Forestar Group Inc. 10-Q

Item 1. Financial Statements FORESTAR GROUP INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited) December 31, 2023 September 30, 2023 (In millions, except share data) ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents $ 458.9 $ 616.0 Real estate 2,009.8 1,790.3 Investment in unconsolidated ventures 0.5 0.5 Property and equipment, net 5.8 5.9 Other assets 58.8 58.0 Total assets $ 2,533.8 $ 2,470.7 LIABILITIES Accounts payable $ 65.3 $ 68.4 Accrued development costs 99.9 104.1 Earnest money on sales contracts 140.9 121.4 Deferred tax liability, net 50.2 50.7 Accrued expenses and other liabilities 63.4 61.2 Debt 705.3 695.0 Total liabilities 1,125.0 1,100.8 Commitments and contingencies (Note 11) EQUITY Common stock, par value $ 1.00 per share, 200,000,000 authorized shares, 49,909,713 and 49,903,713 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, respectively 49.9 49.9 Additional paid-in capital 644.9 644.2 Retained earnings 713.0 674.8 Stockholders' equity 1,407.8 1,368.9 Noncontrolling interests 1.0 1.0 Total equity 1,408.8 1,369.9 Total liabilities and equity $ 2,533.8 $ 2,470.7 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 3 Table of Contents FORESTAR GROUP INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited) Three Months Ended December 31, 2023 2022 (In millions, except per share amounts) Revenues $ 305.9 $ 216.7 Cost of sales 233.0 169.2 Selling, general and administrative expense 28.0 22.9 Gain on sale of assets — ( 1.6 ) Interest and other income ( 6.3 ) ( 1.7 ) Income before income taxes 51.2 27.9 Income tax expense 13.0 7.1 Net income $ 38.2 $ 20.8 Basic net income per common share $ 0.76 $ 0.42 Weighted average number of common shares 50.1 49.9 Diluted net income per common share $ 0.76 $ 0.42 Adjusted weighted average number of common shares 50.5 49.9 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 4 Table of Contents FORESTAR GROUP INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF TOTAL EQUITY (Unaudited) Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Non-controlling Interests Total Equity (In millions, except share amounts) Balances at September 30, 2023 ( 49,903,713 shares) $ 49.9 $ 644.2 $ 674.8 $ 1.0 $ 1,369.9 Net income — — 38.2 — 38.2 Stock issued under employee benefit plans ( 6,000 shares) — — — — — Cash paid for shares withheld for taxes — ( 0.2 ) — — ( 0.2 ) Stock-based compensation expense — 0.9 — — 0.9 Balances at December 31, 2023 ( 49,909,713 shares) $ 49.9 $ 644.9 $ 713.0 $ 1.0 $ 1,408.8 Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Non-controlling Interests Total Equity (In millions, except share amounts) Balances at September 30, 2022 ( 49,761,480 shares) $ 49.8 $ 640.6 $ 507.9 $ 1.0 $ 1,199.3 Net income — — 20.8 — 20.8 Stock issued under employee benefit plans ( 11,075 shares) — — — — — Cash paid for shares withheld for taxes — ( 0.1 ) — — ( 0.1 ) Stock-based compensation expense — 0.6 — — 0.6 Balances at December 31, 2022 ( 49,772,555 shares) $ 49.8 $ 641.1 $ 528.7 $ 1.0 $ 1,220.6 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 5 Table of Contents FORESTAR GROUP INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited) Three Months Ended December 31, 2023 2022 (In millions) OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net income $ 38.2 $ 20.8 Adjustments: Depreciation and amortization 0.8 0.7 Deferred income taxes ( 0.5 ) ( 2.2 ) Stock-based compensation expense 0.9 0.6 Impairments and land option charges 0.2 2.4 Gain on sale of assets — ( 1.6 ) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Increase in real estate ( 209.8 ) ( 49.9 ) (Increase) decrease in other assets ( 0.9 ) 1.8 Decrease in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities ( 0.9 ) ( 8.6 ) Decrease in accrued development costs ( 4.2 ) ( 24.3 ) Increase in earnest money deposits on sales contracts 19.5 10.5 Net cash used in operating activities ( 156.7 ) ( 49.8 ) INVESTING ACTIVITIES Expenditures for property, equipment, software and other ( 0.2 ) ( 0.1 ) Proceeds from sale of assets — 1.6 Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities ( 0.2 ) 1.5 FINANCING ACTIVITIES Cash paid for shares withheld for taxes ( 0.2 ) ( 0.1 ) Net cash used in financing activities ( 0.2 ) ( 0.1 ) Decrease in cash and cash equivalents ( 157.1 ) ( 48.4 ) Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 616.0 264.8 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 458.9 $ 216.4 SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF NON-CASH ACTIVITIES Note payable issued for real estate $ 9.9 $ — See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 6 Table of Contents FORESTAR GROUP INC. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) Note 1 — Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X and include the accounts of Forestar Group Inc. ("Forestar") and all of its 100% owned, majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries, which are collectively referred to as the Company unless the context otherwise requires. The Company accounts for its investment in other entities in which it has significant influence over operations and financial policies using the equity method. All intercompany accounts, transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Noncontrolling interests in consolidated pass-through entities are recognized before income taxes. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests is zero for all periods presented in the Company's statements of operations. The transactions included in net income in the consolidated statements of operations are the same as those that would be presented in comprehensive income. Thus, the Company's net income equates to comprehensive income. In the opinion of management, these financial statements reflect all adjustments considered necessary to fairly state the results for the interim periods shown, including normal recurring accruals and other items. These financial statements, including the consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2023, which was derived from audited financial statements, do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. In October 2017, Forestar became a majority-owned subsidiary of D.R. Horton, Inc. ("D.R. Horton") by virtue of a merger with a wholly-owned subsidiary of D.R. Horton. Immediately following the merger, D.R. Horton owned 75% of the Company's outstanding common stock. In connection with the merger, the Company entered into certain agreements with D.R. Horton, including a Stockholder’s Agreement, a Master Supply Agreement and a Shared Services Agreement. D.R. Horton is considered a related party of Forestar under GAAP. As of December 31, 2023, D.R. Horton owned approximately 63 % of the Company's outstanding common stock. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Pending Accounting Standards In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures,” which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosures. The ASU expands public entities’ segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. It also requires disclosure of the amount and description of the composition of other segment items and interim disclosures of a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets. The guidance is effective for the Company beginning October 1, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which requires disclosure of disaggregated income taxes paid, prescribes standard categories for the components of the effective tax rate reconciliation and modifies other income tax related disclosures. The guidance is effective for the Company beginning October 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. 7 Table of Contents Note 2 — Segment Information The Company manages its operations through its real estate segment, which is its core business and generates substantially all of its revenues. The real estate segment primarily acquires land and installs infrastructure for single-family residential communities, and its revenues generally come from sales of residential single-family finished lots to local, regional and national homebuilders. The Company has other business activities for which the related assets and operating results are immaterial and therefore are included within the Company's real estate segment. Note 3 — Real Estate Real estate consists of: December 31, 2023 September 30, 2023 (In millions) Developed and under development projects $ 1,895.7 $ 1,760.8 Land held for future development 114.1 29.5 $ 2,009.8 $ 1,790.3 In the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company invested $ 228.0 million for the acquisition of residential real estate and $ 226.5 million for the development of residential real estate. At December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, land held for future development primarily consisted of undeveloped land which the Company has the contractual right to sell to D.R. Horton at a sales price equal to the carrying value of the land at the time of sale plus additional consideration of 12 % to 16 % per annum. Each quarter, the Company reviews the performance and outlook for all of its real estate for indicators of potential impairment and performs detailed impairment evaluations and analyses when necessary. As a result of this process, no impairment charges were recorded for either period presented in the consolidated statements of operations. In the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, land purchase contract deposit and pre-acquisition cost write-offs related to land purchase contracts that the Company has terminated or expects to terminate were $ 0.2 million and $ 2.4 million, respectively. These land option charges are included in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations. Note 4 — Revenues Revenues consist of: Three Months Ended December 31, 2023 2022 (In millions) Residential lot sales $ 304.2 $ 206.7 Deferred development lot sales 1.3 6.7 Tract sales and other 0.4 3.3 $ 305.9 $ 216.7 In the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $ 1.3 million and $ 6.7 million, respectively, in revenues as a result of its progress towards completion of its remaining unsatisfied performance obligations on deferred development projects. 