VISHAY INTERTECHNOLOGY INC 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations This Management's Discussion and Analysis ("MD&A") is intended to provide an understanding of Vishay's financial condition, results of operations and cash flows by focusing on changes in certain key measures from period to period. The MD&A should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements and accompanying Notes included in Item 1. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in Item 1A. "Risk Factors," filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 22, 2023. Overview Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. ("Vishay," "we," "us," or "our") manufactures one of the world’s largest portfolios of discrete semiconductors and passive electronic components that are essential to innovative designs in the automotive, industrial, computing, consumer, telecommunications, military, aerospace, and medical markets. We operate in six segments based on product functionality: MOSFETs, Diodes, Optoelectronic Components, Resistors, Inductors, and Capacitors. We are focused on enhancing stockholder value by growing our business and improving earnings per share. Since 1985, we have pursued a business strategy of growth through focused research and development and acquisitions. We plan to continue to grow our business through intensified internal growth supplemented by opportunistic acquisitions, while maintaining a prudent capital structure. To drive growth and optimize stockholder value, we plan to capitalize on the mega trends of electrification, data storage, and wireless communications by developing go-to-market strategies and investing in and expanding the thirty key product lines for growth that we have identified, increasing our capacity internally by investing approximately $385 million in 2023 and approximately $1.2 billion over the next three years primarily for capital expansion projects outside of China and externally by outsourcing production of commodity products to subcontractors, enhancing channel management, investing in internal resources by adding customer-facing engineers and filling gaps in technology and market coverage, promoting the full breadth of our portfolio through solution selling, and instituting a Think Customer First organizational culture. In addition to enhancing stockholder value through growing our business, in 2022, our Board of Directors adopted a Stockholder Return Policy, which calls for us to return at least 70% of free cash flow, net of scheduled principal payments of long-term debt, on an annual basis. See further discussion in “Stockholder Return Policy” below. On May 8, 2023, we amended and restated our $750 million revolving credit agreement, which replaced our credit agreement that was scheduled to mature in June 2024. The amendment and restatement extends the maturity date of the revolving credit agreement until May 8, 2028, replaces the existing total leverage ratio used for financial covenant compliance measurement with a net leverage ratio, and replaces the LIBOR-based interest rate and related LIBOR-based mechanics applicable to U.S. dollar borrowings under the revolving credit agreement with an interest rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") (including a customary spread adjustment) and related SOFR-based mechanics. The maturity date of the amended and restated facility will accelerate if within ninety-one days prior to the maturity of our convertible senior notes due 2025, the outstanding principal amount of such notes exceeds a defined liquidity measure as set forth in the Amended and Restated Credit Facility. Other terms and conditions are substantially unchanged. Our business and operating results have been and will continue to be impacted by worldwide economic conditions. Our revenues are dependent on end markets that are impacted by consumer and industrial demand, and our operating results can be adversely affected by reduced demand in those global markets. In this volatile economic environment, we continue to closely monitor our fixed costs, capital expenditure plans, inventory, and capital resources to respond to changing conditions and to ensure we have the management, business processes, and resources to meet our future needs. We will react quickly and professionally to changes in demand to minimize manufacturing inefficiencies and excess inventory build in periods of decline and maximize opportunities in periods of growth. We have significant liquidity to withstand temporary disruptions in the economic environment. We utilize several financial metrics, including net revenues, gross profit margin, operating margin, segment operating margin, end-of-period backlog, book-to-bill ratio, inventory turnover, change in average selling prices, net cash and short-term investments (debt), and free cash generation to evaluate the performance and assess the future direction of our business. See further discussion in “Financial Metrics” and “Financial Condition, Liquidity, and Capital Resources” below. The key financial metrics remained strong in the first fiscal quarter of 2023, but were negatively impacted by a distributor inventory correction that resulted in lower orders. We have experienced increased input costs. A portion of these increased costs are absorbed in inventory, which positively impacts gross profit when inventory is built, but will negatively impact gross profit when the inventory is sold. Average selling prices increased to offset higher costs. 22 Net revenues for the fiscal quarter ended April 1, 2023 were $871.0 million, compared to $855.3 million and $853.8 million for the fiscal quarters ended December 31, 2022 and April 2, 2022, respectively. The net earnings attributable to Vishay stockholders for the fiscal quarter ended April 1, 2023 were $111.8 million, or $0.79 per diluted share, compared to $72.8 million, or $0.51 per diluted share for the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2022, and $103.6 million, or $0.71 per diluted share for the fiscal quarter ended April 2, 2022. We define adjusted net earnings as net earnings determined in accordance with GAAP adjusted for various items that management believes are not indicative of the intrinsic operating performance of our business. We define free cash as the cash flows generated from continuing operations less capital expenditures plus net proceeds from the sale of property and equipment. The reconciliations below include certain financial measures which are not recognized in accordance with GAAP, including adjusted net earnings, adjusted earnings per share, and free cash. These non-GAAP measures should not be viewed as alternatives to GAAP measures of performance or liquidity. Non-GAAP measures such as adjusted net earnings, adjusted earnings per share, and free cash do not have uniform definitions. These measures, as calculated by Vishay, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Management believes that adjusted net earnings and adjusted earnings per share are meaningful because they provide insight with respect to our intrinsic operating results. Management believes that free cash is a meaningful measure of our ability to fund