WASHINGTON TRUST BANCORP INC 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Corporation’s Audited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, and in conjunction with the condensed Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in Item 1 of this report. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full-year ended December 31, 2022 or any future period. Forward-Looking Statements This report contains statements that are “forward-looking statements.” We may also make forward-looking statements in other documents we file with the SEC, in our annual reports to shareholders, in press releases and other written materials, and in oral statements made by our officers, directors or employees. You can identify forward-looking statements by the use of the words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “assume,” “outlook,” “will,” “should,” and other expressions that predict or indicate future events and trends and which do not relate to historical matters. You should not rely on forward-looking statements, because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. These risks, uncertainties and other factors may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different than the anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Some of the factors that might cause these differences include the following: • ongoing disruptions in our business and operations, and changes in consumer behavior due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; • changes in political, business and economic conditions, including inflation, or legislative or regulatory initiatives; • the possibility that future credits losses are higher than currently expected due to changes in economic assumptions or adverse economic developments; • volatility in national and international financial markets; • interest rate changes or volatility, as well as changes in the balance and mix of loans and deposits; • reductions in the market value or outflows of wealth management AUA; • decreases in the value of securities and other assets; • changes in loan demand and collectability; • increases in defaults and charge-off rates; • changes in the size and nature of our competition; • changes in legislation or regulation and accounting principles, policies and guidelines; • operational risks including, but not limited to, changes in information technology, cybersecurity incidents, fraud, natural disasters, war, terrorism, civil unrest and future pandemics; • reputational risks; and • changes in the assumptions used in making such forward-looking statements. In addition, the factors described under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, as updated by our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and other filings submitted to the SEC, may result in these differences. You should carefully review all of these factors and you should be aware that there may be other factors that could cause these differences. These forward-looking statements were based on information, plans and estimates at the date of this report, and we assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect changes in underlying assumptions or factors, new information, future events or other changes. Overview The Corporation offers a comprehensive product line of banking and financial services to individuals and businesses, including commercial, residential and consumer lending, retail and commercial deposit products, and wealth management services through its offices in Rhode Island, eastern Massachusetts and Connecticut; its ATMs; telephone banking; mobile banking and its internet website (www.washtrust.com). Our largest source of operating income is net interest income, which is the difference between interest earned on loans and securities and interest paid on deposits and borrowings. In addition, we generate noninterest income from a number of -39- Management's Discussion and Analysis sources, including wealth management services, mortgage banking activities and deposit services. Our principal noninterest expenses include salaries and employee benefit costs, outsourced services provided by third party vendors, occupancy and facility-related costs and other administrative expenses. We continue to leverage our strong regional brand to build market share and remain steadfast in our commitment to provide superior service. We believe the key to future growth is providing customers with convenient in-person service and digital banking solutions. In 2022, we plan to open a new full-service branch in Cumberland, Rhode Island. Risk Management The Corporation has a comprehensive ERM program through which the Corporation identifies, measures, monitors and controls current and emerging material risks. The Board of Directors is responsible for oversight of the ERM program. The ERM program enables the aggregation of risk across the Corporation and ensures the Corporation has the tools, programs and processes in place to support informed decision making, to anticipate risks before they materialize and to maintain the Corporation’s risk profile consistent with its risk strategy. The Board of Directors has approved an enterprise risk management policy that addresses each category of risk. The risk categories include: credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, price and market risk, compliance risk, strategic and reputation risk, and operational risk. A description of each risk category is provided below. Credit risk represents the possibility that borrowers or other counterparties may not repay loans or other contractual obligations according to their terms due to changes in the financial capacity, ability and willingness of such borrowers or counterparties to meet their obligations. In some cases, the collateral securing payment of the loans may be sufficient to assure repayment, but in other cases the Corporation may experience significant credit losses which could have an adverse effect on its operating results. The Corporation makes various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of its loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of its borrowers and counterparties and the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral for the repayment of loans. Credit risk also exists with respect to investment securities. For further discussion regarding the credit risk and the credit quality of the Corporation’s loan portfolio, see Note 4 and Note 5 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. For further discussion regarding credit risk associated with unfunded commitments, see Note 17 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. For further discussion regarding the Corporation’s securities portfolio, see Note 3 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. Interest rate risk is the risk of loss to future earnings due to changes in interest rates. It exists because the repricing frequency and magnitude of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities are not identical. See the “Asset/Liability Management and Interest Rate Risk” section below for additional disclosure. Liquidity risk is the risk that the Corporation will not have the ability to generate adequate amounts of cash for it to meet its maturing liability obligations and customer loan demand. For detailed disclosure regarding liquidity management, see the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section below. Price and market risk refers to the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in interest rates and other relevant market rates and prices, such as equity prices. Interest rate risk, discussed above, is the most significant market risk to which the Corporation is exposed. The Corporation is also exposed to financial market risk and housing market risk. Compliance risk represents the risk of regulatory sanctions or financial loss resulting from the failure to comply with laws, rules and regulations and standards of good banking practice. Activities which may expose the Corporation to compliance risk include, but are not limited to, those dealing with the prevention of money laundering, privacy and data protection, adherence to all applicable laws and regulations, and employment and tax matters. Strategic and reputation risk represent the risk of loss due to impairment of reputation, failure to fully develop and execute business plans, and failure to assess existing and new opportunities and threats in business, markets, and products. Operational risk is the risk of loss due to human behavior, inadequate or failed internal systems and controls, and external influences such as market conditions, fraudulent activities, natural disasters and security risks. -40- Management's Discussion and Analysis ERM is an overarching program that includes all areas of the Corporation. A framework approach is utilized to assign responsibility and to ensure that the various business units and activities involved in the risk management life-cycle are effectively integrated. The Corporation has adopted the “three lines of defense” strategy that is an industry best practice for ERM. Business units are the first line of defense in managing risk. They are responsible for identifying, measuring, monitoring, and controlling current and emerging risks. They must report on and escalate their concerns. Corporate functions such as Credit Risk Management, Financial Administration, Information Assurance and Compliance, comprise the second line of defense. They are responsible for policy setting and for reviewing and challenging the risk management activities of the business units. They collaborate closely with business units on planning and resource allocation with respect to risk management. Internal Audit is the third line of defense. They provide independent assurance to the Board of Directors of the effectiveness of the first and second lines in fulfilling their risk management responsibilities. For additional factors that could adversely impact Washington Trust’s future results of operations and financial condition, see the section labeled “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, as updated by our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and other filings submitted to the SEC. -41- Management's Discussion and Analysis Results of Operations The following table presents a summarized consolidated statement of operations: (Dollars in thousands) Change Three months ended March 31, 2022 2021 $ % Net interest income $35,091 $32,871 $2,220 7 % Noninterest income 17,159 25,974 (8,815) (34) Total revenues 52,250 58,845 (6,595) (11) Provision for credit losses 100 (2,000) 2,100 105 Noninterest expense 31,219 34,713 (3,494) (10) Income before income taxes 20,931 26,132 (5,201) (20) Income tax expense 4,448 5,661 (1,213) (21) Net income $16,483 $20,471 ($3,988) (19 %) The following table presents a summary of performance metrics and ratios: Three months ended March 31, 2022 2021 Diluted earnings per common share $0.94 $1.17 Return on average assets (net income divided by average assets) 1.14 % 1.45 % Return on average equity (net income available for common shareholders divided by average equity) 12.04 % 15.55 % Net interest income as a percentage of total revenues 67 % 56 % Noninterest income as a percentage of total revenues 33 % 44 % Net income totaled $16.