Item 1. Business
Item 1. Business.
ChargePoint Holdings, Inc. (“ChargePoint”) is a leading electric vehicle (“EV”) charging technology solutions provider. ChargePoint is broadly driving the shift to electric mobility by providing networked charging solutions in North America and Europe across commercial (e.g., retail, workplace, hospitality, parking, recreation, municipal, education and highway fast charge), fleet (e.g., delivery, take home, logistics, motor pool, transit and shared mobility) and residential (e.g., single family homes and multi-family apartments and condominiums) verticals. As of January 31, 2024, ChargePoint has activated approximately 286,000 ports on its network, including approximately 24,000 direct current, or “DC,” “fast charging” ports, excluding single family home ports. ChargePoint’s roaming integrations enable EV drivers to access more than 631,000 additional third-party ports in North America and Europe through ChargePoint’s mobile and in-dash applications.
ChargePoint sells networked charging hardware, connected through cloud-based software services (“Cloud” or “Cloud Services”) and supported by extended parts and labor warranty solutions (“Assure”). ChargePoint sells these solutions to commercial, fleet and residential customers to enable electrification, and has developed a strong network of channel partners and distributors to support its growth. Historically, ChargePoint has not sold networked charging hardware without its software, typically does not own or operate EV charging assets, does not monetize drivers, and does not rely upon profits from the sale of electricity. By pursuing this “capital light” business model, ChargePoint has been able to focus its investments on research and development of its diverse portfolio of networked Level 2, or alternating current (“AC”), and Level 3 DC fast charging hardware, and its software solutions for drivers, hosts and fleet operators, while simultaneously scaling active networked ports more cost efficiently as compared to other models in the EV industry, where the charging station operator, or “CPO,” deploys its capital to purchase, install and manage the charging stations, owns and operates the charging station and depends upon profits on the sale of electricity for its return on capital deployed. Finally, ChargePoint believes its go-to-market strategy of ensuring site owners or CPOs have full control over branding, access, pricing and policies enables them to provide their employees and customers with a better charging experience.
ChargePoint’s networked charging solutions can charge most types of EVs—from cars, trucks and delivery vehicles to buses and 18-wheelers—regardless of manufacturer or connector type, most recently adding SAE J3400, formerly known as the North American Charging Standard or NACS, connector options to both commercial and home chargers. ChargePoint supports all leading connector types and believes it will benefit directly and proportionately from the broad trend in vehicle electrification because the breadth of its solutions means it does not need to identify which vehicles will come to market first nor which segments or manufacturers will be successful. ChargePoint has historically seen a correlation between new passenger EV sales in North America and its charging port growth in North America, which gives ChargePoint confidence in its growth prospects going forward as its verticals and geographic markets continue to go electric.
The ChargePoint Model and Network Effect for EV Fueling
ChargePoint believes fueling EVs is radically different from the current “gas station” model for fueling traditional gas-powered vehicles. Passenger vehicles spend 95% of their time parked, and most fleet vehicles also have substantial “dwell time.” This driver behavior is the impetus behind ChargePoint’s deployment of AC chargers (for longer dwell-time sessions) in addition to DC fast charging ports (for shorter dwell-time sessions). Unlike gasoline, electricity is pervasively and safely distributed, so fueling can shift to a model where vehicles charge where they are parked and while their drivers—individual or fleet—are engaged in other activities.
ChargePoint believes EV charging will principally transition from an inconvenient, dedicated fueling stop at a destination to convenient charging mapped to the dwell time, and for certain fleet applications, the size and route requirements, of the vehicle. These factors in turn drive the selection of charging solutions, since DC ports are significantly more expensive than AC ports to purchase, install and operate due to the higher charging rate. In short, ChargePoint believes customers want to choose the most cost-effective solutions for their vehicle charging applications, which can be AC or DC only or a blend, based on their specific needs. ChargePoint has developed a comprehensive platform of AC and DC charging products, Cloud subscriptions, Assure warranty coverages and professional services designed to ensure it can cost effectively deliver the solutions that best meet the customer’s specific requirements.
From a network effect perspective, ChargePoint’s goals are ubiquity, accessibility, usability and reliability. Charging infrastructure should be broadly distributed, easily found, easy to use and should always work. ChargePoint believes its ports under management and roaming relationships support one of the largest and growing networks of EV charging infrastructures available. Charging ports are easily located via ChargePoint’s mobile and in-dash applications, and ChargePoint’s networked hardware is easy to use through those applications and to manage via its Cloud Services provided to hosts. And most importantly, ChargePoint’s networked hardware is designed for high uptime, monitored and managed through its Cloud application, and supported via its customer support organization and a large network of service partners. These attributes and mobile and in-dash applications create a charging network that encourages hosts and drivers to expand with ChargePoint.
The Portfolio
ChargePoint primarily generates revenue through the sale of networked charging hardware combined with its Cloud Services billed as a subscription. ChargePoint also provides an extended parts and labor warranty, Assure, as an annual subscription. These products are available to commercial and fleet customers as software-only or a combination of software, hardware, and extended parts and labor warranty solutions. ChargePoint offers both an upfront sale of the charging station hardware with separate subscriptions for
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Cloud Services and Assure, or ChargePoint as a Service, referred to as CPaaS, in which charging station hardware, Cloud Services and Assure are bundled into a multi-year or annual subscription.