acquisitions, repay debt, and otherwise enhance stockholder value through stock repurchases or dividends. We utilize the free cash metric in defining our Stockholder Return Policy. Net earnings attributable to Vishay stockholders for the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2022 includes items affecting comparability. The items affecting comparability are ( in thousands, except per share amounts ): Fiscal quarters ended April 1, 2023 December 31, 2022 April 2, 2022 GAAP net earnings attributable to Vishay stockholders $ 111,781 $ 72,788 $ 103,573 Reconciling items affecting tax expense: Effect of change in indefinite reversal assertion $ - $ 59,642 $ - Effect of changes in valuation allowances - (33,669 ) - Adjusted net earnings $ 111,781 $ 98,761 $ 103,573 Adjusted weighted average diluted shares outstanding 141,251 142,247 145,553 Adjusted earnings per diluted share $ 0.79 $ 0.69 $ 0.71 The following table reconciles gross profit by segment to consolidated gross profit ( in thousands ): Fiscal quarters ended April 1, 2023 December 31, 2022 April 2, 2022 MOSFETs $ 72,858 $ 77,193 $ 58,746 Diodes 48,129 42,610 45,787 Optoelectronic Components 21,940 17,967 32,431 Resistors 74,036 58,057 65,022 Inductors 23,723 24,118 24,849 Capacitors 38,027 29,175 32,273 Gross profit $ 278,713 $ 249,120 $ 259,108 Although the term "free cash" is not defined in GAAP, each of the elements used to calculate free cash for the year-to-date period is presented as a line item on the face of our consolidated condensed statement of cash flows prepared in accordance with GAAP and the quarterly amounts are derived from the year-to-date GAAP statements as of the beginning and end of the respective quarter. Free cash results are as follows ( in thousands ) : Fiscal quarters ended April 1, 2023 December 31, 2022 April 2, 2022 Net cash provided by continuing operating activities $ 129,893 $ 166,496 $ 33,585 Proceeds from sale of property and equipment 326 726 72 Less: Capital expenditures (45,574 ) (153,133 ) (35,909 ) Free cash $ 84,645 $ 14,089 $ (2,252) Despite the distributor inventory correction that began in the fourth fiscal quarter of 2022 and continued in 2023, our results for the fiscal quarters ended April 1, 2023, December 31, 2022, and April 2, 2022 represent the continuation of the favorable business conditions that we have been experiencing. 23 Stockholder Return Policy We are focused on enhancing stockholder value by growing our business and improving earnings per share. Over the next few years, we expect to experience higher internal growth rates than over the last decade. This expectation is based upon accelerated electrification, such as factory automation, electrical vehicles, and 5G infrastructures. To meet this expected increase in demand and to fully participate in growing markets, we intend to increase our capital expenditures for expansion outside of China in the mid-term. The increased capital expenditures will be primarily used to increase manufacturing capacity for the thirty key product lines for growth that we identified. The most significant expansion projects include building a 12-inch wafer fab in Itzehoe, Germany adjacent to our existing 8-inch fab, expanding our Inductors manufacturing, and expanding our GaAs fab in Heilbronn, Germany. In 2022, our Board of Directors adopted a Stockholder Return Policy, which calls for us to return at least 70% of free cash flow, net of scheduled principal payments of long-term debt, on an annual basis. We intend to return such amounts to stockholders directly, in the form of dividends, or indirectly, in the form of stock repurchases. The following table summarizes activity pursuant to this policy (in thousands): Fiscal quarters ended April 1, 2023 April 2, 2022 Dividends paid to stockholders $ 14,020 $ 14,469 Stock repurchases 20,173 9,873 Total $ 34,193 $ 24,342 During the fourth quarters of 2022 and 2021, we determined that substantially all unremitted foreign earnings in Israel and Germany, respectively, are no longer indefinitely reinvested. The changes in these indefinite reinvestment assertions will provide greater access to our worldwide cash balances to fund our growth plan and our Stockholder Return Policy, but also increased our effective tax rate. The structure of our Stockholder Return Policy enables us to allocate capital responsibly among our business, our lenders, and our stockholders. We will continue to invest in growth initiatives including key product line expansions, targeted R&D, and synergistic acquisitions. We have paid dividends each quarter since the first quarter of 2014, and t he Stockholder Return Policy will remain in effect until such time as the Board votes to amend or rescind the policy. Implementation of the Stockholder Return Policy is subject to future declarations of dividends by the Board of Directors, market and business conditions, legal requirements, and other factors. The policy sets forth our intention, but does not obligate us to acquire any shares of common stock or declare any dividends, and the policy may be terminated or suspended at any time at our discretion, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. 2023 Long-Term Incentive Plan To better align our compensation programs with stockholders' interests, our Board has approved, and is proposing that its stockholders approve, the 2023 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "2023 Plan") at our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders scheduled to be held May 23, 2023. If approved by stockholders, the 2023 Plan will replace the Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. 2007 Stock Incentive Program (the “2007 Program”), which expires on May 20, 2024. The 2023 Plan allows the Company to grant stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, other stock-based awards, phantom stock units, and other cash-based awards to employees, directors, consultants, and other service providers of the Company and its affiliates. If approved, the 2023 Plan will, among other changes, increase the total number of shares available for issuance to our employees and other service providers by up to 6,000,000 shares (subject to certain adjustments described in the 2023 Plan). If approved, we plan to grant an aggregate of approximately 800,000 time-vested restricted stock units to approximately 1,000 employees. Accordingly, stock compensation expense will increase in future periods. 