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to $20.5 million for the same period in 2021. In 2022, net interest income largely benefited from lower funding costs, a reduction in average wholesale funding balances and an increase in average interest-earning asset balances. The decrease in noninterest income reflected lower mortgage banking revenues and other income, partially offset by higher wealth management revenues. The provision for credit losses recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was modest, reflecting continued low loss rates, strong asset and credit quality metrics, as well as our current estimate of forecasted economic conditions. This compared to a release of credit loss reserves in first quarter of 2021. Noninterest expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2021 included debt prepayment penalty expense of $3.3 million associated with paying off higher yielding FHLB advances, while there was no such expense incurred for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The year-over-year decline in noninterest expenses also reflected a decrease in salaries and employee benefits expense. -42- Management's Discussion and Analysis Average Balances / Net Interest Margin - Fully Taxable Equivalent Basis The following table presents average balance and interest rate information. Tax-exempt income is converted to a FTE basis using the statutory federal income tax rate adjusted for applicable state income taxes net of the related federal tax benefit. Unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale securities and changes in fair value on mortgage loans held for sale are excluded from the average balance and yield calculations. Nonaccrual loans, as well as interest recognized on these loans, are included in amounts presented for loans. Three months ended March 31, 2022 2021 Change (Dollars in thousands) Average Balance Interest Yield/ Rate Average Balance Interest Yield/ Rate Average Balance Interest Yield/ Rate Assets: Cash, federal funds sold and short-term investments $183,684 $78 0.17 $154,895 $33 0.09 $28,789 $45 0.08 Mortgage loans held for sale 28,471 232 3.30 61,408 441 2.91 (32,937) (209) 0.39 Taxable debt securities 1,071,745 4,230 1.60 915,864 3,242 1.44 155,881 988 0.16 FHLB stock 12,294 67 2.21 28,867 133 1.87 (16,573) (66) 0.34 Commercial real estate 1,631,819 11,891 2.96 1,625,859 11,359 2.83 5,960 532 0.13 Commercial & industrial 634,869 6,226 3.98 839,740 7,866 3.80 (204,871) (1,640) 0.18 Total commercial 2,266,688 18,117 3.24 2,465,599 19,225 3.16 (198,911) (1,108) 0.08 Residential real estate 1,740,087 13,987 3.26 1,454,323 12,817 3.57 285,764 1,170 (0.31) Home equity 246,766 1,875 3.08 257,733 2,122 3.34 (10,967) (247) (0.26) Other 16,933 195 4.67 20,106 241 4.86 (3,173) (46) (0.19) Total consumer 263,699 2,070 3.18 277,839 2,363 3.45 (14,140) (293) (0.27) Total loans 4,270,474 34,174 3.25 4,197,761 34,405 3.32 72,713 (231) (0.07) Total interest-earning assets 5,566,668 38,781 2.83 5,358,795 38,254 2.90 207,873 527 (0.07) Noninterest-earning assets 298,000 353,136 (55,136) Total assets $5,864,668 $5,711,931 $152,737 Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity: Interest-bearing demand deposits $248,395 $70 0.11 $183,989 $96 0.21 $64,406 ($26) (0.10) NOW accounts 847,848 130 0.06 697,964 102 0.06 149,884 28 — Money market accounts 1,174,833 615 0.21 909,890 714 0.32 264,943 (99) (0.11) Savings accounts 561,339 71 0.05 489,851 69 0.06 71,488 2 (0.01) Time deposits (in-market) 793,169 2,017 1.03 703,580 2,238 1.29 89,589 (221) (0.26) Total interest-bearing in-market deposits 3,625,584 2,903 0.32 2,985,274 3,219 0.44 640,310 (316) (0.12) Wholesale brokered time deposits 455,785 200 0.18 579,149 444 0.31 (123,364) (244) (0.13) Total interest-bearing deposits 4,081,369 3,103 0.31 3,564,423 3,663 0.42 516,946 (560) (0.11) FHLB advances 150,922 244 0.66 542,684 1,380 1.03 (391,762) (1,136) (0.37) Junior subordinated debentures 22,681 99 1.77 22,681 94 1.68 — 5 0.09 Total interest-bearing liabilities 4,254,972 3,446 0.33 4,129,788 5,137 0.50 125,184 (1,691) (0.17) Noninterest-bearing demand deposits 940,220 890,628 49,592 Other liabilities 116,291 159,244 (42,953) Shareholders’ equity 553,185 532,271 20,914 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $5,864,668 $5,711,931 $152,737 Net interest income (FTE) $35,335 $33,117 $2,218 Interest rate spread 2.50 2.40 0.10 Net interest margin 2.57 2.51 0.06 -43- Management's Discussion and Analysis Interest income amounts presented in the preceding table include the following adjustments for taxable equivalency: (Dollars in thousands) Three months ended March 31, 2022 2021 Change Commercial loans $244 $246 ($2) Net Interest Income Net interest income, the primary source of our operating income, totaled $35.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to $32.9 million for the same period in 2021. Net interest income is affected by the level of and changes in interest rates, and changes in the amount and composition of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Prepayment penalty income associated with loan payoffs is included in net interest income. The following discussion presents net interest income on an FTE basis by adjusting income and yields on tax-exempt loans and securities to be comparable to taxable loans and securities. The analysis of net interest income, NIM and the yield on loans may be impacted by the periodic recognition of prepayment penalty fee income associated with loan payoffs. Prepayment penalty fee income associated with loan payoffs amounted to $76 thousand (or 0 basis point benefit to NIM) for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to $217 thousand (or 2 basis points benefit to NIM) for the same period in 2021. The analysis of net interest income, NIM and the yield on loans is also impacted by changes in the level of net amortization of premiums and discounts on securities and loans, which is included in interest income. Additionally, as PPP loans are forgiven by the SBA, related unamortized net fee balances are accelerated and amortized, increasing net interest income. Changes in market interest rates affect the level of loan prepayments and the receipt of payments on mortgage-backed securities. Prepayment speeds generally increase as market interest rates decline and decrease as market interest rates rise. Changes in prepayment speeds could increase or decrease the level of net amortization of premiums and discounts, thereby affecting interest income. As noted in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, net amortization of premiums and discounts on securities and loans (a net reduction to interest income) amounted to $966 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared $882 thousand for the same period in 2021. Accelerated amortization of net deferred fee balances on PPP loans forgiven by the SBA amounted to $819 thousand (or 6 basis points benefit to NIM) for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to $1.2 million (or 10 basis points benefit to NIM) for the same period in 2021. FTE net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 amounted to $35.3 million, up by $2.2 million, or 7%, from the same period in 2021. Declines in funding costs contributed $1.4 million of net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2022. In addition, growth in average interest-earning assets and declines in average interest-bearing liability balances contributed approximately $856 thousand of net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2022. NIM was 2.57% for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to 2.51% for the same period in 2021. NIM benefited from lower funding costs and a reduction in average wholesale funding balances. It also benefited from accelerated amortization of net deferred fee balances on PPP loans that were forgiven by the SBA and loan prepayment fees. Excluding the impact of both accelerated net deferred fee amortization on PPP loans and commercial loan prepayment fee income, the NIM amounted to 2.51% for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to 2.40% for the same period in 2021. Total average securities for the three months ended March 31, 2022 increased by $155.9 million, or 17%, from the average balances for the same period a year earlier. The FTE rate of return on the securities portfolio for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was 1.60%, compared to 1.44% for the same period in 2021, reflecting purchases of relatively higher yielding debt securities and higher market interest rates. Total average loan balances for the three months ended March 31, 2022 increased by $72.7 million, or 2%, from the average loan balances for the comparable 2021 period. The increase reflected growth in average residential real estate loan balances, partially offset by a decline in commercial loans concentrated in PPP loans. The yield on total loans for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was 3.25%, compared to 3.32% for the same period in 2021. The yield on total loans benefited from accelerated amortization of net deferred fee balances on PPP loans that were forgiven by the SBA and commercial loan -44- Management's Discussion and Analysis prepayment fee income. Excluding the impact of these items for both periods, the yield on total loans for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was 3.16%, down by 2 basis points, from 3.18% for the same period in 2021. The average balance of FHLB advances for the three months ended March 31, 2022 decreased by $391.8 million, compared to the average balances for the same period in 2021. The average rate paid on such advances for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was 0.66%, down by 37 basis points from 1.03% for the same period in 2021, reflecting maturities and payoffs of higher-yielding FHLB advances and lower market interest rates in the prior year. Included in total average interest-bearing deposits were out-of-market wholesale brokered time deposits, which decreased by $123.4 million from the same period in 2021. The average rate paid on wholesale brokered time deposits for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was 0.18%, compared to 0.31% for the same period in 2021, reflecting lower market interest rates in the prior year. Average in-market interest-bearing deposits, which excludes wholesale brokered time deposits, for the three months ended March 31, 2022 increased by $640.3 million, or 21%, from the average balances for the same period in 2021. The increases reflected growth across all in-market interest-bearing deposit categories. The average rate paid on in-market interest-bearing deposits for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was 0.32%, down by 12 basis points from 0.44% for the same period in 2021, largely due to downward repricing of interest-bearing in-market deposits reflecting lower market interest rates in the prior year. The average balance of noninterest-bearing demand deposits for the three months ended March 31, 2022 increased by $49.6 million, or 6%, from the average balance for the same period in 2021. See additional disclosure under the caption “Sources of Funds.” -45- Management's Discussion and Analysis Volume / Rate Analysis - Interest Income and Expense (FTE Basis) The following table presents certain information on an FTE basis regarding changes in our interest income and interest expense for the period indicated. The net change attributable to both volume and rate has been allocated proportionately. (Dollars in thousands) Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 vs. 2021 Change Due to Volume Rate Net Change Interest on Interest-Earning Assets: Cash, federal funds sold and other short-term investments $8 $37 $45 Mortgage loans held for sale (262) 53 (209) Taxable debt securities 598 390 988 FHLB stock (87) 21 (66) Commercial real estate 39 493 532 Commercial & industrial (1,998) 358 (1,640) Total commercial (1,959) 851 (1,108) Residential real estate 2,353 (1,183) 1,170 Home equity (87) (160) (247) Other (37) (9) (46) Total consumer (124) (169) (293) Total loans 270 (501) (231) Total interest income 527 — 527 Interest on Interest-Bearing Liabilities: Interest-bearing demand deposits 27 (53) (26) NOW accounts 28 — 28 Money market accounts 181 (280) (99) Savings accounts 12 (10) 2 Time deposits (in-market) 264 (485) (221) Total interest-bearing in-market deposits 512 (828) (316) Wholesale brokered time deposits (82) (162) (244) Total interest-bearing deposits 430 (990) (560) FHLB advances (759) (377) (1,136) Junior subordinated debentures — 5 5 Total interest expense (329) (1,362) (1,691) Net interest income (FTE) $856 $1,362 $2,218 Provision for Credit Losses The provision for credit losses results from management’s review of the adequacy of the ACL. The ACL is management’s estimate of expected lifetime credit losses as of the reporting date and includes consideration of current forecasted economic conditions. Estimating an appropriate level of ACL necessarily involves a high degree of judgment. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, there was a positive $100 thousand provision for credit losses (or a charge) recognized, compared to a negative $2.0 million provision for credit losses (or a benefit) recognized for the same period in 2021. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the provision related to an increase in the ACL on unfunded commitments. There was no provision for credit losses on loans recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2022, reflecting continued low loss rates, strong asset and credit quality metrics, as well as our current estimate of forecasted economic conditions. The release of credit loss reserves in 2021 reflected an improvement in forecasted economic conditions following higher credit provisioning in 2020, which was attributable to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. -46- Management's Discussion and Analysis Net recoveries totaled $148 thousand in the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to net charge-offs of $18 thousand for the same period in 2021. The ACL on loans was $39.2 million, or 0.92% of total loans, at March 31, 2022, compared to an ACL on loans of $39.1 million, or 0.91% of total loans, at December 31, 2021. See additional discussion under the caption “Asset Quality” for further information on the ACL on loans. Noninterest Income Noninterest income is an important source of revenue for Washington Trust. The principal categories of noninterest income are shown in the following table: (Dollars in thousands) Change Three months ended March 31, 2022 2021 $ % Noninterest income: Wealth management revenues $10,531 $9,895 $636 6 % Mortgage banking revenues 3,501 11,927 (8,426) (71) Card interchange fees 1,164 1,133 31 3 Service charges on deposit accounts 668 609 59 10 Loan related derivative income 301 467 (166) (36) Income from bank-owned life insurance 601 556 45 8 Other income 393 1,387 (994) (72) Total noninterest income $17,159 $25,974 ($8,815) (34 %) Noninterest Income Analysis Revenue from wealth management services represented 61% of total noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to 38% for the same period in 2021. A substantial portion of wealth management revenues is dependent on the value of wealth management AUA and is closely tied to the performance of the financial markets. This portion of wealth management revenues is referred to as “asset-based” and includes trust and investment management fees. Wealth management revenues also include “transaction-based” revenues, such as commissions and other service fees that are not primarily derived from the value of assets. The categories of wealth management revenues are shown in the following table: (Dollars in thousands) Change Three months ended March 31, 2022 2021 $ % Wealth management revenues: Asset-based revenues $10,211 $9,583 $628 7 % Transaction-based revenues 320 312 8 3 Total wealth management revenues $10,531 $9,895 $636 6 % Wealth management revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2022 increased by $636 thousand, or 6%, from the comparable period in 2021, reflecting growth in asset-based revenues. The increase in asset-based revenues correlated with the increase in AUA balances. -47- Management's Discussion and Analysis The following table presents the changes in wealth management AUA: (Dollars in thousands) Three months ended March 31, 2022 2021 Wealth management assets under administration: Balance at the beginning of period $7,784,211 $6,866,737 Net investment appreciation (depreciation) & income (388,733) 208,953 Net client asset inflows (outflows) 97,415 (26,464) Balance at the end of period $7,492,893 $7,049,226 Wealth management AUA amounted to $7.5 billion at March 31, 2022, up by $443.7 million, or 6% from the balance at March 31, 2021, primarily due to net investment appreciation. The average balance of AUA for the three months ended March 31, 2022 increased by approximately 9% from the average balance for the same period in 2021. Mortgage banking revenues represented 20% of total noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to 46% for the same period in 2021. The composition of mortgage banking revenues and the volume of loans sold to the secondary market are shown in the following table: (Dollars in thousands) Change Three months ended March 31, 2022 2021 $ % Mortgage banking revenues: Realized gains on loan sales, net (1) $3,327 $13,745 ($10,418) (76 %) Changes in fair value, net (2) (242) (1,888) 1,646 87 Loan servicing fee income, net (3) 416 70 346 494 Total mortgage banking revenues $3,501 $11,927 ($8,426) (71 %) Loans sold to the secondary market (4) $130,128 $292,019 ($161,891) (55 %) (1) Includes gains on loan sales, commission income on loans originated for others, servicing right gains, and gains (losses) on forward loan commitments. (2) Represents fair value changes on mortgage loans held for sale and forward loan commitments. (3) Represents loan servicing fee income, net of servicing right amortization and valuation adjustments. (4) Includes brokered loans (loans originated for others). For the three months ended March 31, 2022, mortgage banking revenues totaled $3.5 million, down by $8.4 million, or 71%, compared to the same period in 2021. These revenues are dependent on mortgage origination volume and are sensitive to interest rates and the condition of housing markets. Included in mortgage banking revenues are changes in the fair value of mortgage loans held for sale and forward loan commitments, which are primarily based on current market prices in the secondary market and correlate to changes in the size of the mortgage pipeline. The decline in mortgage banking revenues was mainly attributable to a decline in sales volume and a reduction in the sales yield from the previously elevated level in the first quarter of 2021. Mortgage loans sold to the secondary market totaled $130.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to $292.0 million for the same period in 2021, reflecting an overall reduction in mortgage origination and sales activity, as well as a larger proportion of loans originated for portfolio in 2022. Other income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 decreased by $994 thousand from the same period in 2021, due to $1.0 million of income associated with a litigation settlement that was recognized in the first quarter of 2021. -48- Management's Discussion and Analysis Noninterest Expense The following table presents noninterest expense comparisons: (Dollars in thousands) Change Three months ended March 31, 2022 2021 $ % Noninterest expense: Salaries and employee benefits $21,002 $21,527 ($525) (2 %) Outsourced services 3,242 3,200 42 1 Net occupancy 2,300 2,128 172 8 Equipment 918 994 (76) (8) Legal, audit and professional fees 770 597 173 29 FDIC deposit insurance costs 366 345 21 6 Advertising and promotion 351 222 129 58 Amortization of intangibles 217 226 (9) (4) Debt prepayment penalties — 3,335 (3,335) (100) Other 2,053 2,139 (86) (4) Total noninterest expense $31,219 $34,713 ($3,494) (10 %) Noninterest Expense Analysis Salaries and employee benefits expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 decreased by $525 thousand compared to the same period in 2021. This reflected volume-related decreases in mortgage originator compensation expense, partially offset by annual merit increases and staffing increases. Debt prepayment penalty expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 totaled $3.3 million, due to the prepayment of higher-yielding FHLB advances. There were no such debt prepayments in the first quarter of 2022. Income Taxes The following table presents the Corporation’s income tax provision and applicable tax rates for the periods indicated: (Dollars in thousands) Three months ended March 31, 2022 2021 Income tax expense $4,448 $5,661 Effective income tax rate 21.3 % 21.7 % The effective income tax rates for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 differed from the federal rate of 21%, primarily due to state income tax expense, partially offset by the benefits of tax-exempt income, income from BOLI, federal tax credits and the recognition of excess tax expense or benefits associated with the settlement of share-based awards. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 reflected an increase in benefits from federal tax credits, partially offset by a decrease in benefits from tax-exempt income. Segment Reporting The Corporation manages its operations through two reportable business segments, consisting of Commercial Banking and Wealth Management Services. See Note 14 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for additional disclosure related to business segments. -49- Management's Discussion and Analysis Commercial Banking The following table presents a summarized statement of operations for the Commercial Banking business segment: (Dollars in thousands) Change Three months ended March 31, 2022 2021 $ % Net interest income $35,108 $32,885 $2,223 7 % Provision for credit losses 100 (2,000) 2,100 (105) Net interest income after provision for credit losses 35,008 34,885 123 — Noninterest income 6,512 14,990 (8,478) (57) Noninterest expense 23,322 27,241 (3,919) (14) Income before income taxes 18,198 22,634 (4,436) (20) Income tax expense 3,797 4,835 (1,038) (21) Net income $14,401 $17,799 ($3,398) (19 %) Net interest income for the Commercial Banking segment for the three months ended March 31, 2022, increased by $2.2 million from the same period in 2021. Net interest income largely benefited from lower funding costs, a reduction in average wholesale funding balances and an increase in average interest-earning asset balances. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, there was a positive $100 thousand provision for credit losses (or a charge) recognized, compared to a negative $2.0 million provision for credit losses (or a benefit) recognized for the same period in 2021. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the provision related to an increase in the ACL on unfunded commitments. There was no provision for credit losses on loans recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2022, reflecting continued low loss rates, strong asset and credit quality metrics, as well as our current estimate of forecasted economic conditions. The release of credit loss reserves in 2021 reflected an improvement in forecasted economic conditions following higher credit provisioning in 2020, which was attributable to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Noninterest income derived from the Commercial Banking segment for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was down by $8.5 million from the comparable period in 2021, largely due to lower mortgage banking revenues. See additional discussion regarding mortgage banking revenues under the caption “Noninterest Income” above. Commercial Banking noninterest expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2022 were down by $3.9 million from the same period in 2021, largely reflecting decreases in debt prepayment penalties and salaries and employee benefits expense. See additional discussion under the caption “Noninterest Expense” above. Wealth Management Services The following table presents a summarized statement of operations for the Wealth Management Services business segment: (Dollars in thousands) Change Three months ended March 31, 2022 2021 $ % Net interest expense ($17) ($14) ($3) 21 % Noninterest income 10,647 10,984 (337) (3) Noninterest expense 7,897 7,472 425 6 Income before income taxes 2,733 3,498 (765) (22) Income tax expense 651 826 (175) (21) Net income $2,082 $2,672 ($590) (22 %) For the three months ended March 31, 2022, noninterest income derived from the Wealth Management Services segment decreased by $337 thousand, compared to the same period in 2021. The decrease reflected $1.0 million of income associated with a litigation settlement that was recognized in the first quarter of 2021, partially offset by growth in asset-based revenues. See further discussion under the caption “Noninterest Income” above. -50- Management's Discussion and Analysis For the three months ended March 31, 2022, noninterest expenses for the Wealth Management Services segment increased by $425 thousand from the same period in 2021, reflecting an increase in salaries and employee benefits expenses. See further discussion under the caption “Noninterest Expense” above. Financial Condition Summary The following table presents selected financial condition data: (Dollars in thousands) Change March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 $ % Cash and due from banks $224,807 $175,259 $49,548 28 % Total securities 1,008,184 1,042,859 (34,675) (3) Total loans 4,283,852 4,272,925 10,927 — Allowance for credit losses on loans 39,236 39,088 148 — Total assets 5,847,999 5,851,127 (3,128) — Total deposits 5,127,950 4,980,051 147,899 3 FHLB advances 55,000 145,000 (90,000) (62) Total shareholders’ equity 513,192 564,808 (51,616) (9) Total assets amounted to $5.8 billion at March 31, 2022, down by $3.1 million, or 0.1%, from the end of 2021. Cash and due from banks balances increased by $49.5 million, or 28%, from the end of 2021, reflecting higher cash balances with the FRBB . The securities portfolio decreased by $34.7 million, or 3%, reflecting a temporary decline in fair value and pay-downs, partially offset by purchases. Total loans increased by $10.9 million, or 0.3%, as loan originations were partially offset by payoffs, pay-downs and PPP loans that were forgiven by the SBA. Total deposits increased by $147.9 million, or 3%, from the end of 2021, with an increase of $261.3 million, or 6%, in in-market deposits partially offset by a decrease of $113.4 million, or 22%, in wholesale brokered time deposits. FHLB advances decreased by $90.0 million, or 62%, from December 31, 2021, as lower levels of wholesale funding were needed given the in-market deposits increase. Shareholders’ equity decreased by $51.6 million, or 9%, largely reflecting a decline in the AOCL component of shareholders' equity due to a temporary decrease in the fair value of available for sale securities and cash flow hedges. Securities I nvestment security activity is monitored by the Investment Committee, the members of which also sit on the ALCO. Asset and liability management objectives are the primary influence on the Corporation’s investment activities. However, the Corporation also recognizes that there are certain specific risks inherent in investment activities. The securities portfolio is managed in accordance with regulatory guidelines and established internal corporate investment policies that provide limitations on specific risk factors such as market risk, credit risk and concentration, liquidity risk and operational risk to help monitor risks associated with investing in securities. Reports on the activities conducted by the Investment Committee and the ALCO are presented to the Board of Directors on a regular basis. The Corporation’s securities portfolio is managed to generate interest income, to implement interest rate risk management strategies, and to provide a readily available source of liquidity for balance sheet management. Securities are designated as either available for sale, held to maturity or trading at the time of purchase. The Corporation does not have securities designated as held to maturity and does not maintain a portfolio of trading securities. Securities available for sale may be sold in response to changes in market conditions, prepayment risk, rate fluctuations, liquidity, or capital requirements. Debt -51- Management's Discussion and Analysis securities available for sale are reported at fair value, with any unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported as a separate component of shareholders’ equity, net of tax, until realized. Determination of Fair Value The Corporation uses an independent pricing service to obtain quoted prices. The prices provided by the independent pricing service are generally based on observable market data in active markets. The determination of whether markets are active or inactive is based upon the level of trading activity for a particular security class. Management reviews the independent pricing service’s documentation to gain an understanding of the appropriateness of the pricing methodologies. Management also reviews the prices provided by the independent pricing service for reasonableness based upon current trading levels for similar securities. If the prices appear unusual, they are re-examined and the value is either confirmed or revised. In addition, management periodically performs independent price tests of securities to ensure proper valuation and to verify our understanding of how securities are priced. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, management did not make any adjustments to the prices provided by the pricing service. Our fair value measurements generally utilize Level 2 inputs, representing quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, and model-derived valuations in which all significant input assumptions are observable in active markets. See Notes 3 and 10 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the determination of fair value of investment securities. Securities Portfolio The carrying amounts of securities held are as follows: (Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Amount % Amount % Available for Sale Debt Securities: Obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises $185,432 18 % $196,454 19 % Mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government agencies and U.S. government-sponsored enterprises 801,570 80 824,962 79 Individual name issuer trust preferred debt securities 9,019 1 9,138 1 Corporate bonds 12,163 1 12,305 1 Total available for sale debt securities $1,008,184 100 % $1,042,859 100 % The securities portfolio amounted to $1.0 billion, or 17% of total assets, as of March 31, 2022 compared to $1.0 billion, or 18% of total assets, as of December 31, 2021. The largest component of the securities portfolio is mortgage-backed securities, all of which are issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. The securities portfolio decreased by $34.7 million, or 3%, from the end of 2021, reflecting a temporary decline in the fair value of available for sale securities and routine pay-downs on mortgage-backed securities. These decreases were partially offset by purchases of U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored debt securities, including mortgage-backed securities, totaling $75.2 million, with a weighted average yield of 2.41%. The carrying amount of available for sale debt securities included net unrealized losses of $74.0 million and $8.9 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The decline in fair value of available for sale debt securities from the end of 2021 was primarily concentrated in obligations of U.S. government agencies and U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, including mortgage-backed securities, and attributable to relative changes in interest rates since the time of purchase. See Note 3 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Loans Total loans amounted to $4.3 billion at March 31, 2022, up by $10.9 million, or 0.3%, from the end of 2021, reflecting growth in the residential real estate portfolio partially offset by a decline in the commercial loan portfolio. -52- Management's Discussion and Analysis The following is a summary of loans: (Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Amount % Amount % Commercial: Commercial real estate (1) $1,628,620 38 % $1,639,062 38 % Commercial & industrial (2) 614,892 14 641,555 15 Total commercial 2,243,512 52 2,280,617 53 Residential Real Estate: Residential real estate (3) 1,777,974 42 1,726,975 40 Consumer: Home equity 246,097 6 247,697 6 Other (4) 16,269 — 17,636 1 Total consumer 262,366 6 265,333 7 Total loans $4,283,852 100 % $4,272,925 100 % (1) CRE consists of commercial mortgages primarily secured by income-producing property, as well as construction and development loans. Construction and development loans are made to businesses for land development or the on-site construction of industrial, commercial, or residential buildings. (2) C&I consists of loans to businesses and individuals, a portion of which are fully or partially collateralized by real estate. C&I also includes PPP loans. (3) Residential real estate consists of mortgage and homeowner construction loans secured by one- to four-family residential properties. (4) Other consists of loans to individuals secured by general aviation aircraft and other personal installment loans. COVID-19 Pandemic Related The Corporation elected to account for eligible loan modifications under Section 4013 of the CARES Act, as amended by the CRRSA Act. Eligible loan modifications from March 1, 2020 through January 1, 2022 made in response to the COVID-19 pandemic were not required to be classified as TDRs. During this period of time, we processed loan payment deferral modifications, or “deferments”, on 654 loans totaling $727.7 million. The vast majority of the deferments qualified as eligible loan modifications and were not classified as TDRs. As of March 31, 2022, all of these loans have exited their payment deferral period. Commercial Loans The commercial loan portfolio represented 52% of total loans at March 31, 2022. In making commercial loans, we may occasionally solicit the participation of other banks. The Bank also participates in commercial loans originated by other banks. In such cases, these loans are individually underwritten by us using standards similar to those employed for our self-originated loans. Our participation in commercial loans originated by other banks amounted to $442.7 million and $451.6 million, respectively, at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Our