8 Table of Contents Note 5 — Capitalized Interest The Company capitalizes interest costs to real estate throughout the development period (active real estate). Capitalized interest is charged to cost of sales as the related real estate is sold. During periods in which the Company’s active real estate is lower than its debt level, a portion of the interest incurred is reflected as interest expense in the period incurred. In the first three months of fiscal 2024 and fiscal 2023, the Company’s active real estate exceeded its debt level, and all interest incurred was capitalized to real estate. The following table summarizes the Company’s interest costs incurred, capitalized and expensed in the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Three Months Ended December 31, 2023 2022 (In millions) Capitalized interest, beginning of period $ 58.5 $ 52.5 Interest incurred 8.1 8.2 Interest charged to cost of sales ( 6.1 ) ( 5.0 ) Capitalized interest, end of period $ 60.5 $ 55.7 Note 6 — Other Assets, Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities The Company's other assets at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023 were as follows: December 31, 2023 September 30, 2023 (In millions) Receivables, net $ 28.4 $ 25.7 Lease right of use assets 7.9 7.6 Prepaid expenses 12.5 15.7 Land purchase contract deposits 8.2 7.0 Other assets 1.8 2.0 $ 58.8 $ 58.0 The Company's accrued expenses and other liabilities at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023 were as follows: December 31, 2023 September 30, 2023 (In millions) Accrued employee compensation and benefits $ 5.6 $ 11.2 Accrued property taxes 2.3 7.9 Lease liabilities 8.4 8.1 Accrued interest 6.9 7.0 Contract liabilities 9.2 10.0 Deferred income 4.1 4.1 Income taxes payable 18.0 4.4 Other accrued expenses 5.2 4.8 Other liabilities 3.7 3.7 $ 63.4 $ 61.2 Contract liabilities at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023 include $ 3.4 million and $ 3.5 million, respectively, related to the Company's remaining unsatisfied performance obligations on deferred development lot sales. 9 Table of Contents Note 7 — Debt The Company's notes payable at their carrying amounts consist of the following: December 31, 2023 September 30, 2023 (In millions) Unsecured: Revolving credit facility $ — $ — 3.85 % senior notes due 2026 (1) 397.7 397.4 5.0 % senior notes due 2028 (1) 297.7 297.6 Other note payable 9.9 — $ 705.3 $ 695.0 ______________ (1) Unamortized debt issuance costs that were deducted from the carrying amounts of the senior notes totaled $ 4.6 million and $ 5.0 million at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, respectively. Bank Credit Facility The Company has a $ 410 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility with an uncommitted accordion feature that could increase the size of the facility to $ 600 million, subject to certain conditions and availability of additional bank commitments. The facility also provides for the issuance of letters of credit with a sublimit equal to the greater of $ 100 million and 50 % of the total revolving credit commitments. Borrowings under the revolving credit facility are subject to a borrowing base calculation based on the book value of the Company's real estate assets and unrestricted cash. Letters of credit issued under the facility reduce the available borrowing capacity. The maturity date of the facility is October 28, 2026. At December 31, 2023, there were no borrowings outstanding and $ 24.3 million of letters of credit issued under the revolving credit facility, resulting in available capacity of $ 385.7 million. The revolving credit facility is guaranteed by the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries that are not immaterial subsidiaries or have not been designated as unrestricted subsidiaries. The revolving credit facility includes customary affirmative and negative covenants, events of default and financial covenants. The financial covenants require a minimum level of tangible net worth, a minimum level of liquidity and a maximum allowable leverage ratio. These covenants are measured as defined in the credit agreement governing the facility and are reported to the lenders quarterly. A failure to comply with these financial covenants could allow the lending banks to terminate the availability of funds under the revolving credit facility or cause any outstanding borrowings to become due and payable prior to maturity. At December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all of the covenants, limitations and restrictions of its revolving credit facility. Senior Notes The Company has outstanding senior notes as described below that were issued pursuant to Rule 144A and Regulation S under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). The notes represent senior unsecured obligations that rank equally in right of payment to all existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness and may be redeemed prior to maturity, subject to certain limitations and premiums defined in the indenture agreements. The notes are guaranteed by each of the Company's subsidiaries to