• Hardware Portfolio Powered by Cloud Services . ChargePoint believes it offers among the industry’s leading hardware for AC and DC charging and does not sell these solutions without a Cloud Services subscription. ChargePoint’s solutions deliver differentiated features and high efficiency in power and footprint, with a modular and scalable architecture created for high availability, easy expansion and efficient serviceability. ChargePoint thoroughly tests its products, including interoperability checks for different types of EVs, for a range of functional, climate and environmental conditions and for high, long-term reliability. ChargePoint’s stations are available with customizable video and signage options for customers who want to promote their brand.
◦ AC Solutions :
▪ ChargePoint’s newest family of charging stations, the CP6000 series, is part of a complete commercial and fleet charging solution, including power management and enhanced maintenance services. The CP6000 family of charging stations are UL® and ENERGY STAR® certified as well as compliant with the ISO 15118 communication standard and can deliver up to 19.2kW per port. With standard connector options for SAE J1772 and, in 2024 SAE J3400, ChargePoint’s CP6000 charging stations can charge almost any EV model in North America.
▪ ChargePoint’s CT4000 family of charging stations is UL® and ENERGY STAR® certified. All CT4000 models offer one or two standard SAE J1772 AC charging ports with locking holsters, capable of delivering up to 7.2kW per port.
▪ ChargePoint’s AC solutions further includes the CPF50 family of charging station designed for use in fleet and multi-family applications and the ChargePoint Home Flex designed for fast, flexible home charging. Both the CPF50 and ChargePoint Home Flex are UL® and ENERGY STAR® certified with standard SAE J1772 or SAE J3400 AC charging ports making them safe, reliable, and energy efficient.
◦ DC Solutions :
▪ ChargePoint’s family of Express and Express Plus fast charging DC solutions are configurable and extensible solutions intended to serve high-powered charging applications necessary for fleet, interstate corridor, fueling, convenience and other fast charge applications. ChargePoint’s Express and Express Plus fast-charging DC solutions are compatible with global charging connector standards including CCS1, CCS2, SAE J3400 and CHAdeMO connector types and ISO communication standards. ChargePoint’s Express products can dispense up to 62.5kW per port and up to 500kW per port depending on configuration with Express Plus. Beginning in 2024, ChargePoint added a pantograph connector option for its family of Express Plus fast chargers designed specifically for bus fleet operations.
• Advanced Cloud Services to Scale Charging Infrastructure. Cloud Services subscription enables commercial and fleet customers to manage charging in their parking lots and depots. Features are tuned for a variety of settings. Retailers can optimize charging station locations and pricing for foot traffic and loyalty. Employers and multi-family commercial real estate operators can make fueling an efficient benefit to attract talent or tenants. Parking operators can vary pricing to reflect market conditions, and fleet operators can manage use cases from having drivers take their own vehicles home every day to high-power, high-complexity centralized fleet depots. As of January 2024, ChargePoint received Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (“FedRAMP”) authorization. All ChargePoint Cloud Services products are FedRAMP-authorized and meet all FedRAMP requirements. These requirements include best-in-class data security, dedicated cloud hosting for federal customers, and rigorous standards for authorization, access, and continuous monitoring.
• Cloud Services capabilities include the functionality below:
▪ Station and site host management : making charging accessible to the public or select users, simplifying management of multiple charging sites and their parking policies, enabling sub-hosts, delivery of analytics, utilization reporting, remote diagnosis and updates with the latest software features.
▪ Host pricing and payment remittance capabilities : enabling site hosts or station owners to set pricing, including support for pricing scenarios (e.g., by driver group, time of day, idle status, energy dispensed, by session). Remittance is possible to one or many accounts.
▪ Energy management : enabling stations to share circuits, oversubscribing electrical panels to add more ports beyond the peak electrical capacity, and supporting the creation of advanced groups and rules which enable energy use policies. Energy management can be integrated with support for building load management and integration with utility load management programs.
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▪ Driver management tools : enabling convenience features including specific user access via the ChargePoint connections system, the creation of driver groups to support a site host policy and waitlist or reservation features for drivers to reserve a place in line, among other features.
▪ Integration with route planning systems for fleets : enabling on-budget deadline scheduling in accordance with energy rate structures and on-site energy storage. On-site and on-route charging are supported and fueling payment is facilitated by integration with leading fuel cards.
▪ Cloud Service solutions for all use cases : enabling CPOs to choose ChargePoint’s Cloud Services while selecting their choice of third-party hardware or e-mobility services providers (“eMSPs”) to build and integrate their solutions with ChargePoint’s Cloud Services, provides an extensible solution to any CPO or eMSP. ChargePoint’s software platform enables charging station owners, CPOs and eMSPs to manage costs, optimize fleet operations, integrate loyalty programs and manage payments, all while empowering seamless integrations with customer workflows, fuel and fleet cards providers, payment processors, utilities, energy services and more.
ChargePoint believes that as EV penetration rises, so does the importance of Cloud Services to help manage charging complexity. Some examples include:
• The ability for commercial customers to adjust the rate at which vehicles charge to match the natural parking duration at the site and to avoid peak or demand charges.
• Charging infrastructure made available to the public during the day can be reserved for private fleets at night or to employees during the day and open to the public at night. Fleet software integrations also offer load control, charging scheduling and alerts to reduce cost and improve reliability. The software is designed to integrate with fuel management systems, fleet operations software and vehicle telematics to enable seamless integration into fleet processes.
