Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 10-K

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ETON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 170 ) 51 Balance Sheets 53 Statements of Operations 54 Statements of Stockholders’ Equity 55 Statements of Cash Flows 56 Notes to Financial Statements 57 50 Table of Contents REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. 51 Table of Contents Product Sales Deductions Critical Audit Matter Description As described in Note 3 to the financial statements under the caption “Revenue Recognition for Contracts with Customers,” revenues from product sales are recognized net of reductions for estimated returns, chargebacks, distribution fees, prompt payment discounts, state Medicaid and GPO fees (collectively, “sales deductions”), which are established at the time of sale. Auditing the estimation of sales deductions was challenging because of the limited sales history of the Company’s products and the subjectivity of certain assumptions required to estimate those amounts. The product sales deductions are estimated based on current contractual and statutory requirements, market events and trends, and internal and external historical data. Specifically, management estimates potential chargebacks, which relate to price reductions below the estimated sales price that the wholesalers provide to certain customers, based on historical industry data for competing products and adjusted for actual historical experience. In addition, management estimates its provision for product returns based on prior experience with similar product launches and considers other factors such as levels of inventory in the distribution channel, forecasted buying patterns, product dating and expiration period. How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit To test management’s estimated product sales deductions, we obtained management’s calculations for the respective estimates and performed the following procedures, among others. We tested management’s estimation process for determining of product sales discounts accruals by developing an independent expectation of the estimated accrual rate, including a comparison of rates used in management’s forecast to rates in the underlying contracts and performing a retrospective review of assumptions to actual activity. In addition, we assessed subsequent events to determine whether there was any new information that would require adjustment to the initial accruals, evaluated trends in actual sales and discount accrual balances, and compared cash receipts to product sales. We also examined terms and conditions for a sample of contracts with the Company’s customers, tested a sample of credits issued and payments made throughout the year and agreed rates to underlying contract terms. /s/ KMJ Corbin & Company LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018. Irvine, California March 14, 2024 52 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) December 31, December 31, 2023 2022 Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 21,388 $ 16,305 Accounts receivable, net 3,411 1,852 Inventories 911 557 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 1,129 1,290 Total current assets 26,839 20,004 Property and equipment, net 58 72 Intangible assets, net 4,739 4,754 Operating lease right-of-use assets, net 92 188 Other long-term assets, net 12 12 Total assets $ 31,740 $ 25,030 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 1,848 $ 1,766 Current portion of long-term debt, net of discount 5,380 1,033 Accrued liabilities 9,013 3,662 Total current liabilities 16,241 6,461 Long-term debt, net of discount and including accrued fees — 5,384 Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion 22 107 Total liabilities 16,263 11,952 Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) Stockholders’ equity Common stock, $ 0.001 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 25,688,062 and 25,353,119 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively 26 25 Additional paid-in capital 119,521 116,187 Accumulated deficit ( 104,070 ) ( 103,134 ) Total stockholders’ equity 15,477 13,078 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 31,740 $ 25,030 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 53 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (In thousands, except per share amounts) For the years ended December 31, December 31, December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Revenues: Licensing revenue $ 5,500 $ 10,000 $ 19,000 Product sales and royalties, net 26,142 11,251 2,832 Total net revenues 31,642 21,251 21,832 Cost of Sales: Licensing revenue 1,000 1,640 1,500 Product sales and royalties 9,581 5,293 1,327 Total cost of sales 10,581 6,933 2,827 Gross profit 21,061 14,318 19,005 Operating expenses: Research and development 3,322 3,996 6,235 General and administrative 18,931 18,582 14,265 Total operating expenses 22,253 22,578 20,500 Loss from operations ( 1,192 ) ( 8,260 ) ( 1,495 ) Other income (expense): Interest and other income (expense), net 503 ( 761 ) ( 1,006 ) Gain on PPP loan forgiveness — — 365 Gain on equipment sale — — 181 Loss before income tax expense ( 689 ) ( 9,021 ) ( 1,955 ) Income tax expense 247 — — Net loss $ ( 936 ) $ ( 9,021 ) $ ( 1,955 ) Net loss per share, basic and diluted $ ( 0.04 ) $ ( 0.36 ) $ ( 0.08 ) Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic and diluted 25,645 25,146 25,207 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 54 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS ’ EQUITY (in thousands, except share amounts) Common Stock Additional Paid-in Accumulated Total Stockholders’ Shares Amount Capital Deficit Equity Balances at December 31, 2020 24,312,808 $ 24 $ 107,797 $ ( 92,158 ) $ 15,663 Stock-based compensation — — 3,381 — 3,381 Stock option exercises 144,233 1 338 — 339 Employee stock purchase plan 49,155 — 202 — 202 Common stock issued related to restricted stock units 25,000 — — — — Stock warrant exercises 94,808 — — — — Net loss — — — ( 1,955 ) ( 1,955 ) Balances at December 31, 2021 24,626,004 25 111,718 ( 94,113 ) $ 17,630 Stock-based compensation — — 4,218 — 4,218 Stock option exercises 25,000 — 35 — 35 Employee stock purchase plan 69,884 — 171 — 171 Stock warrant exercises 632,231 — 45 — 45 Net loss — — — ( 9,021 ) ( 9,021 ) Balances at December 31, 2022 25,353,119 25 116,187 ( 103,134 ) $ 13,078 Stock-based compensation — — 3,137 — 3,137 Employee stock purchase plan 86,782 — 229 — 229 Stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units 299,028 1 148 — 149 Shares withheld related to net share settlement of stock option exercises ( 50,867 ) — ( 180 ) — ( 180 ) Net loss — — — ( 936 ) ( 936 ) Balances at December 31, 2023 25,688,062 $ 26 $ 119,521 $ ( 104,070 ) $ 15,477 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 55 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In thousands) For the years ended December 31, December 31, December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Cash flows from operating activities Net loss $ ( 936 ) $ ( 9,021 ) $ ( 1,955 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Stock-based compensation 3,137 4,218 3,381 Depreciation and amortization 901 1,774 462 Debt discount amortization 117 127 148 Gain on forgiveness of PPP loan — — ( 365 ) Gain on sale of equipment — — ( 181 ) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable ( 1,559 ) 3,619 ( 5,423 ) Inventories ( 354 ) ( 7 ) 692 Prepaid expenses and other assets 161 1,902 ( 1,026 ) Accounts payable 53 ( 8 ) ( 570 ) Accrued liabilities 5,295 2,217 116 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 6,815 4,821 ( 4,721 ) Cash used in investing activities Proceeds from sale of equipment — — 700 Purchases of property and equipment — ( 38 ) ( 9 ) Purchase of product licensing rights ( 775 ) ( 2,750 ) ( 3,250 ) Net cash used in investing activities ( 775 ) ( 2,788 ) ( 2,559 ) Cash flows from financing activities Debt paydown ( 1,155 ) ( 385 ) ( 150 ) Net proceeds from employee stock purchase plan and stock option and stock warrant exercises 198 251 541 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities ( 957 ) ( 134 ) 391 Change in cash and cash equivalents 5,083 1,899 ( 6,889 ) Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 16,305 14,406 21,295 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 21,388 $ 16,305 $ 14,406 Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information Cash paid for interest $ 842 $ 730 $ 815 Cash paid for income taxes $ 247 $ — $ — Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities: Adjustment of operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities due to tenant allowance $ 29 $ — $ — Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities $ — $ 188 $ — The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 56 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 1 — Company Overview Eton is an innovative pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing treatments for rare diseases. The Company currently has four commercial rare disease products: ALKINDI SPRINKLE® for the treatment of adrenocortical insufficiency; Carglumic Acid for the treatment of hyperammonemia due to NAGS deficiency; Betaine Anhydrous for the treatment of homocystinuria; and Nitisinone for the treatment of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT- 1 ). The Company has three additional product candidates in late-stage development: ET- 400, ET- 600, and ZENEO® hydrocortisone autoinjector. Note 2 — Liquidity Considerations As of December 31, 2023 , the Company had an accumulated deficit of $ 104,070 and for the year ended December 31, 2023 the Company