participation in commercial loans originated by other banks also includes shared national credits. Shared national credits are defined as participation in loans or loan commitments of at least $100.0 million that are shared by three or more banks. Commercial loans fall into two main categories, commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans. Commercial real estate loans consist of commercial mortgages secured by real property where the primary source of repayment is derived from rental income associated with the property or the proceeds of the sale, refinancing or permanent financing of the property. Commercial real estate loans also include construction loans made to businesses for land development or the on-site construction of industrial, commercial, or residential buildings. Commercial and industrial loans primarily provide working capital, equipment financing and financing for other business-related purposes. Commercial and industrial loans are frequently collateralized by equipment, inventory, accounts receivable, and/or general business assets. A portion of the Bank’s commercial and industrial loans is also collateralized by real estate. Commercial and industrial loans also include PPP loans that are fully guaranteed by the U.S. government, tax-exempt loans made to states and political subdivisions, as well as industrial development or revenue bonds issued through quasi-public corporations for the benefit of a private or non-profit entity where that entity rather than the governmental entity is obligated to pay the debt service. Commercial Real Estate Loans CRE loans totaled $1.6 billion at March 31, 2022, down by $10.4 million, or 1%, from the balance at December 31, 2021. Included in CRE loans were construction and development loans with carrying values of $90.0 million and $122.4 million, -53- Management's Discussion and Analysis respectively, as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, CRE payoffs and pay-downs of approximately $100 million were partially offset by loan originations and advances. Shared national credit balances outstanding included in the CRE loan portfolio totaled $5.0 million at March 31, 2022. The balance was included in the pass-rated category of commercial loan credit quality and current with respect to contractual payment terms at March 31, 2022. The following table presents a geographic summary of CRE loans by property location: (Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Outstanding Balance % of Total Outstanding Balance % of Total Connecticut $618,315 38 % $643,182 39 % Rhode Island 394,011 24 408,496 25 Massachusetts 472,902 29 464,018 28 Subtotal 1,485,228 91 1,515,696 92 All other states 143,392 9 123,366 8 Total $1,628,620 100 % $1,639,062 100 % The following table presents a summary of CRE loans by property type segmentation: (Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Count Outstanding Balance % of Total Count Outstanding Balance % of Total CRE Portfolio Segmentation: Multi-family dwelling 125 $443,571 27 % 127 $474,229 29 % Retail 117 380,588 23 121 389,487 24 Office 59 219,551 13 57 216,602 13 Hospitality 32 193,213 12 31 184,990 11 Industrial and warehouse 36 143,441 9 35 137,254 8 Healthcare 15 134,713 8 13 128,189 8 Commercial mixed use 20 38,731 2 20 38,978 2 Other 36 74,812 6 36 69,333 5 Total CRE loans 440 $1,628,620 100 % 440 $1,639,062 100 % Average CRE loan size $3,701 $3,725 Largest individual CRE loan outstanding $39,883 $39,945 Commercial and Industrial Loans C&I loans amounted to $614.9 million at March 31, 2022, down by $26.7 million, or 4%, from the balance at December 31, 2021. This included a net reduction in PPP loans of $25.5 million. Excluding PPP loans, C&I loans decreased by approximately $1.2 million, with payoffs and pay-downs of approximately $22 million partially offset by new loan originations. As of March 31, 2022, the carrying value of PPP loans was $12.5 million and included net unamortized loan origination fee balances of $425 thousand. The carrying value of PPP loans at December 31, 2021 was $38.0 million. Shared national credit balances outstanding included in the C&I loan portfolio totaled $41.9 million at March 31, 2022. All of these loans were included in the pass-rated category of commercial loan credit quality and were current with respect to contractual payment terms at March 31, 2022. -54- Management's Discussion and Analysis The following table presents a summary of C&I loan by industry segmentation: (Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Count Outstanding Balance % of Total Count Outstanding Balance % of Total C&I Portfolio Segmentation: Healthcare and social assistance 72 $175,988 29 % 101 $174,376 27 % Owner occupied and other real estate 170 67,651 11 185 72,957 11 Manufacturing 52 55,868 9 65 55,341 9 Educational services 22 50,939 8 28 52,211 8 Retail 71 43,436 7 79 47,290 7 Finance and insurance 59 35,477 6 59 31,279 5 Transportation and warehousing 25 34,605 6 31 35,064 5 Entertainment and recreation 28 29,297 5 37 32,087 5 Information 10 23,377 4 14 25,045 4 Accommodation and food services 71 19,589 3 114 28,320 4 Professional, scientific and technical 46 6,781 1 69 8,912 1 Public administration 15 5,340 1 16 5,441 1 Other 202 66,544 10 281 73,232 13 Total C&I loans 843 $614,892 100 % 1,079 $641,555 100 % Average C&I loan size $729 $595 Largest individual C&I loan outstanding $27,661 $18,721 Residential Real Estate Loans The residential real estate loan portfolio represented 42% of total loans at March 31, 2022. Residential real estate loans are originated both for sale to the secondary market as well as for retention in the Bank’s loan portfolio. We also originate residential real estate loans for various investors in a broker capacity, including conventional mortgages and reverse mortgages. The table below presents residential real estate loan origination activity: (Dollars in thousands) Three months ended March 31, 2022 2021 Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Originations for retention in portfolio (1) $164,401 61 % $131,791 30 % Originations for sale to the secondary market (2) 106,619 39 309,325 70 Total $271,020 100 % $441,116 100 % (1) Includes the full commitment amount of homeowner construction loans. (2) Includes brokered loans (loans originated for others). -55- Management's Discussion and Analysis The table below presents residential real estate loan sales activity: (Dollars in thousands) Three months ended March 31, 2022 2021 Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Loans sold with servicing rights retained $14,627 11 % $226,645 78 % Loans sold with servicing rights released (1) 115,501 89 65,374 22 Total $130,128 100 % $292,019 100 % (1) Includes brokered loans (loans originated for others). Residential real estate loan origination, refinancing and sales activity decreased year-over-year in response to increases in market interest rates. Loans are sold with servicing retained or released. Loans sold with servicing rights retained result in the capitalization of servicing rights. Loan servicing rights are included in other assets and are subsequently amortized as an offset to mortgage banking revenues over the estimated period of servicing. The net balance of capitalized servicing rights amounted to $9.4 million and $9.8 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The balance of residential mortgage loans serviced for others, which are not included in the Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets, amounted to $1.5 billion as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Residential real estate loans held in portfolio amounted to $1.8 billion at March 31, 2022, up by $51.0 million, or 3%, from the balance at December 31, 2021, reflecting a higher proportion of loans originated for portfolio. The following is a geographic summary of residential real estate mortgages by property location: (Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Massachusetts $1,250,376 70 % $1,207,789 70 % Rhode Island 371,463 21 365,831 21 Connecticut 133,815 8 132,430 8 Subtotal 1,755,654 99 1,706,050 99 All other states 22,320 1 20,925 1 Total (1) $1,777,974 100 % $1,726,975 100 % (1) Includes residential mortgage loans purchased from and serviced by other financial institutions totaling $71.6 million and $78.7 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Consumer Loans Consumer loans include home equity loans and lines of credit and personal installment loans. Home equity lines of credit and home equity loans represented 94% of the total consumer portfolio at March 31, 2022. Our home equity line and home equity loan origination activities are conducted primarily in southern New England. The Bank estimates that approximately 60% of the combined home equity lines of credit and home equity loan balances are first lien positions or subordinate to other Washington Trust mortgages. The consumer loan portfolio totaled $262.4 million at March 31, 2022, down by $3.0 million, or 1%, from December 31, 2021. Purchased consumer loans, consisting of loans to individuals secured by general aviation aircraft, amounted to $8.5 million and $9.4 million, respectively, at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. -56- Management's Discussion and Analysis Asset Quality Nonperforming Assets Nonperforming assets include nonaccrual loans and property acquired through foreclosure or repossession. The following table presents nonperforming assets and additional asset quality data: (Dollars in thousands) Mar 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Commercial: Commercial real estate $— $— Commercial & industrial — — Total commercial — — Residential Real Estate: Residential real estate 11,916 13,576 Consumer: Home equity 673 627 Other — — Total consumer 673 627 Total nonaccrual loans 12,589 14,203 Property acquired through foreclosure or repossession, net — — Total nonperforming assets $12,589 $14,203 Nonperforming assets to total assets 0.22 % 0.24 % Nonperforming loans to total loans 0.29 % 0.33 % Total past due loans to total loans 0.16 % 0.24 % Accruing loans 90 days or more past due $— $— Total nonperforming assets decreased by $1.6 million from December 31, 2021, reflecting a decline in nonaccrual loans. At March 31, 2022, there were no properties held in OREO. Nonaccrual Loans During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Corporation made no changes in its practices or policies concerning the placement of loans into nonaccrual status. The following table presents the activity in nonaccrual loans: (Dollars in thousands) For the three months ended March 31, 2022 2021 Balance at beginning of period $14,203 $13,197 Additions to nonaccrual status 427 734 Loans returned to accruing status (63) (3) Loans charged-off (36) (64) Payments, payoffs and other changes (1,942) (881) Balance at end of period $12,589 $12,983 -57- Management's Discussion and Analysis The following table presents additional detail on nonaccrual loans: (Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Days Past Due Days Past Due Over 90 Under 90 Total % (1) Over 90 Under 90 Total % (1) Commercial: Commercial real estate $— $— $— — % $— $— $— — % Commercial & industrial — — — — — — — — Total commercial — — — — — — — — Residential Real Estate: Residential real estate 5,168 6,748 11,916 0.67 4,662 8,914 13,576 0.79 Consumer: Home equity 178 495 673 0.27 108 519 627 0.25 Other — — — — — — — — Total consumer 178 495 673 0.26 108 519 627 0.24 Total nonaccrual loans $5,346 $7,243 $12,589 0.29 % $4,770 $9,433 $14,203 0.33 % (1) Percentage of nonaccrual loans to the total loans outstanding within the respective category. There were no significant commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose loans were on nonaccrual status at March 31, 2022. As of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the composition of nonaccrual loans was 100% residential and consumer. Nonaccrual residential real estate mortgage loans amounted to $11.9 million at March 31, 2022, down by $1.7 million from the end of 2021. As of March 31, 2022, the balance of nonaccrual residential mortgage loans was predominately secured by properties in Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. Included in total nonaccrual residential real estate loans at March 31, 2022 were four loans purchased for portfolio and serviced by others amounting to $1.2 million. Management monitors the collection efforts of its third party servicers as part of its assessment of the collectability of nonperforming loans. Troubled Debt Restructurings In the course of resolving problem loans, the Corporation may choose to restructure the contractual terms of certain loans. A loan that has been modified or renewed is considered to be a TDR when two conditions are met: (1) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and (2) concessions are made for the borrower’s benefit that would not otherwise be considered for a borrower or a transaction with similar credit risk characteristics. The decision to restructure a loan, versus aggressively enforcing the collection of the loan, may benefit the Corporation by increasing the ultimate probability of collection. TDRs are classified as accruing or non-accruing based on management’s assessment of the collectability of the loan. Loans that are already on nonaccrual status at the time of the restructuring generally remain on nonaccrual status for approximately six months before management considers such loans for return to accruing status. Accruing restructured loans are placed into nonaccrual status if and when the borrower fails to comply with the restructured terms and management deems it unlikely that the borrower will return to a status of compliance in the near term and full collection of principal and interest is in doubt. TDRs are reported as such for at least one year from the date of the restructuring. In years after the restructuring, a TDR is removed from this classification if the restructuring did not involve a below-market rate concession and the loan is performing in accordance with its modified contractual terms for a reasonable period of time. As of March 31, 2022, there were no significant commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose loans had been restructured in a TDR. -58- Management's Discussion and Analysis See Note 4 for disclosure regarding the Corporation’s election to account for eligible loan modifications under Section 4013 of the CARES Act, as amended by the CRRSA Act. Loan modifications that did not qualify for the TDR accounting relief provided under the CARES Act were classified as TDRs. The following table sets forth information on TDRs as of the dates indicated. The amounts below consist of unpaid principal balance, net of charge-offs and unamortized deferred loan origination fees and costs. Accrued interest is not included in the carrying amounts set forth below. (Dollars in thousands) Mar 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Accruing TDRs Commercial: Commercial real estate $10,593 $10,603 Commercial & industrial 2,792 2,792 Total commercial 13,385 13,395 Residential Real Estate: Residential real estate 2,358 2,372 Consumer: Home equity 560 561 Other — — Total consumer 560 561 Accruing TDRs 16,303 16,328 Nonaccrual TDRs Commercial: Commercial real estate — — Commercial & industrial — — Total commercial — — Residential Real Estate: Residential real estate 2,718 2,748 Consumer: Home equity 71 71 Other — — Total consumer 71 71 Nonaccrual TDRs 2,789 2,819 Total TDRs $19,092 $19,147 As of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the composition of TDRs was 70% commercial and 30% residential and consumer. TDRs amounted to $19.1 million at March 31, 2022, down by $55 thousand from the end of 2021. The ACL included specific reserves for TDRs of $146 thousand at March 31, 2022, compared to $148 thousand at December 31, 2021. -59- Management's Discussion and Analysis Past Due Loans The following table presents past due loans by category: (Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Amount % (1) Amount % (1) Commercial: Commercial real estate $— — % $— — % Commercial & industrial 108 0.02 3 — Total commercial 108 — 3 — Residential Real Estate: Residential real estate 6,467 0.36 9,622 0.56 Consumer: Home equity 431 0.18 765 0.31 Other 30 0.18 21 0.12 Total consumer 461 0.18 786 0.30 Total past due loans $7,036 0.16 % $10,411 0.24 % (1) Percentage of past due loans to the total loans outstanding within the respective category. As of March 31, 2022, the composition of past due loans (loans past due 30 days or more) was 98% residential and consumer and 2% commercial, compared to 100% and 0%, respectively, at December 31, 2021. Total past due loans decreased by $3.4 million from the end of 2021. Total past due loans included $5.7 million of nonaccrual loans as of March 31, 2022, compared to $9.4 million as of December 31, 2021. All loans 90 days or more past due at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were classified as nonaccrual. Potential Problem Loans The Corporation classifies certain loans as “substandard,” “doubtful,” or “loss” based on criteria consistent with guidelines provided by banking regulators. Potential problem loans include classified accruing commercial loans that were less than 90 days past due at March 31, 2022 and other loans for which known information about possible credit problems of the related borrowers causes management to have doubts as to the ability of such borrowers to comply with the present loan repayment terms and which may result in disclosure of such loans as nonperforming at some time in the future. Potential problem loans are not included in the amounts of nonaccrual or TDRs presented above. They are assessed for loss exposure using the methods described in Note 4 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements under the caption “Credit Quality Indicators.” Management cannot predict the extent to which economic conditions or other factors may impact borrowers and the potential problem loans. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that other loans will not become 90 days or more past due, be placed on nonaccrual, become restructured, or require an increased allowance coverage and provision for credit losses on loans. Management has identified two loans associated with one C&I relationship with carrying values totaling $759 thousand as potential problem loans at March 31, 2022. There were no potential problem loans identified at December 31, 2021. Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans The ACL on loans is management’s estimate, at the reporting date, of expected credit losses over the expected life of the loans. The ACL on loans is established through a provision for credit losses recognized in earnings. The ACL on loans is reduced by charge-offs on loans and is increased by recoveries of amounts previously charged off. The Corporation’s general practice is to identify problem credits early and recognize full or partial charge-offs as promptly as practicable when it is determined that the collection of loan principal is unlikely. Full or partial charge-offs on collateral dependent individually analyzed loans are recognized when the collateral is deemed to be insufficient to support the carrying value of the loan. The Corporation does not recognize a recovery when new appraisals indicate a subsequent increase in value. -60- Management's Discussion and Analysis Appraisals are generally obtained with values determined on an “as is” basis from independent appraisal firms for real estate collateral dependent commercial loans in the process of collection or when warranted by other deterioration in the borrower’s credit status. New appraisals are generally obtained for TDRs or nonaccrual loans or when management believes it is warranted. The Corporation has continued to maintain appropriate professional standards regarding the professional qualifications of appraisers and has an internal review process to monitor the quality of appraisals. For residential real estate loans and real estate collateral dependent consumer loans that are in the process of collection, valuations are obtained from independent appraisal firms with values determined on an “as is” basis. The following table presents additional detail on the Corporation’s loan portfolio and associated allowance: (Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Loans Related Allowance Allowance / Loans Loans Related Allowance Allowance / Loans Individually analyzed loans $21,021 $677 3.22 % $21,080 $682 3.24 % Pooled (collectively evaluated) loans 4,262,831 38,559 0.90 4,251,845 38,406 0.90 Total $4,283,852 $39,236 0.92 % $4,272,925 $39,088 0.91 % Management employs a process and methodology to estimate the ACL on loans that evaluates both quantitative and qualitative factors. The methodology for evaluating quantitative factors consists of two basic components. The first component involves pooling loans into portfolio segments for loans that share similar risk characteristics. The second component involves individually analyzed loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with loans that are pooled into portfolio segments. The ACL for individually analyzed loans is measured using a DCF method based upon the loan’s contractual effective interest rate, or at the loan’s observable market price, or, if the loan was collateral dependent, at the fair value of the collateral. The ACL for pooled loans is measured utilizing a DCF methodology to estimate credit losses for each pooled portfolio segment. The methodology incorporates a probability of default and loss given default framework. Loss given default is estimated based on historical credit loss experience. Probability of default is estimated using a regression model that incorporates econometric factors. Management utilizes forecasted econometric factors with a one-year reasonable and supportable forecast period and one-year straight-line reversion period in order to estimate the probability of default for each loan portfolio segment. The DCF methodology combines the probability of default, the loss given default, prepayment speeds and remaining life of the loan to estimate a reserve for each loan. The sum of all the loan level reserves are aggregated for each portfolio segment and a loss rate factor is derived. Quantitative loss factors for pooled loans are also supplemented by certain qualitative risk factors reflecting management’s view of how losses may vary from those represented by quantitative loss rates. The ACL on loans amounted to $39.2 million at March 31, 2022, up by $148 thousand from the balance at December 31, 2021. There was no provision for credit losses on loans recognized in the first quarter of 2022, reflecting continued low loss rates, strong asset and credit quality metrics, as well as our current estimate of forecasted economic conditions. Net recoveries totaled $148 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2022, The ACL on loans as a percentage of total loans, also known as the reserve coverage ratio, was 