APPLIED OPTOELECTRONICS, INC. 10-K

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures      a. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.    The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.    Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2022 . Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered in this Form 10-K, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.      b. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.    Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act). Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the issuer’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that our degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.   43 Table of Contents   Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022 .     c. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting    There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) identified in connection with management’s evaluation required by the Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) under the Exchange Act that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.   Item 9B. Other Information    None.   Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdiction that Prevent Inspections   None.      44 Table of Contents   PART III      Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance    The information required by this item (other than the information set forth in the next paragraph in this Item 10) will be included in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is incorporated herein by reference.    Adoption of Code of Ethics      The Company has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code”) applicable to all of our board of director members, employees and executive officers, including our Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer), and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer). The Company has made the Code available on our website at http://www.ao-inc.com.    The Company intends to satisfy the public disclosure requirements regarding (1) any amendments to the Code, or (2) any waivers under the Code given to our Principal Executive Officer, Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer by posting such information on our website at www.ao-inc.com. There were amendments to the Code or waivers granted thereunder relating to the Principal Executive Officer, Principal Financial Officer or Principal Accounting Officer during 2022 .    Item 11. Executive Compensation    The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is incorporated herein by reference.    Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters    The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is incorporated herein by reference.    Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence    The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is incorporated herein by reference.   Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services    The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is incorporated herein by reference.   45 Table of Contents   Part IV      Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements Schedules    (a)(1) The consolidated financial statements are listed on the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements to this Form 10-K beginning on page F-1.    (a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules. Financial statement schedules have been omitted, as the information required to be set forth therein is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes thereto appearing in this Form 10-K.                                             (a)(3)  Exhibits. See the Exhibit immediately following Item 16. Form 10-K Summary of this Form 10-K.    Item 16. Form 10-K Summary    None.   46 Table of Contents   EXHIBIT INDEX              Incorporated By Reference Number      Exhibit Description      Form      File No.      Exhibit      Filing Date 2.1 ** Agreement for the Sale and Purchase of a New Company to Be Established in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of The People's Republic of China, dated as of September 15, 2022, by and between Prime World International Holdings Ltd., Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Yuhan Optoelectronics Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.   8-K   001-36083   2.1   September 15, 2022                       3.1   Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the registrant, as currently in effect   10-Q   001-36083   3.1   November 14, 2013                       3.2   Amended and Restated Bylaws of the registrant, as currently in effect   10-Q   001-36083   3.2   November 14, 2013                       4.1   Common Stock Specimen   8-K   001-36083   4.1   November 14, 2016                       4.2   Indenture,  dated as of March 5, 2019 between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, paying agent, and conversion agent   8-K   001-36083   4.1   March 5, 2019                       4.3   Form of Note representing the Company’s 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024  (included as Exhibit A to the Indenture)   8-K   001-36083   4.1   March 5, 2019                       4.4   Description of Company’s Common Stock   10-K   001-36083   4.4   February 28, 2020                       10.1   Form of Indemnification Agreement between the registrant each of its Directors and certain of its Executive Officers   S-1   333-190591   10.1   August 13, 2013                       10.2 † 2006 Incentive Share Plan   S-1   333-190591   10.5   August 13, 2013                       10.2.1 † First Amendment to 2006 Incentive Share Plan   S-1/A   333-190591   10.5.1   August 27, 2013                       10.2.2 † Form of Stock Option Agreement under 2006 Incentive Share Plan   S-1   333-190591   10.5.2   August 13, 2013                       10.3 † Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan   10-K   001-36083   10.6   March 9, 2017                       10.3.1 † Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under 2013 Equity Incentive Plan   S-1   333-190591   10.6.1   August 13, 2013                       10.3.2 † Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under 2013 Equity Incentive Plan   S-1   333-190591   10.6.2   August 13, 2013                       10.3.3 † Form of Stock Appreciation Right Award Agreement under 2013 Equity Incentive Plan   S-1   333-190591   10.6.3   August 13, 2013                       10.3.4 † Form of Notice of Stock Option Award and Stock Option Award Agreement under 2013 Equity Incentive Plan   S-1   333-190591   10.6.4   August 13, 2013                       10.4 † Amended and Restated Employment Agreement regarding Change of Control or Separation of Service between the registrant and Chih-Hsiang (Thompson) Lin, dated April 16, 2013   S-1   333-190591   10.12.1   August 13, 2013                       10.5 † Employment Agreement, dated August 5, 2016, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Stefan J. Murry   10-Q/A   001-36083   10.20   August 9, 2016                       10.6 † Employment Agreement, dated August 5, 2016, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Mr. Joshua Yeh   10-Q/A   001-36083   10.21   August 9, 2016                       10.7 † Employment Agreement, dated August 5, 2016, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Dr. Fred Chang   10-Q/A   001-36083   10.22   August 9, 2016                       10.8 † Employment Agreement, dated August 5, 2016, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and David C. Kuo   10-K   001-36083   10.9   February 28, 2018   47 Table of Contents               Incorporated By Reference   Number          Exhibit Description          Form          File No.          Exhibit          Filing Date   10.9   Loan Agreement, dated September 28, 2017, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company    8-K   001-36083   10.1   October 4, 2017                       10.9.1   Promissory Note, dated September 28, 2017, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36-83   10.2   October 4, 2017                       10.9.2   Addendum to the Promissory Note, dated September 28, 2017, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36-83   10.3   October 4, 2017                       10.9.3   BB&T Security Agreement, dated September 28, 2017, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36083   10.4   October 4, 2017                       10.9.4   Trademark Security Agreement, dated September 28, 2017, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36083   10.5   October 4, 2017                       10.9.5   Patent Security Agreement, dated September 28, 2017, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36083   10.6   October 4, 2017                       10.10   Supply Agreement, effective November 8, 2017, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Facebook, Inc.   8-K   001-36083   10.1   February 24, 2018                       10.11   Master Purchase Agreement, effective January 2, 2018, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Facebook, Inc.   8-K   001-36083   10.2   February 21, 2018                       10.12   Translation of Lease Agreement between Global Technology, Inc. and the People’s Republic of China in Zhejiang Province, Ningbo City, Land Resources Bureau   10-K   001-36083   10.30   February 28, 2018                       10.12.1   Translation of Investment and Construction Agreement between Global Technology, Inc. and the People’s Republic of China in Zhejiang Province, Ningbo City, Land Resources Bureau   10-K   001-36083   10.30.1   February 28, 2018                       10.13   Translation of Construction Agreement between Global Technology, Inc. and Zhejiang Xinyu Construction Group Co., Ltd. dated February 8, 2018   10-Q   001-36083   10.5   May 8, 2018                       10.14   First Amendment to Loan Agreement, dated March 30, 2018, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36083   10.1   April 5, 2018                       10.14.1   Addendum to the Promissory Note ($60 million), dated March 30, 2018, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36083   10.2   April 5, 2018                       10.14.2   Promissory Note ($26 million), dated March 30, 2018, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36083   10.3   April 5, 2018                       10.14.3   Addendum to the Promissory Note ($26 million), dated March 30, 2018, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36083   10.4   April 5, 2018                       10.14.4   Promissory Note ($21.5 million), dated March 30, 2018, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36083   10.5   April 5, 2018   48 Table of Contents               Incorporated By Reference   Number          Exhibit Description          Form          File No.          Exhibit          Filing Date   10.14.5   Addendum to the Promissory Note ($21.5 million), dated March 30, 2018, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36083   10.6   April 5, 2018                       10.14.6   Note Modification Agreement, dated March 30, 2018, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36083   10.7   April 5, 2018                       10.14.7   Assignment of Lease and Rent, dated March 30, 2018, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36083   10.8   April 5, 2018                       10.14.8   Texas Deed of Trust and Security Agreement, dated March 30, 2018, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36083   10.9   April 5, 2018                       10.14.9   Environmental Certification and Indemnity Agreement, dated March 30, 2018, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36083   10.10   April 5, 2018   10.15   First Amendment to Lease, dated October 8, 2018, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and GIG VAOI Breckinridge, LLC.   8-K   001-36083   10.1   October 12, 2018                       10.16   Translation of Purchase and Sale Contract, Finance Lease Agreement and Promissory Note, dated November 29, 2018, between Prime World International Holdings, Ltd., and Chailease Finance Co., Ltd.   8-K   001-36083   10.1   December 6, 2018                       10.17   Translation of Purchase and Sale Contract, Finance Lease Agreement and Promissory Note, dated January 21, 2019, between Prime World International Holdings, Ltd. and Chailease Finance Co., Ltd.   8-K   001-36083   10.1   January 25, 2019                       10.18   Second Amendment to Loan Agreement, dated February 1, 2019, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36083   10.1   February 7, 2019                       10.19   Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 28, 2019 by and among Applied Optoelectronics, Inc., Raymond James & Associates, Inc. and Cowen and Company, LLC   8-K   001-36083   10.1   March 5, 2019                       10.19.1   Third Amendment to Loan Agreement, dated March 5, 2019, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36083   10.2   March 5, 2019                       10.20   Translation of Approval Notice between, Prime World International Holdings, Ltd., and Far Eastern International Bank Co., Ltd., dated April 11, 2019   8-K   001-36083   10.1   April 17, 2019                       10.20.1   Translation of Comprehensive Credit Facilities Master Agreement between, Prime World International Holdings, Ltd., and Far Eastern International Bank Co., Ltd., dated April 11, 2019   8-K   001-36083   10.2   April 17, 2019                       10.20.2   Translation of Credit Terms / Financial Transaction Terms Agreement between, Prime World International Holdings, Ltd., and Far Eastern International Bank Co., Ltd., dated April 11, 2019   8-K   001-36083   10.3   April 17, 2019                       10.20.3   Translation of Promissory Note between, Prime World International Holdings, Ltd., and Far Eastern International Bank Co., Ltd., dated April 11, 2019   8-K   001-36083   10.4   April 17, 2019                       10.21   Translation of the Credit Granting Agreement, between Global Technology, Inc. and China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd., dated April 19, 2019   8-K   001-36083   10.1   April 25, 2019                       10.22   Translation of the Working Capital Loan Contract, between Global Technology, Inc. and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Co., Ltd., dated April 30, 2019   8-K   001-36083   10.1   May 6, 2019   49             Incorporated By Reference   Number     Exhibit Description     Form     File No.     