• Ecosystem integrations enable drivers to access charging functionality via in-vehicle infotainment systems, consumer mobile applications, payment systems, mapping tools, home automation assistants, fleet fuel cards, wearables and residential utility programs.
All ChargePoint commercial ports are integrated into one network available to drivers who can use the ChargePoint mobile application to find charging locations, check availability, start sessions, set up reservations for a charging station, pay for charging, use their ChargePoint account to roam across networks, access preferential pricing and loyalty offers and track the estimated avoidance of CO2 emissions in comparison to the use of liquid fuel.
• Parts and Labor Warranty Subscriptions and Customer Support Foster Loyalty . ChargePoint offers the Assure warranty services which include proactive monitoring, fast response times, parts and labor warranty, expert advice and robust reporting. ChargePoint also provides phone support in multiple languages to both site hosts and drivers. Rising EV adoption creates more awareness and utilization. ChargePoint believes the quality of the ChargePoint experience generates driver satisfaction and therefore encourages customers to purchase additional networked chargers and Cloud Services, creating a virtuous cycle of growth from customers expanding their charging capacity.
• Network Operations Center Improves Driver Experience . In August 2023, ChargePoint launched its Network Operations Center to address network reliability which is often considered to be a barrier to mainstream EV adoption. ChargePoint’s Network Operations Center features 24/7 proactive station monitoring and predictive analytics to find anomalies before the station owner or drivers notice them. ChargePoint’s Network Operations Center leverages multiple sources of driver feedback, including ChargePoint’s mobile app, calls to ChargePoint’s driver support line and social listening, to enhance the completeness of actionable insights, with the ultimate goal of driving charging station uptime. ChargePoint defines “uptime” as the percentage of ChargePoint charging ports which are capable of dispensing energy at any given moment.
Go to Market Strategy
ChargePoint sells networked charging solutions in North America and Europe, and as of January 31, 2024, its customer base includes 74% of the 2023 Fortune 50 list of companies. It is focused on three key verticals: commercial, fleet and residential.
• Commercial : Commercial businesses already own or lease parking and many wish to electrify. These include retail centers, offices, medical complexes, schools, airports, municipalities, convenience stores, recreation centers and fast fueling sites, among others. ChargePoint believes commercial businesses view charging as essential and invest to attract tenants, employees, customers and visitors, generate direct and indirect income, and achieve sustainability goals. ChargePoint believes commercial businesses choose ChargePoint based on solution completeness (they are not responsible for being the integrator or support agent for drivers) and the quality that comes from designing hardware, software and services together. These customers benefit from drivers that are typically familiar with ChargePoint’s products and services, including access to a free, top-rated application, around-the-clock support, and integration to popular mapping platforms, payment systems and wearables. Brand awareness, education and demand marketing programs generate sales opportunities. ChargePoint accesses the commercial market via its direct sales force (inside and field teams) and channel partners.
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• Fleet : Fleet customers are public and private organizations that operate vehicle fleets in delivery/logistics, sales/service/motor pool shared transit and ride-sharing service operators. ChargePoint believes these customers choose to electrify their fleets for economic reasons, as the comparative total cost of ownership compellingly favors electrification. EV charging solutions can help them design and fuel operations, manage operating costs and achieve sustainability goals. ChargePoint provides a flexible architecture of networked charging stations, Cloud Services subscriptions, professional services, support, monitoring and parts and labor warranties needed to support all use cases, from single vehicle take-home fleets to full-scale electrified depots. Importantly, with ChargePoint’s FedRAMP authorization, ChargePoint is well positioned to serve government-owned and privately-owned EV charging needs for federal fleets in furtherance of U.S. federal government EV charging objectives. ChargePoint accesses the fleet market via its direct sales force and channel partners.
• Residential : ChargePoint offers residential EV charging solutions for drivers in single-family residences who want the convenience of fueling at home with the ability to optimize energy costs and full integration with the same mobile application they use for charging away from home. Residential charging solutions include the capability to manage grid load in conjunction with utility programs and EV fueling rate programs. ChargePoint accesses single-family residential opportunities through direct marketing to the consumer using proprietary and third-party e-commerce platforms, as well as through partnerships with utilities, original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), car dealerships and insurance companies. For apartments and condominium settings, ChargePoint offers landlords and owner associations the ability to offer charging billed directly to the tenant. ChargePoint also offers customer support around-the-clock and in multiple languages. ChargePoint accesses this residential vertical via direct marketing and channel partners, including ChargePoint’s proprietary webstore and other e-commerce platforms across United States and Canada.
Because ChargePoint rarely owns and operates charging infrastructure, it is able to allocate capital strategically towards ChargePoint’s initiatives in research and development, marketing and sales and public policy.
• Research and Development . With a singular focus on EV charging, ChargePoint offers a complete set of networked charging solutions for most EV charging use cases in North America and Europe.
• Go to Market. ChargePoint has built a strong marketing and sales engine in North America and Europe, with an established direct sales channel, digital marketing capability and substantial channel sales. ChargePoint’s success is dependent in part upon establishing and maintaining relationships with a variety of channel partners that it utilizes to extend its geographic reach and market penetration. ChargePoint uses a two-tiered, indirect fulfillment model whereby ChargePoint sells its products and services to its distributors, which in turn sell to resellers, which then sell to end users. ChargePoint refers to these end users as its customers. ChargePoint anticipates that it will continue to rely on this two-tiered sales model in order to help facilitate sales of ChargePoint’s products and to grow its business internationally. ChargePoint also has nationwide and local partners who sell, install and maintain ChargePoint solutions.
