive income (loss) ( 286 ) ( 2,347 ) ( 2,633 ) Balance at December 31, 2021 $ ( 322 ) $ ( 2,305 ) $ ( 2,627 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) ( 255 ) ( 6,404 ) ( 6,659 ) Balance at December 31, 2022 $ ( 577 ) $ ( 8,709 ) $ ( 9,286 ) There were no material reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Additionally, there was no material tax impact on the amounts presented. 7. Leases The Company has operating leases for corporate offices and data centers ("colocation leases"), and finance leases for networking equipment. The Company's operating leases have remaining lease terms ranging from less than one year to 8 years, some of which include options to extend the leases. The Company's finance leases have remaining lease terms ranging from less than one year to 2 years. The Company also subleases a portion of its corporate office spaces. The Company's subleases have remaining lease terms of 1.8 years. The sublease income was $ 0.9 million, $ 1.0 million, and $ 1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The components of lease cost were as follows: As of December 31, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Operating lease cost: Operating lease cost $ 30,976 $ 26,716 $ 21,765 Variable lease cost 11,736 6,820 4,363 Total operating lease cost $ 42,712 $ 33,536 $ 26,128 Finance lease cost: Amortization of assets under finance lease $ 14,539 $ 6,834 $ 2,858 Interest $ 2,381 $ 1,754 $ 688 Total finance lease cost $ 16,920 $ 8,588 $ 3,546 The short term lease costs were not material for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized an impairment on its operating lease right-of-use assets of $ 2.1 million. The Company did no t recognize any impairment on its operating lease right-of-use assets for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. 111 As of December 31, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Weighted Average Remaining Lease term (in years): Operating leases 4.09 4.41 4.44 Finance leases 1.74 2.23 2.51 Weighted Average Discount Rate: Operating leases 5.36 % 5.20 % 5.68 % Finance leases 4.73 % 4.86 % 5.12 % Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable lease arrangements as of December 31, 2022 were as follows (in thousands): Operating Leases Finance Leases (in thousands) Year ending December 31, 2023 $ 27,410 $ 30,285 2024 20,799 14,282 2025 18,346 1,616 2026 17,141 — 2027 9,820 — Thereafter 2,928 — Total future minimum lease payments $ 96,444 $ 46,183 Less: imputed interest ( 10,195 ) ( 1,722 ) Total liability $ 86,249 $ 44,461 As of December 31, 2022, the Company had undiscounted commitments of $ 1.9 million for operating leases that have not yet commenced, and therefore are not included in the right-of-use asset or operating lease liability. These operating leases will commence in 2023 with lease terms of 3 years to 5 years. 8. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for th e years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows : Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Beginning balance $ 636,805 $ 635,590 Goodwill acquired from business combinations 33,419 1,169 Foreign currency translation and other adjustments ( 39 ) 46 Ending balance $ 670,185 $ 636,805 The goodwill acquired from business combinations are from the Company's acquisition described in Note 5 — Business Combinations. The Company did not record an impairment charge on goodwill for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. 112 Intangible Assets, net As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company's intangible assets consisted of the following: As of December 31, 2022 As of December 31, 2021 Gross carrying value Accumulated amortization Net carrying value Gross carrying value Accumulated amortization Net carrying value (in thousands) Intangible assets: Customer relationships $ 69,860 $ ( 19,582 ) $ 50,278 $ 69,100 $ ( 10,797 ) $ 58,303 Developed technology 50,130 ( 22,367 ) 27,763 49,500 ( 12,375 ) 37,125 Trade names 3,910 ( 2,564 ) 1,346 3,300 ( 1,375 ) 1,925 Internet protocol addresses 4,984 ( 1,471 ) 3,513 4,984 ( 973 ) 4,011 Backlog 2,200 ( 2,200 ) — 2,200 ( 1,375 ) 825 IPR&D — — — 368 — 368 Domain name — — — 39 — 39 Total intangible assets $ 131,084 $ ( 48,184 ) $ 82,900 $ 129,491 $ ( 26,895 ) $ 102,596 The Company's customer relationships, developed technology, trade names, internet protocol addresses, backlog and domain name intangible assets are subject to amortization. IPR&D is indefinite-lived and is not subject to amortization. Amortization expense was $ 21.7 million, $ 21.2 million and $ 5.3 million, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company added $ 2.0 million of intangible assets from the acquisition of Glitch, which are subject to amortization. The Company did not record any impairments during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The expected amortization expense of intangible assets subject to amortization as of December 31, 2022 is as follows: As of December 31, 2022 (in thousands) 2023 $ 20,424 2024 19,599 2025 16,976 2026 9,193 2027 9,051 Thereafter 7,657 Total $ 82,900 113 9. Debt Instruments Senior Secured Credit Facilities Agreement On February 16, 2021, the Company entered into a Senior Secured Credit Facilities Agreement ("Credit Agreement") with Silicon Valley Bank ("SVB") for an aggregate commitment amount of $ 100.0 million with a maturity date of February 16, 2024. The Company recorded $ 0.6 million of debt issuance costs associated with the Credit Agreement in other assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. The Credit Agreement bears interest at a rate per annum equal to the sum of LIBOR for the applicable interest period plus 1.75 % - 2.00 %, depending on the average daily outstanding balance of all loans and letters of credit under the Credit Agreement. Interest payments on outstanding borrowings are due on the last day of each interest period. The Credit Agreement has a commitment fee on the unused portion of the borrowing commitment, which is payable on the last day of each calendar quarter at a rate per annum of 0.20 % - 0.25 % depending on the average daily outstanding balance of all loans and letters of credit under the Credit Agreement. The agreement allows for an alternative interest rate to be used. In addition, the Company's Credit Agreement contains a financial covenant that requires the Company to maintain a consolidated adjusted quick ratio of at least 1:25 to 1:00 tested on a quarterly basis as well as a springing revenue growth covenant for certain periods if the Company's consolidated adjusted quick ratio falls below 1.75 to 1:00 on the last day of any fiscal quarter. The Credit Agreement requires the Company to comply with these affirmative and negative covenants. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company was in compliance with all of its covenants. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, no amounts were drawn down on the Company's Credit Agreement. As of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, no amounts were outstanding under the Credit Agreement. Convertible Senior Notes On March 5, 2021, the Company issued approximately $ 948.8 million aggregate principal amount of 0 % convertible senior notes due 2026 (the “Notes”), including the exercise in full by the initial purchasers of their option to purchase up to an additional approximately $ 123.8 million principal amount of the Notes. The Notes were issued in a private placement to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule144A under the Securities Act. The Notes will mature on March 15, 2026, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. The net proceeds from the issuance of the Notes were approximately $ 930.0 million after deducting the initial purchasers’ discounts and transaction costs. The Company may not redeem the Notes prior to March 20, 2024. On or after March 20, 2024, the Company may redeem for cash, all or any portion of the Notes, at the Company's option, at a redemption price equal to 100 % of the principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid special interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date, if the last reported sale price of the Company's common stock has been at least 130 % of the conversion price for the Notes then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period (including the last trading day of such period) ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption. No sinking fund is provided for the Notes. Holders of the Notes may convert their notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding December 15, 2025, only under the following circumstances: (i) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on June 30, 2021 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company's Class A common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130 % of the conversion price for the Notes on each applicable trading day; (ii) during the five business day period after any ten consecutive trading day period (the “Measurement Period”) in which the trading price, as defined in the indenture agreement governing the Note filed with the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 5, 2021, per $1,000 principal amount of notes for each trading day of the Measurement Period was less than 98 % of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company's Class A common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day; (iii) if the Company calls such Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the applicable redemption date, but only with respect to the Notes called (or deemed called) for redemption; or (iv) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On or after December 15, 2025 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert all or any portion of their notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. 114 Upon conversion, the Company may satisfy its conversion obligation by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of its Class A common stock or a combination of cash and shares of its Class A common stock, at the Company's election. The initial conversion rate is 9.7272 shares of Class A common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Notes, equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $ 102.80 per share of Class A common stock. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment as described in the indenture governing the Notes but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid special interest. In addition, following certain corporate events that occur prior to the maturity date of the Notes or if the Company delivers a notice of redemption in respect of the Notes, the Company will, in certain circumstances, increase the conversion rate of the Notes for a holder who elects to convert its Notes, in connection with such a corporate event or convert its Notes called (or deemed called) for redemption during the related redemption period, as the case may be. The indenture includes customary covenants and sets forth certain events of default after which the Notes may be declared immediately due and payable and sets forth certain types of bankruptcy or insolvency events of default involving the Company after which the Notes become automatically due and payable. If the Company undergoes a fundamental change, as defined in the indenture agreement governing the Notes, then subject to certain conditions and except as described in the indenture governing the Notes, holders may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their Notes at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100 % of the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid special interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. The Company evaluated the terms of its debt and concluded that the instrument does not require separation and that there were no other derivatives that required separation. As such, the Company has combined these features with the host contract and the Company accounts for its convertible debt as a single liability in long-term debt on its condensed consolidated balance sheet. The initial purchasers' discounts and transaction costs of $ 18.6 million incurred related to the issuance of the Notes were classified as liability and represents the difference between the principal amount of the Notes and the liability component (the “debt discount”), which is amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the Notes. As of December 31, 2022, the conversion conditions have not been met and therefore the Notes are not yet convertible. On May 25, 2022, the Company entered into separate, privately negotiated transactions with certain holders of the Notes to repurchase (the “Repurchases”) approximately $ 235.