Exhibit     Filing Date   10.23   Translation of the Working Capital Loan Contract (RMB 30,000,000), between Global Technology, Inc. and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Co., Ltd., dated May 7, 2019   8-K   001-36083   10.1   May 13, 2019   10.23.1   Translation of the Working Capital Loan Contract (USD 2,000,000),between Global Technology, Inc. and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Co., Ltd., dated May 8, 2019   8-K   001-36083   10.2   May 13, 2019                       10.24   Translation of the Financing Credit Line Agreement, dated May 24, 2019, between Global Technology, Inc. and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Co., Ltd.   8-K   001-36083   10.1   May 31, 2019                       10.24.1   Translation of the Maximum Mortgage Contract (Security Agreement), dated May 24, 2019, between Global Technology, Inc. and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Co., Ltd.   8-K   001-36083   10.2   May 31, 2019                       10.25   Translation of the Maximum Loan Contract (¥100M), dated June 21, 2019, between Global Technology, Inc. and China Zheshang Bank Co., Ltd   8-K   001-36083   10.1   June 27, 2019   10.25.1   Translation of the Maximum Mortgage Contract (the “Real Estate Security Agreement”), dated June 21, 2019, between Global Technology, Inc. and China Zheshang Bank Co., Ltd   8-K   001-36083   10.2   June 27, 2019                       10.25.2   Translation of the Maximum Loan Contract (¥50M), dated June 21, 2019, between Global Technology, Inc. and China Zheshang Bank Co., Ltd   8-K   001-36083   10.3   June 27, 2019                       10.25.3   Translation of the Maximum Mortgage Contract (the “Machinery and Equipment Security Agreement”), dated June 21, 2019, between Global Technology, Inc. and China Zheshang Bank Co., Ltd   8-K   001-36083   10.4   June 27, 2019                       10.26   Translation of the Approval Notice of Credit Line, dated July 8, 2019, between Prime World International Holdings Ltd. and Taishin International Bank   10-Q   001-36083   10.11   August 8, 2019                       10.26.1   Translation of the General Agreement for Financial Transaction, dated July 23, 2019, between Prime World International Holdings Ltd. and Taishin International Bank   10-Q   001-36083   10.12   August 8, 2019                       10.26.2   Translation of the Credit Facility Agreement, dated July 23, 2019, between Prime World International Holdings Ltd. and Taishin International Bank   10-Q   001-36083   10.13   August 8, 2019                       10.26.3   Translation of the Promissory Note, dated July 23, 2019, between Prime World International Holdings Ltd. and Taishin International Bank   10-Q   001-36083   10.14   August 8, 2019                       10.27 ** Fourth Amendment to Loan Agreement, dated September 30, 2019, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Branch Banking and Trust Company   8-K   001-36083   10.1   October 4, 2019                       10.27.1   Note Modification Agreement, dated September 30, 2019, executed by Applied Optoelectronics, Inc.   8-K   001-36083   10.2   October 4, 2019                       10.27.2   Addendum To Promissory Note, dated September 30, 2019, executed by Applied Optoelectronics, Inc.   8-K   001-36083   10.3   October 4, 2019                       10.28   Second Amendment to Lease, dated November 11, 2019, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and ROIB2 Breckinridge, LLC.   8-K   001-36083   10.1   November 18, 2019                       10.29   Paycheck Protection Program Loan Promissory Note, dated April 17, 2020, executed by Applied Optoelectronics, Inc.   8-K   001-36083   10.1   April 22, 2020                       10.30   Translation of Amendment to the Finance Lease Agreements, dated September 15, 2020, between Prime World International Holdings Ltd., and Chailease Finance Co., Ltd.   8-K   001-36083   10.1   September 18, 2020   50             Incorporated By Reference   Number     Exhibit Description     Form     File No.     Exhibit     Filing Date   10.31   Translation of the Credit Facility Agreement, dated October 7, 2020, between Prime World International Holdings Ltd. and Taishin International Bank.   8-K   001-36083   10.1   October 13, 2020                       10.31.1   Translation of the Notice of Credit Line Approval, dated August 24, 2020.   8-K   001-36083   10.2   October 13, 2020                       10.32   Translation of the Credit Granting Agreement, between Global Technology Inc. and China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd., dated October 19, 2020.   8-K   001-36083   10.2   October 22, 2020                        10.33   Translation of the Maximum Loan Co ntract, between Global Technology, Inc. and China Zheshang Bank Co., Ltd, dated January 6, 2021.   8-K   001-36083   10.1   January 11, 2021                       10.33.1   Translation of the Maximum Mortgage Contract, between Global Technology, Inc. and China Zheshang Bank Co., Ltd, dated January 6, 2021.   8-K   001-36083   10.2   January 11, 2021                       10.34   Fifth Amendment to Loan Agreement and Fourth Amendment to Security Agreement, dated April 5, 2021, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Truist Bank   8-K   001-36083   10.1   April 9, 2021                       10.34.1   Note Modification Agreement, dated April 5, 2021, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Truist Bank.   8-K   001-36083   10.2   April 9, 2021                       10.34.1   Addendum to Promissory Note, dated April 5, 2021, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Truist Bank.   8-K   001-36083   10.3   April 9, 2021                       10.35  † 2021 Stock Incentive Plan.   10-Q   001-36083   10.4   August 5, 2021                       10.35.1 † Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under 2021 Equity Incentive Plan.   10Q   001-36083   10.4.1   August 5, 2021                       10.35.2 † Form of Performance Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under 2021 Equity Incentive Plan.   10Q   001-36083   10.4.2   August 5, 2021                       10.36   Sixth Amendment to Loan Agreement and Fifth Amendment to Security Agreement, December 29, 2021, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Truist Bank.   8-K   001-36083   10.1   January 5, 2022                       10.36.1   Note Modification Agreement, dated December 29, 2021, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Truist Bank.   8-K   001-36083   10.2   January 5, 2022                       10.36.2   Addendum to Promissory Note, dated December 29, 2021, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Truist Bank.   8-K   001-36083   10.3   January 5, 2022                       10.37   Translation of the Maximum Loan Contract between Global Technology, Inc. and China Zheshang Bank Co., Ltd., dated June 7, 2022.   8-K   001-36083   10.1   June 10, 2022                       10.37.1   Translation of the Maximum Mortgage Contract, between Global Technology, Inc. and China Zheshang Bank Co., Ltd., dated June 7, 2022.   8-K   001-36083   10.2   June 10, 2022                       10.38   Form of Trademark License Agreement, by and among Applied Optoelectronics, Inc., and Global Technology Co., Ltd., and Yuhan Optoelectronic Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.   8-K   001-36083   10.1   September 15, 2022                       10.38.1   Form of Technology Cross-License Agreement, by and among Applied Optoelectronics, Inc., Global Technology Co., Ltd., and Yuhan Optoelectronic Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.   8-K   001-36083   10.2   September 15, 2022                       10.38.2 ** Form of Product Supply Agreement, by and between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Yuhan Optoelectronic Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.   8-K   001-36083   10.3   September 15, 2022   51             Incorporated By Reference   Number     Exhibit Description     Form     File No.     Exhibit     Filing Date   10.38.3 ** Form of Contract Manufacturing Agreement, by and among Applied Optoelectronics, Inc., Global Technology Co., Ltd., and Yuhan Optoelectronic Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.   8-K   001-36083   10.4   September 15, 2022                       10.39   Loan Security and Guarantee Agreement, dated November 16, 2022, between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and CIT Northbridge Credit, LLC.   8-K   001-36083   10.1   November 21, 2022                       21.1   Subsidiaries of the registrant   S-1   333-190591   21.1   August 13, 2013                       23.1 * Consent of Grant Thornton LLP                                       24.1   Power of Attorney (see the signature page in this Annual Report on Form 10-K).                                       31.1 * Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.                                       31.2 * Certification of Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.                   32.1 * Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and 18 U.S.C. §1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.                                       101.INS   Inline XBRL Instance Document                                       101.SCH   Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document                                       101.CAL   Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document                                       101.DEF   Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document                                       101.LAB   Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document                                       101.PRE   Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document                                       104   Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)                 *     Filed herewith. †     Management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement. **   Confidential Treatment has been granted for portions of this document.   52 Table of Contents   SIGNATURES       Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.        APPLIED OPTOELECTRONICS, INC.       By: /s/ Chih-Hsiang (Thompson) Lin     Chih-Hsiang (Thompson) Lin ,     President and Chief Executive Officer and     Chairman of the Board of Directors February 24, 2023         POWER OF ATTORNEY     KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Chih-Hsiang (Thompson) Lin and Stefan J. Murry, and each of them, jointly and severally, his attorneys-in-fact, each with the power of substitution, for him in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.     Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, this Form 10-K has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.     Signature Date     /s/ Chih-Hsiang (Thompson) Lin   CHIH-HSIANG (THOMPSON) LIN,   President, Chief Executive Officer and February 24, 2023 Chairman of the Board of Directors   (principal executive officer)       /s/ STEFAN J. MURRY   STEFAN J. MURRY,   Chief Financial Officer February 24, 2023 (principal financial officer and   principal accounting officer)       Signature Date     /s/ WILLIAM H. YEH   WILLIAM H. YEH, February 24, 2023 Director       /s/ RICHARD B. BLACK   RICHARD B. BLACK, February 24, 2023 Director       /s/ CHE-WEI LIN   CHE-WEI LIN, February 24, 2023 Director       /s/ CYNTHIA (CINDY) DELANEY   CYNTHIA (CINDY) DELANEY, February 24, 2023 Director       /s/ ELIZABETH LOBOA   ELIZABETH LOBOA, February 24, 2023 Director       /s/ MIN-CHU (MIKE) CHEN   MIN-CHU (MIKE) CHEN, February 24, 2023 Director         53 Table of Contents       INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS       Pages     Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm  (PCAOB ID Number 248 ) F-2     Consolidated Balance Sheets F-4     Consolidated Statements of Operations F-5     Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) F-6     Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity F-7     Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows F-8     Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-9       F-1 Table of Contents     REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM      Board of Directors and Shareholders Applied Optoelectronics, Inc.   Opinion on the financial statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.   Basis for opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.   We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.   Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.   Critical audit matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.   Inventory Reserve As described further in Note B to the financial statements, the Company assesses the valuation of its inventory on a periodic basis and provides an allowance based on several factors including products’ life span, historical changes in valuation and write-offs, and management’s estimates of future demand. One significant estimate and assumption that impacts the financial statements is inventory reserve. We identified the accounting for inventory reserve as a critical audit matter.   The principal considerations for our determination that accounting for inventory reserve is a critical audit matter are the judgments and estimates associated with management’s determination of inventory reserve adjustments, due to the nature of the inputs and assumptions used in the process and that the reserve is subject to estimation uncertainty and requires auditor subjectivity in evaluating reasonableness. Management developed certain percentages that determine the extent of inventory reserves based on the age of the inventory. Such percentages were determined through analysis of the inventory to determine each product's lifespan, a review of historical write-offs or scrapped inventory, and an assessment by product engineers of the possibility of obsolescence for each product.   Our audit procedures related to the accounting for inventory reserve included the following:     ● We assessed the qualifications and competence of management and evaluated the methodologies used to determine the inventory reserve;   ● We tested the design and operating effectiveness of key controls related to the accounting for the inventory reserve, including controls relating to management’s development of the reserve; and   ● We obtained the underlying inventory aging report and agreed the balances to the general ledger to test for completeness and performed the following:   ● recalculated the unit price and agreed such unit price to inventory details;   ● selected inventory items to re-age; and   ● recalculated the inventory reserve.     F-2   Impairment of Long-Lived Assets As described further in Note B to the financial statements, the Company accounts for impairment of long-lived assets in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment (“ASC 360”). Long-lived assets consist primarily of property, plant and equipment, right-of-use assets and intangible assets. The Company evaluates the carrying value of long-lived assets when it determines a triggering event has occurred, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. When indicators exist, recoverability of assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying value of the asset group to the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If assets are determined not to be recoverable, the Company performs an analysis of the fair value of the asset group and will recognize an impairment loss when the fair value is less than the carrying amounts of such assets. The undiscounted future net cash flows, and any subsequent fair value determination, are based on assumptions and projections that require subjective judgments. We identified the long-lived assets impairment assessment and cash flow analysis as a critical audit matter.   The principal consideration for our determination that the long-lived assets impairment assessment represents a critical audit matter is the judgments and assumptions associated with management’s determination of the recoverability of the long-lived assets including any subsequent fair value assessments. Auditing the undiscounted future net cash flows involved a high degree of subjectivity, auditor judgment and audit effort in evaluating management’s significant assumptions primarily due to the complexity of the cash flow models used, as well as the sensitivity of the underlying significant assumptions. The Company used an undiscounted cash flow model to assess the recoverability of the long-lived assets, which included assumptions such as revenue growth rates, operating expenses, earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (“EBITDA”) margins, capital expenditures, asset grouping, forecast period and future sales values. These significant assumptions are forward looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions.   Our audit procedures related to the accounting for impairment of long-lived assets included the following:     ● We assessed the qualifications and competence of management and evaluated the methodologies used to determine the fair value of long-lived assets;   ● We tested the design and operating effectiveness of key controls related to the accounting for possible impairment, including controls relating to management’s development of forecasts for revenue growth rates, operating expenses, EBITDA margins, capital expenditures, asset grouping, forecast period and future sales values;   ● We tested the assumptions, including the testing of underlying source information and the mathematical accuracy of the calculations, used within the undiscounted cash flow models to estimate the recoverability of long-lived assets, which included assumptions such as revenue growth rates, operating expenses, EBITDA margins, capital expenditures, asset grouping, forecast period and future sales values;   ● We tested the Company’s ability to forecast future cash flows by reviewing actual results compared to amounts previously forecasted; and   ● We tested the sensitivity of the undiscounted cash flows utilized in the recoverability test.   /s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP   We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2008.    