24 Financial Metrics We utilize several financial metrics to evaluate the performance and assess the future direction of our business. These key financial measures and metrics include net revenues, gross profit margin, operating margin, segment operating income, segment operating margin, end-of-period backlog, and the book-to-bill ratio. We also monitor changes in inventory turnover and our or publicly available average selling prices (“ASP”). Gross profit margin is computed as gross profit as a percentage of net revenues. Gross profit is generally net revenues less costs of products sold, but also deducts certain other period costs, particularly losses on purchase commitments and inventory write-downs. Losses on purchase commitments and inventory write-downs have the impact of reducing gross profit margin in the period of the charge, but result in improved gross profit margins in subsequent periods by reducing costs of products sold as inventory is used. We also regularly evaluate gross profit by segment to assist in the analysis of consolidated gross profit. Gross profit margin and gross profit margin by segment are clearly a function of net revenues, but also reflect our cost management programs and our ability to contain fixed costs. Operating margin is computed as gross profit less operating expenses, expressed as a percentage of net revenues. Operating margin is clearly a function of net revenues, but also reflects our cost management programs and our ability to contain fixed costs. Our chief operating decision maker makes decisions, allocates resources, and evaluates business segment performance based on segment operating income. Only dedicated, direct selling, general, and administrative ("SG&A") expenses of the segments are included in the calculation of segment operating income. We do not allocate certain SG&A expenses that are managed at the regional or corporate global level to our segments. Accordingly, segment operating income excludes these SG&A expenses that are not directly traceable to the segments. Segment operating income would also exclude costs not routinely used in the management of the segments in periods when those items are present, such as restructuring and severance costs, the direct impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and other items affecting comparability. Segment operating income is clearly a function of net revenues, but also reflects our cost management programs and our ability to contain fixed costs. Segment operating margin is segment operating income expressed as a percentage of net revenues. End-of-period backlog is one indicator of future revenues. We include in our backlog only open orders that we expect to ship in the next twelve months. If demand falls below customers’ forecasts, or if customers do not control their inventory effectively, they may cancel or reschedule the shipments that are included in our backlog, in many instances without the payment of any penalty. Therefore, the backlog is not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for future periods. An important indicator of demand in our industry is the book-to-bill ratio, which is the ratio of the amount of product ordered during a period as compared with the product that we ship during that period. A book-to-bill ratio that is greater than one indicates that our backlog is building and that we are likely to see increasing revenues in future periods. Conversely, a book-to-bill ratio that is less than one is an indicator of declining demand and may foretell declining revenues. We focus on our inventory turnover as a measure of how well we are managing our inventory. We define inventory turnover for a financial reporting period as our costs of products sold for the four fiscal quarters ending on the last day of the reporting period divided by our average inventory (computed using each fiscal quarter-end balance) for this same period. A higher level of inventory turnover reflects more efficient use of our capital. Pricing in our industry can be volatile. Using our and publicly available data, we analyze trends and changes in average selling prices to evaluate likely future pricing. The erosion of average selling prices of established products is typical for semiconductor products. We attempt to offset this deterioration with ongoing cost reduction activities and new product introductions. Our specialty passive components are more resistant to average selling price erosion. All pricing is subject to governing market conditions and is independently set by us. 25 The quarter-to-quarter trends in these financial metrics can also be an important indicator of the likely direction of our business. The following table shows net revenues, gross profit margin, operating margin, end-of-period backlog, book-to-bill ratio, inventory turnover, and changes in ASP for our business as a whole during the five fiscal quarters beginning with the first fiscal quarter of 2022 through the first fiscal quarter of 2023 (dollars in thousands) : 1st Quarter 2022 2nd Quarter 2022 3rd Quarter 2022 4th Quarter 2022 1st Quarter 2023 Net revenues $ 853,793 $ 863,512 $ 924,798 $ 855,298 $ 871,046 Gross profit margin (1) 30.3 % 30.3 % 31.3 % 29.1 % 32.0 % Operating margin (2) 17.1 % 17.5 % 19.8 % 15.8 % 18.2 % End-of-period backlog $ 2,416,700 $ 2,425,200 $ 2,261,400 $ 2,292,700 $ 2,169,400 Book-to-bill ratio 1.14 1.07 0.88 0.94 0.84 Inventory turnover 4.2 3.8 4.1 3.9 3.7 Change in ASP vs. prior quarter 2.4 % 2.9 % 0.0 % 0.6 % 1.2 % _________________________________________ (1) Gross margin for the second fiscal quarter of 2022 includes $6.7 million of expenses directly related to the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) Operating margin for the second fiscal quarter of 2022 includes $7.2 million of expenses directly related to the COVID-19 pandemic. See “Financial Metrics by Segment” below for net revenues, book-to-bill ratio, and gross profit margin broken out by segment. Revenues increased slightly versus the prior fiscal quarter primarily due to higher average selling prices and positive foreign currency impacts. Revenues increased slightly versus the first fiscal quarter of 2022 primarily due to higher average selling prices. The book-to-bill ratio and backlog were negatively impacted by a distributor inventory correction that continued in the first fiscal quarter of 2023. We continue to increase manufacturing capacity for critical product lines. Average selling prices increased in the first fiscal quarter to offset general inflation. Gross profit margin increased versus the prior fiscal quarter and the first fiscal quarter of 2022. The increase versus the prior fiscal quarter is primarily due to higher average selling prices, positive foreign currency impacts, and the absorption of a portion of increased costs in inventory, which positively impacted gross profit in the current period, but will negatively impact gross profit when the inventory is sold. The increase versus the first fiscal quarter of 2022 is primarily due to higher average selling prices. The book-to-bill ratio in the first fiscal quarter of 2023 decreased to 0.84 versus 0.94 in the fourth fiscal quarter of 2022. The book-to-bill ratio was negatively impacted by a distributor inventory correction that continued in the first fiscal quarter of 2023. For the second fiscal quarter of 2023, we anticipate revenues between $860 million and $900 million at a gross margin of 29.0% plus/minus 50 basis points. 