had a net loss of $ 936 . To date, the Company has generated revenues from multiple products and expects further growth in 2024 and beyond in accordance with additional market penetration from these products plus revenues from additional products where it anticipates FDA approval. The Company currently believes its existing cash and cash equivalents of $ 21,388 as of December 31, 2023 will be sufficient to fund its operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next twelve months from the date of issuance of these financial statements. This estimate is based on the Company’s current assumptions, including assumptions relating to estimated sales and its ability to manage its spending. The Company could use its available capital resources sooner than currently expected. Accordingly, the Company could seek to obtain additional capital through equity financings, the issuance of debt or other arrangements. However, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to raise additional capital if needed or under acceptable terms, if at all. The sale of additional equity may dilute existing stockholders and newly issued shares may contain senior rights and preferences compared to currently outstanding common shares. The Company’s existing long-term debt obligation contains covenants and limits the Company’s ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to stockholders. If the Company experiences delays in product sales growth and completing its product development and obtaining regulatory approval for its other product candidates and is unable to obtain such additional financing, operations would need to be scaled back or discontinued. Note 3 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The Company has prepared the accompanying financial statements in accordance with GAAP. 57 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 3 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these financial statements include, but are not limited to, provisions for uncollectible receivables, chargebacks and sales returns, Medicaid program rebates, valuation of inventories, useful lives of assets and the recoverability of long-lived assets, valuation of deferred tax assets, the accrual of research and development expenses, and the valuation of common stock, stock options, warrants, and restricted stock units (“RSUs”). Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates or assumptions. Segment Information The Company operates the business on the basis of a single reportable segment, which is the business of developing and commercializing prescription drug products. The Company’s chief operating decision-maker is the CEO, who evaluates the Company as a single operating segment. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. All cash and cash equivalents are held in U.S. financial institutions or invested in short-term U.S. treasury bills or high-grade money market funds. From time to time, amounts deposited with its bank exceed federally insured limits. The Company believes the associated credit risk to be minimal. Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and are non-interest bearing. Accounts receivable are recorded net of allowances for doubtful accounts, cash discounts for prompt payment, distribution fees, chargebacks and returns and allowances. The Company considers historical collection rates and the current financial status of its customers, as well as macroeconomic and industry-specific factors when evaluating potential credit losses. Historically, the Company's accounts receivable balances have been highly concentrated with a select number of customers, consisting primarily of specialty pharmacies and large wholesale pharmaceutical distributors. Given the size and creditworthiness of these customers, we have not experienced and do not expect to experience material credit losses. The total for these reserves amounted to $ 129 and $ 262 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 , respectively. Inventories The Company values its inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the first -in, first -out method of valuation. The Company reviews its inventories for potential excess or obsolete issues on an ongoing basis and records a write-down if an impairment is identified. Inventories at December 31, 2023 and 2022 consist primarily of purchased finished goods. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, inventories are shown net of a reserve for ALKINDI SPRINKLE® inventory due to the risk of expiry prior to being sold. There was an inventory reserve of $ 76 and $ 62 at December 31, 2023 and 2022 , respectively. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation of property and equipment is computed utilizing the straight-line method based on the following estimated useful lives. Computer hardware and software is depreciated over three years. Equipment, furniture and fixtures is depreciated over five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over their estimated useful lives or the remaining lease term, whichever is shorter. Construction in progress is capitalized but not depreciated until it is placed into service. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, while renewals and improvements are capitalized. 58 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 3 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Intangible Assets The Company capitalizes payments it makes for licensed products when the payment is based on FDA approval for the product and the cost is recoverable based on expected future cash flows from the product. The cost is amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the product commencing on the approval date in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350 — Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. In November 2021, the Company purchased the rights for its Carglumic Acid product for $ 3,250 and that cost is being amortized over ten years. A $ 750 payment related to the approval of Biorphen had been capitalized in 2019 and that cost was being amortized over five years. As a result of the Biorphen sale to Dr. Reddy’s (see Note 14 ), amortization of that asset was accelerated to record $ 275 of expense in June 2022 and the remaining $ 75 of expense in the last six months of the year ended December 31, 2022. A $ 750 payment related to the approval of Rezipres® had been capitalized in Q1 2022 and that cost was being amortized over five years. As a result of the sale to Dr. Reddy’s, amortization of the Rezipres® asset was accelerated to record the remaining $ 738 in the three -month period ended June 30, 2022. In September 2022, the Company purchased the rights for its Betaine Anhydrous product for $ 2,125 and that cost is being amortized over five years. In October 2023, the Company purchased the rights for its Nitisinone product for $ 650 and that cost is being amortized over five years. The intangible assets, net on the Company’s balance sheet reflected $ 1,286 of accumulated amortization as of December 31, 2023 . The Company recorded $ 790 , $ 1,617 , and $ 204 of amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 respectively. The table below shows the estimated remaining amortization for these products for each of the five years from 2024 to 2028 and thereafter. Year Amortization Expense 2024 $ 880 2025 880 2026 880 2027 756 2028 423 Thereafter 920 Total estimated amortization expense $ 4,739 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized in the Company’s statements of operations for the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. No impairment was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 . Debt Issuance Costs and Debt Discount and Detachable Debt-Related Warrants Costs incurred to issue debt are deferred and recorded as a reduction to the debt balance in the accompanying balance sheets. The Company amortizes debt issuance costs over the expected term of the related debt using the effective interest method. Debt discounts relate to the relative fair value of warrants issued in conjunction with the debt and are also recorded as a reduction to the debt balance and accreted over the expected term of the debt to interest expense using the effective interest method. 59 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 3 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Leases The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASC Topic 842 — Leases. The Company reviews all relevant facts and circumstances of a contract to determine if it is a lease whereby the terms of the agreement convey the right to control the direct use and receive substantially all the economic benefits of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The associated right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at lease commencement. The Company measures lease liabilities based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term discounted using the rate it would pay on a loan with the equivalent payments and term for the lease. The Company does not include the impact for lease term options that would extend or terminate the lease unless it is reasonably certain that it will exercise any such options. The Company accounts for the lease components separately from non-lease components for its operating leases. The Company measures right-of-use assets based on the corresponding lease liabilities adjusted for (i) any prepayments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date, (ii) initial direct costs it incurs, and (iii) any incentives under the lease. In addition, the Company evaluates the recoverability of its right-of-use assets for possible impairment in accordance with its long-lived assets policy. Operating leases are reflected on the balance sheets as operating lease right-of-use assets, current accrued liabilities and long-term operating lease liabilities. The Company does not have any finance leases as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 . The Company commences recognizing operating lease expense when the lessor makes the underlying asset available for use by the Company and the operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Variable lease payments are expensed as incurred. The Company does not recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term of twelve months or less; such lease costs are recorded in the statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Patent Costs All patent-related costs incurred in connection with filing and prosecuting patent applications are expensed as incurred due to the uncertainty about the successful award of a patent and the recovery of the expenditure. Amounts incurred are classified as general and administrative expenses. Concentrations of Credit Risk, Sources of Supply and Significant Customers The Company is subject to credit risk for its cash and cash equivalents which are invested in money market funds and U.S. treasury bills from time to time. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalent balances with one major commercial bank and the deposits held with the financial institution exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits and is exposed to credit risk in the event of a default by the financial institutions holding its cash and cash equivalents to the extent recorded on the balance sheets. The Company believes the associated credit risk to be minimal. The Company is dependent on third -party suppliers for its products and product candidates. In particular, the Company relies, and expects to continue to rely, on a small number of suppliers to manufacture key chemicals, approved products and process its product candidates as part of its development programs. These programs could be adversely affected by a significant interruption in the manufacturing process. 60 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 3 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) The Company is also subject to credit risk from its accounts receivable related to product sales as it extends credit based on an evaluation of the customer’s financial condition, and collateral is not required. Management monitors its exposure to accounts receivable by periodically evaluating the collectability of the account receivable based on a variety of factors including the length of time the receivables are past due, the financial health of the customer and historical experience. Based upon the review of these factors, the Company recorded no allowance for doubtful accounts at December 31, 2023 or 2022 . The accounts receivable balance at December 31, 2023 and 2022 and product sales revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 consist of sales to and amounts due from AnovoRX and Optime Cares for the Company's ALKINDI SPRINKLE®, Carglumic Acid, and Betaine Anhydrous products, as well as from AmerisourceBergen Corporation, Cardinal Health Services and McKesson Corporation for sales of the Company’s Biorphen product. AnovoRx sales made up 78.2 % of 2023 total net revenues and 97.4 % of net accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023 , and 45.5 % of 2022 total net revenues and 79.8 % of net accounts receivable as of December 31, 2022 . Revenue Recognition for Contracts with Customers The Company accounts for contracts with its customers in accordance with ASC 606 — Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASC 606 applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts that are within the scope of other standards. Under ASC 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. Arrangements that include rights to additional goods or services that are exercisable at a customer’s discretion are generally considered options. The Company assesses whether these options provide a material right to the customer and, if so, they are considered performance obligations. The exercise of a material right is accounted for as a contract modification for accounting purposes. The Company recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time or over time, and if over time this is based on the use of an output or input method. Any amounts received prior to revenue recognition will be recorded as deferred revenue. Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within the twelve months following the balance sheet date will be classified as current portion of deferred revenue in the Company’s balance sheets. Amounts not expected to be recognized as revenue within the twelve months following the balance sheet date are classified as long-term deferred revenue, net of current portion. Milestone Payments – If a commercial contract arrangement includes development and regulatory milestone payments, the Company will evaluate whether the milestone conditions have been achieved and if it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur before recognizing the associated revenue. Milestone payments that are not within the Company’s control or the licensee’s control, such as regulatory approvals, are generally not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. 61 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 3 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Royalties – For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on a level of sales, which are the result of a customer-vendor relationship and for which the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company will recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied or partially satisfied. Significant Financing Component – In determining the transaction price, the Company will adjust consideration for the effects of the time value of money if the expected period between payment by the licensees and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the licensees will be more than one year. The Company sells its ALKINDI SPRINKLE®, Carglumic Acid, Betaine Anhydrous, and Nisitinone products to pharmacy distributor customers which provide order fulfilment and inventory storage/distribution services. The Company may sell products in the U.S. to wholesale pharmaceutical distributors, who then sell the product to hospitals and other end-user customers. Sales to wholesalers are made pursuant to purchase orders subject to the terms of a master agreement, and delivery of individual shipments represent performance obligations under each purchase order. The Company uses a third -party logistics ( “3PL” ) vendor to process and fulfill orders and has concluded it is the principal in the sales to wholesalers because it controls access to the 3PL vendor services rendered and directs the 3PL vendor activities. The Company has no significant obligations to wholesalers to generate pull-through sales. For its ALKINDI SPRINKLE®, Carglumic Acid, Betaine Anhydrous, and Nitisinone products, the Company bills at the initial product list price which are subject to offsets for patient co-pay assistance and potential state Medicaid reimbursements which are estimated and recorded as a reduction of net revenues at the date of sale/shipment. Selling prices initially billed to wholesalers are subject to discounts for prompt payment and subsequent chargebacks when the wholesalers sell products at negotiated discounted prices to members of certain group purchasing organizations (“GPOs”) and government programs. Because of the shelf life of the product and the Company’s lengthy return period, there may be a significant period of time between when the product is shipped and when it issues credits on returned product. The Company estimates the transaction price when it receives each purchase order taking into account the expected reductions of the selling price initially billed to the wholesaler/distributor arising from all of the above factors. The Company has developed estimates for future returns and chargebacks and the impact of other discounts and fees it pays. When estimating these adjustments to the transaction price, the Company reduces it sufficiently to be able to assert that it is probable that there will be no significant reversal of revenue when the ultimate adjustment amounts are known. The Company stores its ALKINDI SPRINKLE®, Carglumic Acid, Betaine Anhydrous, and Nitisinone inventory at its pharmacy distributor customer locations, and sales are recorded when stock is pulled and shipped to fulfill specific patient orders. The Company may recognize revenue and cost of sales from products sold to wholesalers upon delivery to the wholesaler location. At that time, the wholesalers take control of the product as they take title, bear the risk of loss of ownership and have an enforceable obligation to pay the Company. They also have the ability to direct sales of product to their customers on terms and at prices they negotiate. Although wholesalers have product return rights, the Company does not believe they have a significant incentive to return the product. Upon recognition of revenue from product sales, the estimated amounts of credit for product returns, chargebacks, distribution fees, prompt payment discounts, state Medicaid and GPO fees are included in sales reserves, accrued liabilities and net accounts receivable. The Company monitors actual product returns, chargebacks, discounts and fees subsequent to the sale. If these amounts end up differing from its estimates, it will make adjustments to these allowances, which are applied to increase or reduce product sales revenue and earnings in the period of adjustment. 