Houston, Texas February 24, 2023   F-3 Table of Contents     Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Subsidiaries   CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS   (in thousands except the par value)          December 31,       2022     2021   ASSETS                 Current Assets                 Cash and cash equivalents   $ 24,685     $ 34,656   Restricted cash     10,902       6,480   Accounts receivable - trade, net of allowance of $ 28 and $ 30 , respectively     61,175       47,944   Notes receivable     339       8,148   Inventories     79,679       92,516   Prepaid income tax     —       1   Prepaid expenses and other current assets     6,384       4,334   Total current assets     183,164       194,079   Property, plant and equipment, net     210,184       243,035   Land use rights, net     5,238       5,856   Operating right of use asset     5,566       7,078   Financing right of use asset     26       57   Intangible assets, net     3,699       3,836   Other assets, net     386       518   TOTAL ASSETS   $ 408,263     $ 454,459   LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY                 Current liabilities                 Accounts payable   $ 47,845     $ 34,402   Bank acceptance payable     12,337       8,198   Accrued liabilities     17,222       15,587   Deferred revenue     3,000       —   Current lease liability - operating     1,041       1,062   Current lease liability - financing     63       19   Current portion of notes payable and long-term debt     57,074       49,689   Total current liabilities     138,582       108,957   Convertible senior notes     79,506       78,680   Non-current lease liability - operating     5,505       7,189   Non-current lease liability - financing     —       63   Notes payable and long-term debt, less current portion     —       5,000   TOTAL LIABILITIES     223,593       199,889   Stockholders' equity:                 Preferred Stock; 5,000 shares authorized at $ 0.001 par value; no shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively     —       —   Common Stock; 45,000 shares authorized at $ 0.001 par value; 28,622 and 27,323 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively     29       27   Additional paid-in capital     391,526       381,143   Accumulated other comprehensive income     2,183       16,071   Accumulated deficit     ( 209,068 )     ( 142,671 ) TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY     184,670       254,570   TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY   $ 408,263     $ 454,459     The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.   F-4 Table of Contents     Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Subsidiaries   CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS   (in thousands, except share and per share data)       Year ended December 31,       2022     2021     2020   Revenue, net   $ 222,818     $ 211,565     $ 234,623   Cost of goods sold     189,191       173,850       184,082   Gross profit     33,627       37,715       50,541   Operating expenses                         Research and development     36,244       41,220       43,393   Sales and marketing     9,723       10,899       14,087   General and administrative     46,658       42,362       41,903   Total operating expenses     92,625       94,481       99,383   Loss from operations     ( 58,998 )     ( 56,766 )     ( 48,842 ) Other income (expense)                         Interest income     126       70       255   Interest expense     ( 6,319 )     ( 5,620 )     ( 5,635 ) Other income (expense), net     ( 1,205 )     8,156       2,998   Total other income (expense), net     ( 7,398 )     2,606       ( 2,382 ) Loss before income taxes     ( 66,396 )     ( 54,160 )     ( 51,224 ) Income tax expense     ( 1 )     ( 2 )     ( 7,228 ) Net loss   $ ( 66,397 )   $ ( 54,162 )   $ ( 58,452 ) Net loss per share                         Basic   $ ( 2.38 )   $ ( 2.01 )   $ ( 2.67 ) Diluted   $ ( 2.38 )   $ ( 2.01 )   $ ( 2.67 )                           Weighted average shares used to compute net loss per share:                         Basic     27,846,387       26,912,141       21,866,630   Diluted     27,846,387       26,912,141       21,866,630     The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.   F-5 Table of Contents     Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Subsidiaries   CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)   (in thousands)         Year ended December 31,       2022     2021     2020   Net loss   $ ( 66,397 )   $ ( 54,162 )   $ ( 58,452 ) Gain/(Loss) on foreign currency translation adjustment     ( 13,888 )     4,381       11,260   Comprehensive loss   $ ( 80,285 )   $ ( 49,781 )   $ ( 47,192 )   The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.    F-6 Table of Contents     Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Subsidiaries   CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Years ended December 2020, 2021 and 2022 (in thousands)                                                 Accumulated     Retained               Preferred Stock     Common Stock     Additional     other     earnings/               Number             Number             paid-in     comprehensive     (Accumulated     Stockholders'       of shares     Amount     of shares     Amount     capital     gain (loss)     deficit)     equity   January 1, 2020     —     $ —       20,140     $ 20     $ 303,401     $ 430     $ ( 30,057 )   $ 273,794   Public offering of common stock, net     —       —       4,470       4       39,306       —       —       39,310   Stock options exercised, net of shares withheld for employee tax     —       —       3       —       30       —       —       30   Issuance of restricted stock, net of shares withheld for employee tax     —       —       497       1       ( 1,098 )     —       —       ( 1,097 ) Share-based compensation     —       —       —       —       13,046       —       —       13,046   Foreign currency translation adjustment     —       —       —       —       —       11,260       —       11,260   Net loss     —       —                     —             ( 58,452 )     ( 58,452 ) December 31, 2020     —     $ —       25,110     $ 25     $ 354,685     $ 11,690     $ ( 88,509 )   $ 277,891   Public offering of common stock, net     —       —       1,552       1       15,288       —       —       15,289   Stock options exercised, net of shares withheld for employee tax     —       —       2       —       8       —       —       8   Issuance of restricted stock, net of shares withheld for employee tax     —       —       659       1       ( 959 )     —       —       ( 958 ) Share-based compensation     —       —       —       —       12,121       —       —       12,121   Foreign currency translation adjustment     —       —       —       —       —       4,381       —       4,381   Net loss     —       —                                 ( 54,162 )     ( 54,162 ) December 31, 2021     —     $ —       27,323     $ 27     $ 381,143     $ 16,071     $ ( 142,671 )   $ 254,570   Public offering of common stock, net     —       —       437       1       1,237       —       —       1,238   Stock options exercised, net of shares withheld for employee tax     —       —       —       —       —       —       —       —   Issuance of restricted stock, net of shares withheld for employee tax     —       —       862       1       ( 454 )     —       —       ( 453 ) Share-based compensation     —       —       —       —       9,600       —       —       9,600   Foreign currency translation adjustment     —       —       —       —       —       ( 13,888 )     —       ( 13,888 ) Net loss     —       —       —       —       —       —       ( 66,397 )     ( 66,397 ) December 31, 2022     —     $ —       28,622     $ 29     $ 391,526     $ 2,183     $ ( 209,068 )   $ 184,670     The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.    F-7 Table of Contents     Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Subsidiaries CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS   (in thousands)          Year ended December 31,       2022     2021     2020   Operating activities:                         Net loss   $ ( 66,397 )   $ ( 54,162 )   $ ( 58,452 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:                         Allowance of bad debt     ( 3 )     ( 32 )     32   Inventory reserve adjustment     4,900       3,889       3,930   Depreciation and amortization     23,202       25,371       24,733   Amortization of debt issuance costs     902       865       900   Deferred income taxes, net     —       —       7,348   Loss (gain) on disposal of assets     ( 47 )     1       15   Share-based compensation     9,600       12,121       13,046   Interest for extinguishment of debt     —       ( 70 )     —   Extinguishment of debt     —       ( 6,229 )     —   Unrealized foreign exchange (gain) loss     1,916       645       ( 1,152 ) Changes in operating assets and liabilities:                         Accounts receivable, trade     ( 12,749 )     ( 7,020 )     ( 8,421 ) Notes receivable     7,764       ( 7,585 )     ( 389 ) Prepaid income tax     1       1       188   Inventories     1,150       15,786       ( 23,674 ) Other current assets     ( 2,406 )     867       1,220   Operating right of use asset     888       848       407   Accounts payable     12,966       7,069       ( 3,347 ) Accrued income taxes     —       1       1   Accrued liabilities     5,260       ( 3,092 )     44   Lease liability     ( 969 )     ( 918 )     ( 438 ) Net cash used in operating activities     ( 14,022 )     ( 11,644 )     ( 44,009 ) Investing activities:                         Purchase of property, plant and equipment     ( 3,210 )     ( 7,981 )     ( 15,795 ) Proceeds from disposal of equipment     403       114       216   Deposits and prepaid for equipment     ( 529 )     ( 2,222 )     ( 3,279 ) Purchase of intangible assets     ( 498 )     ( 457 )     ( 489 ) Net cash used in investing activities     ( 3,834 )     ( 10,546 )     ( 19,347 ) Financing activities:                         Proceeds from issuance of notes payable and long-term debt, net of debt issuance costs     —       —       6,229   Principal payments of long-term debt and notes payable     ( 7,336 )     ( 4,144 )     ( 5,233 ) Proceeds from line of credit borrowings, net of debt issuance costs     143,261       122,935       95,730   Repayments of line of credit borrowings, net of debt issuance costs     ( 131,030 )     ( 111,287 )     ( 96,006 ) Proceeds from bank acceptance payable     45,666       24,622       39,958   Repayments of bank acceptance payable     ( 40,573 )     ( 32,465 )     ( 31,338 ) Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes, net of debt issuance costs     —       —       ( 18 ) Principal payments of financing lease     ( 19 )     ( 18 )     ( 17 ) Exercise of stock options     —       8       13   Payments of tax withholding on behalf of employees related to share-based compensation     ( 453 )     ( 961 )     ( 1,080 ) Proceeds from common stock offering, net     1,238       15,397       39,203   Net cash provided by financing activities     10,753       14,087       47,441   Effect of exchange rate changes on cash     1,553       ( 876 )     ( 999 ) Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash     ( 5,550 )     ( 8,979 )     ( 16,914 ) Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period     41,136       50,115       67,029   Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period   $ 35,587     $ 41,136     $ 50,115   Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:                         Cash paid (received) for:                         Interest   $ 5,142     $ 4,899     $ 4,971   Income taxes     —       1       ( 364 ) Non-cash investing and financing activities:                         Net change in accounts payable related to property and equipment additions   $ ( 164 )   $ ( 4,027 )   $ ( 2,326 ) Net change in deposits and prepaid for equipment related to property and equipment additions     67       84       ( 64 )   The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.   F-8 Table of Contents   Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Subsidiaries NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS        NOTE A—ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS    Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. (“AOI” or the “Company”) was incorporated in the State of Texas on February  28, 1997. In March 2013, the Company converted into a Delaware corporation. The Company is a leading, vertically integrated provider of fiber-optic networking products, primarily for four networking end-markets: internet data center, CATV, telecom and FTTH. The Company designs and manufactures a wide range of optical communications products at varying levels of integration, from components, subassemblies and modules to complete turn-key equipment.    The Company has manufacturing and research and development facilities located in the U.S., Taiwan and China. At its corporate headquarters and manufacturing facilities in Sugar Land, Texas, the Company primarily manufactures lasers and laser components and performs research and development activities for laser component and optical module products. The Company operates in Taipei, Taiwan and Ningbo, China through its wholly-owned subsidiary Prime World International Holdings, Ltd. (“Prime World”, incorporated in the British Virgin Islands). Prime World is the parent of Global Technology, Inc. (“Global”, incorporated in the People’s Republic of China).  Through Global, the Company primarily manufactures certain of its data center transceiver products, including subassemblies and transceivers, as well as Cable TV Broadband (“CATV”) systems and equipment, and performs research and development activities for the CATV products. Prime World also operates a branch in Taiwan, which primarily manufactures transceivers. The Company also has a research and development center in Duluth, Georgia.   On  September  15,   2022,  we entered into a definitive purchase agreement with Yuhan Optoelectronic Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd ("Purchaser"), which is a company incorporated in the People's Republic of China ("PRC"), to divest the Company's manufacturing facilities in the PRC and certain assets related to our transceiver business and multi-channel optical sub-assembly products (collectively, the "Divestiture"). The closing of the transaction is subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions, including the approval from the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States ("CFIUS").   The purchase price will be an amount equal to the $ 150 million USD equivalent of Renminbi, less a holdback amount. Prior to the closing of the transaction the Company anticipates investing an amount equal to between 4 % and 10 % of the estimated proceeds from the transaction in exchange for a 10 % equity interest in the Purchaser. The transaction is expected to close in 2023, subject to customary closing conditions and regulatory approval.   Our management has performed an evaluation as required by ASC- 360 - 10 - 45 - 9 to determine whether to classify certain of our assets and liabilities as held for sale as of December 31, 2022. ASC 360 requires that a company classifies a business as held for sale in the period in which management commits to a plan to sell the business, the business is available for immediate sale in its present condition, an active program to complete the plan to sell the business is initiated, the sale of the business within one year is probable and the business is being marketed at a reasonable price in relation to its fair value. Although we have announced the execution of a definitive purchase agreement regarding the Divestiture, completion of this transaction is not certain for reasons that include the fact that the proposed sale is subject to regulatory approval in the US and China, the timing and likelihood of which is uncertain and beyond our control, and the fact that we cannot be certain that the buyer will not request modification of terms within the definitive purchase agreement. As a result, we have concluded that at the present time the business is not "available for immediate sale" under the meaning defined in ASC 360 and therefore none of our assets or liabilities should be classified as held for sale.        NOTE B—SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES    1. Basis of Presentation    The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its wholly-owned subsidiaries and are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.    