• Public Policy . ChargePoint has also supported early and sustained investments in government and utility relationships. ChargePoint advocates for policies that advance electric mobility and ensure a healthy industry with a focus on competition, innovation and customer choice, including:
▪ Support for vehicle electrification policy and climate action, such as zero emission vehicle requirements, fossil fuel bans and transit electrification directives;
▪ Partnership with North America’s leading utilities to scale the new electric fueling network, including enabling the resale of electricity, securing fast charging-friendly tariffs, developing make-ready programs, creating customer incentive programs and informing utility commission decisions and legislation; and
▪ Reduction in barriers to infrastructure deployment including construction costs, permitting, building codes and right to charge policies for renters and tenants.
Competition
While ChargePoint believes that its capital-light business model and comprehensive offering of hardware and software solutions provides a distinct competitive advantage, ChargePoint has competitors in different sectors of the market, including: (i) manufacturers of non-networked hardware charging systems, such as Tesla, Inc., ABB Ltd., Siemens AG, Alpitronics GmbH Srl, Kempower Oyj, and Alfen N.V., (ii) software providers that offer solutions to access and manage non-networked hardware charging systems, such as Driivz Ltd., EV Connect, Inc., and Monta ApS and (iii) CPOs or auto OEMs that acquire access to sites and leverage first or third-party hardware and software to build out charging infrastructure to sell energy, such as EVgo, Inc., Electrify America, Blink Charging Co. and Tesla, Inc.
ChargePoint provides custom charging solutions tailored to fit the needs of our customers, whether that means purchasing ChargePoint’s comprehensive solution including hardware, software, services and support, or selecting ChargePoint’s Cloud software to integrate with third-party hardware of choice. While ChargePoint believes that the full functionality of its comprehensive suite of hardware and software provides the best customer experience, ChargePoint actively deploys ChargePoint Cloud software onto third-party hardware to fit the unique business needs of its customers. As primarily a non-asset owner, ChargePoint does not compete directly with CPOs.
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ChargePoint thus believes its primary differentiators are:
• comprehensive and fully integrated Cloud Services stack for all AC and DC charging system solutions for each charging vertical – commercial, fleet and residential;
• size and scale of its networked charging system, including roaming partners;
• variety and quality of networked charging system product offerings for AC and DC applications;
• reliable product performance, testing and certifications;
• ease of use of its Cloud Services, mobile and in-dash driver applications and features;
• brand awareness;
• quality of driver and charging system owner support; and
• scale of operations.
ChargePoint believes it competes favorably with respect to each of these factors.
North America
ChargePoint believes it leads the North America market in the sale of commercial AC chargers. ChargePoint also has a strong market position in AC chargers for use at home or multifamily settings and high-power DC chargers for fleet applications, urban fast charging, corridor or long-trip charging. While ChargePoint’s primary business model does not include owning and operating networked charging stations, ChargePoint does face competition from EV charging providers that also operate as CPOs, such as Blink Charging Co. and Tesla, Inc.
Europe
The market in Europe is highly fragmented in terms of both providers and solutions, with many companies providing hardware only or software only, and few providing both. ChargePoint believes its portfolio breadth and range of hardware and Cloud solutions position it well to succeed broadly in Europe, and thus has invested, and will continue to invest, heavily in its strategy to establish a successful pan-European presence that maps to major pan-European customers and provides a seamless experience for drivers as they travel. ChargePoint operates in Europe primarily by selling its proprietary networked charging stations or white-labeled third-party charging stations bundled with its Cloud Services. ChargePoint further provides software-only solutions by licensing its charging management system to eMSPs to serve as the backend or technology stack for eMSPs offering their own proprietary mobility and roaming services.
Growth Strategies
ChargePoint estimates it had approximately a 54% market share in publicly available networked AC charging in North America as of January 31, 2024. ChargePoint began European operations in late 2017 and currently operates in 18 European countries. It expects significant market opportunities for fleet solutions as fleet EVs begin to arrive in more meaningful volume. ChargePoint believes the breadth and quality of its networked EV charging solutions, market share and driver awareness typically lead to customer loyalty, whereby customers typically choose to expand their charging footprint with ChargePoint as EV penetration rises and/or charging utilization at their location increases. Over the years, ChargePoint’s customers have typically renewed their Cloud Services subscriptions and have expanded the number of charging ports they purchase from ChargePoint. Growth is also supported by comprehensive ecosystem integrations ChargePoint has enabled that keep the ChargePoint brand top of mind with drivers, including in-vehicle infotainment systems, consumer mobile applications, payment systems, mapping tools, home automation assistants, fleet fuel cards, wearables and residential utility programs.
ChargePoint’s growth strategies to continue to scale networked EV charging are as follows:
• Accelerate alternative EV charging offerings . ChargePoint intends to maintain its leadership position with continued efficient investment in the development of charging station technologies and Cloud solutions. In addition, ChargePoint intends to expand its product offerings beyond its historical model of a site host or customer owning and operating charging as a capital expenditure.
• Invest in expanding ChargePoint’s customer base . In both North America and Europe, ChargePoint intends to continue attracting new customers and pursuing a “land-and-expand” model which encourages existing customers to increase their charging footprint with ChargePoint over time as EV penetration increases.