62 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 3 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Cost of Product Sales Cost of product sales consists of the profit-sharing and royalty fees with the Company’s product licensing and development partners, the purchase costs for finished products from third -party manufacturers, the amortization of certain intangible assets, and freight and handling/storage costs from the Company’s 3PL logistics service providers. The cost of sales for profit-sharing and royalty fees and costs for purchased finished products and the associated inbound freight expense is recorded when the associated product sale revenue is recognized in accordance with the terms of shipment to customers while outbound freight and handling/storage fees charged by the 3PL service provider are expensed as they are incurred. Cost of sales also reflects any write-downs or reserve adjustments for the Company’s inventories. Research and Development Expenses Research and development (“R&D”) expenses include both internal R&D activities and external contracted services. Internal R&D activity expenses include salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation and other costs to support the Company’s R&D operations. External contracted services include product development efforts such as certain product licensor milestone payments, clinical trial activities, manufacturing and control-related activities and regulatory costs. R&D expenses are charged to operations as incurred. The Company reviews and accrues R&D expenses based on services performed and relies upon estimates of those costs applicable to the stage of completion of each project. Significant judgments and estimates are made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates. Upfront payments and milestone payments made for the licensing of technology for products that are not yet approved by the FDA are expensed as R&D in the period in which they are incurred. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in R&D activities are recorded as prepaid expenses and are expensed as the related goods are delivered or the services are performed. Income (Loss) Per Share Basic net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders for the period by the weighted average number of common and common equivalent shares, such as Series A Preferred, unvested restricted stock, stock options and warrants that are outstanding during the period. Common stock equivalents are excluded from the computation when their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. No such adjustments were made for 2023 , 2022 or 2021 as the Company reported a net loss for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 and including the effects of common stock equivalents in the diluted earnings per share calculation would have been anti-dilutive (see Note 9 ). Stock-Based Compensation The Company accounts for stock-based compensation under the provisions of ASC 718 Compensation – Stock Compensation. The guidance under ASC 718 requires companies to estimate the fair value of the stock-based compensation awards on the date of grant and record expense over the related service periods, which are generally the vesting period of the equity awards. Compensation expense is recognized over the period during which services are rendered by consultants and non-employees until completed. At the end of each financial reporting period prior to completion of the service, the fair value of these awards is remeasured using the then-current fair value of our common stock and updated assumption inputs in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model (“BSM”). The Company estimates the fair value of stock-based option awards using the BSM. The BSM requires the input of subjective assumptions, including the expected stock price volatility, the calculation of expected term, forfeitures and the fair value of the underlying common stock on the date of grant, among other inputs. The risk-free interest rate was determined from the implied yields for zero -coupon U.S. government issues with a remaining term approximating the expected life of the options or warrants. Dividends on common stock are assumed to be zero for the BSM valuation of the stock options. The expected term of stock options granted is based on vesting periods and the contractual life of the options. Expected volatilities are based on the Company's historical volatility subsequent to our IPO, which we believe represents the most accurate basis for estimating expected future volatility under the current conditions. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. 63 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 3 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Income Taxes As part of the process of preparing the Company’s financial statements, the Company must estimate the actual current tax liabilities and assess temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included within the balance sheets. The Company must assess the likelihood that the deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent the Company believes that recovery is not likely, a valuation allowance must be established. To the extent the Company establishes a valuation allowance or increase or decrease to this allowance in a period, the impact will be included in income tax expense in the statements of operations. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 , the Company has established a 100 % valuation reserve against its deferred tax assets. The Company accounts for income taxes under the provisions of ASC 740 - Income Taxes. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 , there were no unrecognized tax benefits included in the balance sheets that would, if recognized, affect the effective tax rate. The Company’s practice is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. The Company had no accrual for interest or penalties in its balance sheets at December 31, 2023 or 2022 , and has not recognized interest and penalties in the statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 . As of December 31, 2023 , the Company is subject to taxation in the United States and certain individual states – primarily Illinois and Tennessee. The Company’s tax losses from 2017 through 2023 are subject to examination by the federal and state tax authorities due to the carryforward of unutilized net operating losses (“NOLs”). Current accounting standards include guidance on the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the financial statements. Such standards also prescribe a recognition threshold and measurement model for the financial statement recognition of a tax position taken, or expected to be taken, and provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. The Company believes that the ultimate deductibility of all tax positions is highly certain, although there is uncertainty about the timing of such deductibility. As a result, no liability for uncertain tax positions was recorded as of December 31, 2023 or 2022 . Fair Value Measurements We measure certain of our assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value represents the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value accounting requires characterization of the inputs used to measure fair value into a three -level fair value hierarchy as follows: Level 1 – Inputs based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. An active market is a market in which transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. Level 2 – Observable inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent from the entity. Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that reflect the entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available. 64 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 3 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Fair value measurements are classified based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment, which may affect the valuation of the assets and liabilities and their placement within the fair value hierarchy levels. The determination of the fair values stated below takes into account the market for the Company’s financials, assets and liabilities, the associated credit risk and other factors as required. The Company considers active markets as those in which transactions for the assets or liabilities occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. The Company’s financial instruments included cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and long-term debt obligation. The carrying amounts of these financial instruments, except for the long-term debt obligation, approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments. Based on borrowing rates currently available to the Company, the carrying value of the long-term debt obligation approximate its fair value. Impact of Recent Accounting Pronouncements In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2020 - 04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848 ): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting and in January 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021 - 01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848 ): Scope ("ASU 2021 - 01" ). Both ASU No. 2020 - 04 and ASU No. 2021 - 01 provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. ASU No. 2020 - 04 and ASU No. 2021 - 01 are effective upon issuance for contract modifications and hedging relationships, and the Company is allowed to elect to apply the amendments prospectively through December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022 - 06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848 ): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 , which extends the temporary accounting rules under Topic 848 to December 31, 2024. The Company transitioned to the secured overnight financing rate ("Term SOFR") from LIBOR on August 22, 2023. There are no material impacts to the consolidated financial statements. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016 - 13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 316 ): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments , which modifies the measurement and recognition of credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments. The new standard requires the use of forward-looking expected credit loss models based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount, which may result in earlier recognition of credit losses under the new standard. The new guidance also modifies the impairment models for available-for-sale debt securities and for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration since their origination. Subsequent to the issuance of ASU No. 2016 - 13, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018 - 19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses . This ASU does not change the core principle of the guidance in ASU No. 2016 - 13, instead these amendments are intended to clarify and improve operability of certain topics included within the credit losses standard. The FASB also subsequently issued ASU No. 2019 - 04 which did not change the core principle of the guidance in ASU No. 2016 - 13 but clarified that expected recoveries of amounts previously written off and expected to be written off should be included in the valuation account and should not exceed amounts previously written off and expected to be written off. The Company prospectively adopted this guidance on the effective date of January 1, 2023 and the adoption did not have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements and resulted in no adjustment to the Company’s prior year earnings. Note 4 – Property and Equipment Property and equipment consist of the following: December 31, December 31, 2023 2022 Computer hardware and software $ 187 $ 177 Furniture and fixtures 111 112 Equipment 52 52 Leasehold improvements 103 71 Construction in progress — 12 453 424 Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization ( 395 ) ( 352 ) Property and equipment, net $ 58 $ 72 Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 44 , $ 66 and $ 155 , respectively. 65 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 5 – Debt SWK Loan In November 2019, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the “SWK Credit Agreement”) with SWK Holdings Corporation (“SWK”) which provided for up to $ 10,000 in debt financing. The Company received proceeds of $ 5,000 at closing and was able to borrow an additional $ 5,000 upon the FDA approval of a second product developed by the Company, excluding EM- 100. In March 2020, in conjunction with the Company’s ALKINDI SPRINKLE® product licensing agreement (see Note 14 ) and the Company’s March 2020 sale of shares of its common stock (see Note 6 ), the Company and SWK amended the SWK Credit Agreement. The amendment provided the Company with the option to immediately draw an additional $ 2,000 and the ability to borrow up to another $ 3,000 based upon the FDA approval of EM- 100 and ALKINDI SPRINKLE® which subsequently occurred in September 2020. Accordingly, the Company borrowed an additional $ 2,000 in August 2020. Under the terms of the SWK Credit Agreement, the Company was required to maintain a minimum cash balance of $ 3,000 , and pay 5.5 % of the loan principal balance commencing in February 2022 and then every three months thereafter until November 2024 at which time the remaining principal balance is due. Borrowings under the SWK Credit Agreement are secured by the Company’s assets. The SWK Credit Agreement contains customary default provisions and covenants which include limits on additional indebtedness. In February 2021, the Company notified SWK that it will not require additional borrowing capacity under the SWK Credit Agreement and terminated the additional borrowing capacity with SWK. In connection with the initial $ 5,000 borrowed in November 2019, the Company issued warrants to SWK to purchase 51,239 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $ 5.86 per share. The relative fair value of these 51,239 warrants was $ 226 and was estimated using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model with the following assumptions: fair value of the Company’s common stock at issuance of $ 5.75 per share; seven -year contractual term; 95 % volatility; 0 % dividend rate; and a risk-free interest rate of 1.8 %. In connection with the additional $ 2,000 borrowed in August 2020, the Company issued warrants for 18,141 shares of its common stock at an exercise price of $ 6.62 per share. The relative fair value of the 18,141 warrants was $ 94 and was estimated using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model with the following assumptions: fair value of the Company’s common stock at issuance of $ 6.85 per share; seven -year contractual term; 95 % volatility; 0 % dividend rate; and a risk-free interest rate of 0.4 %. These warrants (the “SWK Warrants”) are exercisable immediately and have a term of seven years from the date of issuance. The SWK Warrants are subject to a cashless exercise feature, with the exercise price and number of shares issuable upon exercise subject to adjustment in connection with stock splits, dividends, reclassifications and other conditions. In April 2022, the Company and SWK entered into an amendment to the SWK Credit Agreement which allowed for a deferral of loan principal payments until May 2023 and reduced the interest rate to LIBOR 3 -month plus 8.0 %, subject to a stated LIBOR floor rate of 2.0 %. In accordance with the change, the Company has classified $ 1,033 as principal due in the next 12 months and the remainder classified as long-term debt in its balance sheet at December 31, 2022. Because LIBOR was phased out as of June 2023, the Company amended the Credit Agreement in August 2023 to refer to Term SOFR, with an interest rate of Term SOFR plus 8.26 %, subject to a stated Term SOFR floor rate of 5.0 %. The Company recorded interest expense of $ 1,060 , $ 955 and $ 1,042 in 2023, 2022 and 2021 , respectively, which included $ 117 , $ 127 and $ 148 , respectively, of debt discount amortization. The Company had accrued interest of $ 332 and $ 231 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 , respectively, which is included in accrued liabilities in the accompanying balance sheets. 66 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 5 – Debt (continued) The table below reflects the future annual payments for the SWK loan principal and interest as of December 31, 2023 . Amount 2024 6,483 Total payments 6,483 Less: amount representing interest ( 1,023 ) Loan payable, gross 5,460 Less: unamortized discount ( 80 ) Debt, net of unamortized discount $ 5,380 PPP loan On May 4, 2020, the Company received $ 361 in loan proceeds under the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) from the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) through its banking relationship with Bank of America. On May 20, 2021, the Company received notice that the loan principal and cumulative interest of $ 4 was forgiven in full as permitted under the applicable SBA guidelines for PPP loans. The $ 365 gain on debt extinguishment is reflected in non-operating income for the year ended December 31, 2021 . EIDL loan On July 21, 2020, the Company received $ 150 in loan proceeds under the Economic Injury Disaster Loan program (“EIDL”) from the SBA. The Company paid off the full EIDL loan principal and its cumulative interest of $ 6 in July 2021. Note 6 — Common Stock The Company has 50,000,000 authorized shares of $ 0.001 par value common stock under its Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation. 67 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 6 — Common Stock (continued) For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 , the Company issued 207,626 (net shares issued after a portion of 407,808 shares was a cashless exercise) and 25,000 shares, respectively, of its common stock resulting from stock option exercises under its 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (see Note 8 ). The Company withheld 50,867 shares for payroll tax obligations totaling $ 180 for the year ended December 31, 2023. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 , the Company issued 86,782 and 69,884 shares, respectively, under the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”). For the year ended December 31, 2023 , the Company issued 91,402 shares of its common stock due to the vesting of restricted stock units. In April 2021, the Company issued 25,000 shares of its common stock to a member of its board of directors upon his retirement from the board in connection with previously vested RSUs. During 2022, there were 1,067,242 warrants exercised, a portion of which was a cashless exercise, resulting in 632,231 shares of common stock being issued by the Company. Note 7 — Common Stock Warrants Listed below is a summary of warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2023 : Description of Warrants No. of Shares Exercise Price SWK Warrants – Debt (Tranche #1) 51,239 $ 5.86 SWK Warrants – Debt (Tranche #2) 18,141 $ 6.62 Total 69,380 6.05 (Avg) The holders of these warrants or their permitted transferees, are entitled to rights with respect to the registration under the Securities Act of their shares that are converted to common stock, including demand registration rights and piggyback registration rights. These rights are provided under the terms of a registration rights agreement between the Company and the investors. On June 26, 2022, 467,242 warrants from the 2017 preferred stock offering with an exercise price of $ 3.00 were set to expire. Prior to the expiration, the Company entered into an agreement with the warrant holders, whereby it modified the terms of the warrants to extend the expiration date until December 26, 2022 in exchange for the Company retaining the option of a cashless exercise provision. No other terms were modified. Due to this modification, the Company incurred a modification expense of $ 244 that is included in general and administration expense on the Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. A rollforward of the warrants outstanding is listed in the table below: No. of Shares Balance as of the beginning of the year 483,380 Expiration of National Securities Corp – November 2018 issuance ( 414,000 ) Balance as of the end of the year 69,380 There were 1,067,242 warrants exercised on a cashless basis in 2022 resulting in 632,231 shares of common stock being issued by the Company. There were 135,650 warrants exercised in 2021 (all on a cashless basis) resulting in 94,808 shares of common stock being issued by the Company. The intrinsic value of the warrants exercised was $ 2,367 in 2022 and $ 806 in 2021. There were no warrants exercised in 2023. Note 8 — Share-Based Payment Awards The Company’s board of directors and stockholders approved the Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2017 Equity Incentive Plan in May 2017 ( the “2017 Plan”), which authorized the issuance of up to 5,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. In conjunction with the Company’s IPO in November 2018, the Company’s stockholders and board of directors approved the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2018 Plan”) which succeeded the 2017 Plan. The Company has granted RSAs, stock options and RSUs for its common stock under the 2017 Plan and 2018 Plan as detailed in the tables below. There were 663,598 shares available for future issuance under the 2018 Plan as of December 31, 2023 . 68 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 8 — Share-Based Payment Awards (continued) Shares that are expired, terminated, surrendered or canceled without having been fully exercised will be available for future awards under the 2018 Plan. In addition, the 2018 Plan provides that commencing January 1, 2019 and through January 1, 2028, the share reserve will be increased by 4 % of the total number of shares outstanding as of the preceding December 31, subject to a reduction at the discretion of the Company’s board of directors. On January 1, 2021, the share reserve was increased by 972,512 shares based on the 24,312,808 shares of common stock outstanding at December 31, 2020. On January 1, 2022, the share reserve was increased by 985,040 shares based on the 24,626,004 shares of common stock outstanding at December 31, 2021. On January 1, 2023, the share reserve was increased by 1,014,124 shares based on the 25,353,119 shares of common stock outstanding at December 31, 2022. The exercise price for stock options granted is not less than the fair value of common stock as determined by the board of directors as of the date of grant. The Company uses the closing stock price on the date of grant as the exercise price. To date, all stock options issued have been non-qualified stock options, and the exercise prices were set at the fair value for the shares at the dates of grant. Options typically have a ten -year life, except for options to purchase 50,000 shares of the Company’s common stock granted to product consultants in July 2017 that expired, unexercised, in July 2022 as the Company was not able to file certain product submissions to the FDA prior to the five -year expiration date. Furthermore, these option awards to the Company’s product consultants would not vest unless certain product submissions are made to the FDA, and accordingly, the Company has not recorded any expense for these contingently vesting option awards to its product consultants. In July 2022 and September 2022, the Company’s board of directors approved modifications of certain outstanding awards of two senior executives, one of whom retired in May 2022 and the other whose employment was terminated in July 2022. The combined awards had an exercise price range of $ 1.37 to $ 8.61 which were set to expire 90 days after retirement or termination as the case may be, and the Company extended the expiration dates to April 2023. No other terms were modified. Due to these modifications, the Company incurred a modification expense of approximately $ 104 that is included in general and administration expense on the Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 , the Company’s total stock-based compensation expense was $ 3,137 , $ 4,218 and $ 3,381 , respectively. Of these amounts, $ 2,864 , $ 3,954 , and $ 2,838 was recorded in general and administrative expenses, respectively, and $ 273 , $ 264 , and $ 543 was recorded in R&D expenses, respectively. Stock Options The following table summarizes stock option activity during the year ended December 31, 2023 : Weighted Average Weighted Average Remaining Exercise Contractual Aggregate Intrinsic Shares Price Term Value Options outstanding as of January 1, 2023 4,402,292 $ 4.71 Issued 1,108,291 3.51 Exercised ( 407,808 ) 2.23 Forfeited/Cancelled ( 263,549 ) 5.94 Options outstanding as of December 31, 2023 4,839,226 $ 4.57 7.3 $ 3,467 Options exercisable at December 31, 2023 3,399,896 $ 4.78 6.7 $ 2,432 Options vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2023 4,839,226 $ 4.57 7.3 $ 3,467 The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the stock options and the fair value of the Company’s common stock for those stock options that had strike prices lower than the fair value of the Company’s common stock at December 31. The intrinsic value of the options exercised during 2023 was $ 612 . 69 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 8 — Share-Based Payment Awards (continued) There were 207,626 and 25,000 shares issued for exercise of stock options during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 , respectively, for proceeds of $ 149 and $ 35 . The assumptions used to calculate the estimated fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 under the BSM were as follows: December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Expected dividends — % — % — % Expected volatility 70 % 70 % 70 - 80 % Risk-free interest rate 3.5 - 4.7 % 1.5 - 3.9 % 0.9 - 1.4 % Expected term (in years) 6.3 5.9 6.0 Weighted average grant date fair value $ 2.32 $ 2.32 $ 5.64 Expected Term — The Company has opted to use the “simplified method” for estimating the expected term of options granted to employees and directors, whereby the expected term equals the arithmetic average of the vesting term and the original contractual term of the option (generally 10 years). The expected term of options granted to non-employees equals the contractual life of the options. Expected Volatility — Expected volatilities are based on the Company's historical volatility subsequent to our IPO, which we believe represents the most accurate basis for estimating expected future volatility under the current conditions. Risk-Free Interest Rate — The risk-free rate assumption is based on the U.S. Treasury instruments with maturities similar to the expected term of the Company’s stock options. Expected Dividend — The Company has not issued any dividends in its history and does not expect to issue dividends over the life of the options and therefore has estimated the dividend yield to be zero. Fair value of Common Stock —The Company uses the closing stock price on the date of grant for the fair value of the common stock. As of December 31, 2023 , there was a total of $ 3,601 of unrecognized compensation costs related to non-vested stock option awards which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2 years. Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity during the year ended December 31, 2023 : Weighted Average Grant-Date Number of Units Fair Value Per Unit Outstanding and unvested as of January 1, 2023 369,606 $ 2.63 Granted — — Vested ( 91,402 ) $ 2.63 Forfeited ( 4,000 ) $ 2.63 Outstanding and unvested as of December 31, 2023 274,204 $ 2.63 Stock-based compensation related to RSUs was $ 239 and $ 114 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 , respectively. As of December 31, 2023 , there was $ 608 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.5 years. 70 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 8 — Share-Based Payment Awards (continued) Employee Stock Purchase Plan In December 2018, the Company’s board of directors adopted an initial offering of the Company’s common stock under the Company’s ESPP. The Company’s ESPP provides for an initial reserve of 150,000 shares and this reserve is automatically increased on January 1 of each year by the lesser of 1 % of the outstanding common shares at December 31 of the preceding year or 150,000 shares, subject to reduction at the discretion of the Company’s board of directors. The terms of the ESPP permit employees of the Company to use payroll deductions to purchase stock at a price per share that is at least the lesser of ( 1 ) 85 % of the fair market value of a share of common stock on the first date of an offering or ( 2 ) 85 % of the fair market value of a share of common stock on the date of purchase. After the initial offering period, subsequent twelve -month offering periods automatically commence over the term of the ESPP on the day that immediately follows the conclusion of the preceding offering, each consisting of two purchase periods approximately six months in duration ending on or around June 10 and December 10 each year, subject to a restart feature if the Company’s stock price drops at the end of a six -month period within the twelve -month offering period. The Company recorded an expense of $ 135 , $ 128 , and $ 73 in 2023, 2022 and 2021 , respectively, related to the ESPP. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 , there were 86,782 and 69,884 share issuances, respectively, under the ESPP. The weighted average grant date fair value of share awards in 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 1.27 , $ 1.17 , and $ 2.50 per share, respectively. Employees contributed $ 230 and $ 174 to the ESPP during 2023 and 2022 , respectively. Of these amounts, $ 24 and $ 23 at December 31, 2023 and 2022 , respectively, are included in accrued liabilities in the accompanying balance sheets. As of December 31, 2023 , there were 623,514 shares available for issuance under the ESPP. Note 9 — Basic and Diluted Net Loss per Common Share Basic and diluted net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Common stock equivalents (using the treasury stock and “if converted” method) from stock options, unvested RSAs and RSUs, and warrants at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were 5,418,251 , 5,494,153 , and 4,286,687 , respectively, and are excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share because the effect is anti-dilutive. Included in the basic and diluted net loss per share calculation were RSUs awarded to directors that had vested, but the issuance and delivery of the shares are deferred until the director retires from service as a director. The following table shows the computation of basic and diluted net loss per common share: Year ended Year ended Year ended December 31, December 31, December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Net loss $ ( 936 ) $ ( 9,021 ) $ ( 1,955 ) Weighted average common shares outstanding (basic and diluted) 25,645,366 25,145,657 25,207,299 Net loss per common share (basic and diluted) $ ( 0.04 ) $ ( 0.36 ) $ ( 0.08 ) 71 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 10 — Related-Party Transactions Harrow The Chief Executive Officer of Harrow Health, Inc. (“Harrow”) was a member of the Company’s board of directors until March 17, 2021 when he retired from service with the board. The Company issued 25,000 shares to the Harrow CEO in April 2021 after his retirement from the Company’s board associated with RSUs that were previously fully vested. As of December 31, 2023 , Harrow owned 1,982,000 shares of Eton’s common shares which represents approximately 7.7 % of the Company’s common shares outstanding. In March 2021, the Company closed its laboratory operation in Lake Zurich, Illinois and in May 2021 it reached an agreement for Imprimis Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Harrow, to purchase its lab equipment for $ 700 which was $ 181 above the Company’s net book value of the equipment. Chief Executive Officer The CEO has a partial interest in a company that the Company has partnered with for its EM- 100/Alaway Preservative Free eye allergy product as described below. The Company acquired the exclusive rights to sell the EM- 100 product in the United States pursuant to a sales and marketing agreement (the “Eyemax Agreement”) dated August 11, 2017 between the Company and Eyemax LLC (“Eyemax”), an entity affiliated with the Company’s CEO. Under the terms of the original agreement, the Company would pay Eyemax $ 250 upon FDA approval and $ 500 upon the first commercial sale of the product and pay Eyemax a royalty of 10 % on the net sales of all products. The Eyemax Agreement was for an initial term of 10 years, subject to successive two -year renewals unless the Company elected to terminate the Eyemax Agreement. On February 18, 2019, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Agreement with Eyemax amending the Sales Agreement (the “Amended Agreement”). Pursuant to the Amended Agreement, Eyemax sold the Company all of its right, title and interest in EM- 100, including any such product that incorporates or utilizes Eyemax’s intellectual property rights. Pursuant to the Amended Agreement, the Company paid Eyemax two milestone payments: (i) one milestone payment for $ 250 upon regulatory approval in the territory by the FDA of the first single agent product and (ii) one milestone payment for $ 500 following the first commercial sale of the first single agent product in the territory. The Company has realized $ 1,840 of the non-royalty and royalty revenue as of December 31, 2023 . The EM- 100 asset and its associated product rights were sold to Bausch Health on February 18, 2019 and future potential royalties of twelve percent on Bausch Health sales of the product, named Alaway® Preservative Free by Bausch, which was approved by the FDA in September 2020, will be split between Eyemax and the Company. There were no amounts due to Eyemax under the terms of the Amended Agreement as of December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022 , and Bausch Health discontinued sales of Alaway® Preservative Free effective March 24, 2023. Note 11 — Leases The Company recognizes a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for substantially all leases, including operating leases, and separates lease components from non-lease components related to its office space lease. In January 2018, the Company signed an amended lease agreement to lease additional office space adjacent to its current corporate office space in Deer Park, Illinois. In October 2020, the Company renewed its office lease for a two -year period through March 2023 and recorded $ 195 in ROU assets and $ 195 in operating lease liabilities in association with the lease extension. In November 2022, the Company renewed its office lease for a two -year period through March 2025 and recorded $ 188 in ROU assets and $ 188 in operating lease liabilities in association with the lease extension. In March 2018, the Company entered into a lease for laboratory space at a complex in Lake Zurich, Illinois. The lease commenced in March 2018. In November 2020, this laboratory lease was extended to June 2021 and was not extended after that date as the Company completed an evaluation its laboratory operations requirements and determined it would discontinue the laboratory activities and outsource its requirements. The Company does not have any lease contracts that contain: ( 1 ) an option to extend that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise, ( 2 ) an option to terminate that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise, or ( 3 ) an option to extend (or not to terminate) in which exercise of the option is controlled by the lessor. Additionally, the Company does not have any leases with residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Lease liabilities and their corresponding right-of-use assets have been recorded based on the present value of the future lease payments over the expected lease term. One of the Company’s lease agreements contains provisions for escalating rent payments over the term of the lease. The Company’s leases do not contain readily determinable implicit discount rates, and therefore, the Company was required to use its incremental borrowing rate of 7.8 % to discount the future lease payments based on information available at lease commencement. In October 2020, the new discount rate for the office lease extension was estimated at 5.4 %. In November 2022, the new discount rate for an additional office lease extension was estimated at 8.6 %. The incremental borrowing rate was estimated by determining the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. 72 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 11 — Leases (continued) The Company’s operating lease cost as presented in the “Research and Development” and “General and Administrative” captions in the statements of operations was $ 0 , $ 0 , and $ 9 and $ 67 , $ 82 , and $ 86 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 , respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 , the Company recorded $ 77 , $ 86 , and $ 113 , respectively, in rent expense. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was $ 88 , $ 88 , and $ 83 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The ROU asset amortization for years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 67 , $ 62 , and $ 88 , respectively, and is reflected in depreciation and amortization in the Company’s statements of cash flows. As of December 31, 2023 , the weighted-average remaining lease term was 1.25 years, and the weighted-average discount rate was 8.6 %. The table below presents the lease-related assets and liabilities recorded on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 : Assets Classification Operating lease right-of-use assets Operating lease right-of-use assets, net $ 92 Total leased assets $ 92 Liabilities Operating lease liabilities, current Accrued liabilities $ 53 Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion 22 Total operating lease liabilities $ 75 The Company’s future annual lease commitments as of December 31, 2023 are as indicated below: Total 2024 2025 2026 Undiscounted lease payments $ 81 $ 58 $ 23 $ — Less: Imputed interest ( 6 ) Total lease liabilities $ 75 Note 12 – Income Taxes The provision for income taxes for the Company consists of the following for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 : Year ended Year ended Year ended December 31, December 31, December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Current: Federal $ 61 $ — $ — State 186 — — Total current expense 247 — — Deferred: Federal ( 85 ) 2,272 460 State ( 31 ) 812 185 Change in valuation allowance 116 ( 3,084 ) ( 645 ) Total deferred expense — — — Total provision $ 247 $ — $ — Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. 