TRIMAS CORP 10-K

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of TriMas Corporation Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of TriMas Corporation and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and the schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 29, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Goodwill Impairment Assessment — Refer to Notes 3 and 7 to the financial statements Critical Audit Matter Description The Company’s annual impairment assessment for goodwill is performed on October 1st, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate possible impairment. The Company’s evaluation of goodwill for impairment involved the comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit with goodwill to its carrying value. The fair value is estimated using a weighting of the income and market approaches. The goodwill balance allocated to the reporting unit within the Aerospace Segment was $70 million as of December 31, 2023. The fair value of the reporting unit within the Aerospace Segment exceeded its carrying value as of the assessment date and, therefore, no impairment was recognized. We identified the fair value estimate used in the goodwill impairment analyses as a critical audit matter because of the significant estimates and assumptions management makes related to forecasts of revenue growth rates, future EBITDA margins, weighted average cost of capital, valuation multiples, and the terminal growth rate. This required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our fair value specialists, when performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s assumptions. 47 Table of Contents How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit Our audit procedures for the impairment analysis related to the forecasts of revenue growth rates, future EBITDA margins, weighted average cost of capital and the terminal growth rate included the following, among others: • We tested the effectiveness of internal control activities over the goodwill fair value estimate, including those over the inputs, assumptions, and calculations. • We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s forecasts of revenue growth rates and future EBITDA margins by comparing the forecasts to: i. The Reporting Unit’s historical revenue and EBITDA margins. ii. Internal communications to management and the Board of Directors. iii. Current industry, market and economic trends. • With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of the weighted average cost of capital, valuation multiples, and the terminal growth rate by: i. Developing a range of independent estimates and comparing those to the weighted average cost of capital and valuation multiples selected by management. ii. Testing the source information underlying the determination of the terminal growth rate and testing the mathematical accuracy of the calculations. • We performed a sensitivity analysis of certain assumptions such as revenue growth rates, future EBITDA margins, weighted average cost of capital, valuation multiples, and the terminal growth rate to evaluate the potential change in the fair value resulting from changes in underlying assumptions. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP Detroit, Michigan February 29, 2024 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2013. 48 Table of Contents TriMas Corporation Consolidated Balance Sheet (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2023 2022 Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 34,890 $ 112,090 Receivables, net 148,030 132,370 Inventories 192,450 163,360 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 22,010 14,840 Total current assets 397,380 422,660 Property and equipment, net 329,990 277,750 Operating lease right-of-use assets 43,220 47,280 Goodwill 363,770 339,810 Other intangibles, net 181,020 188,110 Deferred income taxes 10,230 9,400 Other assets 16,050 19,990 Total assets $ 1,341,660 $ 1,305,000 Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 91,910 $ 85,210 Accrued liabilities 59,640 46,660 Lease liabilities, current portion 7,900 8,280 Total current liabilities 159,450 140,150 Long-term debt, net 395,660 394,730 Lease liabilities 39,690 41,010 Deferred income taxes 23,290 20,940 Other long-term liabilities 40,620 56,340 Total liabilities 658,710 653,170 Preferred stock $ 0.01 par: Authorized 100,000,000 shares; Issued and outstanding: None — — Common stock, $ 0.01 par: Authorized 400,000,000 shares; Issued and outstanding: 41,202,110 shares at December 31, 2023 and 41,724,762 shares at December 31, 2022 410 420 Paid-in capital 677,660 696,160 Retained earnings (accumulated deficit) 4,230 ( 36,130 ) Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) 650 ( 8,620 ) Total shareholders' equity 682,950 651,830 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ 1,341,660 $ 1,305,000 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 49 Table of Contents TriMas Corporation Consolidated Statement of Income (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) Year ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Net sales $ 893,550 $ 883,830 $ 857,110 Cost of sales ( 692,230 ) ( 675,530 ) ( 639,920 ) Gross profit 201,320 208,300 217,190 Selling, general and administrative expenses ( 134,580 ) ( 131,190 ) ( 121,970 ) Net gain (loss) on dispositions of assets ( 180 ) 21,950 ( 130 ) Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible assets ( 1,120 ) — — Operating profit 65,440 99,060 95,090 Other expense, net: Interest expense ( 15,920 ) ( 14,110 ) ( 14,510 ) Debt financing and related expenses — — ( 10,520 ) Other income (expense), net 1,070 2,720 ( 950 ) Other expense, net ( 14,850 ) ( 11,390 ) ( 25,980 ) Income before income taxes 50,590 87,670 69,110 Income tax expense ( 10,230 ) ( 21,500 ) ( 11,800 ) Net income $ 40,360 $ 66,170 $ 57,310 Basic earnings per share: Net income per share $ 0.97 $ 1.57 $ 1.33 Weighted average common shares - basic 41,439,027 42,249,244 43,006,922 Diluted earnings per share: Net income per share $ 0.97 $ 1.56 $ 1.32 Weighted average common shares - diluted 41,685,348 42,478,015 43,281,076 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 50 Table of Contents TriMas Corporation Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Dollars in thousands) Year ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Net income $ 40,360 $ 66,170 $ 57,310 Other comprehensive income (loss): Defined benefit plans (Note 16) ( 350 ) ( 550 ) 3,790 Foreign currency translation 11,680 ( 17,710 ) ( 7,430 ) Derivative instruments (Note 12) ( 2,060 ) 9,410 9,490 Total other comprehensive income (loss) 9,270 ( 8,850 ) 5,850 Total comprehensive income $ 49,630 $ 57,320 $ 63,160 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 51 Table of Contents TriMas Corporation Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (Dollars in thousands) Year ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Net income $ 40,360 $ 66,170 $ 57,310 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities, net of acquisition impact: Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible assets 1,120 — — (Gain) loss on dispositions of assets 180 ( 21,950 ) 130 Depreciation 39,410 34,120 31,890 Amortization of intangible assets 18,180 19,100 21,560 Amortization of debt issue costs 930 910 960 Deferred income taxes ( 1,710 ) ( 1,400 ) 1,680 Non-cash compensation expense 9,670 9,840 9,500 Provision for losses on accounts receivable 2,450 — — Debt financing and related expenses — — 10,520 Change in legacy liability estimate — 5,590 1,450 Increase in receivables ( 5,520 ) ( 6,650 ) ( 11,180 ) Increase in inventories ( 7,070 ) ( 6,970 ) ( 960 ) Decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets 4,760 6,120 5,030 Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued liabilities ( 14,520 ) ( 29,130 ) 2,120 Other operating activities ( 80 ) ( 3,180 ) 4,210 Net cash provided by operating activities 88,160 72,570 134,220 Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Capital expenditures ( 54,190 ) ( 45,960 ) ( 45,060 ) Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired ( 77,340 ) ( 64,100 ) ( 34,340 ) Cross-currency swap terminations ( 3,370 ) 26,230 — Net proceeds from dispositions of property and equipment 480 28,790 220 Net cash used for investing activities ( 134,420 ) ( 55,040 ) ( 79,180 ) Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Retirement of senior notes — — ( 300,000 ) Proceeds from issuance of senior notes — — 400,000 Proceeds from borrowings on revolving credit facilities 117,990 12,000 — Repayments of borrowings on revolving credit facilities ( 117,430 ) ( 12,000 ) ( 48,620 ) Debt financing fees and senior notes redemption premium — — ( 13,570 ) Payments to purchase common stock ( 18,780 ) ( 36,920 ) ( 19,090 ) Shares surrendered upon exercise and vesting of equity awards to cover taxes ( 2,700 ) ( 2,380 ) ( 5,230 ) Dividends paid ( 6,700 ) ( 6,880 ) ( 1,740 ) Other financing activities ( 3,320 ) — — Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities ( 30,940 ) ( 46,180 ) 11,750 Cash and Cash Equivalents: Increase (decrease) for the year ( 77,200 ) ( 28,650 ) 66,790 At beginning of year 112,090 140,740 73,950 At end of year $ 34,890 $ 112,090 $ 140,740 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: Cash paid for interest $ 14,320 $ 12,960 $ 13,280 Cash paid for income taxes $ 16,770 $ 20,060 $ 10,520 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 52 Table of Contents TriMas Corporation Consolidated Statement of Shareholders' Equity Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (Dollars in thousands) Common Stock Paid-In Capital Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Total Balances at December 31, 2020 $ 430 $ 749,050 $ ( 159,610 ) $ ( 5,620 ) $ 584,250 Net income — — 57,310 — 57,310 Other comprehensive income — — — 5,850 5,850 Purchase of common stock — ( 19,090 ) — — ( 19,090 ) Shares surrendered upon exercise and vesting of equity awards to cover taxes — ( 5,230 ) — — ( 5,230 ) Non-cash compensation expense — 9,500 — — 9,500 Dividends declared — ( 1,740 ) — — ( 1,740 ) Balances at December 31, 2021 $ 430 $ 732,490 $ ( 102,300 ) $ 230 $ 630,850 Net income — — 66,170 — 66,170 Other comprehensive loss — — — ( 8,850 ) ( 8,850 ) Purchase of common stock ( 10 ) ( 36,910 ) — — ( 36,920 ) Shares surrendered upon exercise and vesting of equity awards to cover taxes — ( 2,380 ) — — ( 2,380 ) Non-cash compensation expense — 9,840 — — 9,840 Dividends declared — ( 6,880 ) — — ( 6,880 ) Balances at December 31, 2022 $ 420 $ 