2. Use of Estimates    The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported. Actual results could differ from those estimates in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant estimates and assumptions that impact these financial statements relate to, among other things, allowance for doubtful accounts, inventory reserve, product warranty costs, share-based compensation expense, estimated useful lives of property and equipment, and taxes.    3. Foreign Currency Translation    The functional currency for the Company’s foreign operations is the local currency. The assets and liabilities of these operations are translated at the rate of exchange in effect on the balance sheet date and sales and expenses are translated at monthly average rates. The resulting gains or losses from translation are included in a separate component of other comprehensive income. There is no tax effect on the foreign currency translation because management has concluded that no deferred tax asset (DTA) should be recorded because at the present time management cannot conclude that the temporary book-tax basis difference that would create this DTA will reverse in the foreseeable future due to the uncertainties in the timing of the Divestiture described above in Note A. Transaction gains and losses resulting from re-measuring monetary asset and liability accounts that are denominated in a currency other than a subsidiary’s functional currency are included in net foreign exchange gain and loss and are included in net income except for those intercompany balances that are long-term investments in nature. The translation gain or losses from the long-term investment nature of intercompany balances are treated as translation adjustments and included in comprehensive income.    4. Fair Value    The carrying value of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and note receivable approximate their historical fair values due to their short-term maturities. The carrying value of the debt approximates its fair value due to the short-term nature of the debt since it renews frequently at current interest rates. Management believes that the interest rates in effect at each year end represent the current market rates for similar borrowings.   F- 9 Table of Contents   The fair value measurement standard defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The standard characterizes inputs used in determining fair value according to a hierarchy that prioritized inputs based on the degree to which they are observable. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:    Level  1—Inputs represent quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.    Level  2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level  1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.    Level  3—Inputs that are not observable from objective sources, such as management’s internally developed assumptions used in pricing an asset or liability.    Assets and liabilities that are required to be fair valued on a recurring basis include money market funds, marketable securities, equity instruments and contingent consideration.    Money market funds are valued with Level  1 inputs, using quoted market prices, and are included in cash and cash equivalents on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.    5. Cash and Cash Equivalents    The Company considers all highly liquid securities with an original maturity of ninety days or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash in foreign accounts was approximately $ 17.5  million and $ 17.3  million at December 31, 2022 and 2021 , respectively.    The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents at U.S. financial institutions for which the combined account balances in individual institutions may exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance coverage and, as a result, there is a concentration of credit risk related to amounts on deposit in excess of FDIC insurance coverage. As of December 31, 2022 , approximately $ 18.3  million of U.S. deposits were not covered by FDIC insurance. The Company has not experienced any losses and believes it is not exposed to any significant risk with such accounts.    6. Restricted Cash/Compensating Balances    Restricted cash includes guarantee deposits for customs duties and compensating balances associated with credit facilities.    7. Accounts Receivable/Allowance for Doubtful Accounts    The Company carries its accounts receivable at the net amount that it estimates to be collectible. An allowance for uncollectable accounts is maintained through a charge against operations. The allowance is determined by management review of outstanding amounts per customer, historical payments and the aging of accounts.    8. Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers    Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk include cash, cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company places all cash and cash equivalents with high-credit quality financial institutions.    The Company performs ongoing credit valuations of its customers’ financial condition whenever deemed necessary and generally does not require deposits or collateral to support customer receivables. The historical amount of losses on uncollectible accounts has been within the Company’s estimates. The Company generates much of its revenue from a limited number of customers. In 2022, 2021 and 2020 , its top five customers represented 78.2 %, 67 %, and 73.3 % of its revenue, respectively. In 2022 , ATX and Microsoft represented 47.3 % and 18.4 % of its revenue, respectively. In 2021, ATX, Microsoft and Cisco represented 25.6 %, 14.1 % and 11.9 % of its revenue, respectively.   The five largest receivable balances for customers represented an aggregate of 86.9 % and 70.6 % of total accounts receivable at December 31, 2022 and 2021 , respectively. As of December 31, 2022 , ATX represented 64.9 % of total accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2021, ATX and Microsoft represented 41.7 %, and 13.3 % of total accounts receivable, respectively. No other customer represented greater than ten percent of revenue in 2022, 2021 or 2020 had greater than ten percent of total accounts receivable at December 31, 2022  or 2021.     F- 10 Table of Contents   9. Inventories    Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (average-cost method) or net realizable value. Work in process and finished goods includes materials, labor and allocated overhead. The Company assesses the valuation of its inventory on a periodic basis and provides write-offs for the value of estimated excess and obsolete inventory based on estimates of future demand. Inventory reserves are recorded to account for the excess and obsolete inventory combined with the lower of cost or net realizable value assessments. To develop the reserve, the Company developed certain percentages that determine the extent of inventory reserve adjustments based on the age of the inventory. Such percentages were determined through analysis of the inventory to determine each product's lifespan, a review historical write-offs or scrapped inventory, and an assessment by product engineers of the possibility of obsolescence for each product.    10. Property, Plant and Equipment    Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. The Company calculates depreciation using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:        Useful lives (in years)             Buildings     20 - 42   Land improvements     10   Machinery and equipment     2 - 20   Furniture and fixtures     3 - 7   Computer equipment and software     3 - 10   Leasehold improvements     The shorter of the life of the applicable lease or the useful life of the improvement   Transportation equipment     5     Major improvements are capitalized and expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Construction in progress represents property, plant and equipment under construction or being installed. Costs include original cost, installation, construction and other direct costs which include interest on borrowings used to finance the asset. Construction in progress is transferred to the appropriate fixed asset account and depreciation commences when the asset has been substantially completed and placed in service.    Land use rights allow the Company rights for 50  years to certain land in Ningbo, China on which the Company built a facility that included office space, manufacturing operations and employee dormitories. The land use rights are recorded at cost and are amortized on the straight-line basis over the useful life of the related contract. The land use rights expire on October 7, 2054 and December 28, 2067.    11. Intangible Assets    Intangible assets consist of intellectual property that is stated at cost less accumulated amortization. As of December 31, 2022 , the Company had 304  total patents issued. The costs incurred to obtain such patents have been capitalized and are being amortized over an estimated life between 10 and 20  years. The Company periodically evaluates its intangible assets to determine whether events or changes in circumstances indicate that a patent or trademark may not be applicable to the Company’s current products or is no longer in use. If such a determination is made, the intangible asset is impaired and the remaining value of the patent or trademark will be expensed at that time.    F- 11 Table of Contents   12. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets    The Company accounts for impairment of long-lived assets in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 360, Property, Plant and Equipment , (“ASC  360” ). Long-lived assets consist primarily of property, plant and equipment, right-of-use assets and intangible assets. In accordance with ASC  360, the Company evaluates the carrying value of long-lived assets when it determines a triggering event has occurred, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. When indicators exist, recoverability of assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying value of the asset group to the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. Examples of such triggering events include a significant disposal of a portion of such assets, an adverse change in the market involving the business employing the related asset, a significant decrease in the benefits realized from an acquired business, difficulties or delays in integrating the business, and a significant change in the operations of an acquired business. If such assets are determined not to be recoverable, the Company performs an analysis of the fair value of the asset group and will recognize an impairment loss when the fair value is less than the carrying amounts of such assets. The fair value, based on reasonable and supportable assumptions and projections, require subjective judgments. Depending on the assumptions and estimates used, the appraised fair value projected in the evaluation of long-lived assets can vary within a range of outcomes. The Company considers the likelihood of possible outcomes in determining the best estimate for the fair value of the assets. The Company did not record any asset impairment charges in 2022 , 2021 or 2020.   13. Comprehensive Income (Loss)    ASC  220, Comprehensive Income , (“ASC  220” ) establishes rules for reporting and display of comprehensive income (loss) and its components. ASC  220 requires that unrealized gains and losses on the Company’s foreign currency translation adjustments be included in comprehensive income (loss).    14. Share-based Compensation    The Company accounts for share-based compensation in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation . Share-based compensation expense is recognized based on the grant date fair value in order to recognize compensation cost for those shares expected to vest. Compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the restricted stock units and adjusted as forfeitures occur.    15. Revenue Recognition    The Company derives revenue from the manufacture and sale of fiber optic networking products. Revenue recognition follows the criteria of ASC  606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers . Specifically, the Company recognizes revenue when obligations under the terms of a contract with its customer are satisfied; generally this occurs with the transfer of control of products or services  at point of time or over times. When the company receives payments and its obligations to customers are not satisfied, the company will recognize the payment as Deferred Revenue from customers.   16. Product Warranty    The Company generally offers a one -year limited warranty for its products but it can extend for longer periods of three to five years for certain products sold to certain customers. The Company estimates the costs that may be incurred under its basic limited warranty and records a liability for the amount of such costs at the time when product defects occur. Factors that affect the Company’s warranty liability include the historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims and cost to repair. While the Company believes that its warranty accrual is adequate, the actual warranty costs may exceed the accrual, in which case the cost of sales will increase in the future. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021 , the amount of accrued warranty was $ 0.1  million and $ 0.3  million, respectively. Changes in products warranty were as follows (in thousands):        Year ended December 31,       2022     2021   Beginning Balance, January 1   $ 263     $ 703   Warranty costs incurred     ( 85 )     ( 826 ) Provision for warranty     ( 38 )     386   Ending Balance, December 31   $ 140     $ 263     17. Advertising Costs    Advertising costs are charged to operations as incurred and amounted to approximately $ 0.8  million, $ 0.1  million, and $ 0.4  million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 , respectively.    F- 12 Table of Contents   18. Research and Development    Research and development costs are charged to operations as incurred. The Company receives reimbursement for certain development costs, which offset with expense up to the reimbursable amount.   19. Shipping and Handling Costs    Shipping and handling costs are included in operating expenses as fulfillment costs unless we bill our customers for shipping and handling charges, which are included in net sales for the applicable period, and the corresponding shipping and handling expense is reported in cost of sales.   20. Income Taxes    The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740, Income Taxes . The liability method is used to account for deferred income taxes. Under the liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The ability to realize deferred tax assets is evaluated annually and a valuation allowance is provided if it is unlikely that the deferred tax assets will not give rise to future benefits in the Company’s tax returns.    The Company records uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740 on the basis of a two -step process in which ( 1 ) it determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and ( 2 ) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than- not recognition threshold, it recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.    The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits on the income tax expense line in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included on the related tax liability line in the consolidated balance sheet.   21. Global Intangible Low-taxed Income Provisions ("GILTI")    One of the base broadening provisions of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“the 2017 Act”) is the global intangible low-taxed income provisions ("GILTI"). In accordance with guidance issued by the FASB staff, the Company has adopted an accounting policy to treat any GILTI inclusions as a period cost if and when incurred. Thus, for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, December  31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, deferred taxes were computed without consideration of the possible future impact of the GILTI provisions, and any current year impact was recorded as a part of the current portion of income tax expense.   22. Recent Accounting Pronouncements     Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in 2022   There was no accounting pronouncement adopted in 2022.     Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in 2021   In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020 - 04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848 ): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting”, which provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to the expected market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. This ASU is effective beginning on March 12, 2020 and the Company may elect to apply the amendments prospectively through December 31, 2022. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2021, with no impact on its consolidated financial statements     In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020 - 06, “Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470 - 20 )” and “Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entities Own Equity” (Subtopic 815 - 40 ). This ASU simplifies accounting for convertible instruments by eliminating two of the three models in ASC 470 - 20 that requires separating embedded conversion features from convertible instruments. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2021, with no impact on its consolidated financial statements.   In November 2020, the SEC issued a new rule that modernizes and simplifies various aspects and financial disclosure requirements in Regulation S-K, specifically related to Item 301 “Selected Financial Data”, Item 302 “Supplementary Financial Information” and Item 303 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” (“MD&A”). The intent of this new rule is to (i) eliminate duplicative disclosures, (ii) enhance and promote more principles-based MD&A disclosures with the objective of making them more meaningful for investors, all while (iii) simplifying the compliance requirements and efforts for registrants, by providing them with the flexibility to present management’s perspective on the registrant’s financial condition and results of operations. While most of the changes involve reducing or eliminating previously required information and disclosures, the rule does expand the disclosure requirements surrounding certain aspects of the various items in Regulation S-K discussed above. The final rule was published in the Federal Register on January 11, 2021, is effective thirty days after its publication date, or February 10, 2021, and registrants are required to comply with this final rule in the registrant’s first fiscal year ending on or after the date that is 210 days after the publication date. The Company evaluated this SEC final rule, which was adopted and incorporated in this filing, and it did not have a material impact on this current SEC filing nor is it expected to have a material impact on future SEC filings.     F- 13 Table of Contents   Recent Accounting Pronouncements Yet to be Adopted     To date, there have been no recent accounting pronouncement not yet effective that have significance, or potential significance, to our Consolidated Financial Statements.      NOTE C—REVENUE RECOGNITION    Revenue from Contracts with Customers        The Company derives revenue from the manufacture and sale of fiber optic networking products. Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with its customer are satisfied; generally this occurs with the transfer of control of products or services. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products or providing services. Certain customers may receive cash and/or non-cash incentives, which are accounted for as variable consideration. To achieve this core principle, the Company applies the following five steps:    1. Identify the contract with a customer      A contract with a customer exists when (i) the Company enters into an agreement with a customer that defines each party's rights regarding the products or services to be transferred and identifies the payment terms related to these products or services, (ii) both parties to the contract are committed to perform their respective obligations, (iii) the contract has commercial substance, and (iv) the Company determines that collection of substantially all consideration for products or services that are transferred is probable based on the customer's intent and ability to pay the promised consideration. The Company applies judgment in determining the customer's ability and intention to pay, which is based on a variety of factors including the customer's payment history or, in the case of a new customer, published credit and financial information pertaining to the customer.    F- 14 Table of Contents   2. Identify the performance obligations in the contract    Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the products or services that will be transferred to the customer that are both capable of being distinct, whereby the customer can benefit from the product or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available from third parties or from the Company, and are distinct in the context of the contract, whereby the transfer of the products or services is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. To the extent a contract includes multiple promised products or services, the Company must apply judgment to determine whether promised products or services are capable of being distinct and distinct in the context of the contract. If these criteria are not met, the promised products or services are accounted for as a combined performance obligation. The Company has elected to account for shipping and handling activities as a fulfillment cost as permitted by the standard.    3. Determine the transaction price    The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which the Company will be entitled in exchange for transferring products or services to the customer. To the extent the transaction price is variable, revenue is recognized at an amount equal to the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled. This estimate includes customer sales incentives which are accounted for as a reduction to revenue and estimated using either the expected value method or the most likely amount method, depending on the nature of the program. The Company will adjust its consideration for any rebates if it is more likely than not that the rebate conditions will be met.    4. Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract    If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price basis unless a portion of the variable consideration related to the contract is allocated entirely to a performance obligation. The Company determines standalone selling price based on the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately.  The company recognizes revenues over times for services obligations. Based on ASC 606 - 10 - 32 - 34 methods, expected cost plus a margin approach is adopted to allocate the transaction price.    5. Recognize revenue when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligation      The Company generally satisfies performance obligations at a point in time. Revenue is recognized based on the transaction price at the time the related performance obligation is satisfied by transferring a promised product or service to a customer.    Disaggregation of Revenue      Revenue is classified based on the location of where the product is manufactured. For additional information on the disaggregated revenues by geographical region, see Note R, "Segments and Geographic Information.”   Revenue is also classified by major product category and is presented below (in thousands):        Years ended December 31,               % of             % of             % of       2022     Revenue     2021     Revenue     2020     Revenue   CATV   $ 118,169       53.0 %   $ 94,266       44.6 %   $ 37,944       16.2 % Data Center     77,094       34.6 %     97,461       46.1 %     173,437       73.9 % Telecom     24,727       11.1 %     16,247       7.7 %     21,092       9.0 % FTTH     129       0.1 %     957       0.5 %     110       0.0 % Other     2,699       1.2 %     2,634       1.2 %     2,040       0.9 % Total Revenue   $ 222,818       100.0 %   $ 211,565       100.0 %   $ 234,623       100.0 %   F- 15 Table of Contents     NOTE D—  Leases   The Company leases space under non-cancellable operating leases for manufacturing facilities, research and development offices and certain storage facilities and apartments. These leases do not contain contingent rent provisions. The Company also leases certain machinery, office equipment and a vehicle under operating leases. Many of its leases include both lease (e.g. fixed payments including rent, taxes, and insurance costs) and non-lease components (e.g. common-area or other maintenance costs) which are accounted for as a single lease component as the Company has elected the practical expedient to group lease and non-lease components for all leases. Several of the leases include one or more options to renew which have been assessed and either included or excluded from the calculation of the lease liability of the ROU asset based on management’s intentions and individual fact patterns. Several warehouses and apartments have non-cancellable lease terms of less than one -year and therefore, the Company has elected the practical expedient to exclude these short-term leases from its ROU asset and lease liabilities.   As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. Based on the applicable lease terms and current economic environment, the Company applies a location approach for determining the incremental borrowing rate.   Lease expense is included under general and administrative expenses and was $ 1.2  million, $ 1.3  million, and $ 1.4  million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 , respectively. The Components of lease expense were as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):       Year ended December 31,     Year ended December 31,       2022     2021   Operating lease expense   $ 1,161     $ 1,230   Financing lease expense     32       32   Short Term lease expense     27       19   Total lease expense   $ 1,220     $ 1,281     Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows for the future one -year periods ending December 31, ( in thousands):       Operating     Financing     Total   2023   $ 1,237     $ 65       1,302   2024     1,127       —       1,127   2025     1,207       —       1,207   2026     1,078       —       1,078   2027     1,084       —       1,084   2028 and thereafter     1,551       —       1,551   Total lease payments   $ 7,284     $ 65       7,349   Less imputed interest     ( 738 )     ( 2 )     ( 740 ) Present value   $ 6,546     $ 63       6,609     The weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate for operating leases were as follows for the periods indicated:       December 31,     December 31,       2022     2021   Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (Years) - operating leases     6.16       7.15   Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (Years) - financing leases     0.83       1.83   Weighted Average Discount Rate - operating leases     3.21 %     3.22 % Weighted Average Discount Rate - financing leases     5.00 %     5.00 %   Supplemental cash flow information related to operating leases was as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):       Year ended December 31,     Year ended December 31,       2022     2021   Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:                 Operating cash flows from operating leases     1,234       1,287   Operating cash flows from financing lease     4       5   Financing cash flows from financing lease     19       18   Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities     -       124         F- 16 Table of Contents     NOTE E—CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH    The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the balance sheet that sum to the total of the same such amounts in the statement of cash flows (in thousands):       December 31,     December 31,       2022     2021   Cash and cash equivalents   $ 24,685     $ 34,656   Restricted cash     10,902       6,480   Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the statement of cash flows   $ 35,587     $ 41,136     Restricted cash includes guarantee deposits for customs duties, China government subsidy fund, and compensating balances associated with certain credit facilities. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021 , there was $ 8.7  million and $ 3.0  million of restricted cash required for bank acceptance notes issued to vendors, respectively. There was $ 1.1  million and $ 2.4  million certificate of deposit with original maturity of 90 days or less associated with credit facilities with a bank in China as of  December 31, 2022 and 2021 respectively. There was $ 1.0 million guarantee deposits for customs duties as of December 31, 2022  and December 31, 2021.         NOTE F—EARNINGS PER SHARE    Basic net loss per share has been computed using the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share has been computed using the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and dilutive potential common shares from options and restricted stock units outstanding during the period. In periods with net losses, normally dilutive shares become anti-dilutive. Therefore, basic and dilutive earnings per share are the same.    The following table presents the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share for the periods indicated (in thousands):        Year ended December 31,       2022     2021     2020   Numerator:                         Net loss   $ ( 66,397 )   $ ( 54,162 )   $ ( 58,452 ) Denominator:                         Weighted average shares used to compute net loss per share                         Basic     27,846       26,912       21,867   Effect of dilutive options and restricted stock units     —       —       —   Diluted     27,846       26,912       21,867   Net loss per share                         Basic   $ ( 2.38 )   $ ( 2.01 )   $ ( 2.67 ) Diluted   $ ( 2.38 )   $ ( 2.01 )   $ ( 2.67 )     The following potentially dilutive securities were excluded from diluted net loss per share as their effect would have been antidilutive (in thousands):       As of December 31,       2022     2021   Employee stock options     -       3   Restricted stock units     1       3   Shares for convertible senior notes     4,587       4,587   Total antidilutive shares     4,588       4,593      F- 17 Table of Contents     NOTE G—INVENTORIES    At December 31, 2022 and 2021 , inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):        As of December 31,       2022     2021   Raw materials   $ 25,732     $ 29,469   Work in process and sub-assemblies     39,563       41,528   Finished goods     14,384       21,519   Total inventory   $ 79,679     $ 92,516     For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the inventory reserve adjustment expensed for inventory was $ 4.9  million, $ 3.9 million, and $ 3.9  million, respectively. For the years December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the direct inventory write-offs related to scrap, discontinued products, and damaged inventories were $ 10.4  million, $ 16.8  million, and $ 20.4 million, respectively.   NOTE H—PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT    Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following for the periods indicated (in thousands):        December 31, 2022     December 31, 2021   Land improvements   $ 806     $ 806   Building and improvements     86,372       89,698   Machinery and equipment     251,216       266,386   Furniture and fixtures     5,382       5,658   Computer equipment and software     11,713       12,727   Transportation equipment     679       726         356,168       376,001   Less accumulated depreciation and amortization     ( 177,519 )     ( 167,772 )       178,649       208,229   Construction in progress     30,434       33,705   Land     1,101       1,101   Total property, plant and equipment, net   $ 210,184     $ 243,035     For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 , depreciation expense of property, plant and equipment was $ 22.6  million, $ 24.8  million, and $ 24.2  million, respectively. For the years  December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 , the capitalized interest was $ 0.2  million, $ 0.9  million, and $ 0.4  million, respectively.    As of December 31, 2022 , the Company concluded that its continued loss history constitutes a triggering event as described in ASC 360 - 10 - 35 - 21, Property, Plant, and Equipment .  The Company performed a recoverability test and concluded that future undiscounted cash flows exceed the carrying amount of the Company’s long-lived assets and therefore no impairment charge was recorded.    