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Notes for an aggregate cash repurchase price of approximately $ 176.4 million. The Repurchases closed on May 31, 2022. The Repurchases were accounted for as a debt extinguishment that resulted in a net gain of $ 54.4 million, which was recorded as non-operating income on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. The following table reflects the carrying values of the debt agreements for th e years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows : Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Liability component: Convertible Senior notes (effective interest rate of 0.4 %) $ 713,753 $ 948,750 Less: unamortized debt issuance costs ( 9,043 ) ( 15,545 ) Less: current portion of long-term debt — — Long-term debt, less current portion $ 704,710 $ 933,205 For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, interest expense related to the Company's debt obligations was $ 3.4 million and $ 3.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the total estimated fair value of the Notes were $ 517.5 million and $ 775.6 million, respectively. 10. Commitments and Contingencies Purchase Commitments As of December 31, 2022, the Company had long-term commitments for cost of revenue related agreements (i.e., bandwidth usage, peering and other managed services with various networks, internet service providers and other third-party 115 vendors). The Company also has non-cost of revenue long-term commitments for various non-cancelable software as a service and managed services agreements. Aside from the Company's finance and operating lease commitments, including its colocation operating commitments, which have been disclosed in Note 7—Leases, the minimum future commitments related to its purchase commitments as of December 31, 2022 were as follows: Cost of Revenue Commitments Operating Expense Commitments Total Purchase Commitments (in thousands) 2023 $ 36,461 $ 19,622 $ 56,083 2024 12,218 1,443 13,661 2025 334 320 654 2026 166 — 166 2027 77 — 77 Thereafter 14 — 14 Total $ 49,270 $ 21,385 $ 70,655 In addition to the commitments disclosed above, as of December 31, 2022, the Company has $ 11.1 million of long-term purchase obligations under contracts for capital expenditures and $ 1.2 million for other long-term contracts. Sales and Use Tax The Company conducts its operations in many tax jurisdictions throughout the United States. In many of these jurisdictions, non-income-based taxes, such as sales and use and telecommunications taxes are assessed on the Company's operations. The Company is subject to indirect taxes, and may be subject to certain other taxes, in some of these jurisdictions. Historically, the Company has not billed or collected these taxes and, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, the Company has recorded a provision for its tax exposure in these jurisdictions when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the exposure can be reasonably estimated. As a result, the Company has recorded a liability of $ 7.6 million and $ 7.5 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These estimates are based on several key assumptions, including the taxability of the Company's products, the jurisdictions in which the Company believe it has nexus and the sourcing of revenues to those jurisdictions. In the event these jurisdictions challenge the Company's assumptions and analysis, its actual exposure could differ materially from its current estimates. Legal Matters From time to time, the Company has been and may be subject to legal proceedings and claims. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties and outcomes are not predictable with assurance. The Company accrues for contingencies when it believes that a loss is probable and that the Company can reasonably estimate the amount of any such loss. The Company is not presently a party to any legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to it, would individually or taken together have a material effect on the Company's business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has not recorded any significant accruals for loss contingencies associated with such legal proceedings, determined that an unfavorable outcome is probable or reasonably possible, or determined that the amount or range of any possible loss is reasonably estimable. 116 Indemnification The Company enters into standard indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company agrees to indemnify, hold harmless, and reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, generally the Company's business partners or customers, in connection with its provision of its services. Generally, these obligations are limited to claims relating to infringement of a patent, copyright, or other intellectual property right, breach of the Company's security or data protection obligations, or its negligence, willful misconduct, or violation of law. Subject to applicable statutes of limitation, the term of these indemnification agreements is generally for the duration of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, the Company carries insurance that covers certain third-party claims relating to the Company's services and could limit its exposure in that respect. The Company has agreed to indemnify each of its officers and directors during his or her lifetime for certain events or occurrences that happen by reason of the fact that the officer or director is, was, or has agreed to serve as an officer or director of the Company. The Company has director and officer insurance policies that may limit its exposure and may enable it to recover a portion of certain future amounts paid. To date, the Company has not encountered material costs as a result of such indemnification obligations and has not accrued any related liabilities in its financial statements. In assessing whether to establish an accrual, the Company considers such factors as the degree of probability of an unfavorable outcome and the ability to make a reasonable estimate of the amount of loss. 11. Stockholders' Equity Common Stock The Company's Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended and restated in May 2019, authorizes the issuance of 1.0 billion