26 Financial Metrics by Segment The following table shows net revenues, book-to-bill ratio, gross profit margin, and segment operating margin broken out by segment for the five fiscal quarters beginning with the first fiscal quarter of 2022 through the first fiscal quarter of 2023 (dollars in thousands) : 1st Quarter 2022 2nd Quarter 2022 3rd Quarter 2022 4th Quarter 2022 1st Quarter 2023 MOSFETs Net revenues $ 172,674 $ 158,395 $ 225,186 $ 206,005 $ 198,181 Book-to-bill ratio 1.28 1.14 0.78 1.15 0.95 Gross profit margin 34.0 % 35.0 % 36.9 % 37.5 % 36.8 % Segment operating margin 28.1 % 28.2 % 31.9 % 30.9 % 29.3 % Diodes Net revenues $ 182,334 $ 192,083 $ 209,012 $ 181,791 $ 175,693 Book-to-bill ratio 1.16 1.10 0.79 0.88 0.71 Gross profit margin 25.1 % 27.8 % 27.0 % 23.4 % 27.4 % Segment operating margin 22.2 % 25.3 % 24.6 % 19.9 % 24.3 % Optoelectronic Components Net revenues $ 81,016 $ 77,936 $ 73,447 $ 63,985 $ 60,403 Book-to-bill ratio 0.78 0.86 0.57 0.78 0.72 Gross profit margin 40.0 % 33.9 % 35.3 % 28.1 % 36.3 % Segment operating margin 34.8 % 28.7 % 30.0 % 20.1 % 28.6 % Resistors Net revenues $ 207,032 $ 213,176 $ 207,437 $ 205,161 $ 223,140 Book-to-bill ratio 1.24 1.05 1.08 0.85 0.88 Gross profit margin 31.4 % 33.1 % 33.0 % 28.3 % 33.2 % Segment operating margin 28.1 % 29.9 % 29.7 % 25.3 % 29.9 % Inductors Net revenues $ 82,777 $ 89,608 $ 83,503 $ 75,198 $ 80,338 Book-to-bill ratio 1.14 0.97 1.02 0.83 1.04 Gross profit margin 30.0 % 33.1 % 30.8 % 32.1 % 29.5 % Segment operating margin 26.8 % 30.0 % 27.0 % 28.9 % 26.1 % Capacitors Net revenues $ 127,960 $ 132,314 $ 126,213 $ 123,158 $ 133,291 Book-to-bill ratio 1.02 1.17 0.95 0.99 0.70 Gross profit margin 25.2 % 24.5 % 23.7 % 23.7 % 28.5 % Segment operating margin 21.4 % 20.9 % 20.1 % 19.9 % 24.8 % 27 Results of Operations Statements of operations’ captions as a percentage of net revenues and the effective tax rates were as follows: Fiscal quarters ended April 1, 2023 December 31, 2022 April 2, 2022 Cost of products sold 68.0 % 70.9 % 69.7 % Gross profit 32.0 % 29.1 % 30.3 % Selling, general & administrative expenses 13.8 % 13.3 % 13.2 % Operating income 18.2 % 15.8 % 17.1 % Income before taxes and noncontrolling interest 18.0 % 15.0 % 16.0 % Net earnings attributable to Vishay stockholders 12.8 % 8.5 % 12.1 % ________ Effective tax rate 28.4 % 42.9 % 23.7 % Net Revenues Net revenues were as follows (dollars in thousands) : Fiscal quarters ended April 1, 2023 December 31, 2022 April 2, 2022 Net revenues $ 871,046 $ 855,298 $ 853,793 The change in net revenues versus the comparable prior periods was as follows (dollars in thousands) : Fiscal quarter ended April 1, 2023 Change in net revenues % change December 31, 2022 15,748 1.8% April 2, 2022 17,253 2.0% Changes in net revenues were attributable to the following: vs. Prior Quarter vs. Prior Year Quarter Change attributable to: Change in volume -1.5 % -1.4 % Increase in average selling prices 1.2 % 5.0 % Foreign currency effects 1.8 % -1.6 % Acquisition 0.1 % 0.2 % Other 0.2 % -0.2 % Net change 1.8 % 2.0 % Despite the distributor inventory correction that we are experiencing, the economic environment is good and we continue to increase manufacturing capacities. We were able to further increase prices to offset general inflation. Increased average selling prices contributed to the increase in net revenues versus the prior fiscal quarter and the first fiscal quarter of 2022. Positive foreign currency impacts also contributed to the increase versus the prior fiscal quarter. Gross Profit Margins Gross profit margins for the fiscal quarter ended April 1, 2023 were 32.0%, versus 29.1% and 30.3% for the comparable prior fiscal quarter and prior year period, respectively. Increased average selling prices contributed to the increase in net gross profit margins versus the prior fiscal quarter and the first fiscal quarter of 2022. We have experienced higher input costs. A portion of these costs are absorbed in inventory and will negatively impact gross profit when the inventory is sold. 28 Segments Analysis of revenues and margins for our segments is provided below. MOSFETs Net revenues, gross profit margins, and segment operating margins of the MOSFETs segment were as follows (dollars in thousands): Fiscal quarters ended April 1, 2023 December 31, 2022 April 2, 2022 Net revenues $ 198,181 $ 206,005 $ 172,674 Gross profit margin 36.8 % 37.5 % 34.0 % Segment operating margin 29.3 % 30.9 % 28.1 % The change in net revenues versus the comparable prior periods was as follows (dollars in thousands) : Fiscal quarter ended April 1, 2023 Change in net revenues % change December 31, 2022 $ (7,824 ) -3.8 % April 2, 2022 $ 25,507 14.8 % Changes in MOSFETs segment net revenues were attributable to the following: vs. Prior Quarter vs. Prior Year Quarter Change attributable to: Change in volume -6.6 % 4.0 % Increase in average selling prices 1.4 % 10.1 % Foreign currency effects 1.0 % -1.0 % Acquisition 0.3 % 0.9 % Other 0.1 % 0.8 % Net change -3.8 % 14.8 % The MOSFET segment net revenues decreased versus the prior fiscal quarter, but increased significantly versus the prior year quarter. The decrease versus the prior fiscal quarter is primarily due to decreased sales to telecommunications and industrial end market customers and customers in the Americas region, partially offset by increased sales to automotive and consumer products end market customers and customers in the Asia and Europe regions. The increase versus the prior year quarter is primarily due to increased sales to automotive, industrial, and consumer product end market customers and customers in the Europe and Americas regions, partially offset by decreased sales to computing and telecommunications end market customers and customers in the Asia region. Gross profit margin decreased versus the prior fiscal quarter, but increased versus the prior year quarter. The fluctuations are primarily due to sales volume fluctuations. Increased average selling prices positively impacted the current year period. The segment operating margin decreased versus the prior fiscal quarter, but increased versus the prior year quarter. The fluctuations are primarily due to gross profit fluctuations. Increased segment SG&A expenses as a percentage of sales also impacted both comparison periods. We continue to implement strategic price increases. Average selling prices increased versus the prior fiscal quarter and the prior year quarter. We continue to invest to expand mid- and long-term manufacturing capacity for strategic product lines. We have begun building a 12-inch wafer fab in Itzehoe, Germany adjacent to our existing 8-inch wafer fab, which we expect will increase our in-house wafer capacity by approximately 70% within 3-4 years and allow us to balance our in-house and foundry wafer supply. We acquired leading edge silicon and silicon carbide MOSFETs products with our acquisition of MaxPower in the fourth fiscal quarter of 2022. 