CITIZENS & NORTHERN CORP 10-Q

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK MARKET RISK Market risk is the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices of the Corporation’s financial instruments. In addition to the effects of interest rates, the market prices of the Corporation’s available-for-sale debt securities are affected by fluctuations in the risk premiums (amounts of spread over risk-free rates) demanded by investors. Management attempts to limit the risk that economic conditions would force the Corporation to sell securities for realized losses by maintaining a strong capital position (discussed in the “Stockholders’ Equity and Capital Adequacy” section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis) and ample sources of liquidity (discussed in the “Liquidity” section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis). The Corporation’s major category of market risk, interest rate risk, is discussed in the following section. INTEREST RATE RISK The Corporation uses a simulation model to calculate the potential effects of interest rate fluctuations on net interest income and the economic value of equity (“EVE”). For purposes of these calculations, EVE includes the discounted present values of financial instruments, such as securities, loans, deposits and borrowed funds, and the book values of nonfinancial assets and liabilities, such as premises and equipment and accrued expenses. The model measures and projects the amount of potential changes in net interest income and calculates the discounted present value of anticipated cash flows of financial instruments, assuming an immediate increase or decrease in interest rates. Management ordinarily runs a variety of scenarios within a range of plus or minus 100-400 basis points of current rates. The projected results based on the model include the impact of estimates, at each level of interest rate change, regarding cash flows from principal repayments on loans and mortgage-backed securities and call activity on other investment securities. Further, the projected results are impacted by assumptions regarding the run-off and the extent of sensitivity to interest rate changes of deposits with no stated maturity (checking, savings and money market accounts). Actual results could vary significantly from these estimates, which could result in significant differences in the calculations of projected changes in net interest income and EVE. Also, the model does not make estimates related to changes in the composition of the deposit portfolio that could occur due to rate competition, and the table does not necessarily reflect changes that management would make to realign the portfolio as a result of changes in interest rates. The Corporation’s Board of Directors has established policy guidelines for acceptable levels of interest rate risk, based on an immediate increase or decrease in interest rates. The policy limits acceptable fluctuations in net interest income from the baseline (flat rates) one-year scenario and variances in EVE from the baseline values based on current rates. ​ Table XI, which follows this discussion, is based on the results of calculations performed using the simulation model as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Table shows that as of the respective dates, the changes in net interest income and changes in economic value of equity were within the policy limits in all scenarios. ​ Based on June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 data, the amounts of net interest income decrease, as compared to the amounts based on current interest rates, in both the upward and downward rate scenarios. Similarly, at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, EVE is modeled to decrease compared to the 0 basis point scenario in all of the rising and falling rate scenarios The modeling results reflect the impact of management’s assumptions that the Corporation’s deposit rates would rise in the increasing rate scenarios to a greater extent than they would fall in the decreasing rate scenarios. Further, results in the downward rate scenarios reflect limitations on the benefit of falling rates on some deposit types due to a 0% assumed floor. ​ Under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, available-for-sale debt securities are carried at fair value as of each balance sheet date. The difference between amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities, net of deferred income tax, is included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity. Increases in interest rates have caused the fair value of the Corporation’s available-for-sale debt securities to decrease, resulting in an accumulated other comprehensive loss related to securities of $31.0 million at June 30, 2025. In contrast, most of the Corporation’s other financial instruments, including loans receivable (held for investment), deposits and borrowed funds are carried on the balance sheet at historical cost without adjustment for the impact of changes in interest rates. 