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• Accelerate Cloud Service solutions for all use cases . In both North America and Europe, ChargePoint intends to be the software enabler for CPOs, both CPOs who choose to use ChargePoint hardware and CPOs who choose to use third-party chargers, and for eMSPs looking to build and integrate their solutions with ChargePoint’s Cloud and charger management system backend.
Manufacturing, Logistics and Fulfillment
ChargePoint has historically designed its products in-house and outsourced production to contract manufacturers based in the United States, Mexico, Asia and Europe. The majority of its hardware products are manufactured in Mexico. Components are sourced from a number of global suppliers, with concentrations in the United States and Asia. ChargePoint deploys a global supply chain management team that works proactively with piece part and final assembly supply partners. That supply management team readies factories for new products, puts in place and monitors quality control points, plans ongoing production, issues purchase orders and coordinates deliveries to distribution hubs that ChargePoint manages in North America and Europe.
ChargePoint works with third-party fulfillment partners that deliver its charging stations from multiple locations, which it believes allows it to reduce order fulfillment time and shipping costs.
Seasonality
Almost all of ChargePoint’s commercial and fleet charging stations are installed and utilized outdoors and ChargePoint operates and conducts its sales primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. Seasonal changes and other weather-related conditions can affect the sales volumes and installation rates of ChargePoint’s products, primarily due to the impact of winter weather on construction timelines and delays. In addition, many of ChargePoint’s customers complete their annual budget approval cycle in ChargePoint’s fourth quarter. Therefore, the financial results for any quarter do not necessarily indicate the results expected for the fiscal year. Normally, the highest sales and earnings are in ChargePoint’s fourth quarter and the lowest are in its first quarter, commencing in February annually.
Government Regulation
ChargePoint’s business is subject to a changing framework of laws and regulations at the federal, state, regional and local level as well as in foreign jurisdictions. For example, substantially all of ChargePoint’s manufacturing operations are subject to complex trade, import and customs laws, regulations and tax requirements such as sanctions orders or tariffs. In addition, the countries in which ChargePoint’s products are manufactured or imported may from time to time impose additional duties, tariffs or other restrictions on ChargePoint’s imports or adversely modify existing restrictions. Changes in tax policy or trade regulations or the imposition of new tariffs on imported products, could have an adverse effect on ChargePoint’s business, results of operations and competitive position. State, regional and local regulations for installation of EV charging stations also apply to ChargePoint and vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and may include permitting requirements, inspection requirements, licensing of contractors and certifications as examples. Compliance with such regulation(s) may cause shipping, installation, or commissioning delays. ChargePoint is also subject to other complex foreign and United States laws and regulations related to anti-bribery and corruption laws, antitrust or competition laws and sanctions compliance, among others. ChargePoint has policies and procedures in place to promote compliance with these laws and regulations, however, government regulations are subject to change, and accordingly ChargePoint is unable to assess the possible effect of compliance with future requirements or whether ChargePoint’s compliance with such regulations, or failure to adequately comply, will adversely affect ChargePoint’s business, competitive position or ability to invest in capital expenditures in the future. As of January 2024, ChargePoint became one of the first providers of EV charging solutions to receive Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (FedRAMP) authorization from the United States federal government. All ChargePoint Cloud products are now FedRAMP-authorized and meet all FedRAMP requirements. These requirements include best-in-class data security, dedicated cloud hosting for federal customers, and rigorous standards for authorization, access, and continuous monitoring.
OSHA
ChargePoint is subject to the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, as amended (“OSHA”). OSHA establishes certain employer responsibilities, including maintenance of a workplace free of recognized hazards likely to cause death or serious injury, compliance with standards promulgated by OSHA and various record keeping, disclosure and procedural requirements. Various standards, including standards for notices of hazards, safety in excavation and demolition work and the handling of asbestos, may apply to ChargePoint’s operations. ChargePoint believes it is in full compliance with OSHA regulations.
Metrology
ChargePoint products are subject to regulations and certification requirements governing accuracy and other characteristics of embedded metrology for dispensing of electricity through charging stations. ChargePoint has received certification for some products in the European Union under the Measurement Instrument Directive (MID), in the United Kingdom under the Measurement Instrument Regulation (MIR), the United States under the National Type Evaluation Program (NTEP), and in California under the California Type Evaluation Program (CTEP) as regulated by the Department of Food and Agriculture Division of Measurement Standards. ChargePoint is in the process of seeking additional certifications on products in Germany and Canada. Field testing to validate meter accuracy may also be carried out by various government entities responsible for ensuring the accuracy of transactions based on measured quantities, similar to the way gasoline pumps or grocery store scales are audited.
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Privacy and Data Security Laws
ChargePoint is currently subject, and may in the future be subject, to numerous privacy and data security laws. For example, some U.S. states, members of the European Economic Area, the United Kingdom, Mexico, China, and many other jurisdictions in which ChargePoint operates or plans to operate have adopted some form of privacy and data security laws and regulations that impose significant compliance obligations.
In the European Economic Area (“EEA”), the processing of personal data (i.e., data which identifies an individual or from which an individual is identifiable) is governed by the EU General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 (the “EU GDPR”). The UK has implemented the EU GDPR as the UK GDPR (together with the EU GDPR, the “GDPR”) which sits alongside the UK Data Protection Act 2018 and Switzerland has implemented similar laws. The GDPR has direct effect where an entity is established in the EEA/UK (as applicable) and has extra-territorial effect where an entity established outside of the EEA/UK (as applicable) processes personal data in relation to the offering of goods or services to individuals in the EEA/UK (as applicable) or the monitoring of their behavior.