29 Diodes Net revenues, gross profit margins, and segment operating margins of the Diodes segment were as follows (dollars in thousands): Fiscal quarters ended April 1, 2023 December 31, 2022 April 2, 2022 Net revenues $ 175,693 $ 181,791 $ 182,334 Gross profit margin 27.4 % 23.4 % 25.1 % Segment operating margin 24.3 % 19.9 % 22.2 % The change in net revenues versus the comparable prior periods was as follows (dollars in thousands) : Fiscal quarter ended April 1, 2023 Change in net revenues % change December 31, 2022 $ (6,098) -3.4 % April 2, 2022 $ (6,641) -3.6 % Changes in Diodes segment net revenues were attributable to the following: vs. Prior Quarter vs. Prior Year Quarter Change attributable to: Decrease in volume -6.7 % -8.1 % Increase in average selling prices 2.0 % 6.9 % Foreign currency effects 1.5 % -1.4 % Other -0.2 % -1.0 % Net change -3.4 % -3.6 % Net revenues of the Diodes segment decreased versus the prior fiscal quarter and the prior year quarter. The decreases are primarily due to decreased sales to customers in the Americas and Asia regions. The decrease versus the prior fiscal quarter is also due to decreased sales to industrial and power supplies end market customers. The decrease versus the prior year quarter is also due to decreased sales to industrial, telecommunications, and computing end market customers. Gross profit margin increased versus the prior fiscal quarter and the prior year quarter. The increases are primarily due to increased average selling prices, decreased logistics costs, and our cost reduction measures, partially offset by increased materials, utilities, and labor costs. The segment operating margin increased versus the prior fiscal quarter and prior year quarter. The increases are primarily due to increased gross profit. Decreased segment SG&A expenses also contributed to the increase versus the prior fiscal quarter. We continue to implement strategic price increases across the product portfolio. Average selling prices increased versus the prior fiscal quarter and prior year quarter. 30 O ptoelectronic Components Net revenues, gross profit margins, and segment operating margins of the Optoelectronic Components segment were as follows (dollars in thousands): Fiscal quarters ended April 1, 2023 December 31, 2022 April 2, 2022 Net revenues $ 60,403 $ 63,985 $ 81,016 Gross profit margin 36.3 % 28.1 % 40.0 % Segment operating margin 28.6 % 20.1 % 34.8 % The change in net revenues versus the comparable prior periods was as follows (dollars in thousands) : Fiscal quarter ended April 1, 2023 Change in net revenues % change December 31, 2022 $ (3,582) -5.6 % April 2, 2022 $ (20,613) -25.4 % Changes in Optoelectronic Components segment net revenues were attributable to the following: vs. Prior Quarter vs. Prior Year Quarter Change attributable to: Decrease in volume -8.3 % -25.3 % Increase in average selling prices 0.8 % 2.3 % Foreign currency effects 2.3 % -1.6 % Other -0.4 % -0.8 % Net change -5.6 % -25.4 % Net revenues of our Optoelectronic Components segment decreased versus the prior fiscal quarter and the prior year quarter. The decrease versus the prior fiscal quarter is primarily due to decreased sales to power supplies end market customers and decreased sales to customers in the Americas region, partially offset by increased sales to telecommunications and industrial end market customers. The decrease versus the prior year quarter is due to decreased sales to all regions and all end market customers, particularly industrial end market customers. Gross profit margin increased versus the prior fiscal quarter, but decreased versus the prior year quarter. The increase versus the prior fiscal quarter is primarily due to higher average selling prices and the absorption of a portion of increased input costs in inventory, which positively impacted gross profit in the current period, but will negatively impact gross profit when the inventory is sold. The decrease versus the prior year quarter is primarily due to lower sales volume and increased materials and labor costs, partially offset by higher average selling prices. The segment operating margin increased versus the prior fiscal quarter, but decreased versus the prior year quarter. The fluctuations are primarily due to gross profit fluctuations. Average selling prices increased versus the prior fiscal quarter and prior year quarter. We are now using our recently modernized and expanded wafer fab in Heilbronn, Germany. 31 Resistors Net revenues, gross profit margins, and segment operating margins of the Resistors segment were as follows (dollars in thousands): Fiscal quarters ended April 1, 2023 December 31, 2022 April 2, 2022 Net revenues $ 223,140 $ 205,161 $ 207,032 Gross profit margin 33.2 % 28.3 % 31.4 % Segment operating margin 29.9 % 25.3 % 28.1 % The change in net revenues versus the comparable prior periods was as follows (dollars in thousands) : Fiscal quarter ended April 1, 2023 Change in net revenues % change December 31, 2022 $ 17,979 8.8 % April 2, 2022 $ 16,108 7.8 % Changes in Resistors segment net revenues were attributable to the following: vs. Prior Quarter vs. Prior Year Quarter Change attributable to: Increase in volume 3.9 % 6.7 % Increase in average selling prices 1.4 % 3.1 % Foreign currency effects 2.5 % -2.2 % Other 1.0 % 0.2 % Net change 8.8 % 7.8 % Net revenues of the Resistors segment increased significantly versus the prior fiscal quarter and prior year quarter. The increase versus the prior fiscal quarter is primarily due to increased sales to industrial, military and aerospace, and automotive end market customers and customers in the Europe region. The increase versus the prior year quarter is primarily due to increased sales to military and aerospace, industrial, and automotive end market customers and customers in all regions. The gross profit margin increased versus the prior fiscal quarter and the prior year quarter. The increase versus the prior fiscal quarter is primarily due to increased volume, increased average selling prices, manufacturing efficiencies, positive foreign currency impact, and the absorption of a portion of increased costs in inventory, which positively impacted gross profit in the current period, but will negatively impact gross profit when the inventory is sold. The increase versus the prior year quarter is primarily due to higher sales volume, increased average selling prices, and manufacturing efficiencies, partially offset by increased materials and labor costs. The segment operating margin increased versus the prior fiscal quarter and prior year quarter. The increases are primarily due to increased gross profit. Average selling prices increased versus the prior fiscal quarter and the prior year quarter. We are increasing critical manufacturing capacities for certain product lines. We continue to broaden our business with targeted acquisitions of specialty resistors businesses. 