F- 18 Table of Contents     NOTE I—INTANGIBLE ASSETS    Intangible assets consisted of the following for the periods indicated (in thousands):        December 31, 2022       Gross     Accumulated     Intangible       Amount     amortization     assets, net   Patents   $ 8,994     $ ( 5,330 )   $ 3,664   Trademarks     56       ( 21 )   $ 35   Total intangible assets   $ 9,050     $ ( 5,351 )   $ 3,699         December 31, 2021       Gross     Accumulated     Intangible       Amount     amortization     assets, net   Patents   $ 8,597     $ ( 4,779 )   $ 3,818   Trademarks     35       ( 17 )     18   Total intangible assets   $ 8,632     $ ( 4,796 )   $ 3,836     For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 , amortization expense for intangible assets, included in general and administrative expenses on the income statement, was $ 0.6  million, $ 0.5 million and $0.5 million, respectively. The remaining weighted average amortization period for intangible assets is approximately six  years.    At December 31, 2022 , future amortization expense for intangible assets is estimated to be (in thousands):         December 31, 2022   2023   $ 627   2024     627   2025     627   2026     627   2027     627   2028     564   thereafter     -   Total   $ 3,699         NOTE J—FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS    The following table presents a summary of the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):        Quoted prices     Significant                       in active     other                       markets for     observable     Significant               identical     remaining     unobservable               assets (Level 1)     inputs (Level 2)     inputs (Level 3)     Total   Assets:                                 Cash and cash equivalents   $ 24,685     $ —     $ —     $ 24,685   Restricted cash     10,902       —       —       10,902   Note receivable     —       339       —       339   Total assets   $ 35,587     $ 339     $ —     $ 35,926   Liabilities:                                 Bank acceptance payable     —     $ 12,337       —     $ 12,337   Convertible senior notes     —       58,314       —       58,314   Total liabilities   $ —     $ 70,651     $ —     $ 70,651     F- 19 Table of Contents   The following table presents a summary of the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of  December 31, 2021 (in thousands):        Quoted prices     Significant                       in active     other                       markets for     observable     Significant               identical     remaining     unobservable               assets (Level 1)     inputs (Level 2)     inputs (Level 3)     Total   Assets:                                 Cash and cash equivalents   $ 34,656     $ —     $ —     $ 34,656   Restricted cash     6,480       —       —       6,480   Note receivable     —       8,148       —       8,148   Total assets   $ 41,136     $ 8,148     $ —     $ 49,284   Liabilities:                                 Bank acceptance payable     —     $ 8,198       —     $ 8,198   Convertible senior notes     —       67,588       —       67,588   Total liabilities   $ —     $ 75,786     $ —     $ 75,786       NOTE K—NOTES PAYABLE AND LONG-TERM DEBT    Notes payable and long-term debt consisted of the following for the periods indicated (in thousands):        December 31, 2022     December 31, 2021   Revolving line of credit with a U.S. bank up to $ 20,000 with interest at 4.063% , matured November 16, 2022     —     $ 14,373   Notes payable to a finance company due in monthly installments with 3.1% interest, matured January 21, 2022     —       170   Revolving line of credit with a U.S. bank up to $ 27.8 million with interest at 8.984% , maturing the earlier of either 12/14/2023 or 11/16/2025 if the convertible debt remained in effect     25,000       —   Revolving line of credit with a China bank up to $ 19,902 with interest from 2.95% to 4.57% , maturing May 24, 2024     13,102       19,595   Credit facility with a China bank up to $ 26,636 with interest of 4.45% ~ 6.6% , maturing June 7, 2027     20,140       13,044   Credit facility with a China bank up to $ 7,167 with interest of 5.7% , matured June 27, 2022           7,529   Sub-total     58,242       54,711   Less debt issuance costs, net     ( 1,168 )     ( 22 ) Grand total     57,074       54,689   Less current portion     ( 57,074 )     ( 49,689 ) Non-current portion   $ -     $ 5,000                     Bank Acceptance Notes Payable                 Bank acceptance notes issued to vendors with a zero percent interest rate   $ 12,337     $ 8,198     The current portion of long-term debt is the amount payable within one year of the balance sheet date of December 31, 2022 .    F- 20 Table of Contents   On September 28, 2017, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement (“Loan Agreement”), a Promissory Note, an Addendum to the Promissory Note, a Truist Bank Security Agreement, a Trademark Security Agreement, and a Patent Security Agreement (together the “Credit Facility”) with Truist Bank. The Company’s obligations under the Credit Facility are secured by the Company’s accounts receivable, inventory, intellectual property, and all business assets with the exception of real estate and equipment. The Company amended the Loan Agreement on December 29, 2021.    On December 29, 2021 , the Company executed a Sixth Amendment to the Loan Agreement (the "Sixth Amendment") and a Fifth Amendment to Security Agreement, a Note Modification Agreement, and an Addendum to Promissory Note (together the "Sixth Amended Credit Facility") with Truist Bank. The Sixth Amended Credit Facility extends the $ 20 million line of credit, originally entered into on September 28, 2017, until April 15, 2023. Borrowings will bear interest at a rate equal to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) plus 1.56%, with a SOFR floor of 0.75 %. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has fully repaid loan under the Sixth Amended Credit Facility.     On November 16, 2022, the Company entered into a Loan Security and Guarantee Agreement (the “Credit Facility”) with CIT Northbridge Credit, LLC, as agent for secured parties. The Credit Facility provides the Company with a three -year, $ 27.78 million revolving line of credit. Borrowings under the Credit Facility will be used to repay senior debt with Truist Bank and for working capital needs, capital expenditures, and other corporate purposes. The Company's obligations under the Credit Facility are secured by the Company's inventory, accounts receivable, instruments, equipment, intellectual property, and all business assets with the exception of real estate and all foreign assets. Borrowings will bear interest at a rate equal to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) plus  3.75 %, while monthly average usage is less than 50% of the Credit Facility, otherwise SOFR plus 4.75 %. The Credit Facility will become due at the earlier date of either November 16, 2025 or 91 days prior to the maturity of the Convertible Notes. As of December 31, 2022, $ 25.0 million was outstanding under the Credit Facility.    On September 15, 2020, Prime World entered into an Amendment to the Finance Lease Agreements dated November 29, 2018 and January 21, 2019 ( the “Amendment”) with Chailease Finance Co., Ltd. (“Chailease”). The Amendment amends the Finance Lease Agreements, dated November 29, 2018 and January 21, 2019 ( hereafter collectively referred to as the “Original Finance Agreements”). Pursuant to the Amendment, Prime World agrees to pay Chailease NT$22,311,381, or approximately $ 0.8 million for certain leased equipment listed in the Amendment (the “Leased Equipment”). This payment includes all outstanding lease payments, costs and expenses; simultaneously, Chailease agrees to transfer title of such Leased Equipment back to Prime World. Regarding all other equipment contemplated in the Original Finance Agreements but not listed in the Amendment, pursuant to the terms and conditions made under the Original Finance Agreements, Prime World is obligated to pay Chailease monthly lease payments which total NT$159,027,448, or approximately $ 5.5 million (the “Lease Payments”). The Lease Payments began on September 21, 2020 with the last Lease Payment due on January 21, 2022, title of all other equipment contemplated under the Original Finance Agreements but not listed in the Amendment transferred to Prime World upon completion of the Lease Payments and expiration of the Original Finance Agreements. As of December  31, 2022, the Company has fully repaid the loan under the Original Finance Agreements and Amendment.   On May 24, 2019, the Company’s China subsidiary, Global, entered into a five -year revolving credit line agreement, totaling 180,000,000 RMB (the “SPD Credit Line”), or approximately $ 25.4 million, and a mortgage security agreement (the “Security Agreement”), with Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Co., Ltd ("SPD"). Borrowing under the SPD Credit Line will be used for general corporate and capital investment purposes, including the issuance of bank acceptance notes to Global’s vendors. The total SPD Credit Line of 180 million RMB is inclusive of all credit facilities previously entered into with SPD including: a 30 million RMB credit facility entered into on May 7, 2019; and a 9.9 million RMB credit facility entered into on April 30, 2019 and $ 2 million credit facility entered into on May 8, 2019. Global may draw upon the SPD Credit Line on an as-needed basis at any time during the 5 -year term; however, draws under the SPD Credit Line may become due and repayable to SPD at SPD’s discretion due to changes in Chinese government regulations and/or changes in Global’s financial and operational condition. Each draw will bear interest equal to SPD’s commercial banking interest rate effective on the day of the applicable draw. Global’s obligations under the SPD Credit Line will be secured by real property owned by Global and mortgaged to the Bank under the terms of the Security Agreement. As of December 31, 2022, $ 13.1 million was outstanding under the SPD Credit Line and the outstanding balance of bank acceptance notes issued to vendors was $ 8.2  million.   On June 21, 2019, the Company’s China subsidiary, Global, entered into an 18 month credit facility totaling 100,000,000 RMB (the “¥100M Credit Facility”), or approximately $ 14.1 million, with China Zheshang Bank Co., Ltd., in Ningbo City, China (“CZB”). Borrowing under the ¥100M Credit Facility will be used by Global for general corporate purposes. On January 6, 2021, the ¥100M Credit Facility with CZB was extended for three ( 3 ) years until January 5, 2024. The Company replaced the ¥100M Credit Facility on June 7, 2022.   On June 7, 2022, the Company's China Subsidiary, Global, entered a security agreement with China Zheshang Bank in Ningbo City, China ("CZB") for a five -year credit line agreement, totaling 200,000,000 RMB (the "¥200M Credit Facility"), or approximately $ 29.9 million. Global may draw upon the ¥200M Credit Facility between June 7, 2022 and June 6, 2027 (" ¥200M Credit Period"). During the ¥200M Credit Period, Global may request to draw upon the ¥200M Credit Facility on an as-needed basis; however, draws under the ¥200M Credit Facility may become due and repayable to CZB at CZB’s discretion due to changes in Chinese government regulations and/or changes in Global’s financial and operational condition. Each draw will be facilitated by a separate credit agreement specifying the terms of each draw and will bear interest equal to CZB's commercial banking interest rate effective on the day of the applicable draw. Global’s obligations under the ¥200M Credit Facility will be secured by real property owned by Global and mortgaged to CZB under the terms of the Real Estate Security Agreement. As of December 31, 2022, $ 20.1  million was outstanding under the ¥200M Credit Facility and the outstanding balance of bank acceptance notes issued to vendors was $ 4.2  million.   On June 21, 2019, the Company’s China subsidiary, Global, entered into a three -year credit facility totaling 50,000,000 RMB (the “¥50M Credit Facility”), or approximately $ 7.1 million, with CZB. Borrowing under the ¥50M Credit Facility will be used by Global for general corporate purposes. Global may draw upon the ¥50M Credit Facility from June 21, 2019 until June 20, 2022 ( the “¥50M Credit Period”). During the ¥50M Credit Period, Global may request to draw upon the ¥50M Credit Facility on an as-needed basis; however, draws under the ¥50M Credit Facility may become due and repayable to CZB at CZB’s discretion due to changes in Chinese government regulations and/or changes in Global’s financial and operational condition. Each draw will bear interest equal to CZB’s commercial banking interest rate effective on the day of the applicable draw. Global’s obligations under the ¥50M Credit Facility will be secured by machinery and equipment owned by Global and mortgaged to CZB under the terms of the Machinery and Equipment Security Agreement. As of December  31, 2022, the Company has fully repaid the loan under the ¥50M Credit Facility.   As of December  31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had $ 13.3  million and $ 7.4 million of unused borrowing capacity, respectively.   As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there was $ 9.9  million and $ 5.4 million of restricted cash, investments or security deposits associated with the loan facilities, respectively.       F- 21 Table of Contents     NOTE L—C onvertible Senior Notes   On March 5, 2019, the Company issued $ 80.5 million of 5 % convertible senior notes due 2024 (the “Notes”). The Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of March  5, 2019 (the “Indenture”), between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, paying agent, and conversion agent (the “Trustee”). The Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.00% per year, payable in cash semi-annually in arrears on March  15 and September  15 of each year, beginning on September  15, 2019. The Notes will mature on March  15, 2024, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted in accordance with their terms.   The sale of the Notes generated net proceeds of $ 76.4 million, after deducting the Initial Purchasers’ discounts and offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company used approximately $ 37.8 million of the net proceeds from the offering to fully repay the CapEx Loan and Term Loan with BB&T and the remainder will be used for general corporate purposes.   The following table presents the carrying value of the Notes for the periods indicated (in thousands):       December 31, 2022   Principal   $ 80,500   Unamortized debt issuance costs     ( 994 ) Net carrying amount   $ 79,506       The Notes are convertible at the option of holders of the Notes at any time until the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date. Upon conversion, holders of the Notes will receive shares of the Company’s common stock, together, if applicable, with cash in lieu of any fractional share, at the then-applicable conversion rate. The initial conversion rate is 56.9801 shares of the Company’s common stock per $ 1,000 principal amount of Notes (representing an initial conversion price of approximately $ 17.55 per share of common stock, which represents an initial conversion premium of approximately 30 % above the closing price of $ 13.50 per share of the Company’s common stock on February  28, 2019 ), subject to customary adjustments. If a make-whole fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture) occurs, and in connection with certain other conversions before March  15, 2022, the Company will in certain circumstances increase the conversion rate for a specified period of time.   Initially and as of December 31, 2022, there are no guarantors of the Notes, but the Notes will be fully and unconditionally guaranteed, on a senior, unsecured basis by certain of the Company’s future domestic subsidiaries.  The Notes are the Company’s senior, unsecured obligations and are equal in right of payment with existing and future senior, unsecured indebtedness, senior in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to the Notes and effectively subordinated to the Company’s existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing that indebtedness.  