0.92% at March 31, 2022, compared to 0.91% at December 31, 2021. The ACL on loans is an estimate and ultimate losses may vary from management’s estimate. Deteriorating conditions or assumptions could lead to further increases in the ACL on loans; conversely, improving conditions or assumptions could lead to further reductions in the ACL on loans. -61- Management's Discussion and Analysis The following table presents the allocation of the ACL on loans by portfolio segment. The total ACL on loans is available to absorb losses from any segment of the loan portfolio. (Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Allocated ACL ACL to Loans Loans to Total Portfolio (1) Allocated ACL ACL to Loans Loans to Total Portfolio (1) Commercial: Commercial real estate $18,460 1.13 % 38 % $18,933 1.16 % 38 % Commercial & industrial 11,222 1.83 14 10,832 1.69 15 Total commercial 29,682 1.32 52 29,765 1.31 53 Residential Real Estate: Residential real estate 8,066 0.45 42 7,860 0.46 40 Consumer: Home equity 1,098 0.45 6 1,069 0.43 6 Other 390 2.40 — 394 2.23 1 Total consumer 1,488 0.57 6 1,463 0.55 7 Total allowance for credit losses on loans at end of period $39,236 0.92 % 100 % $39,088 0.91 % 100 % (1) Percentage of loans outstanding in respective category to total loans outstanding. Sources of Funds Our sources of funds include deposits, brokered time deposits, FHLB advances, other borrowings and proceeds from the sales, maturities and payments of loans and investment securities. The Corporation uses funds to originate and purchase loans, purchase investment securities, conduct operations, expand the branch network and pay dividends to shareholders. Deposits The Corporation offers a wide variety of deposit products to consumer and business customers. Deposits provide an important source of funding for the Bank, as well as an ongoing stream of fee revenue. The Bank is a participant in the DDM program, ICS program and the CDARS program. The Bank uses these deposit sweep services to place customer and client funds into interest-bearing demand accounts, money market accounts, and/or time deposits issued by other participating banks. Customer and client funds are placed at one or more participating banks to ensure that each deposit customer is eligible for the full amount of FDIC insurance. As a program participant, we receive reciprocal amounts of deposits from other participating banks. We consider these reciprocal deposit balances to be in-market deposits as distinguished from traditional out-of-market wholesale brokered deposits. The following table presents a summary of deposits: (Dollars in thousands) Change March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 $ % Noninterest-bearing demand deposits $911,990 $945,229 ($33,239) (4 %) Interest-bearing demand deposits 248,914 251,032 (2,118) (1) NOW accounts 893,603 867,138 26,465 3 Money market accounts 1,295,339 1,072,864 222,475 21 Savings accounts 566,461 555,177 11,284 2 Time deposits (in-market) 809,858 773,383 36,475 5 Total in-market deposits 4,726,165 4,464,823 261,342 6 Wholesale brokered time deposits 401,785 515,228 (113,443) (22) Total deposits $5,127,950 $4,980,051 $147,899 3 % Total deposits amounted to $5.1 billion at March 31, 2022, up by $147.9 million, or 3%, from December 31, 2021. -62- Management's Discussion and Analysis Out-of-market wholesale brokered time deposits amounted to $401.8 million at March 31, 2022, down by $113.4 million, or 22%, from December 31, 2021. Excluding out-of-market wholesale brokered time deposits, in-market deposits were up by $261.3 million, or 6%, from the balance at December 31, 2021, with growth concentrated in money market accounts. Borrowings Borrowings primarily consist of FHLB advances, which are used as a source of funding for liquidity and interest rate risk management purposes. FHLB advances totaled $55.0 million at March 31, 2022, down by $90.0 million, or 62%, from the balance at the end of 2021, as lower levels of wholesale funding were needed given the in-market deposits increase. For additional information regarding FHLB advances see Note 7 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. Liquidity and Capital Resources Liquidity Management Liquidity is the ability of a financial institution to meet maturing liability obligations and customer loan demand. The Corporation’s primary source of liquidity is in-market deposits, which funded approximately 78% of total average assets in the three months ended March 31, 2022. While the generally preferred funding strategy is to attract and retain low-cost deposits, the ability to do so is affected by competitive interest rates and terms in the marketplace. Other sources of funding include discretionary use of purchased liabilities (e.g., FHLB term advances and brokered time deposits), cash flows from the investment securities portfolios and loan repayments. Securities designated as available for sale may also be sold in response to short-term or long-term liquidity needs, although management has no intention to do so at this time. The Corporation has a detailed liquidity funding policy and a contingency funding plan that provide for the prompt and comprehensive response to unexpected demands for liquidity. Management employs stress testing methodology to estimate needs for contingent funding that could result from unexpected outflows of funds in excess of “business as usual” cash flows. In management’s estimation, risks are concentrated in two major categories: (1) runoff of in-market deposit balances; and (2) unexpected drawdown of loan commitments. Of the two categories, potential runoff of deposit balances would have the most significant impact on contingent liquidity. Our stress test scenarios, therefore, emphasize attempts to quantify deposits at risk over selected time horizons. In addition to these unexpected outflow risks, several other “business as usual” factors enter into the calculation of the adequacy of contingent liquidity including: (1) payment proceeds from loans and investment securities; (2) maturing debt obligations; and (3) maturing time deposits. The Corporation has established collateralized borrowing capacity with the FRBB and also maintains additional collateralized borrowing capacity with the FHLB in excess of levels used in the ordinary course of business. Borrowing capacity is impacted by the amount and type of assets available to be pledged. The table below presents unused funding capacity by source as of the dates indicated: (Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Additional Funding Capacity: Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston (1) $1,559,046 $1,642,377 Federal Reserve Bank of Boston (2) 18,001 16,919 Unencumbered investment securities 698,847 702,963 Total $2,275,894 $2,362,259 (1) As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, loans with a carrying value of $2.2 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively, and securities available for sale with carrying values of $126.8 million and $163.2 million, respectively, were pledged to the FHLB resulting in this additional borrowing capacity. (2) As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, loans with a carrying value of $8.7 million and $8.2 million, respectively, and securities available for sale with a carrying value of $13.3 million and $13.5 million, respectively, were pledged to the FRBB for the discount window resulting in this additional unused borrowing capacity. In addition to the amounts presented above, the Bank also had access to a $40.0 million unused line of credit with the FHLB, as well as a $102.0 million standby letter of credit with the FHLB. -63- Management's Discussion and Analysis The ALCO establishes and monitors internal liquidity measures to manage liquidity exposure. Liquidity remained within target ranges established by the ALCO during the three months ended March 31, 2022. Based on its assessment of the liquidity considerations described above, management believes the Corporation’s sources of funding meet anticipated funding needs. Net cash provided by operating activities amounted to $38.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 reflecting net income of $16.5 million and mortgage banking related adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities. Net cash used in investing activities totaled $37.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, reflecting outflows to fund purchases of debt securities and an increase in loans. These outflows were partially offset by net inflows from maturities, calls and principal payments of debt securities. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, net cash provided by financing activities amounted to $48.5 million, with growth in deposits, partially offset by a net decrease in FHLB advances and the payment of dividends to shareholders. See the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for further information about sources and uses of cash. Capital Resources Total shareholders’ equity amounted to $513.2 million at March 31, 2022, down by $51.6 million from December 31, 2021. The decline reflected a decrease of $59.5 million in the AOCL component of shareholders' equity, due to a temporary decrease in the fair value of available for sale debt securities and cash flow hedges reflecting relative changes in market interest rates, as well as $9.5 million in dividend declarations. These decreases were partially offset by net income of $16.5 million. The Corporation declared a quarterly dividend of 54 cents per share for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to 52 cents per share declared for the same period in 2021. The ratio of total equity to total assets was 8.78% at March 31, 2022, compared to a ratio of 9.65% at December 31, 2021. Book value per share at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was $29.61 and $32.59, respectively. The Bancorp and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements and are considered “well capitalized” with a total risk-based capital ratio of 14.15% at March 31, 2022, compared to 14.01% at December 31, 2021. See Note 8 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion of regulatory capital requirements and the election of the ASC 326 phase-in option provided by regulatory guidance, which phases in the impact of ASC 326 on regulatory capital over a three-year period that commenced January 1, 2022. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements In the normal course of business, the Corporation engages in a variety of financial transactions that, in accordance with GAAP, are not recorded in the financial statements, or are recorded in amounts that differ from the notional amounts. Such transactions are used to meet the financing needs of its customers and to manage the exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial transactions include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, forward loan commitments, loan related derivative contracts and interest rate risk management contracts. These transactions involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit, interest rate and liquidity risk. The Corporation’s credit policies with respect to interest rate swap agreements with commercial borrowers, commitments to extend credit, and standby letters of credit are similar to those used for loans. Interest rate risk management contracts with other counterparties are generally subject to bilateral collateralization terms. For additional information on derivative financial instruments and financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk see Notes 9 and 17 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. Asset/Liability Management and Interest Rate Risk Interest rate risk is the risk of loss to future earnings due to changes in interest rates. The ALCO is responsible for establishing policy guidelines on liquidity and acceptable exposure to interest rate risk. Periodically, the ALCO reports on the status of liquidity and interest rate risk matters to the Bank’s Board of Directors. The objective of the ALCO is to manage assets and funding sources to produce results that are consistent with the Corporation’s liquidity, capital adequacy, growth, risk and profitability goals. -64- Management's Discussion and Analysis The Corporation utilizes the size and duration of the investment securities portfolio, the size and duration of the wholesale funding portfolio, off-balance sheet interest rate contracts and the pricing and structure of loans and deposits, to manage interest rate risk. The off-balance sheet interest rate contracts may include interest rate swaps, caps and floors. These interest rate contracts involve, to varying degrees, credit risk and interest rate risk. Credit risk is the possibility that a loss may occur if a counterparty to a transaction fails to perform according to terms of the contract. The notional amount of the interest rate contracts is the amount upon which interest and other payments are based. The notional amount is not exchanged, and therefore, should not be taken as a measure of credit risk. See Notes 9 and 17 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. The ALCO uses income simulation to measure interest rate risk inherent in the Corporation’s on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet financial instruments at a given point in time by showing the effect of interest rate shifts on net interest income over a 12-month horizon, a 13- to 24-month horizon and a 60-month horizon. The simulations assume that the size and general composition of the Corporation’s balance sheet remain static over the simulation horizons, with the exception of certain deposit mix shifts from low-cost core savings to higher-cost time deposits in selected interest rate scenarios. Additionally, the simulations take into account the specific repricing, maturity, call options, and prepayment characteristics of differing financial instruments that may vary under different interest rate scenarios. The characteristics of financial instrument classes are reviewed periodically by the ALCO to ensure their accuracy and consistency. The ALCO reviews simulation results to determine whether the Corporation’s exposure to a decline in net interest income remains within established tolerance levels over the simulation horizons and to develop appropriate strategies to manage this exposure. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, net interest income simulations indicated that exposure to changing interest rates over the simulation horizons remained within tolerance levels established by the Corporation. All changes are measured in comparison to the projected net interest income that would result from an “unchanged” rate scenario where both interest rates and the composition of the Corporation’s balance sheet remain stable for a 60-month period. In addition to measuring the change in net interest income as compared to an unchanged rate scenario, the ALCO also measures the trend of both net interest income and NIM over a 60-month horizon to ensure the stability and adequacy of this source of earnings in different interest rate scenarios. The ALCO regularly reviews a wide variety of interest rate shift scenario results to evaluate interest rate risk exposure, including scenarios showing the effect of steepening or flattening changes in the yield curve of up to 500 basis points, as well as parallel changes in interest rates of up to 400 basis points. Because income simulations assume that the Corporation’s balance sheet will remain static over the simulation horizon, the results do not reflect adjustments in strategy that the ALCO could implement in response to rate shifts. The following table sets forth the estimated change in net interest income from an unchanged rate scenario over the periods indicated for parallel changes in market interest rates using the Corporation’s on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Interest rates are assumed to shift by a parallel 100, 200 or 300 basis points upward or 100 basis points downward over a 12-month period, except for core savings deposits, which are assumed to shift by lesser amounts due to their relative historical insensitivity to market interest rate movements. Further, deposits are assumed to have certain minimum rate levels below which they will not fall. It should be noted that the rate scenarios shown do not necessarily reflect the ALCO’s view of the “most likely” change in interest rates over the periods indicated. March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Months 1 - 12 Months 13 - 24 Months 1 - 12 Months 13 - 24 100 basis point rate decrease (2.57) % (5.17) % (1.32) % (5.42) % 100 basis point rate increase 2.57 1.96 3.34 3.91 200 basis point rate increase 5.93 4.97 6.87 8.18 300 basis point rate increase 9.27 7.48 10.32 11.72 The ALCO estimates that the negative exposure of net interest income to falling rates as compared to an unchanged rate scenario results from a more rapid decline in earning asset yields compared to rates paid on deposits. If market interest rates were to fall and remain lower for a sustained period, certain core savings and time deposit rates could decline more slowly and by a lesser amount than other market interest rates. Asset yields would likely decline more rapidly than deposit costs as current asset holdings mature or reprice, since cash flow from mortgage-related prepayments and redemption of callable securities would increase as market interest rates fall. -65- Management's Discussion and Analysis The overall positive exposure of net interest income to rising rates as compared to an unchanged rate scenario results from a more rapid projected relative rate of increase in asset yields than funding costs over the near term. For simulation purposes, deposit rate changes are anticipated to lag behind other market interest rates in both timing and magnitude. The ALCO’s estimate of interest rate risk exposure to rising rate environments, including those involving changes to the shape of the yield curve, incorporates certain assumptions regarding the shift in deposit balances from low-cost core savings categories to higher-cost deposit categories, which has characterized a shift in funding mix during the past rising interest rate cycles. The relative change in interest rate sensitivity to rising rates from December 31, 2021 as shown in the above table was largely attributable to a higher level of longer-term fixed rate assets at March 31, 2022, as compared to December 31, 2021. Fixed rate assets would not reprice upward in a rising rate environment. While the ALCO reviews and updates simulation assumptions and also periodically back-tests the simulation results to ensure that the assumptions are reasonable and current, income simulation may not always prove to be an accurate indicator of interest rate risk or future NIM. Over time, the repricing, maturity and prepayment characteristics of financial instruments and the composition of the Corporation’s balance sheet may change to a different degree than estimated. Simulation modeling assumes a static balance sheet, with the exception of certain modeled deposit mix shifts from low-cost core savings deposits to higher-cost time deposits in rising rate scenarios as noted above. As market interest rates declined, the banking industry attracted low-cost core savings deposits. The ALCO recognizes that a portion of these increased levels of low-cost balances could shift into higher yielding alternatives in the future, particularly as interest rates rise and as confidence in financial markets strengthens, and has modeled deposit shifts out of these low-cost categories into higher-cost alternatives in the rising rate simulation scenarios presented above. Deposit balances may also be subject to possible outflow to non-bank alternatives in a rising rate environment, which may cause interest rate sensitivity to differ from the results as presented. Another significant simulation assumption is the sensitivity of core savings deposits to fluctuations in interest rates. Income simulation results assume that changes in both core savings deposit rates and balances are related to changes in short-term interest rates. The relationship between short-term interest rate changes and core deposit rate and balance changes may differ from the ALCO’s estimates used in income simulation. It should also be noted that the static balance sheet assumption does not necessarily reflect the Corporation’s expectation for future balance sheet growth, which is a function of the business environment and customer behavior. Mortgage-backed securities and residential real estate loans involve a level of risk that unforeseen changes in prepayment speeds may cause related cash flows to vary significantly in differing rate environments. Such changes could affect the level of reinvestment risk associated with cash flow from these instruments, as well as their market value. Changes in prepayment speeds could also increase or decrease the amortization of premium or accretion of discounts related to such instruments, thereby affecting interest income. The Corporation also monitors the potential change in market value of its available for sale debt securities in changing interest rate environments. The purpose is to determine market value exposure that may not be captured by income simulation, but which might result in changes to the Corporation’s capital position. Results are calculated using industry-standard analytical techniques and securities data. -66- Management's Discussion and Analysis The following table summarizes the potential change in market value of the Corporation’s available for sale debt securities as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 resulting from immediate parallel rate shifts: (Dollars in thousands) Security Type Down 100 Basis Points Up 200 Basis Points U.S. government-sponsored enterprise securities (callable) $2,584 ($25,828) Mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government agencies and U.S. government-sponsored enterprises 53,340 (114,010) Trust preferred debt and other corporate debt securities 2 (20) Total change in market value as of March 31, 2022 $55,926 ($139,858) Total change in market value as of December 31, 2021 $10,166 ($119,505) Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Estimates and assumptions are necessary in the application of certain accounting policies and procedures and can be susceptible to significant change. Critical accounting policies are defined as those that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on the Corporation’s financial condition or results of operations. Management considers its accounting policy relating to the ACL on loans to be a critical accounting policy. There have been no significant changes in the Corporation’s critical accounting policies and estimates from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements See Note 2 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for details of recently issued accounting pronouncements and their expected impact on the Corporation’s financial statements.