73 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 12 – Income Taxes (continued) The significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows: December 31, December 31, 2023 2022 Net operating losses $ 15,447 $ 17,183 Stock-based expenses 3,372 3,090 Accruals and other 2,697 1,359 Total deferred tax assets 21,516 21,632 Valuation allowance ( 21,516 ) ( 21,632 ) Net deferred tax assets $ — $ — Based on the uncertainty of future taxable income at this time management believes a 100 % valuation reserve for the $ 21,516 and $ 21,632 deferred tax assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022 , respectively, is appropriate. A reconciliation of the statutory federal tax rate to effective tax rate is shown below: Year ended Year ended Year ended December 31, December 31, December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Provision (benefit) at statutory rate 21.0 % ( 21.0 )% ( 21.0 )% Permanent items (primarily warrants and stock compensation) 39.1 ( 3.3 ) ( 2.5 ) State tax benefit 6.5 ( 8.7 ) ( 9.5 ) Federal rate change — — — Other items — — — Increase (decrease) in valuation allowance ( 30.7 ) 33.0 33.0 Income tax expense 35.9 % — % — % The Company has a federal and state NOL carryforward of $ 54,190 as of December 31, 2023 . Under the Tax Act, federal NOLs incurred in taxable years ending after December 31, 2017 in the amount of $ 54,190 may be carried forward indefinitely and are subject to an 80% usage limitation. The state NOL carry forward will begin to expire in 2029. In addition, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and corresponding provisions of state law, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” which is generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a three -year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOL carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its post-change income may be limited. Note 13 - Employee Savings Plan The Company established an employee savings plan pursuant to Section 401 (k) of the Internal Revenue Code, effective January 1, 2018. The plan allows participating employees to deposit into tax deferred investment accounts up to 100 % of their salary, subject to annual limits. The Company makes certain matching contributions to the plan in amounts up to 4 % of the participants’ annual cash compensation, subject to annual limits. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 , the Company made $ 242 , $ 172 , and $ 154 , respectively, in matching contributions. 74 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 14 — Commitments and Contingencies Legal The Company is subject to legal proceedings and claims that may arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company is not aware of any pending or threatened litigation matters at this time that may have a material impact on the operations of the Company. License and Product Development Agreements The Company has entered into various agreements in addition to those discussed above which are described below. The three oral solution pediatric neurology product candidates discussed below, Topiramate, Zonisamide and Lamotrigine, were developed by the Company and its various product candidate development partners and the Company subsequently sold all its rights and interests in these three products to Azurity in 2021, but retained rights to certain royalties. The Company has recognized $ 27,500 in milestone revenues to date from these three products, and in June 2023 the Company amended its asset purchase agreement with Azurity and sold the remaining royalty interests it received back to Azurity for $ 5,500 . Azurity will assume royalty or profit share obligations owed to development partners as well as additional milestone payments based on sales volume targets. Prior to January 1, 2022, the Company worked with Tulex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Tulex”) as a third -party contract manufacturer to develop an oral solution for Topiramate (fka ET- 101 ) which targets a neurological condition. In November 2021, the product received approval from the FDA and was launched by Azurity in December 2021. The Company recognized a $ 5,000 milestone revenue at launch which was reflected in accounts receivable on the Company’s balance sheet at December 31, 2021 and subsequently collected in January 2022. On January 23, 2019, the Company entered into a Licensing and Supply Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Liquimeds Worldwide (“LMW”) for Zonisamide oral liquid, a development stage product candidate (“ET- 104” ). Pursuant to the terms of the Agreement, the Company was to be responsible for regulatory and marketing activities and LMW was responsible for development and manufacturing of ET- 104. The Company paid $ 650 to Azurity upon issuance of patent covering ET- 104 listed in the FDA’s Orange Book in November 2022. 75 Table of Contents Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Note 14 — Commitments and Contingencies (continued) In March 2020, the Company entered into an Exclusive Licensing and Supply Agreement (the “Alkindi License Agreement”) with Diurnal for marketing ALKINDI SPRINKLE® in the United States. In September 2020, ALKINDI SPRINKLE®’s New Drug Application (NDA) was approved by the FDA as a replacement therapy for pediatric patients with adrenocortical insufficiency. For the initial licensing milestone fee, the Company paid Diurnal $ 3,500 in cash and issued 379,474 shares of its common stock to Diurnal which were valued at $ 1,264 based on the Company’s closing stock price of $ 3.33 on March 26, 2020. The Company paid Diurnal $ 1,000 for a 2023 sales milestone in January 2024 that was recorded as licensing cost of sales in December 2023, and will also pay Diurnal $ 2,500 if the product obtains orphan drug exclusivity status from the FDA. In June 2021, the Company acquired U.S. and Canadian rights to Crossject’s ZENEO® hydrocortisone needleless autoinjector, which is under development as a rescue treatment for adrenal crisis. The Company paid Crossject $ 500 upon signing, $ 500 in March 2022 upon a completion of a successful technical batch and could pay up to $ 3,500 in additional development milestones and up to $ 6,000 in commercial milestones, as well as a 10 % royalty on net sales. In October 2021, the Company acquired the U.S. marketing rights to Carglumic Acid Tablets. The product’s Abbreviated New Drug Application (“ANDA”), which is owned by Novitium Pharma, was approved by the FDA in October 2021. The product is an AB-rated, substitutable generic version of Carbaglu®. The Company paid $ 3,250 upon signing and retains 50 % of the product profits with the balance being distributed to the licensor and manufacturer. The Company launched this product in December 2021. In June 2022, the Company sold its rights in Cysteine Hydrochloride, Biorphen®, and Rezipres® to Dr. Reddy’s. Under the terms of the transaction, Dr. Reddy’s assumed immediate ownership of Eton’s rights and interest in the products. The Company received $ 5,000 at closing, recorded as licensing revenue in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. In accordance with the terms of the agreement, $ 812 of Sintetica profit share receivables were expensed as cost of goods sold in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. In September 2022, the Company acquired an FDA-approved ANDA for Betaine Anhydrous for oral solution. The ANDA was approved by the FDA in January 2022. The Company paid $ 2,000 upon signing and an additional $ 125 in November 2023, and could pay up to $ 1,000 in commercial milestones. The Company will retain 65 % of the product profits with the balance being distributed to the licensor. In March 2023, the Company acquired rare disease endocrinology product candidate ET- 600 from Tulex. The Company paid $ 450 to Tulex in July 2023 as a result of successful manufacturing of registration batches. The Company will pay Tulex $ 200 upon acceptance by the FDA of the NDA for the product, $ 250 upon first commercial sale of the product, and tiered royalties of 12.5 % to 17.0 % on net sales. In October 2023, the Company acquired an FDA-approved ANDA for Nitisinone. The ANDA was approved by the FDA in May 2023. The Company paid $ 150 to the seller and an additional $ 500 of cure amounts owed to the manufacturer upon signing. The Company will retain 80 % of the product profits with the balance being distributed to the manufacturer. Indemnification As permitted under Delaware law and in accordance with the Company’s Amended and Restated Bylaws, the Company is required to indemnify its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is or was serving in such capacity. The Company is also party to indemnification agreements with its directors and officers. The Company believes the fair value of the indemnification rights and agreements is minimal. Accordingly, the Company has not recorded any liabilities for these indemnification rights and agreements as of December 31, 2023 or 2022 . 76 Table of Contents PART II (CONTINUED) Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None.