The Note Guarantee (as defined in the Indenture) of each future guarantor, if any, will be such guarantor’s senior, unsecured obligations and are equal in right of payment with existing and future senior, unsecured indebtedness, senior in right of payment to such future guarantor’s existing and future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to the Notes and effectively subordinated to such future guarantor’s existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing that indebtedness.   Holders may require the Company to repurchase their Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture) at a cash purchase price equal to the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any.   After March 15, 2022, the Company may redeem for cash all or part of the Notes if the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock exceeds 130 % of the conversion price on (i) each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends the related redemption notice; and (ii) the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends such redemption notice. The redemption price is equal to 100 % of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. In addition, calling any Note for redemption will constitute a “make-whole fundamental change” with respect to that Note, in which case the conversion rate applicable to the conversion of that Note will be increased in certain circumstances if it is converted after it is called for redemption.   The Indenture contains covenants that limit the Company’s ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to, among other things: (i) incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue disqualified stock; and (ii) create or incur liens.   Pursuant to the guidance in ASC 815 - 40, Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity, the Company evaluated whether the conversion feature of the note needed to be bifurcated from the host instrument as a freestanding financial instrument. Under ASC 815 - 40, to qualify for equity classification (or non-bifurcation, if embedded) the instrument (or embedded feature) must be both ( 1 ) indexed to the issuer’s own stock and ( 2 ) meet the requirements of the equity classification guidance. Based upon the Company’s analysis, it was determined the conversion option is indexed to its own stock and also met all the criteria for equity classification contained in ASC 815 - 40 - 25 - 7 and 815 - 40 - 25 - 10. Accordingly, the conversion option is not required to be bifurcated from the host instrument as a freestanding financial instrument. Since the conversion feature meets the equity scope exception from derivative accounting, the Company then evaluated whether the conversion feature needed to be separately accounted for as an equity component under ASC 470 - 20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options. The Company determined that notes should be accounted for in their entirety as a liability.       F- 22 Table of Contents   The following table sets forth interest expense information related to the Notes (in thousands):       Year ended December 31,       2022     2021   Contractual interest expense   $ 4,025     $ 4,025   Amortization of debt issuance costs     826       826   Total interest cost   $ 4,851     $ 4,851   Effective interest rate     5.1 %     5.1 %     NOTE M—ACCRUED LIABILITIES    Accrued liabilities consisted of the following for the periods indicated (in thousands):       December 31, 2022     December 31, 2021   Accrued payroll   $ 9,702     $ 6,516   Accrued employee benefits     3,265       3,471   Accrued state and local taxes     588       1,897   Accrued interest     1,597       1,475   Accrued shipping and tariff expenses     —       33   Advance payments     3,216       195   Accrued commission     937       1,003   Accrued professional fees     409       346   Accrued product warranty     140       263   Accrued other     368       388   Total accrued liabilities   $ 20,222     $ 15,587       NOTE N—OTHER INCOME AND EXPENSE    Other income and expense consisted of the following for the periods indicated (in thousands):        Year ended December 31,       2022     2021     2020   Foreign exchange transaction gain (loss)   $ ( 1,488 )   $ 454     $ 1   Government subsidy income     160       1,345       2,708   Other non-operating gain     76       129       304   Loan forgiveness     —       6,229       —   Gain (loss) on disposal of assets     47       ( 1 )     ( 15 ) Total other gain (loss), net   $ ( 1,205 )   $ 8,156     $ 2,998       NOTE O—INCOME TAXES    The sources of the Company’s loss from operations before income taxes were as follows (in thousands):        Years ended December 31,       2022     2021     2020   Domestic   $ ( 45,404 )   $ ( 21,229 )     ( 20,288 ) Foreign     ( 20,992 )     ( 32,931 )     ( 30,936 ) Total loss before income taxes   $ ( 66,396 )   $ ( 54,160 )     ( 51,224 )   F- 23 Table of Contents   The provision for income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, was as follows (in thousands):    Current:   2022     2021     2020   Federal   $ —     $ —     $ 41   State     1       2       2   Foreign     —       —       —   Total   $ 1     $ 2     $ 43   Deferred:                         Federal   $ —     $ —     $ ( 172 ) State     —       —       —   Foreign     —       —       7,357   Total   $ —     $ —     $ 7,185                             Income tax (benefit) expense   $ 1     $ 2     $ 7,228     Deferred income tax assets and liabilities result principally from net operating losses, different methods of recognizing depreciation, reserves for doubtful accounts and inventory, research and development credits and foreign tax credits. At December  31, the net deferred tax assets and liabilities are comprised of the following approximate amounts (in thousands):       2022     2021   NOL carryforward   $ 47,901     $ 44,448   Inventory reserves     2,892       2,872   Unrealized gains and losses     363       69   Share-based compensation     914       645   Foreign tax credit     4,599       4,599   Research and development credits     10,505       9,879   Interest     3,966       2,840   ASC 842 Assets     1,602       1,740   Other     776       728   Deferred tax assets     73,518       67,820   Less valuation allowance     ( 69,680 )     ( 57,721 ) Deferred tax assets, net     3,838       10,099   Depreciation and amortization     ( 2,441 )     ( 8,600 ) ASC 842 Liabilities     ( 1,397 )     ( 1,499 ) Deferred tax liabilities     ( 3,838 )     ( 10,099 ) Deferred tax assets, net   $ —     $ —       The Company has a U.S. net operating loss carry forward of approximately $ 111.5 million, $ 32.7 million of which, if unused, expires between 2026 and 2032 and $ 78.8 million of which, can be carried forward indefinitely. The Company has U.S. and state research and development tax credits of $ 10.5 million, which, if unused, expire between 2028 and 2042. In addition, the Company has foreign tax credits of $ 4.6 million, which, if unused, will expire in 2028. Utilization of U.S. net operating losses and tax credit carry forwards are subject to an annual limitation due to the ownership change limitations set forth in Internal Revenue Code Section  382.  As of December 31, 2022, the Company had Taiwan net operating loss carry forwards of approximately $ 72.5 million and China net operating loss carry forwards of approximately $ 58.8 million.  The carryforward period for the Taiwan net operating loss carry forwards is ten years, and the expiration period begins 2028.   The carryforward period for China net operating loss carry forwards is ten years, and the expiration period begins 2029.   Management assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of objective negative evidence evaluated was the cumulative loss incurred over the three -year period ended December 31, 2022. Such objective evidence limits the ability to consider other subjective evidence, such as our projections for future growth.   On the basis of this evaluation, as of December 31, 2022  and December 31, 2021, a valuation allowance of $ 69.7 million and $ 57.7 million, respectively, has been recorded to recognize only the portion of the deferred tax asset that is more likely than not to be realized. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable, however, could be adjusted if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced or increased or if objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is no longer present and additional weight is given to subjective evidence such as our projections for growth.           F- 24 Table of Contents   The following table shows the change in the deferred tax valuation as follows:       2022     2021     2020   Beginning Balance, January 1   $ 57,721     $ 43,462     $ 25,736   Change charged to expense/(income)     14,196       13,822       17,137   Change charged to currency translation adjustment     ( 2,237 )     437       589   Ending Balance, December 31   $ 69,680     $ 57,721     $ 43,462     A reconciliation of the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21 % for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 , respectively, to the Company’s effective income tax rate follows (in thousands):        2022     2021     2020   Expected taxes at statutory rate   $ ( 13,943 )   $ ( 11,374 )   $ ( 10,775 ) PPP loan forgiveness     —       ( 1,308 )     —   Non-deductible/non-taxable items     33       897       1,132   Foreign rate differences     552       107       1,153   Foreign permanent differences     ( 1,407 )     ( 1,320 )     ( 1,002 ) Changes in valuation allowance     14,196       13,822       17,137   Share-based compensation     879       468       426   Research and development credits     ( 626 )     ( 872 )     ( 744 ) Alternative Minimum Tax     —       —       ( 172 ) Foreign other     —       —       12   Other, net     317       ( 418 )     61   Tax (benefit) expense   $ 1     $ 2     $ 7,228     The Company's provision for income taxes in 2022 was lower than 2021 primarily due to state taxes.   The Company's provision for income taxes in 2021 was lower than 2020 due to the recognition of a valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets, along with excess tax expense from stock-based compensation, partially offset by differences in pre-tax income and recording research and development credits.   The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Prime World is a tax-exempt entity under the Income Tax Code of the British Virgin Islands.   The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Global Technology, Inc., has enjoyed preferential tax concessions in China as a national high-tech enterprise. In March 2007, China’s parliament enacted the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, under which, effective January  1, 2008, China adopted a uniform income tax rate of 25 % for all enterprises including foreign invested enterprises. However, Global Technology, Inc. has been recognized as a National high-tech enterprise since 2008 and entitled to a 15 % reduced tax rate.  In December 2020, Global Technology, Inc. again renewed its National high-tech enterprise certificate and therefore extended its three -year tax preferential status until December 2023. This tax holiday reduced its  2022, 2021 and 2020 income tax provision by approximately $ 0.0 million, $ 0.0 million, and $ 1.4 million, respectively. This tax holiday reduced its fiscal 2022, 2021, and 2020 diluted earnings per share by approximately $0.00, $ 0.00 , and $0.05 respectively . Effective January 1, 2016, China expanded the scope of the National high-tech enterprise to include additional deductions for qualifying research and development.   As of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefit was $ 0.2 million, $ 0.2 million, and $ 0.2 million, respectively. The following is a tabular reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):        2022     2021     2020   Unrecognized tax benefits — January 1   $ 181     $ 181     $ 181   Gross increases — tax positions in prior period     —       —       —   Gross decreases — tax positions in prior period     —       —       —   Unrecognized tax benefits — December 31   $ 181     $ 181     $ 181     F- 25 Table of Contents   The Company recognizes interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits and penalties as income tax expense. Related to the unrecognized tax benefits noted above, it has not accrued penalties or interest during  2022 as a result of net operating losses. During 2021 or 2020, the Company also accrued no penalties or interest.   The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and various states and foreign jurisdictions. The Company’s open tax years subject to examination in the U.S. federal and state jurisdictions are 2019 through 2021. To the extent allowed by law, the taxing authorities may have the right to examine prior periods where net operating losses or tax credits were generated and carried forward, and make adjustments up to the amount of the net operating loss or tax credit carryforward. The Company is subject to examination for tax years 2011 forward for various foreign jurisdictions.   In response to the COVID- 19 pandemic, the CARES Act was signed into law on March 27, 2020. The CARES Act, among other things, includes tax provisions relating to refundable payroll tax credits, deferment of employer social security payments, net operating loss utilization and carryback periods, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations and technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property (“QIP”). On December 27, 2020, the Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020 was enacted as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, followed by the American Rescue Plan Act on March 1, 2021. These laws, among many other provisions, expand and extend the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”), refundable employee retention tax credits previously made available under the CARES Act and allow a full deduction for business meals for the 2021 and 2022 tax years. During 2021, the Company recognized a tax benefit of $ 1.3 million on the non-taxable forgiveness of the PPP loan. However, the legislation had no material impact to income tax expense on the Company’s financial statements as a result of our valuation allowance.    On August 9, 2022, the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors and Science Act, (the “CHIPS Act”) was signed into law. Among other things, the CHIPS Act provides for refundable tax credits and certain other financial incentives to further investments in domestic manufacturing. The Company is evaluating the provisions of the new law and the potential impacts to the Company.   On August 16, 2022, legislation commonly known as the Inflation Reduction Act was signed into law. Among other things, the Inflation Reduction Act includes a 1% excise tax on corporate stock repurchases, applicable to repurchases after December 31, 2022, and also a new minimum tax based on book income. We are in the process of evaluating the potential impacts of the Inflation Reduction Act to us. While we do not currently expect the Inflation Reduction Act to have a material impact on our effective tax rate, our analysis of the effect of the Inflation Reduction Act on us is ongoing and incomplete, and it is possible that the Inflation Reduction Act (or implementing regulations and other guidance, which have not yet been issued) could adversely impact our current and deferred federal tax liability.   The Company does not expect any earnings of foreign subsidiaries to be indefinitely invested outside the United States. As of December 31, 2022, however, the Company does not have any accumulated undistributed earnings generated by foreign subsidiaries and has estimated that its tax basis in foreign subsidiaries exceeds its book basis. The Company has concluded that no deferred tax asset (DTA) should be recorded  because at the present time it cannot conclude that the temporary book-tax basis difference that would create this DTA will reverse in the foreseeable future due to the uncertainties in the timing of the Divestiture described above.   