the extent such subsidiaries guarantee the Company's revolving credit facility. The Company's $ 400 million principal amount of 3.85 % senior notes (the "2026 notes") mature May 15, 2026 with interest payable semi-annually . On or after May 15, 2023, the 2026 notes may be redeemed at 101.925 % of their principal amount plus any accrued and unpaid interest. In accordance with the indenture, the redemption price decreases annually thereafter and the 2026 notes can be redeemed at par on or after May 15, 2025 through maturity. The annual effective interest rate of the 2026 notes after giving effect to the amortization of financing costs is 4.1 %. The Company's $ 300 million principal amount of 5.0 % senior notes (the "2028 notes") mature March 1, 2028 with interest payable semi-annually . On or after March 1, 2023, the 2028 notes may be redeemed at 102.5 % of their principal amount plus any accrued and unpaid interest. In accordance with the indenture, the redemption price decreases annually thereafter and the 2028 notes can be redeemed at par on or after March 1, 2026 through maturity. The annual effective interest rate of the 2028 notes after giving effect to the amortization of financing costs is 5.2 %. 10 Table of Contents The indentures governing the senior notes require that, upon the occurrence of both a change of control and a rating decline (as defined in each indenture), the Company offer to purchase the applicable series of notes at 101% of their principal amount. If the Company or its restricted subsidiaries dispose of assets, under certain circumstances, the Company will be required to either invest the net cash proceeds from such asset sales in its business within a specified period of time, repay certain senior secured debt or debt of its non-guarantor subsidiaries, or make an offer to purchase a principal amount of such notes equal to the excess net cash proceeds at a purchase price of 100% of their principal amount. The indentures contain covenants that, among other things, restrict the ability of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends or distributions, repurchase equity, prepay subordinated debt and make certain investments; incur additional debt or issue mandatorily redeemable equity; incur liens on assets; merge or consolidate with another company or sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets; enter into transactions with affiliates; and allow to exist certain restrictions on the ability of subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other payments. At December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all of the limitations and restrictions associated with its senior note obligations. Effective April 30, 2020, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $ 30 million of the Company’s debt securities. The authorization has no expiration date. All of the $ 30 million authorization was remaining at December 31, 2023. Other Note Payable In December 2023, the Company issued a note payable of $ 9.9 million as part of a transaction to acquire real estate for development. The note is non-recourse and is secured by the underlying real estate, accrues interest at 4.0 % per annum and matures in December 2025. Note 8 — Earnings per Share The computations of basic and diluted earnings per share are as follows: Three Months Ended December 31, 2023 2022 (In millions, except share and per share amounts) Numerator: Net income $ 38.2 $ 20.8 Denominator: Weighted average common shares outstanding — basic 50,065,832 49,890,481 Dilutive effect of stock-based compensation 396,250 8,541 Total weighted average shares outstanding — diluted 50,462,082 49,899,022 Basic net income per common share $ 0.76 $ 0.42 Diluted net income per common share $ 0.76 $ 0.42 11 Table of Contents Note 9 — Income Taxes The Company’s income tax expense for the three months ended December 31, 2023 was $ 13.0 million compared to $ 7.1 million in the prior year period. The effective tax rate for both periods was 25.4 % and included an expense for state income taxes and nondeductible expenses. At December 31, 2023, the Company had deferred tax liabilities, net of deferred tax assets , of $ 49.3 million. The deferred tax assets were partially offset by a valuation allowance of $ 0.9 million, resulting in a net deferred tax liability of $ 50.2 million. At September 30, 2023, deferred tax liabilities, net of deferred tax assets , were $ 49.8 million. The deferred tax assets were partially offset by a valuation allowance of $ 0.9 million, resulting in a net deferred tax liability of $ 50.7 million. The valuation allowance for both periods was recorded because it is more likely than not that a portion of the Company's state deferred tax assets, primarily net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards, will not be realized because the Company is no longer operating in some states or the NOL carryforward periods are too brief to realize the related deferred tax asset. The Company will continue to evaluate both the positive and negative evidence in determining the need for a valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets. Any