32 Inductors Net revenues, gross profit margins, and segment operating margins of the Inductors segment were as follows (dollars in thousands): Fiscal quarters ended April 1, 2023 December 31, 2022 April 2, 2022 Net revenues $ 80,338 $ 75,198 $ 82,777 Gross profit margin 29.5 % 32.1 % 30.0 % Segment operating margin 26.1 % 28.9 % 26.8 % The change in net revenues versus the comparable prior periods was as follows (dollars in thousands) : Fiscal quarter ended April 1, 2023 Change in net revenues % change December 31, 2022 $ 5,140 6.8 % April 2, 2022 $ (2,439 ) -2.9 % Changes in Inductors segment net revenues were attributable to the following: vs. Prior Quarter vs. Prior Year Quarter Change attributable to: Change in volume 4.7 % -4.1 % Increase in average selling prices 1.1 % 2.0 % Foreign currency effects 0.9 % -0.7 % Other 0.1 % -0.1 % Net change 6.8 % -2.9 % Net revenues of the Inductors segment increased significantly versus the prior fiscal quarter, but decreased slightly versus the prior year quarter. The increase versus the prior fiscal quarter is primarily due to increased sales to automotive end market customers and customers in the Europe and Americas regions, partially offset by decreased sales to customers in the Asia region. The decrease versus the prior year quarter is primarily due to decreased sales to industrial end market customers and customers in the Asia region. The gross profit margin decreased versus the prior fiscal quarter and the prior year quarter. The decrease versus the prior fiscal quarter is primarily due to increased labor costs and fixed cost inflation, partially offset by higher sales volume and increased average selling prices. The decrease versus the prior year quarter is primarily due to lower sales volume, manufacturing inefficiencies, and increased labor costs, partially offset by increased average selling prices and decreased logistics costs. The segment operating margin decreased versus the prior fiscal quarter and the prior year quarter. The decreases are primarily due to decreases in gross profit. Average selling prices increased slightly versus the prior fiscal quarter and prior year quarter. We expect long-term growth in this segment, and are continuously expanding manufacturing capacity for certain product lines and evaluating acquisition opportunities, particularly of specialty businesses. 33 Capacitors Net revenues, gross profit margins, and segment operating margins of the Capacitors segment were as follows (dollars in thousands): Fiscal quarters ended April 1, 2023 December 31, 2022 April 2, 2022 Net revenues $ 133,291 $ 123,158 $ 127,960 Gross profit margin 28.5 % 23.7 % 25.2 % Segment operating margin 24.8 % 19.9 % 21.4 % The change in net revenues versus the comparable prior periods was as follows (dollars in thousands) : Fiscal quarter ended April 1, 2023 Change in net revenues % change December 31, 2022 $ 10,133 8.2 % April 2, 2022 $ 5,331 4.2 % Changes in Capacitors segment net revenues were attributable to the following: vs. Prior Quarter vs. Prior Year Quarter Change attributable to: Increase in volume 5.2 % 4.3 % Change in average selling prices -0.3 % 1.9 % Foreign currency effects 2.8 % -2.6 % Other 0.5 % 0.6 % Net change 8.2 % 4.2 % Net revenues of the Capacitors segment increased versus the prior fiscal quarter and the prior year quarter. The increase versus the prior fiscal quarter is primarily due to increased sales to industrial end market customers and customers in the Europe and Asia regions. The increase versus the prior year quarter is primarily due to increased sales to industrial and aerospace and military end market customers and customers in the Americas and Europe regions. The gross profit margin increased versus the prior fiscal quarter and the prior year quarter. The increase versus the prior fiscal quarter is primarily due to increased volume, manufacturing efficiencies, and positive impact from increased inventory. The increase versus the prior year quarter is primarily due to higher sales volume and increased average selling prices, partially offset by manufacturing inefficiencies and increased materials and labor costs. The segment operating margin increased versus the prior fiscal quarter and prior year quarter. The increases are primarily due to increased gross profit. Average selling prices decreased versus the prior fiscal quarter, but increased versus the prior year quarter. 34 Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses Selling, general, and administrative expenses are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands): Fiscal quarters ended April 1, 2023 December 31, 2022 April 2, 2022 Total SG&A expenses $ 120,145 $ 113,812 $ 112,855 as a percentage of revenues 13.8 % 13.3 % 13.2 % The sequential increase in SG&A expenses is primarily attributable to uneven attribution of stock compensation expense and cost inflation. SG&A expenses increased versus the prior year quarter due to cost inflation. Other Income (Expense) Interest expense for the fiscal quarter ended April 1, 2023 increased $0.6 million versus the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2022 and increased by $0.9 million versus the fiscal quarter ended April 2, 2022. The increases are due to higher interest rates and higher average balances outstanding on the revolving credit facility. The following tables analyze the components of the line “Other” on the consolidated condensed statements of operations (in thousands): Fiscal quarters ended April 1, 2023 December 31, 2022 Change Foreign exchange gain (loss) $ (1,490 ) $ (5,005 ) $ 3,515 Interest income 5,944 4,374 1,570 Other components of other periodic pension cost (1,888 ) (2,673 ) 785 Investment income (expense) 744 624 120 Other 19 62 (43 ) $ 3,329 $ (2,618 ) $ 5,947 Fiscal quarters ended April 1, 2023 April 2, 2022 Change Foreign exchange gain (loss) $ (1,490 ) $ (281 ) $ (1,209 ) Interest income 5,944 561 5,383 Other components of other periodic pension cost (1,888 ) (2,910 ) 1,022 Investment income (expense) 744 (3,116 ) 3,860 Other 19 (5 ) 24 $ 3,329 $ (5,751 ) $ 9,080 35 Income Taxes For the fiscal quarter ended April 1, 2023, our effective tax rate was 28.4%, as compared to 42.9% and 23.7% for the fiscal quarters ended December 31, 2022 and April 2, 2022, respectively. We expect that our effective tax rate will be higher than the U.S. statutory rate, excluding unusual transactions. Unusual transactions impacted our effective tax rate for the prior fiscal quarter. These items totaled $26.0 million of tax expense in the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2022. During the three fiscal months ended April 1, 2023, the liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits increased by $0.5 million on a net basis, primarily due to currency translation adjustments, accruals for current year tax positions, and interest. We operate in a global environment with significant operations in various locations outside the United States. Accordingly, the consolidated income tax rate is a composite rate reflecting our earnings and the applicable tax rates in the various locations where we operate. Part of our historical strategy has been to achieve cost savings through the transfer and expansion of manufacturing operations to countries where we can take advantage of lower labor costs and available tax and other government-sponsored incentives. Additional information about income taxes is included in Note 4 to our consolidated condensed financial statements. 