shares of Class A common stock and 94.1 million shares of Class B common stock, each at a par value per share of $ 0.00002 . Holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share and holders of Class B common stock are entitled to 10 votes per share. On July 12, 2021, all outstanding shares of Class B common stock automatically converted into the same number of shares of Class A common stock (the "Conversion") pursuant to the terms of the Company's amended and restated certificate of incorporation (the "Certificate"). Upon the Conversion, outstanding options denominated in shares of Class B common stock issued under any of the Company's equity incentive plans remained unchanged, except that such options now represent the right to receive shares of Class A common stock on exercise. In accordance with the Certificate, the shares of Class B common stock that converted to Class A common stock were retired and will not be reissued by the Company. Accordingly, the Company filed a certificate with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware effecting the retirement of the shares of Class B common stock that were issued but no longer outstanding following the Conversion. Upon the effectiveness of the certificate, the Company's total number of authorized shares of capital stock was reduced by the retirement of 94.1 million shares of Class B common stock. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, 124.3 million and 118.8 million shares of Class A common stock were issued and outstanding, respectively. As of both December 31, 2022 and 2021, no shares of Class B common stock were issued and outstanding. 117 Equity Incentive Plans The Company maintains four equity incentive plans: the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2019 Plan"), 2011 Equity Incentive Plan ("2011 Plan"), Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") and the Signal Sciences Corp. 2014 Stock Option and Grant Plan, as amended (the “Signal Plan”). The 2019 Plan became effective in May 2019 and replaced the 2011 Plan. The Company's 2019 Plan provides for the issuance of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), restricted stock awards, performance-based stock awards ("PSUs"), and other forms of equity compensation, which are collectively referred to as stock awards to its employees, directors, and consultants. The Signal Plan includes 251,754 registered shares which can be exercised to purchase shares of Fastly’s Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were 24.2 million and 21.4 million Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the 2019 Plan, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were 9.6 million and 15.9 million Class A common stock available for issuance under the 2019 Plan, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, an aggregate of 5.8 million shares and 4.6 million shares of Class A common stock have been reserved for issuance under the ESPP, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were 4.4 million shares and 3.7 million shares of Class A common stock available for future issuance under the ESPP, respectively. Stock Options Options granted under the 2011 Plan and 2019 Plan are exercisable for Class A common stock and generally expire within 10 years from the date of grant and generally vest over four years , at the rate of 25 % on the first anniversary of the date of grant and ratably on a monthly basis over the remaining 36-month period thereafter based on continued service. Due to the Conversion on July 12, 2021, options granted under the 2011 Plan are now exercisable for Class A common stock. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. The following table summarizes stock option activity during the year ended December 31, 2022: Number of Shares Weighted-Average Exercise Price Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) (in years) (in thousands) Outstanding at December 31, 2021 4,369 $ 5.07 5.1 $ 132,721 Granted — — Exercised ( 1,778 ) 3.20 Forfeited ( 148 ) 12.10 Outstanding at December 31, 2022 2,443 $ 6.01 4.7 $ 7,674 Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2022 2,360 $ 5.76 4.6 $ 7,674 Unvested and exercisable at December 31, 2022 — $ — 0.0 $ — The total pre-tax intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $ 8.9 million, $ 64.9 million, and $ 200.9 million, respectively. The total grant date fair value of employee options vested for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, 2020 was $ 5.6 million, $ 6.9 million, and $ 10.3 million, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value for options granted to employees during the year ended December 31, 2020 was $ 86.77 . The Company did not grant any options for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Each of the Black-Scholes inputs is subjective and generally requires significant judgments to determine. The Company 118 estimated the fair value of stock option awards during the year ended December 31, 2020 on the date of the grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions: Year ended December 31, 2020 Fair value of common stock $ 85.26 - $ 96.43 Expected term (in years) 5.38 - 9.75 Risk-free interest rate 0.31 %- 0.67 % Expected volatility 43.9 % - 46.5 % Dividend yield — % During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and 2020, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense from stock options of approximately $ 6.1 million, $ 24.9 million, and $ 11.0 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and 2020, the Company modified the terms of options awarded to certain employees to allow for the remaining unvested awards to be fully vested upon their change in employment status. As a result, included in the total stock-based compensation expense, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense in relation to these modifications of $ 0.8 million, $ 6.2 million and $ 0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to outstanding unvested stock options that are expected to vest was $ 1.9 million. This unrecognized stock-based compensation cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1 year. Early Exercise of Stock Options Certain stock options granted by the Company are exercisable at the date of grant, with unvested shares subject to repurchase by the Company in the event of voluntary or involuntary termination of employment of the stockholder. Such exercises are recorded as a liability on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and reclassified into equity as the options vest. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company modified the terms of 47,882 unvested options subject to repurchase, with an exercise value of approximately $ 0.2 million, to become fully vested upon change in service status. As of December 31, 2021, a total of 90,977 shares of Class B Common Stock were subject to repurchase by the Company at the lower of (i) the fair market value of such shares on the date of repurchase, or (ii) the original exercise price of such shares. The corresponding exercise value of approximately $ 0.4 million as of December 31, 2021, is recorded in other current liabilities and other liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company did not have any early exercise awards for the year ended December 31, 2022. Restricted Stock Units ("RSUs") The Company began granting RSUs under the 2019 Plan during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. The fair value of RSUs is based on the grant date fair value and is expensed on a straight-line basis over the applicable vesting period. RSUs granted to new hires typically vest over four years , at the rate of 25 % on the first anniversary of the vest date and ratably on a quarterly basis over the remaining 36-month period thereafter. RSUs granted to existing employees typically vest in equal quarterly installments over a four-year service period. All vesting is contingent on continued service. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. 119 The following table summarizes RSU activity during the years ended December 31, 2022: Number of Shares Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share (in thousands) Nonvested RSUs as of December 31, 2021 5,285 $ 42.80 Granted 11,861 14.63 Vested ( 3,119 ) 31.40 Forfeited ( 2,037 ) 29.90 Nonvested RSUs as of December 31, 2022 11,990 $ 20.10 During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the weighted-average grant date fair value for RSUs granted was $ 14.63 , $ 54.92 and $ 31.22 per share, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the total grant date fair value of RSUs vested was $ 97.9 million, $ 67.7 million and $ 31.6 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs of $ 98.5 million, $ 78.3 million and $ 45.3 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021, the Company modified the terms of RSUs awarded to certain employees to allow for the remaining unvested awards to be fully vested upon their change in employment status. As a result, included in the total stock-based compensation expense, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense in relation to these modifications of $ 1.9 million and $ 2.8 million, and $ 4.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to non-vested RSUs was $ 224.7 million. This unrecognized stock-based compensation cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.7 years. Stock subject to revest ("Revest shares") In conjunction with a prior acquisition in fiscal 2020, a restriction was placed on 896,499 shares belonging to the three co-founders of the target which are subject to revesting on a quarterly basis over a 2-year period. The activity of revest shares granted to these employees is as follows: Number of Shares Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share (in thousands) Nonvested revest shares as of December 31, 2021 336 $ 97.84 Restricted ( 224 ) 97.84 Vested ( 112 ) 97.84 Cancelled/forfeited — — Nonvested revest shares as of December 31, 2022 — $ — As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to revest shares of $ 27.6 million and $ 43.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, there is no unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to revest shares. On January 24, 2022, the Company entered into an agreement with certain holders of restricted stock, who had sold their awards in advance of their vesting conditions, in order to return the proceeds associated with the remaining 224,124 unvested shares as of December 31, 2021. These stockholders are eligible to continue vesting under the original agreements as long as they have continued service as either an employee or consultant. On January 31, 2022, the Company received $ 10.7 million from these stockholders related to the settlement of the matter, which the Company classified as unrestricted cash on its condensed consolidated balance sheets. This amount will similarly be returned to the holders in accordance with the vesting 120 under the original agreements. Correspondingly, the Company reclassified the award from equity to liability as the award will now be settled for the fixed monetary amount received, rather than a release of the restrictions on shares. The modification did not result in any incremental expense to be recognized. In February 2022, one of the stockholders had a change in employment status and the Company accelerated the remaining stock-based compensation associated with his awards on his last day of service as an employee as his services under the modified arrangement were not substantive. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $ 5.6 million associated with the modification of these awards, which is included in the total stock-based compensation expense. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company did no t recognize any stock-based compensation expense associated with the modification of these awards. Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units ("PSUs") Performance stock awards for executive officers ("Executive PSUs") In March 2020, the Company granted a maximum total of 87,918 shares of PSUs to certain employees of the company, pursuant to our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan. The PSUs granted reflect a maximum of 200 % of target performance and represent the right of the employees to be issued on a future date, one ( 1 ) share of Class A common stock for each RSU received that will vest on the applicable vesting date. On November 2, 2020, the Compensation Committee of the Board set the performance conditions related to the previously granted PSUs ("2020 PSU awards") which are based on the level of achievement of certain Company and individual targets related to the Company's operating plan for the fiscal year 2020 ("2020 operating plan"). Based on the results of the 2020 operating plan, the actual award was reduced to 75,828 shares which represents attainment of 172 %. As a result, 12,090 shares were cancelled. In February 2021, pursuant to the Company’s 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, the Company granted shares of PSUs to certain employees of the Company, which are to vest based on the level of achievement of certain Company and individual targets related to the Company's operating plan for the fiscal year 2021 ("2021 Operating Plan"). In February 2022, the Company concluded that the minimum target performance to be eligible for vesting under the 2021 Operating Plan was not attained, and as such, none of the 2021 PSUs were eligible to vest and the awards were cancelled. In February 2022, pursuant to the Company's 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, the Company granted certain employees shares of PSUs, which are to vest based on the level of achievement of certain Company-wide targets related to the Company's operating plan for the fiscal year 2022. The Company has accounted for these awards as equity-based awards and will recognize stock-based compensation expense over the employees' requisite service period based on the expected attainment of the Company-wide targets as of the end of each reporting period. Number of Shares Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share (in thousands) Nonvested PSUs as of December 31, 2021 71 $ 102.06 Granted 326 28.16 Vested — — Cancelled/forfeited ( 130 ) 68.33 Nonvested PSUs as of December 31, 2022 267 $ 28.16 For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized $ 1.4 million, $ 3.4 million, and $ 1.6 million of stock-based compensation expense associated with these awards, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we modified the terms of PSUs awarded to an employee upon their change in employment status. As a result, included in the total stock-based compensation expense, the Company recorded stock-based 121 compensation expense in relation to the modification of $ 0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. There were no PSU modifications for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. 2022 Bonus Program ("Bonus PSUs") On February 11, 2022, the Compensation Committee approved a company-wide bonus program ("2022 Bonus Program"), including performance targets, for the current fiscal year to most of the Company's employees on active payroll in fiscal year 2022. Shares awarded under the program will be in fully vested RSUs ("Payout") and will be based on the final attainment of Company-wide performance targets which are tied to its operating plan for fiscal year 2022. Payout will vary linearly between 50 %, 100 % and 150 % based on the achievement of these targets. Employees are required to be employed through the Payout date to earn the awards. In addition, certain employees were granted dollar bonus amounts, which are to be paid out in RSUs. The Company has accounted for these awards as liability-based awards, since the monetary value of the obligation associated with the award is based predominantly on a fixed monetary amount known at inception, and it has an unconditional obligation that it must or may settle by issuing a variable number of its equity shares. The Company is recognizing the stock-based compensation expense over the employees requisite service period, based on the expected attainment of the Company-wide targets as of the end of each reporting period. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $ 14.9 million of stock-based compensation expense associated with the 2022 Bonus Program. Market-Based Performance Stock Awards ("MPSUs") In September 2022, pursuant to the Company's 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, the Company granted certain employees shares of MPSUs, which are to vest upon the satisfaction of the Company’s achievement of specified Fastly Class A common stock price targets during the applicable performance period. In addition, the awards are subject to each recipient’s continuous service through each applicable vest dates. The Company measured the fair value of the MPSUs using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model. The risk-free interest rates used were 3.37 % - 3.68 %, which were based on five-year US treasury yield, adjusted to a continuous time basis. The expected volatility was a blended volatility rate of 80 %, which incorporated both the Company's observed equity volatility and the relevant guideline company volatility. Number of Shares Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share (in thousands) Nonvested MPSUs as of December 31, 2021 — $ — Granted 2,174 6.80 Vested — — Cancelled/forfeited — — Nonvested MPSUs as of December 31, 2022 2,174 $ 6.80 Stock-based compensation expense relating to the MPSUs are recognized using the accelerated attribution method over the derived service period. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $ 2.1 million of stock-based compensation expense associated with these awards. Total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the unvested portion of the MPSUs was $ 12.7 million as of December 31, 2022. This expense is expected to be amortized over a weighted-average vesting period of 4 years. Employee Share Purchase Program ("ESPP") The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company's common stock through payroll deductions of up to 15 % of their eligible compensation. The ESPP provides for six-month offering periods, commencing in May and 122 November of each year. At the end of each offering period employees are able to purchase shares at 85 % of the lower of the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the first trading day of the offering period or on the date of purchase. The Company estimates the fair value of shares to be issued under the ESPP on the first day of the offering period using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The inputs to the Black-Scholes option pricing model are the Company's stock price on the first date of the offering period, the risk-free interest rate, the estimated volatility of the Company's stock price over the term of the offering period, the expected term of the offering period and the expected dividend rate. Stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP is recognized on a straight-line basis over the offering period. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. The Company estimated the fair value of shares granted under the ESPP on the first date of the offering period using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Fair value of common stock $ 8.40 - $ 11.85 $ 41.24 - $ 44.87 $ 14.09 - $ 24.07 Expected term (in years) 0.49 0.49 - 0.50 0.49 - 0.50 Risk-free interest rate 1.57 % - 4.65 % 0.02 % - 0.07 % 0.10 % - 0.14 % Expected volatility 88 % - 101 % 47 % - 58 % 50 % - 60 % Dividend yield — % — % — % During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized $ 3.2 million, $ 3.5 million, and $ 3.2 million in stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to ESPP was $ 2.0 million. This unrecognized stock-based compensation cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 0.4 years. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, an aggregate of 0.5 million and 0.2 million and 0.3 million shares of the Company's Class A common stock was purchased under the ESPP, respectively. Stock-based Compensation Expense The following table summarizes the components of total stock-based compensation expense included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Cost of revenue $ 12,050 $ 7,227 $ 3,889 Research and development 58,435 47,019 17,112 Sales and marketing 39,083 31,159 17,028 General and administrative 36,228 55,083 26,404 Total $ 145,796 $ 140,488 $ 64,433 For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company capitalized $ 8.0 million, $ 4.4 million, and $ 2.0 million of stock-based compensation expense, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $ 25.5 million of stock-based compensation expense associated with liability classified awards related to the 2022 Bonus Program and certain of the Company's Revest Shares that were modified, respectively. The Company did not recognize any stock-based compensation expense associated with liability classified awards for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. 123 12. Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by basic weighted-average shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by diluted weighted-average shares outstanding, including potentially dilutive securities. On July 12, 2021, the shares of Class B common stock that converted to Class A common stock were retired and will not be reissued by the Company. Prior to that date, the Company computed net loss per share using the two-class method required for multiple classes of common stock and participating securities. The rights of the holders of the Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion. Accordingly, the Class A common stock and Class B common stock share equally in the Company's net losses. The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock (in millions, except per share data): Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Class A (1) Class B (2) Class A (1) Class B (2) Class A (1) Class B (2) (in thousands, except per share amounts) Net loss attributable to common stockholders $ ( 190,774 ) $ — $ ( 212,120 ) $ ( 10,577 ) $ ( 78,114 ) $ ( 17,818 ) Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted 121,723 — 110,541 5,512 84,319 19,233 Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted $ ( 1.57 ) $ — $ ( 1.92 ) $ ( 1.92 ) ( 0.93 ) $ ( 0.93 ) __________ (1) Class A common stock includes the issuance of 12.9 million shares of Class A common stock issued by the Company in connection with the IPO and the shares issued in connection with the follow-on offering on May 26, 2020. It also includes shares issued upon the exercise of options and vesting of RSUs granted subsequent to the IPO, shares issued as part of the prior acquisitions, and converted Common B shares. (2) Class B common stock includes, for all periods presented, common stock issued prior to the IPO and the conversion of all of the Company's preferred stock into an aggregate of 53.6 million shares of the Company's Class B common stock upon closing of the IPO. Some of these shares were previously converted into shares of Class A common stock. On July 12, 2021, all shares of Class B common stock were converted into shares of Class A common stock. 124 The following securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share of common stock for the periods presented as their effect would have been antidilutive (in millions): Number of Shares Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Stock options 2,443 4,369 6,963 Early exercised stock options — — 91 RSUs 11,990 5,285 4,520 Revest shares — 336 784 PSUs 267 71 88 MPSUs 2,174 — — Bonus PSUs 1,777 — — Shares issuable pursuant to the ESPP 186 51 25 Convertible senior notes (if-converted) 7,338 9,229 — Total 26,175 19,341 12,471 13. Income Taxes Loss before income taxes includes the following components: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) United States $ ( 196,469 ) $ ( 224,159 ) $ ( 86,842 ) Foreign 5,789 1,531 ( 20,570 ) Loss before income taxes $ ( 190,680 ) $ ( 222,628 ) $ ( 107,412 ) The income tax expense (benefit) consists of the following: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Current tax provision (benefit): Federal $ — $ — $ — State ( 79 ) — 420 Foreign 173 322 1,050 Deferred tax provision (benefit): Federal — ( 253 ) ( 10,631 ) State — — ( 2,319 ) Foreign — — — Total tax expense (benefit) $ 94 $ 69 $ ( 11,480 ) Reconciliation between the Company's effective tax rate on income from continuing operations and the U.S. federal statutory rate is as follows: 125 Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Provision at federal statutory tax rate 21 % 21 % 21 % State taxes, net of federal tax impact — — 2 Change in valuation allowance ( 14 ) ( 30 ) ( 35 ) Foreign tax rate differential — — ( 5 ) Acquisition related expenses — — ( 2 ) Stock-based compensation ( 9 ) 2 30 Research and development credits 2 5 — Restructuring — 2 — Effective tax rate — % — % 11 % The Company recorded tax expense of $ 0.1 million, $ 0.1 million, and an income tax benefit of $ 11.