reversal of the valuation allowance in future periods will impact the effective tax rate. Note 10 — Stockholders' Equity and Stock-Based Compensation Stockholders' Equity The Company has an effective shelf registration statement, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in October 2021, registering $ 750 million of equity securities, of which $ 300 million was reserved for sales under the at-the-market equity offering program that became effective in November 2021. In the three months ended December 31, 2023, there were no shares of common stock issued under the Company's at-the-market equity offering program. At December 31, 2023, $ 748.2 million remained available for issuance under the shelf registration statement, of which $ 298.2 million was reserved for sales under the at-the-market equity offering program. Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) The Company’s Stock Incentive Plan provides for the granting of stock options and restricted stock units to executive officers, other key employees and non-management directors. Restricted stock unit awards may be based on performance (performance-based) or on service over a requisite time period (time-based). RSU equity awards represent the contingent right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock per RSU if the vesting conditions and/or performance criteria are satisfied. The RSUs have no voting rights until vested. In the three months ended December 31, 2023, a total of 24,000 time-based RSUs were granted. The weighted average grant date fair value of these equity awards was $ 23.47 per unit, and they vest annually in equal installments over three years. Total stock-based compensation expense related to the Company's RSUs for the three months ended December 31, 2023 was $ 0.9 million compared to $ 0.6 million in the prior year period. Note 11 — Commitments and Contingencies Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements In support of the Company's residential lot development business, it issues letters of credit under the revolving credit facility and has a surety bond program that provides financial assurance to beneficiaries related to the execution and performance of certain development obligations. At December 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding letters of credit of $ 24.3 million under the revolving credit facility and surety bonds of $ 669.1 million issued by third parties to secure performance under various contracts. The Company expects that its performance obligations secured by these letters of credit and bonds will generally be completed in the ordinary course of business and in accordance with the applicable contractual terms. When the Company completes its performance obligations, the related letters of credit and bonds are generally released shortly thereafter, leaving the Company with no continuing obligations. The Company has no material third-party guarantees. 12 Table of Contents Litigation The Company is involved in various legal proceedings that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business and believes that adequate reserves have been established for any probable losses. The Company does not believe that the outcome of any of these proceedings will have a significant adverse effect on its financial position, long-term results of operations or cash flows. It is possible, however, that charges related to these matters could be significant to the Company's results or cash flows in any one accounting period. Land Purchase Contracts The Company enters into land purchase contracts to acquire land for the development of residential lots. Under these contracts, the Company will fund a stated deposit in consideration for the right, but not the obligation, to purchase land or lots at a future point in time with predetermined terms. Under the terms of many of the purchase contracts, the deposits are not refundable in the event the Company elects to terminate the contract. Land purchase contract deposits and capitalized pre-acquisition costs are expensed to inventory and land option charges when the Company believes it is probable that it will not acquire the property under contract and will not be able to recover these costs through other means. At December 31, 2023, the Company had total deposits of $ 8.2 million related to contracts to purchase land with a total remaining purchase price of approximately $ 483.9 million. At December 31, 2023, none of the land purchase contracts were subject to specific performance provisions. Note 12 — Related Party Transactions D.R. Horton The Company has a Shared Services Agreement with D.R. Horton whereby D.R. Horton provides the Company with certain administrative, compliance, operational and procurement services. In the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations included $ 1.3 million and $ 0.9 million for these shared services, $ 2.4 million and $ 2.3 million reimbursed to D.R. Horton for the cost of health insurance and other employee benefits and $ 0.3 million and $ 0.6 million for other corporate and administrative expenses