The GDPR imposes obligations on companies which can vary depending on the role that company takes. These obligations include granting individuals certain rights over personal data about them or relating to them, requirements around the disclosures and choices provided to those individuals, obligations to maintain certain documentation and to ensure specific contractual provisions are in place where engaging a third party, and requirements to safeguard personal data and to notify certain personal data breaches.
The EU GDPR also prohibits the international transfer of personal data originating in the EEA to jurisdictions that the European Commission does not recognize as having an ‘adequate’ level of data protection unless a data transfer mechanism has been put in place or a derogation under the EU GDPR can be relied on. In July 2020, the Court of Justice of the EU (“CJEU”) in its Schrems II judgement limited how organizations could lawfully transfer personal data from the EEA to the U.S. by invalidating the EU-US Privacy Shield for purposes of international transfers and imposing further restrictions on the use of standard contractual clauses (“EU SCCs”), including a requirement for companies to carry out a transfer privacy impact assessment (“TIA”). A TIA, among other things, assesses laws governing access to personal data in the recipient country and considers whether supplementary measures that provide privacy protections additional to those provided under EU SCCs will need to be implemented to ensure an ‘essentially equivalent’ level of data protection to that afforded in the EEA. On October 7, 2022, U.S. President Biden introduced an Executive Order to facilitate a new Trans-Atlantic Data Privacy Framework (“DPF”) and on 10 July 2023, the European Commission adopted its Final Implementing Decision granting the U.S. adequacy (“Adequacy Decision”) for EU-US transfers of personal data for entities self-certified to the DPF. Entities relying on EU SCCs for transfers to the U.S. are also able to rely on the analysis in the Adequacy Decision as support for their TIA regarding the equivalence of U.S. national security safeguards and redress.
The UK GDPR also imposes similar restrictions on transfers of personal data from the UK to jurisdictions that the UK Government does not consider adequate, including the U.S. The UK Government has published its own form of the EU SCCs, known as the International Data Transfer Agreement and an International Data Transfer Addendum to the new EU SCCs. The UK Information Commissioner’s Office (“ICO”) has also published its own version of the TIA and guidance on international transfers, although entities may choose to adopt either the EU or UK-style TIA. Further, on September 21, 2023, the UK Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology established a UK-U.S. data bridge (i.e., a UK equivalent of the Adequacy Decision) and adopted UK regulations to implement the UK-U.S. data bridge (“UK Adequacy Regulations”). Personal data may now be transferred from the UK under the UK-U.S. data bridge through the UK extension to the DPF to organizations self-certified under the UK extension to DPF. There is also a Swiss extension to the DPF.
Data protection supervisory authorities have the power under the EU GDPR to (amongst other things) impose fines for serious breaches of up to the higher of 4% of the organization’s annual worldwide turnover or €20.0 million. Individuals also have a right to compensation, as a result of an organization’s breach of the GDPR which has affected them, for financial or non-financial losses (e.g., distress).
The GDPR has increased ChargePoint’s responsibility and potential liability and ChargePoint may be required to put in place additional mechanisms to ensure compliance with the GDPR, which could divert management’s attention and increase its cost of doing business, and despite ChargePoint’s ongoing efforts to bring its practices into compliance with the GDPR, it may not be successful.
ChargePoint is also subject to the e-Privacy Directive and the EU member states’ additions to and implementation of the e-Privacy Directive. The e-Privacy Directive’s provisions include requirements concerning the use of cookies and other tracking technologies and the use of personal information in marketing, including requirements to obtain consent from individuals to receive unsolicited electronic marketing communications and the requirement to provide those individuals with the ability to opt-out of future communications. Similarly, the CAN-SPAM Act in the United States governs email marketing. These and other cookie, email and marketing regulations increase ChargePoint’s regulatory compliance obligations and risks.
Additionally, ChargePoint is governed by a California state privacy law called the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, (“CCPA”), as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act in 2020 (“CPRA”), which contains requirements similar to the GDPR for the handling of personal information of California residents. The CCPA establishes a privacy framework for covered businesses, including an expansive definition of personal information and data privacy rights for California residents. The CCPA includes a framework with potentially severe statutory damages and private rights of action. The CCPA requires covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers (as that word is broadly defined in the CCPA), and new ways for such consumers to opt-out of
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certain sales of personal information, and to allow for a new cause of action for data breaches. Moreover, the CPRA significantly modified the CCPA, including by imposing further requirements relating to data minimization and correction; expanding consumers’ rights, including the right to opt-out of the use of their personal information in online behavioral advertising and to opt-out of certain types of consumer profiling; and sunsetting exemptions for business-to-business personal information and employee information. The CPRA also created a new state agency vested with authority to implement and enforce the CCPA and the CPRA. This agency, known as the California Privacy Protection Agency (“CPPA”) is authorized to implement regulations, and has drafted broad and new privacy requirements in this role. New legislation proposed or enacted in various other states will continue to shape the data privacy environment nationally. For example, Virginia enacted the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (“CDPA”), which became effective on January 1, 2023, the Colorado Privacy Act (“CPA”) which became effective on July 1, 2023; the Utah Consumer Privacy Act (“UCPA”) which became effective December 1, 2023; and the Connecticut Data Privacy Act, which became effective on July 1, 2023. These state laws are similar to the CCPA and CPRA, but aspects of these state privacy statutes remain unclear, resulting in further legal uncertainty. Several states have also passed similar privacy laws that will become effective in 2024 or later, including Delaware, Indiana, Iowa, Montana, New Jersey, Oregon, Tennessee and Texas. The United States federal government is also considering legislation governing privacy and security issues, including the possibility of private rights of action. This creates legal uncertainty with respect to federal law as well as the impact such laws will have on state statutes. Additionally, the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) engages in regulatory investigations of privacy and security practices that may violate Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act, which prohibits unfair methods of competition, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices affecting commerce. These regulatory investigations can lead to consent decrees or litigation with the FTC and the Department of Justice. FTC consent decrees often mandate detailed privacy and security programs with annual audits for up to twenty years. Furthermore, state attorneys general may also join together to file lawsuits based on violations of applicable state privacy acts. In the event ChargePoint is subject to litigation, penalties, or enforcement actions pursuant to the GDPR, CCPA, CPRA, the FTC or applicable state laws, ChargePoint may be subject to fines and penalties, remediation measures which will divert management’s time and attention, as well as harm to its reputation.