696,160 $ ( 36,130 ) $ ( 8,620 ) $ 651,830 Net income — — 40,360 — 40,360 Other comprehensive income — — — 9,270 9,270 Purchase of common stock ( 10 ) ( 18,770 ) — — ( 18,780 ) Shares surrendered upon exercise and vesting of equity awards to cover taxes — ( 2,700 ) — — ( 2,700 ) Non-cash compensation expense — 9,670 — — 9,670 Dividends declared — ( 6,700 ) — — ( 6,700 ) Balances at December 31, 2023 $ 410 $ 677,660 $ 4,230 $ 650 $ 682,950 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 53 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Basis of Presentation TriMas Corporation ("TriMas" or the "Company"), and its consolidated subsidiaries, designs, engineers and manufactures innovative products under leading brand names for customers primarily in the consumer products, aerospace & defense, and industrial markets. The preparation of financial statements requires management of the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ from such estimates and assumptions due to risks and uncertainties, including uncertainty and volatility in the current economic environment due to input cost inflation, supply chain disruptions, shortages in global markets for commodities, logistics and labor. To the extent there are differences between these estimates and actual results, the Company's consolidated financial statements may be materially affected. 2. New Accounting Pronouncements Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures" ("ASU 2023-09"), which requires enhanced jurisdictional disclosures for income taxes paid and requires the use of specific categories in the effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of adoption on its consolidated financial statements. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures" ("ASU 2023-07"), which requires disclosure of significant segment expenses and other segment items by reportable segment on an annual and interim basis, the title and position of chief operating decision maker ("CODM") and how the CODM uses reported measures in assessing segment performance, and also extends the requirement of annual disclosures currently required by Topic 280 to interim periods. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of adoption on its consolidated financial statements. 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts and transactions of TriMas and its subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions have been eliminated. Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management of the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Such estimates and assumptions also affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the carrying amount of property and equipment, goodwill and other intangibles, valuation allowances for receivables, inventories and deferred income tax assets, valuation of derivatives, estimated fair value of contingent consideration resulting from business combinations, estimated future unrecoverable lease costs, reserves for asbestos and ordinary course litigation, assets and obligations related to employee benefits and estimated unrecognized tax benefits. Actual results may differ from such estimates and assumptions. Cash and Cash Equivalents. The Company considers cash on hand and on deposit and investments in all highly liquid debt instruments with initial maturities of three months or less to be cash and cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents also includes restricted cash, if any, held on deposit with a financial institution as cash collateral for the Company's outstanding letters of credit. Receivables. Receivables are presented net of allowances for doubtful accounts of $ 4.2 million and $ 1.7 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company monitors its exposure for credit losses and maintains allowances for doubtful accounts based upon the Company's best estimate of probable losses inherent in the accounts receivable balances. The Company does not believe that significant credit risk exists due to its diverse customer base. 54 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Inventories. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined using the first-in, first-out method. Direct materials, direct labor and allocations of variable and fixed manufacturing-related overhead are included in inventory cost. Property and Equipment. Property and equipment additions, including significant improvements, are recorded at cost. Upon retirement or disposal of property and equipment, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and any gain or loss is included in the accompanying consolidated statement of income. Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred. Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation is computed principally using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Annual depreciation rates are as follows: building and land/building improvements three to 40 years, and machinery and equipment, three to 15 years. Capitalized debt issuance costs are amortized over the underlying terms of the related debt securities. Customer relationship intangibles are amortized over periods ranging from five to 25 years, while technology and other intangibles are amortized over periods ranging from one to 30 years. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Definite-Lived Intangible Assets. The Company reviews, on at least a quarterly basis, the financial performance of its businesses for indicators of impairment. In reviewing for impairment indicators, the Company also considers events or changes in circumstances such as business prospects, customer retention, market trends, potential product obsolescence, competitive activities and other economic factors. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying value of an asset group exceeds the future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset group. The impairment loss recognized is the amount by which the carrying value of the asset group exceeds its fair value. Goodwill. The Company assesses goodwill for impairment on an annual basis (October 1 test date) by reviewing relevant qualitative and quantitative factors. More frequent evaluations may be required if the Company experiences changes in its business climate or as a result of other triggering events that take place. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying value of a reporting unit's goodwill exceeds its fair value. The Company determines its reporting units at the individual operating segment level, or one level below, when there is discrete financial information available that is regularly reviewed by segment management to evaluate operating results. For purposes of the Company's 2023 goodwill impairment test, the Company had six reporting units, four of which had goodwill, within its three reportable segments. The Company begins its goodwill reviews by conducting a qualitative assessment, considering relevant events and circumstances that affect the fair value or carrying value of a reporting unit. Such events and circumstances can include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, overall financial performance, entity and reporting unit specific events, and capital markets pricing. The Company considers the extent to which any identified adverse events and circumstances affect the comparison of a reporting unit's fair value with its carrying value. The Company places more weight on the events and circumstances that most affect a reporting unit's fair value or the carrying value of its net assets. The Company considers positive and mitigating events and circumstances that may affect its determination of whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. The Company also considers its most recent valuations of its reporting units, including the difference between the most recent fair value estimate and the carrying value. Each of these factors is considered by management in reaching its conclusion about whether a quantitative goodwill impairment test is necessary to estimate the fair value of its reporting units. 55 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) If the Company concludes that conducting a quantitative assessment is required or if the Company elects the option to bypass the qualitative assessment, the Company determines the fair value of the reporting unit being evaluated utilizing a combination of two valuation techniques: discounted cash flow (income approach) and market comparable method (market approach). The income approach is based on management's operating plan and internal five-year forecast and utilizes forward-looking assumptions and projections, on a discounted basis, but considers factors unique to each reporting unit and related long-range plans that may not be comparable to other companies and that are not yet public. The market approach considers potentially comparable companies and transactions within the industries where the Company's reporting units participate, and applies their valuation multiples to the financial projections of the Company's reporting units. This approach utilizes data from actual marketplace transactions, but reliance on its results is limited by difficulty in identifying companies that are specifically comparable to the Company's reporting units, considering the diversity of the Company's businesses, the relative sizes and levels of complexity. The Company also uses the direct market data method by comparing its book value and the estimates of fair value of the reporting units to the Company's market capitalization. Management uses this comparison as additional evidence of the fair value of the Company, as its market capitalization may be suppressed by other factors such as the control premium associated with a controlling shareholder, the Company's degree of leverage and the float of the Company's common stock. Management evaluates and weights the results based on a combination of the income and market approaches, and, in situations where the income approach results differ significantly from the market and direct data approaches, management re-evaluates and adjusts, if necessary, its assumptions. Based on the quantitative test, if it is determined that the carrying value of the reporting unit is higher than its fair value, goodwill is impaired and is written down to the fair value amount; however, the loss recognized will not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. See Note 7, " Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets ," for further details regarding the Company's goodwill impairment testing. Indefinite-Lived Intangibles. The Company assesses indefinite-lived intangible assets (primarily trademark/trade names) for impairment on an annual basis (October 1 test date) by reviewing relevant qualitative and quantitative factors. More frequent evaluations may be required if the Company experiences changes in its business climate or as a result of other triggering events that take place. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value. In conducting a qualitative assessment, the Company considers relevant events and circumstances to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair values of the indefinite-lived intangible assets are less than the carrying values. In addition to the events and circumstances that the Company considers above in its qualitative analysis for potential goodwill impairment, the Company also considers legal, regulatory and contractual factors that could affect the fair value or carrying value of the Company's indefinite-lived intangible assets. The Company also considers its most recent valuations of its indefinite-lived intangible assets, including the difference between the most recent fair value estimates and the carrying values. These factors are all considered by management in reaching its conclusion about whether it is more likely than not that the fair values of the indefinite-lived intangible assets are less than the carrying values. If management concludes that further testing is required, the Company performs a quantitative valuation to estimate the fair value of its indefinite-lived intangible assets. In conducting the quantitative impairment analysis, the Company determines the fair value of its indefinite-lived intangible assets using the relief-from-royalty method. The relief-from-royalty method involves the estimation of appropriate market royalty rates for the indefinite-lived intangible assets and the application of these royalty rates to forecasted net sales attributable to the intangible assets. The resulting cash flows are then discounted to present value, using a rate appropriately reflecting the risks inherent in the cash flows, which then is compared to the carrying value of the assets. If the carrying value exceeds fair value, an impairment is recorded. See Note 7, " Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets ," for further details regarding the Company's indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment testing. High Deductible Insurance. The Company generally has high deductible insurance programs for losses and liabilities related to workers' compensation, health and welfare claims and comprehensive general, product and vehicle liability. The Company is generally responsible for up to $ 0.8 million per occurrence under its retention program for workers' compensation, up to $ 1.5 million per occurrence under its retention programs for comprehensive general, product and vehicle liability, and has a $ 0.4 million per occurrence stop-loss limit with respect to its group medical plan. Total insurance limits under these retention programs vary by year for comprehensive general, product and vehicle liability and extend to the applicable statutory limits for workers' compensation. Reserves for claims losses, including an estimate of related litigation defense costs, are recorded based upon the Company's estimates of the aggregate liability for claims incurred using actuarial assumptions about future events. Changes in assumptions for factors such as medical costs and actual experience could cause these estimates to change. 56 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Pension Plans. The Company engages independent actuaries to compute the amounts of liabilities and expenses under defined benefit pension plans, subject to the assumptions that the Company determines are appropriate based on historical trends, current market rates and future projections. Assumptions used in the actuarial calculations could have a significant impact on plan obligations, and a lesser impact on current period expense. Annually, the Company reviews the actual experience compared to the significant assumptions used and makes adjustments to the assumptions, if warranted. Discount rates are based on an expected benefit payments duration analysis and the equivalent average yield rate for high-quality, fixed-income investments. Pension benefits are funded through deposits with trustees and the expected long-term rate of return on fund assets is based on actual historical returns and a review of other public company pension asset return data, modified for known changes in the market and any expected change in investment policy. See Note 16, " Employee Benefit Plans ," for further information. Asbestos-related Matters. The Company accrues loss reserves for asbestos-related matters based upon an estimate of the ultimate liability for claims incurred, whether reported or not, including an estimate of future settlement costs and costs to defend. The Company utilizes known facts and historical trends for Company-specific and general market asbestos-related activity, as well as an actuarial valuation in determining estimated required reserves, which it believes are probable and reasonably estimable. Asbestos-related accruals are assessed at each balance