paid by D.R. Horton on behalf of the Company. Under the terms of the Master Supply Agreement with D.R. Horton, both companies identify land development opportunities to expand Forestar's portfolio of assets. At December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, the Company owned approximately 55,400 and 52,400 residential lots, respectively, of which D.R. Horton had the following involvement. December 31, 2023 September 30, 2023 (Dollars in millions) Residential lots under contract to sell to D.R. Horton 16,200 14,400 Owned lots subject to right of first offer with D.R. Horton based on executed purchase and sale agreements 17,500 17,000 Earnest money deposits from D.R. Horton for lots under contract $ 136.1 $ 117.1 Remaining sales price of lots under contract with D.R. Horton $ 1,500.8 $ 1,319.2 Lot and land sales to D.R. Horton in the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows: Three Months Ended December 31, 2023 2022 (Dollars in millions) Residential lots sold to D.R. Horton 2,834 2,094 Residential lot sales revenues from sales to D.R. Horton $ 272.8 $ 187.1 Decrease in contract liabilities on lot sales to D.R. Horton $ 0.7 $ 2.7 13 Table of Contents In the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company reimbursed D.R. Horton approximately $ 4.6 million for pre-acquisition and other due diligence and development costs related to land purchase contracts identified by D.R. Horton that the Company independently underwrote and closed compared to reimbursements of $ 4.7 million in the prior year period. In the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company reimbursed D.R. Horton approximately $13.3 million for previously paid earnest money related to those land purchase contracts compared to reimbursements of $ 0.1 million in the prior year period. In the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company paid D.R. Horton $ 0.5 million and $ 0.2 million, respectively, for land development services. These amounts are included in cost of sales in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. At December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, land held for future development primarily consisted of undeveloped land which the Company has the contractual right to sell to D.R. Horton at a sales price equal to the carrying value of the land at the time of sale plus additional consideration of 12 % to 16 % per annum. At December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheets included $ 3.5 million and $ 3.2 million owed to D.R. Horton for any accrued and unpaid shared service charges, land purchase contract deposits and due diligence and other development cost reimbursements. R&R In the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company acquired a tract of residential real estate from Double R DevCo, LLC (“R&R”) for $11.3 million and simultaneously entered into a finished lot purchase agreement with D.R. Horton. The tract was originally under contract with D.R. Horton. The Company independently underwrote the transaction and chose to close in place of D.R. Horton. R&R is owned and controlled by Ryan and Reagan Horton, the adult sons of Donald R. Horton, Chairman of D.R. Horton. Note 13 — Fair Value Measurements Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. In arriving at a fair value measurement, the Company uses a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable. The three levels of inputs used to establish fair value are the following: • Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; • Level 2 — Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and • Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. The Company elected not to use the fair value option for cash and cash equivalents and debt. 14 Table of Contents For the financial assets and liabilities that the Company does not reflect at fair value, the following tables present both their respective carrying value and fair value at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023. Fair Value at December 31, 2023 Carrying Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in millions) Cash and cash equivalents (a) $ 458.9 $ 458.9 $ — $ — $ 458.9 Debt (b) (c) 705.3 — 673.5 9.9 683.4 Fair Value at September 30, 2023 Carrying Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in millions) Cash and cash equivalents (a) $ 616.0 $ 616.0 $ — $ — $ 616.0 Debt (b) 695.0 — 633.2 — 633.2 _____________________ (a) The fair values of cash and cash equivalents approximate their carrying values due to their short-term nature and are classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy. (b) At December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, debt primarily consisted of the Company's senior notes. The fair value of the senior notes is determined based on quoted market prices in markets that are not active, which is classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. (c) The fair value of the Company's other note payable approximates its carrying value due to its short-term nature and is classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. 15 Table of Contents