F- 26 Table of Contents     NOTE P—SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION    Equity Plans                              The Company’s board of directors and stockholders approved the following equity plans:      ‑ the 2006 Share Incentive Plan   ‑ the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan ( “2013 Plan”)   ‑ the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan ( “2021 Plan”)   The Company issued stock options, restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to employees, consultants and non-employee directors. Stock option awards generally vest over a four year period and have a maximum term of ten years. Stock options under these plans have been granted with an exercise price equal to the fair market value on the date of the grant. Nonqualified and Incentive Stock Options, RSAs and RSUs may be granted from these plans. Prior to the Company’s initial public offering in September 2013, the fair market value of the Company’s stock had been historically determined by the board of directors and from time to time with the assistance of third party valuation specialists.    Stock Options      Options have been granted to the Company’s employees under the two incentive plans and generally become exercisable as to 25 % of the shares on the first anniversary date following the date of grant and 12.5 % on a semi-annual basis thereafter. All options expire ten years after the date of grant.   The following is a summary of option activity (in thousands, except per share data):                        Weighted             Weighted                       Weighted     Average             Average                       Average     Share Price     Weighted     Remaining     Aggregate       Number of     Exercise     on Date of     Average     Contractual     Intrinsic       shares     Price     Exercise     Fair Value     Life     Value       (in thousands, except price data)   Outstanding, January 1, 2022     270     $ 10.32             $ 5.44       1.69     $ —   Exercised     —       —       —       —               —   Forfeited     ( 6 )     6.54               5.03               —   Outstanding, December 31, 2022     264       10.41               5.45       0.71       —   Exercisable, December 31, 2022     264       10.41               5.45       0.71       —   Vested and expected to vest     264       10.41               5.45       0.71       —     As of December 31, 2022 , there was no unrecognized stock option expense.    F- 27 Table of Contents   Performance Based Incentive Plan/ Restricted Stock Unit   The Company approved to grant restricted performance stock units (“PSUs”) to senior executives as a part of our long-term equity compensation program starting from June 2021. The number of shares of common stock that will ultimately be issued to settle PSUs granted ranges from 0 % to 200 % of the number granted and is determined based on certain performance criteria over a three -year measurement period. The performance criteria for the PSUs are based on a combination of the performance of our stock price and the Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) for the performance period compared with the TSR of certain peer companies or index for the performance period. PSUs granted vest 100 % on the third anniversary of their grant, assuming achievement of the applicable performance criteria. We estimated the fair value of the PSUs using a Monte Carlo simulation model on the date of grant. Compensation expense is recognized ratably over the explicit service period. The Company recognized PSU expenses for the twelve  months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $ 1.7  million and $ 0.7  million, respectively.       Restricted stock units are issued to employees through a vesting plan and distribution schedule after employee remains with the Company for a particular length of time. The following is a total summary of PSU/RSU activity (in thousands, except per share data):                Weighted                               Average Share     Weighted     Aggregate       Number of     Price on Date     Average Fair     Intrinsic       shares     of Release     Value     Value       (in thousands, except price data)   Outstanding at January 1, 2022     2,170             $ 11.15     $ 11,156   Granted     1,977               2.04       3,687   Released     ( 1,023 )   $ 2.75       8.65       2,818   Cancelled/Forfeited     ( 149 )             10.02       281   Outstanding, December 31, 2022     2,975               6.01       5,623   Vested and expected to vest     2,975               6.01       5,623     As of  December 31, 2022 , there was $ 13.8  million of unrecognized compensation expense related to these RSUs. This expense is expected to be recognized over 1.95  years.      Share-Based Compensation      The Company recognizes compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the applicable vesting term of the award and expense is adjusted as forfeitures occur.    In 2014, the Company ceased issuing stock options and began issuing RSUs and RSAs as share-based compensation to employees. The Company estimates the fair value of RSUs and RSAs at the fair market value on the grant date.    Employee share-based compensation expenses recognized for the years ended December  31, were as follows (in thousands):    Share-Based compensation - by expense type:        2022     2021     2020   Cost of goods sold   $ 488     $ 885     $ 937   Research and development     1,332       2,173       2,812   Sales and marketing     857       1,115       1,191   General and administrative     6,923       7,948       8,106   Total share-based compensation expense   $ 9,600     $ 12,121     $ 13,046       F- 28 Table of Contents     NOTE Q—STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY    Common Stock      The Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the issuance of up to 45,000,000  shares of common stock, all of which have been designated voting common stock.    Preferred Stock      The Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the issuance of up to 5,000,000  shares of preferred stock.    Public Offerings of Common Stock       On October 24, 2019, we filed a Registration Statement on Form S- 3 with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which was declared effective on January 9, 2020, providing for the public offer and sale of certain securities of the Company from time to time, at our discretion, up to an aggregate amount of $250 million.   On February 28, 2020, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with Raymond James & Associates, Inc. (the “Sales Agent”) pursuant to which the Company may issue and sell shares of the Company’s common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $ 55 million (the “Initial ATM Offering”), from time to time through the Sales Agent. In January 2021, the Company completed its Initial ATM Offering and sold 5.9 million shares at a weighted average price of $ 9.12 per share, providing proceeds of $ 53.9 million, net of expenses and underwriting discounts and commissions.   On February 26, 2021, we entered into another Equity Distribution Agreement (the “Agreement”) with the Sales Agent pursuant to which the Company may issue and sell shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $ 0.001 per share (the “Shares”) having an aggregate offering price of up to $ 35 million (the “Second ATM Offering”), from time to time through the Sales Agent. Upon delivery of a placement notice and subject to the terms and conditions of the Agreement, sales, if any, of the Shares will be made through the Sales Agent in transactions that are deemed to be “at the market” offerings as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), including sales made through the facilities of the Nasdaq Global Market, the principal trading market for the Company’s common stock, on any other existing trading market for the Company’s common stock, to or through a market maker or as otherwise agreed by the Company and the Sales Agent. In the placement notice, the Company will designate the maximum number of Shares to be sold through the Sales Agent, the time period during which sales are requested to be made, the minimum price for the Shares to be sold, and any limitation on the number of Shares that may be sold in any one day. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Agreement, the Sales Agent will use its commercially reasonable efforts to sell Shares on the Company’s behalf up to the designated amount specified in the placement notice. The Company has no obligation to sell any Shares under the Agreement and may at any time suspend offers and sales of the Shares under the Agreement.   The Agreement provides that the Sales Agent will be entitled to compensation of up to 2 % of the gross sales price of the Shares sold through the Sales Agent from time to time. The Company has also agreed to reimburse the Sales Agent for certain specified expenses in connection with the registration of Shares under state blue sky laws and any filing with, and clearance of the offering by, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority Inc., not to exceed $ 10,000 in the aggregate, and any associated application fees incurred. Additionally, if the Agreement is terminated under certain circumstances, and the Company fails to sell a minimum amount of the Shares as set forth in the Agreement, then the Company has agreed to reimburse the Sales Agent for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses, including the reasonable fees and disbursements of counsel incurred by the Sales Agent, up to a maximum of $ 30,000 in the aggregate. The Company agreed to indemnify the Sales Agent against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or to contribute to payments that the Sales Agent may be required to make because of any of those liabilities.   In March 2021, we commenced sales of common stock through the Second ATM Offering. The details of the shares of common stock sold through the Second ATM Offering are as follows (in thousands, except shares and weighted average per share price):   Distribution Agent   Month   Weighted Average Per Share Price     Number of Shares Sold     Net Proceeds     Compensation to Distribution Agent   Raymond James & Associates, Inc.   March 2021     9.0622       65,748     $ 584       12   Raymond James & Associates, Inc.   June 2021     9.1115       34,686       310       6   Raymond James & Associates, Inc.   July 2021     9.1061       6,740       60       1   Raymond James & Associates, Inc.   September 2022     2.9045       94,491       269       5   Raymond James & Associates, Inc.   October 2022     2.8947       313,333       889       18   Raymond James & Associates, Inc.   November 2022     2.7830       29,426       80       2   Total             544,424     $ 2,192       44                                       F- 29 Table of Contents     NOTE R—SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION    The Company operates in one reportable segment. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who is considered to be the chief operating decision maker, manages the Company’s operations as a whole and reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis, accompanied by information about product revenue, for purposes of evaluating financial performance and allocating resources.    The following tables set forth the Company’s revenue and asset information by geographic region. Revenue is classified based on the location of where the product is manufactured. Long-lived assets in the tables below comprise only property, plant, equipment and intangible assets (in thousands):         Year ended December 31,       2022     2021     2020   Revenues:                         United States   $ 7,423     $ 14,633     $ 18,380   Taiwan     164,144       99,201       131,076   China     51,251       97,731       85,167       $ 222,818     $ 211,565     $ 234,623         As of December 31,       2022     2021     2020   Long-lived assets:                         United States   $ 80,048     $ 87,709     $ 90,999   Taiwan     50,777       63,644       71,080   China     93,888       108,509       108,575       $ 224,713     $ 259,862     $ 270,654     The Company serves four primary markets, CATV, the internet data center, telecom and FTTH markets. Of the Company’s total revenues in 2022,  the Company earned $ 118.2  million, or 53.0 %, from the CATV market, $ 77.1  million, or 34.6 %, from the internet data center market, $ 24.7  million, or 11.1 %, from the telecom market and $ 0.1  million, or  0.1 %, from the FTTH market. Of the Company’s total revenues in 2021, the Company earned $ 94.3 million, or 44.6 %, from the CATV market, $ 97.5 million, or 46.1 %, from the internet data center market, $ 16.2 million, or 7.7 %, from the telecom market and $ 1.0 million, or 0.5 %, from the FTTH market. Of the Company’s total revenues in 2020, the Company earned $ 37.9 million, or 16.2 %, from the CATV market, $ 173.4 million, or 73.9 %, from the internet data center market, $ 21.1 million, or 9.0 %, from the telecom market and $ 0.1 million, or 0.0 %, from the FTTH market.   F- 30 Table of Contents     NOTE S—EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS     Employees of Global participate in a state-mandated social security program in China. Under this program, pension costs are recorded on the basis of required monthly contributions to employees’ individual accounts during their service periods. Under the regulations of the People’s Republic of China, Global is required to make fixed contributions to a fund, which is under the administration of the local labor departments. Pension expense for Global was $ 1.0  million, $ 1.0  million, and $ 1.2  million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 , respectively.    Employees of Prime World’s Taiwan branch participate in a pension program under the Taiwan Labor Pension Act. Pension expense for the Prime World’s Taiwan branch was $ 0.5  million, $ 0.7  million, and $ 0.8  million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 , respectively.    NOTE T—COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES    Employment Agreements and Consultancy Agreements      The Company has entered into employment and indemnification agreements with three executive officers. These agreements provide that if their employment is terminated as a result of a change of control of the Company, or if their employment is terminated for certain other reasons set forth in the agreements, the Company will be required to pay a severance payment in an amount equal to their annual base salary, and other additional compensation due under the terms of the agreements.    The Company has also entered into employment and indemnification agreements with one other executive officer. This agreement provides that if his employment is terminated as a result of a change of control of the Company, the Company will be required to pay a severance payment in an amount equal to six months of his annual base salary and other additional compensation due under the terms of the agreements.   Contingencies      From time to time, the Company may be subject to legal proceedings and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business, including, but not limited to, inquiries, investigations, audits and other regulatory proceedings, such as described below.  The Company records a loss provision when it believes it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Unless otherwise disclosed, the Company is unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss for the legal proceeding described below.    The Company believes that there are no claims or actions pending or threatened against it, the ultimate disposition of which would have a material adverse effect on it.   Other Contingencies     On August 9, 2021, the Company has received a Taxes Notification of Audit Result (“Notice”) from the Texas Comptroller’s Office (the “Comptroller”), for fiscal years between 2016 and 2019, informing the Company that the Comptroller believes the Company did not qualify for certain sales and use tax exemptions on various Research and Development purchases and accordingly the Company is liable for Sale and Use Tax in the amount of approximately $ 1.0 million including interest charges. The Company paid $ 0.4 million for the tax notice, but challenged the remaining tax assessments and vigorously defended its position. The Comptroller’s office exhausted its redetermination period and therefore moved AOI’s case to hearing process. AOI has not received its hearing schedule. The management estimated that the additional tax assessment will be in the range of $ 0.2 million to $ 0.4 million including interest charges     NOTE U—SUBSEQUENT EVENTS    The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date the financial statements were issued.   In February  2023, the Company repaid its revolving bank line of credit of $ 8.3 million.                                                       F-31