The GDPR, CCPA, CPRA, and other state laws exemplify the vulnerability of ChargePoint’s business to the evolving regulatory environment related to personal data. Other states in the United States may pass or are considering privacy laws, and additional countries have in recent years implemented new privacy laws. ChargePoint’s compliance costs and potential liability may increase as the result of additional national and international regulatory requirements related to data privacy and data security.
Waste Handling and Disposal
ChargePoint is subject to laws and regulations regarding the handling and disposal of hazardous substances and solid wastes, including electronic wastes and batteries. These laws generally regulate the generation, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of solid and hazardous waste, and may impose strict, joint and several liability for the investigation and remediation of areas where hazardous substances may have been released or disposed. For instance, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (“CERCLA”), also known as the Superfund law, in the United States and comparable state laws impose liability, without regard to fault or the legality of the original conduct, on certain classes of persons that contributed to the release of a hazardous substance into the environment. These persons include current and prior owners or operators of the site where the release occurred as well as companies that disposed or arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances found at the site. Under CERCLA, these persons may be subject to joint and several strict liability for the costs of cleaning up the hazardous substances that have been released into the environment, for damages to natural resources and for the costs of certain health studies. CERCLA also authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency and, in some instances, third-parties to act in response to threats to the public health or the environment and to seek to recover from the responsible classes of persons the costs they incur. ChargePoint may handle hazardous substances within the meaning of CERCLA, or similar state statutes, in the course of ordinary operations and, as a result, may be jointly and severally liable under CERCLA for all or part of the costs required to clean up sites at which these hazardous substances have been released into the environment.
ChargePoint also generates solid wastes, which may include hazardous wastes that are subject to the requirements of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”) and comparable state statutes. While RCRA regulates both solid and hazardous wastes, it imposes strict requirements on the generation, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of hazardous wastes. Certain components of ChargePoint’s products are excluded from RCRA’s hazardous waste regulations, provided certain requirements are met. However, if these components do not meet all of the established requirements for the exclusion, or if the requirements for the exclusion change, ChargePoint may be required to treat such products as hazardous waste, which are subject to more rigorous and costly disposal requirements. Any changes in the laws and regulations, or ChargePoint’s ability to qualify the materials it uses for exclusions under such laws and regulations, could adversely affect ChargePoint’s operating expenses.
Similar laws exist in other jurisdictions where ChargePoint operates. Additionally, in the EU, ChargePoint is subject to the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (“WEEE Directive”). The WEEE Directive provides for the creation of a collection scheme where consumers return electrical and electronic equipment waste to merchants, such as ChargePoint. If ChargePoint fails to properly manage such electrical and electronic equipment waste, it may be subject to fines, sanctions, or other actions that may adversely affect ChargePoint’s financial operations.
For more information on the potential impacts of government regulations affecting ChargePoint’s business, see “Risks Related to Legal Matters and Regulations” set forth under “Risk Factors” included under Part I, Item 1A.
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Research and Development
ChargePoint’s research and development team is responsible for designing, developing, manufacturing, testing and sustaining its products. ChargePoint has invested significant time and expenses into research and development for its networked charging platform technologies and for its Cloud software. ChargePoint’s ability to maintain and expand its leadership position in the EV charging market depends upon successfully maintaining and expanding its research and development activities. Historically, ChargePoint has designed and developed its hardware networked charging systems and Cloud software in-house. ChargePoint intends to expand its research and development activities through the use of third-party contract manufacturers and design service partners in order to accelerate its hardware development timelines and leverage engineering resources and best practices from leading original design manufacturers.
ChargePoint’s research and development teams are primarily located in the Company’s headquarters in Campbell, California, its facilities in Gurgaon and Bangalore, India, and its European locations in Radstadt, Austria, Amsterdam, Netherlands and Reading, the United Kingdom.
Intellectual Property
ChargePoint relies on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright, unfair competition and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions, to establish, maintain and protect its proprietary rights. ChargePoint’s success depends in part upon its ability to obtain and maintain proprietary protection for ChargePoint’s products, technology and know-how, to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others, and to prevent others from infringing ChargePoint’s proprietary rights.