36 Financial Condition, Liquidity, and Capital Resources Our financial condition as of April 1, 2023 continued to be strong. Cash and short-term investments exceed our long-term debt balances, and we have historically been a strong generator of operating cash flows. The cash generated from operations is used to fund our capital expenditure plans, and cash in excess of our capital expenditure needs is available to fund our acquisition strategy, to reduce debt levels, and to pay dividends and repurchase stock. Management uses a non-GAAP measure, "free cash," to evaluate our ability to fund acquisitions, repay debt, and otherwise enhance stockholder value through stock repurchases or dividends. See "Overview" above for "free cash" definition and reconciliation to GAAP. Cash flows provided by operating activities were $129.9 million for the three fiscal months ended April 1, 2023, as compared to cash flows provided by operations of $33.6 million for the three fiscal months ended April 2, 2022. In order to manage our working capital and operating cash needs, we monitor our cash conversion cycle. The following table presents the components of our cash conversion cycle: Fiscal quarters ended April 1, 2023 December 31, 2022 April 2, 2022 Days sales outstanding ("DSO") (a) 45 45 43 Days inventory outstanding ("DIO") (b) 98 93 87 Days payable outstanding ("DPO") (c) (32) (31 ) (37 ) Cash conversion cycle 111 107 93 a) DSO measures the average collection period of our receivables. DSO is calculated by dividing the average accounts receivable by the average net revenue per day for the respective fiscal quarter. b) DIO measures the average number of days from procurement to sale of our product. DIO is calculated by dividing the average inventory by average cost of goods sold per day for the respective fiscal quarter. c) DPO measures the average number of days our payables remain outstanding before payment. DPO is calculated by dividing the average accounts payable by the average cost of goods sold per day for the respective fiscal quarter. The increase in inventory is partly due to an increase in input costs. The recognition of higher input costs in inventory will negatively impact gross profit when the inventory is sold. Cash paid for property and equipment for the three fiscal months ended April 1, 2023 was $45.6 million, as compared to $35.9 million for the three fiscal months ended April 2, 2022. To be well positioned to service our customers and to fully participate in growing markets, we intend to increase our capital expenditures for expansion in the mid-term. We expect to invest approximately $385 million in 2023 and approximately $1.2 billion over the next three years primarily for capital expansion projects outside of China. Free cash flow for the three fiscal months ended April 1, 2023 was negatively impacted by higher than usual capital expenditures, but still increased significantly versus the three fiscal months ended April 2, 2022 primarily due to a smaller increase in working capital. We expect our business to continue to be a reliable generator of free cash. There is no assurance, however, that we will be able to continue to generate cash flows from operations and free cash at our historical levels, or at all, going forward if the economic environment worsens. In 2022, our Board of Directors adopted a Stockholder Return Policy that will remain in effect until such time as the Board votes to amend or rescind the policy. See “Stockholder Return Policy” above for additional information. The following table summarizes the components of net cash and short-term investments (debt) at April 1, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands) : April 1, 2023 December 31, 2022 Credit facility $ 107,000 $ 42,000 Convertible senior notes, due 2025 465,344 465,344 Deferred financing costs (5,589 ) (6,407 ) Total debt 566,755 500,937 Cash and cash equivalents 847,534 610,825 Short-term investments 186,892 305,272 Net cash and short-term investments (debt) $ 467,671 $ 415,160 "Net cash and short-term investments (debt)" does not have a uniform definition and is not recognized in accordance with GAAP. This measure should not be viewed as an alternative to GAAP measures of performance or liquidity. However, management believes that an analysis of "net cash and short-term investments (debt)" assists investors in understanding aspects of our cash and debt management. The measure, as calculated by us, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. We invest a portion of our excess cash in highly liquid, high-quality instruments with maturities greater than 90 days, but less than 1 year, which we classify as short-term investments on our consolidated balance sheets. As these investments were funded using a portion of excess cash and represent a significant aspect of our cash management strategy, we include the investments in the calculation of net cash and short-term investments (debt). 37 The interest rates on our short-term investments vary by location. Transactions related to these investments are classified as investing activities on our consolidated condensed statements of cash flows. We are aligning the maturity dates of our cash equivalents and short-terms investments in preparation of a planned repatriation late in the second fiscal quarter or early in the third fiscal quarter of 2023. This has resulted in a decrease in our short-term investment balance. As of April 1, 2023, substantially all of our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments were held in countries outside of the United States. Cash dividends to stockholders, share repurchases, and principal and interest payments on our debt instruments need to be paid by the U.S. parent company, Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. Our U.S. subsidiaries also have cash operating needs. The distribution of earnings from Israel and Germany to the United States will be used, in part, to fund our Stockholder Return Policy. We expect that cash on-hand and cash flows from operations will be sufficient to meet our longer-term financing needs related to normal operating requirements, regular dividend payments, share repurchases pursuant to our Stockholder Return Policy, and our research and development and capital expenditure plans. Our substantially undrawn credit facility provides us with significant operating liquidity in the United States. On May 8, 2023, we amended and restated our $750 million revolving credit agreement, which replaced our credit agreement that was scheduled to mature in June 2024. The amendment and restatement extends the maturity date of the revolving credit agreement until May 8, 2028. The maximum amount available on the revolving credit facility is restricted by the financial covenants described below. The credit facility also provides us the ability to request up to $300 million of incremental facilities, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, which could take the form of additional revolving commitments, incremental “term loan A” or “term loan B” facilities, or incremental equivalent debt. We had $42 million outstanding on our revolving credit facility at December 31, 2022 and $107 million outstanding at April 1, 2023. We borrowed $87 million and repaid $22 million on the revolving credit facility during the three fiscal months ended April 1, 2023. The average outstanding balance on our revolving credit facility calculated at fiscal month-ends was $91.7 million and the highest amount outstanding on our revolving credit facility at a fiscal month end was $107 million during the three fiscal months ended April 1, 2023. The amendment and restatement of the facility replaces the leverage ratio used for compliance measurement with a net leverage ratio, reducing the measure of outstanding debt by up to $250 million of unrestricted cash. Measurements prior to the amendment and restatement are based on a total leverage ratio. Pursuant