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The Company's income tax expense is primarily due to income taxes from certain foreign jurisdictions where the Company conducts business and state minimum income taxes in the United States. The Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Deferred Tax Assets: Net operating losses $ 183,306 $ 162,260 Lease Liability 23,245 20,415 Research and development credits 21,383 16,636 Capitalized research and development 21,032 4,558 Stock-based compensation 10,429 6,000 Deferred revenue 2,811 7,821 Reserves and accruals 4,648 3,149 Other 4,179 2,761 Deferred tax assets 271,033 223,600 Intangible asset amortization ( 21,713 ) ( 26,493 ) Right-of-use Asset ( 18,847 ) ( 19,073 ) State Taxes ( 10,732 ) ( 8,969 ) Prepaid Commissions ( 11,526 ) ( 5,073 ) Deferred tax liabilities ( 62,818 ) ( 59,608 ) Valuation Allowance ( 208,215 ) ( 163,992 ) Net deferred tax (liabilities) assets $ — $ — As of December 31, 2022 and 2021 , t he Company had NOL carryforwards for U.S. federal income tax purposes of approximately $ 658.8 million and $ 586.3 million, respectively; and for state income tax purposes of approximately $ 528.9 million and $ 482.5 million, respectively. The federal NOL carryforwards, if not utilized, will begin to expire in 2031. The state NOL carryforward, if not utilized, will begin to expire on various dates starting in 2023. The Company also has federal and California research and development credit carryforwards totaling $ 22.8 million and $ 8.2 million as of December 31, 2022 , respectively. The federal research and development credit carryforwards will begin to expire in 2034, unless previously utilized. The California research credits do not expire. 126 As of December 31, 2022, the Company has NOL carryforwards for United Kingdom purposes of approximately $ 32.3 million. The UK NOL carryforwards do not expire. Based on all available evidence on a jurisdictional basis t he Company believes that it is more likely than not that the Company's deferred tax assets will not be utilized and have recorded a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets. The Company assesses on a periodic basis the likelihood that it will be able to recover its deferred tax assets. The Company considers all available evidence, both positive and negative, including historical losses. The Company determined that it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will not be fully realizable for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. T he Company has a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, including NOL carryforwards. The Company expects to maintain this valuation allowance for the foreseeable future. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the valuation allowance related to the Company's deferred tax assets increased by $ 44.2 million. Utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to the ownership change limitations under the Code and similar state provisions. Under Section 382 of the Code, a corporation that undergoes an "ownership change" may be subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change NOLs to offset future taxable income. A detailed analysis was performed through December 31, 2021 for the Company to determine whether an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code has occurred, and ownership changes were identified in 2013 and 2020. As a result of this analysis, the Company concluded that there is no longer any limitation on the utilization of such NOLs. A detailed analysis was performed for the period March 1, 2014 to October 1, 2020 for Signal Sciences to determine whether an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code has occurred and an ownership change was identified in 2020. As a result of this analysis, the Company concluded that there is no longer any limitation on its utilization of the NOLs of Signal Sciences. No provision for U.S. income and foreign withholding taxes has been made for these permanently reinvested foreign earnings because it is management’s intention to permanently reinvest such undistributed earnings outside the United States. A reconciliation of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands): Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 Balance at beginning of year $ 7,808 $ 3,186 Increases related to prior year tax positions 8,697 3,113 Decreases related to prior year tax positions ( 751 ) ( 31 ) Increases related to current year tax positions 1,583 1,540 Balance at end of year $ 17,337 $ 7,808 The Company has considered the amounts and probabilities of the outcomes that can be realized upon ultimate settlement with the tax authorities and determined unrecognized tax benefits primarily related to credits should be established as noted in the summary rollforward above. The unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized and in absence of full valuation allowance, would impact the income tax provision by $ 17.3 million and $ 7.8 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the Company does not believe that it is reasonably possible that its unrecognized tax benefits would significantly change in the following 12 months. The Company's policy is to recognize interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax benefits as part of the income tax provision and include accrued interest and penalties with the related income tax liability on its consolidated balance sheet. To date, t he Company has not recognized any interest and penalties in its consolidated statements of operations, nor has it accrued for or made payments for interest and penalties. Generally, in the U.S. federal and state taxing jurisdictions, tax periods in which certain loss and credit carryovers are generated remain open for audit until such time as the limitation period ends for the year in which such losses or credits are utilized. 127 14. Information About Revenue and Geographic Areas Revenue Revenue by geography is based on the billing address of the customer. Refer to Note 3, "Revenue" for more information on net revenue by geographic area. Long-Lived Assets The Company’s property and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets, each net, by geographic area were as follows: As of December 31, 2022 2021 (in thousands) United States $ 175,794 $ 177,990 All other countries 73,024 58,602 Total long-lived assets $ 248,818 $ 236,592 128 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None.