As of January 31, 2024, ChargePoint had 93 U.S. patents issued and 22 U.S. pending non-provisional patent applications, 24 U.S. pending design patent applications, and two U.S. provisional applications pending. Additionally, ChargePoint had 38 issued foreign patents and 13 foreign patent applications currently pending in various foreign jurisdictions. In addition, as of January 31, 2024, there were three pending Patent Cooperation Treaty applications. These patents relate to various EV charging station designs and/or EV charging functionality. Such issued patents and any patents derived from such applications or applications that claim priority from such applications, if granted, would be expected to expire between 2024 and 2047, excluding any additional term for patent term adjustments. ChargePoint cannot be assured that any of its patent applications will result in the issuance of a patent or whether the examination process will require ChargePoint to narrow the scope of the claims sought. ChargePoint’s issued patents, and any future patents issued to ChargePoint, may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, may not provide sufficiently broad protection and may not prove to be enforceable inactions against alleged infringers.
ChargePoint enters into agreements with its employees, contractors, customers, partners and other parties with which it does business to limit access to and disclosure of its technology and other proprietary information. ChargePoint cannot be certain that the steps it has taken will be sufficient or effective to prevent the unauthorized access, use, copying or the reverse engineering of ChargePoint’s technology and other proprietary information, including by third-parties who may use its technology or other proprietary information to develop products and services that compete with ChargePoint’s. Moreover, others may independently develop technologies that are competitive with ChargePoint or that infringe on, misappropriate or otherwise violate its intellectual property and proprietary rights, and policing the unauthorized use of ChargePoint’s intellectual property and proprietary rights can be difficult. The enforcement of ChargePoint’s intellectual property and proprietary rights also depends on any legal actions ChargePoint may bring against any such parties being successful, but these actions are costly, time-consuming and may not be successful, even when ChargePoint’s rights have been infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated.
ChargePoint intends to continue to regularly assess opportunities for seeking patent protection for those aspects of its technology, designs and methodologies that ChargePoint believes provide a meaningful competitive advantage. However, ChargePoint’s ability to do so may be limited until such time as it is able to generate cash flow from operations or otherwise raise sufficient capital to continue to invest in ChargePoint’s intellectual property. For example, maintaining patents in the United States and other countries requires the payment of maintenance fees which, if ChargePoint is unable to pay, may result in loss of its patent rights. If ChargePoint is unable to pay these maintenance fees, its ability to protect its intellectual property or prevent others from infringing its proprietary rights may be impaired.
Human Capital Resources
As of January 31, 2024, ChargePoint had approximately 1,650 worldwide employees. ChargePoint’s talent is the foundation of its success. ChargePoint strives to become the employer of choice within its industry, facilitating the transition to electric mobility by placing its talent at the heart of its success. To achieve this mission, ChargePoint aims to develop its individual, team and leadership capabilities, attract the best talent from diverse backgrounds, retain its talent through a variety of means including competitive rewards and benefits, creating a winning culture, and engaging its talent by building a culture of feedback, inclusion and recognition. Key focus and investment areas to achieve this goal include, among others, diversity and inclusion, emphasis on ethical business practices, and employee safety and wellness.
Diversity and Inclusion . ChargePoint believes that by cultivating a diverse and inclusive workforce where employees can bring diversity of thought, background and experiences, ChargePoint will ultimately drive better business outcomes and drive value for the organization and customers. This commitment includes adopting policies and other initiatives designed to provide equal access to, and participation in, equal employment opportunities, programs, and services without regard to race, religion, color, national origin,
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disability, sex, sexual orientation, or gender identity. ChargePoint’s Compensation and Organizational Development Committee of its Board of Directors reviews and provides feedback on ChargePoint’s diversity and inclusion initiatives.
Ethical Business Practices. ChargePoint also fosters a strong corporate culture that promotes high standards of ethics and compliance for its business, including policies that set forth principles to guide employees, executives, and directors, such as its Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. In addition, ChargePoint has joined the Responsible Business Alliance (RBA) and adopted its Supplier Code of Conduct, which emphasizes business ethics in its supply chain through audit and oversight programs focused on promoting ethical and sustainable labor, health and safety, and environmental business practices. ChargePoint also maintains a whistleblower policy and anonymous hotline for the confidential reporting of any suspected policy violations or unethical business conduct on the part of its businesses, employees, executives, directors, or vendors.
Employee Safety and Wellness . ChargePoint provides various health and wellness resources to help its employees maintain and improve their well-being. In addition to health, medical and dental benefits, ChargePoint offers all employees access to several wellness offerings which provide a variety of mental and physical health solutions, therapy and coaching sessions, fertility, family forming and pregnancy support, virtual baby care, and mobile access to doctors.
Compensation and Benefits. ChargePoint offers competitive salaries and benefits programs such as medical, dental, and vision insurance, health and dependent care flexible spending accounts, a 401(k) plan, health savings account, life insurance, accidental death and dismemberment insurance, short-term and long-term disability insurance, and commuter benefits. Employees are also eligible to participate in its Employee Stock Purchase Program and discretionary equity awards program. ChargePoint designs its employee benefits programs to be competitive in relation to the market. ChargePoint adjusts its employee benefits programs as needed to retain key talent based upon regular monitoring of applicable laws and practices and the competitive market. In structuring these benefit programs, ChargePoint seeks to provide an aggregate level of benefits that are comparable to those provided by similar companies.
Available Information
The Company’s Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), are made available free of charge on ChargePoint’s website, investors.chargepoint.com as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). In addition, the SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.