to the amended and restated credit facility, the financial maintenance covenants include (a) an interest coverage ratio of not less than 2.00 to 1; and (b) a net leverage ratio of not more than 3.25 to 1 (and a pro forma ratio of 3.00 to 1 on the date of incurrence of additional debt). The computation of these ratios is prescribed in Article VI of the Credit Agreement between Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., which has been filed with the SEC as Exhibit 10.1 to our current report on Form 8-K filed May 8, 2023. The revolving credit facility limits or restricts us from, among other things, incurring indebtedness, incurring liens on its respective assets, making investments and acquisitions (assuming our pro forma net leverage ratio is greater than 2.75 to 1.00), making asset sales, and paying cash dividends and making other restricted payments (assuming our pro forma net leverage ratio is greater than 2.50 to 1.00). We were in compliance with all financial covenants under the credit facility at April 1, 2023. Our interest coverage ratio and (total) leverage ratio were 31.69 to 1 and 0.71 to 1, respectively. We expect to continue to be in compliance with these covenants based on current projections. If we are not in compliance with all of the required financial covenants, the credit facility could be terminated by the lenders, and any amounts then outstanding pursuant to the credit facility could become immediately payable. Additionally, our convertible senior notes due 2025 have cross-default provisions that could accelerate repayment in the event the indebtedness under the credit facility is accelerated. The maturity date of the amended and restated credit facility will accelerate if within ninety-one days prior to the maturity of our convertible senior notes due 2025, the outstanding principal amount of such notes exceeds a defined liquidity measure as set forth in the Amended and Restated Credit Facility. Prior to the amendment and restatement, borrowings under the credit facility bore interest at LIBOR plus an interest margin. The applicable interest margin is based on our total leverage ratio. We also paid a commitment fee, also based on our total leverage ratio, on undrawn amounts. The amended and restated credit facility replaces the LIBOR-based interest rate and related LIBOR-based mechanics applicable to U.S. dollar borrowings under the revolving credit agreement with an interest rate based on SOFR (including a customary spread adjustment) and related SOFR-based mechanics. Borrowings in foreign currency bear interest at a local reference rate plus an interest margin. Based on our current total leverage ratio, any new borrowings will bear interest at SOFR plus 1.60% (including the applicable credit spread), and the undrawn commitment fee is 0.25% per annum. The borrowings under the credit facility are secured by a lien on substantially all assets, including accounts receivable, inventory, machinery and equipment, and general intangibles (but excluding real estate, intellectual property registered or licensed solely for use in, or arising solely under the laws of, any country other than the United States, assets located solely outside of the United States and deposit and securities accounts), of Vishay and certain significant subsidiaries located in the United States, and pledges of stock in certain subsidiaries; and are guaranteed by certain significant subsidiaries. We expect, at least initially, to fund certain future obligations required to be paid by the U.S. parent company by borrowing under our revolving credit facility. We also expect to continue to use the credit facility from time-to-time to meet certain short-term financing needs. Additional acquisition activity, convertible debt repurchases, or conversion of our convertible debt instruments may require additional borrowing under our credit facility or may otherwise require us to incur additional debt. No principal payments on our debt are due before 2025. The convertible senior notes due 2025 are not currently convertible. Pursuant to the indenture governing the convertible senior notes due 2025 and the amendments thereto incorporated in the Supplemental Indenture dated December 23, 2020, we will cash-settle the principal amount of $1,000 per note and settle any additional amounts in shares of our common stock. We intend to finance the principal amount of any converted notes using borrowings under our credit facility. No conversions have occurred to date. 38 Safe Harbor Statement From time to time, information provided by us, including but not limited to statements in this report, or other statements made by or on our behalf, may contain “forward-looking” information within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “believe,” “estimate,” “will be,” “will,” “would,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “project,” “intend,” “could,” “should,” or other similar words or expressions often identify forward-looking statements. Such statements are based on current expectations only, and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, many of which are beyond our control. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results, performance, or achievements may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated, or projected. Among the factors that could cause actual results to materially differ include: general business and economic conditions; delays or difficulties in implementing our cost reduction strategies; delays or difficulties in expanding our manufacturing capacities; manufacturing or supply chain interruptions or changes in customer demand because of COVID-19 or otherwise; an inability to attract and retain highly qualified personnel; changes in foreign currency exchange rates; uncertainty related to the effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates; competition and technological changes in our industries; difficulties in new product development; difficulties in identifying suitable acquisition candidates, consummating a transaction on terms which we consider acceptable, and integration and performance of acquired businesses; changes in applicable domestic and foreign tax regulations and uncertainty regarding the same; changes in U.S. and foreign trade regulations and tariffs and uncertainty regarding the same; changes in applicable accounting standards and other factors affecting our operations, markets, capacity to meet demand, products, services, and prices that are set forth in our filings with the SEC, including our annual reports on Form 10-K and our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. Our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K listed various important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from projected and historic results. We note these factors for investors as permitted by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Readers can find them in Part I, Item 1A, of that filing under the heading “Risk Factors.” You should understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all such factors. Consequently, you should not consider any such list to be a complete set of all potential risks or uncertainties.