56 Table of Contents CITIZENS & NORTHERN CORPORATION – FORM 10-Q ​ TABLE XI – THE EFFECT OF HYPOTHETICAL CHANGES IN INTEREST RATES ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ June 30, 2025 Data ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (In Thousands) ​ Period Ending June 30, 2026 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Basis Point ​ ​ Interest ​ ​ Interest ​ ​ Net Interest ​ NII ​ ​ NII ​ Change in Rates ​ ​ Income ​ ​ Expense ​ ​ Income (NII) ​ % Change ​ ​ Risk Limit ​ +400 ​ $ 158,951 ​ $ 82,212 ​ $ 76,739 ​ (15.8) % ​ 25.0 % +300 ​ ​ 153,086 ​ ​ 70,869 ​ ​ 82,217 ​ (9.8) % ​ 20.0 % +200 ​ ​ 147,169 ​ ​ 60,715 ​ ​ 86,454 ​ (5.1) % ​ 15.0 % +100 ​ ​ 141,179 ​ ​ 51,749 ​ ​ 89,430 ​ (1.9) % ​ 10.0 % 0 ​ ​ 135,114 ​ ​ 43,972 ​ ​ 91,142 ​ 0.0 % ​ 0.0 % -100 ​ ​ 129,145 ​ ​ 39,810 ​ ​ 89,335 ​ (2.0) % ​ 10.0 % -200 ​ ​ 122,250 ​ ​ 35,691 ​ ​ 86,559 ​ (5.0) % ​ 15.0 % -300 ​ ​ 114,537 ​ ​ 31,571 ​ ​ 82,966 ​ (9.0) % ​ 20.0 % -400 ​ ​ 106,143 ​ ​ 27,501 ​ ​ 78,642 ​ (13.7) % ​ 25.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Economic Value of Equity at June 30, 2025 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Present ​ ​ Present ​ ​ Present ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Basis Point ​ ​ Value ​ ​ Value ​ ​ Value ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Change in Rates ​ ​ Equity ​ ​ % Change ​ ​ Risk Limit ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ +400 ​ $ 507,282 ​ ​ (13.3) % ​ 50.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ +300 ​ ​ 536,827 ​ ​ (8.2) % ​ 45.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ +200 ​ ​ 561,453 ​ ​ (4.0) % ​ 35.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ +100 ​ ​ 578,686 ​ ​ (1.0) % ​ 25.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 0 ​ ​ 584,823 ​ ​ 0.0 % ​ 0.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ -100 ​ ​ 561,731 ​ ​ (3.9) % ​ 25.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ -200 ​ ​ 524,442 ​ ​ (10.3) % ​ 35.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ -300 ​ ​ 469,866 ​ ​ (19.7) % ​ 45.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ -400 ​ ​ 403,652 ​ ​ (31.0) % ​ 50.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 57 Table of Contents CITIZENS & NORTHERN CORPORATION – FORM 10-Q ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2024 Data ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (In Thousands) ​ Period Ending December 31, 2025 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Basis Point ​ ​ Interest ​ ​ Interest ​ ​ Net Interest ​ NII ​ ​ NII ​ Change in Rates ​ ​ Income ​ ​ Expense ​ ​ Income (NII) ​ % Change ​ ​ Risk Limit ​ +400 ​ $ 157,710 ​ $ 87,489 ​ $ 70,221 ​ (17.4) % ​ 25.0 % +300 ​ ​ 151,610 ​ ​ 75,796 ​ ​ 75,814 ​ (10.8) % ​ 20.0 % +200 ​ ​ 145,458 ​ ​ 65,308 ​ ​ 80,150 ​ (5.7) % ​ 15.0 % +100 ​ ​ 139,233 ​ ​ 56,023 ​ ​ 83,210 ​ (2.1) % ​ 10.0 % 0 ​ ​ 132,939 ​ ​ 47,942 ​ ​ 84,997 ​ 0.0 % ​ 0.0 % -100 ​ ​ 126,757 ​ ​ 42,671 ​ ​ 84,086 ​ (1.1) % ​ 10.0 % -200 ​ ​ 119,814 ​ ​ 37,450 ​ ​ 82,364 ​ (3.1) % ​ 15.0 % -300 ​ ​ 111,964 ​ ​ 32,229 ​ ​ 79,735 ​ (6.2) % ​ 20.0 % -400 ​ ​ 103,390 ​ ​ 27,650 ​ ​ 75,740 ​ (10.9) % ​ 25.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Economic Value of Equity at December 31, 2024 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Present ​ ​ Present ​ ​ Present ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Basis Point ​ ​ Value ​ ​ Value ​ ​ Value ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Change in Rates ​ ​ Equity ​ ​ % Change ​ ​ Risk Limit ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ +400 ​ $ 475,112 ​ ​ (16.1) % ​ 50.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ +300 ​ ​ 507,221 ​ ​ (10.4) % ​ 45.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ +200 ​ ​ 534,636 ​ ​ (5.6) % ​ 35.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ +100 ​ ​ 555,058 ​ ​ (2.0) % ​ 25.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 0 ​ ​ 566,339 ​ ​ 0.0 % ​ 0.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ -100 ​ ​ 552,813 ​ ​ (2.4) % ​ 25.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ -200 ​ ​ 520,196 ​ ​ (8.1) % ​ 35.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ -300 ​ ​ 470,155 ​ ​ (17.0) % ​ 45.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ -400 ​ ​ 403,255 ​ ​ (28.8) % ​ 50.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​