sheet date to determine if the liability remains reasonably stated. Accruals for asbestos-related matters are included in the consolidated balance sheet in "Accrued liabilities" and "Other long-term liabilities." Pre-tax asbestos-related charges are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statement of income. See Note 15, " Commitments and Contingencies ," for further information. Revenue Recognition. Revenue is recognized when control of promised goods is transferred to customers, which generally occurs when products are shipped from the Company’s facilities to its customers. The amount of revenue recorded reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for transferring those goods. Net sales are comprised of gross revenues, based on observed stand-alone selling prices, less estimates of expected returns, trade discounts and customer allowances, which include incentives such as volume and other discounts in connection with various supply programs. Such deductions are estimated and recorded during the period the related revenue is recognized. The Company may adjust these estimates when the expected amount of consideration changes based on sales volumes or other contractual terms. Sales and other consumption taxes the Company collects from customers and remits to government agencies are excluded from revenue. The Company accounts for freight and shipping costs that occur after control of the related goods transfer to the customer as a fulfillment cost within cost of sales. The nature and timing of the Company's revenue transactions are similar, as substantially all revenue is based on point-in-time transactions with customers under industry-standard payment terms. The Company may require shortened payment terms, including cash-in-advance, on an individual customer basis depending on its assessment of the customer's credit worthiness. Cost of Sales. Cost of sales includes material, labor and overhead costs incurred in the manufacture of products sold in the period. Material costs include raw material, purchased components, outside processing and freight costs. Overhead costs consist of variable and fixed manufacturing costs, wages and fringe benefits, and purchasing, receiving and inspection costs. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses include the following: costs related to the advertising, sale, marketing and distribution of the Company's products, amortization of customer intangible assets, costs of finance, human resources, legal functions, executive management costs and other administrative expenses. Income Taxes. The Company computes income taxes using the asset and liability method, whereby deferred income taxes using current enacted tax rates are provided for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and for operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. The Company determines valuation allowances based on an assessment of positive and negative evidence on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis and records a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount more likely than not to be realized. The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Company records interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. See Note 21, " Income Taxes ," for further information. 57 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Foreign Currency Translation. The financial statements of subsidiaries located outside of the United States are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which they operate as the functional currency. When translating into U.S. dollars, income and expense items are translated at average monthly exchange rates and assets and liabilities are translated at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Adjustments resulting from translating the functional currency into U.S. dollars are deferred as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI") in the consolidated statement of shareholders' equity. The impact of net foreign currency transactions was a gain of $ 0.3 million and $ 0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and a loss of $ 0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, and are included in other income (expense), net in the accompanying consolidated statement of income. Derivative Financial Instruments. The Company records derivative financial instruments at fair value on the balance sheet as either assets or liabilities, and changes in their fair values are immediately recognized in earnings if the derivatives do not qualify as effective hedges. If a derivative is designated as a fair value hedge, then changes in the fair value of the derivative are offset against the changes in the fair value of the underlying hedged item. If a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, the changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) until the underlying hedged item is recognized in earnings or the forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring. If a derivative is designated as a net investment hedge, then the changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) and will be subsequently reclassified to earnings when the hedged net investment is either sold or substantially liquidated. The Company formally documents hedging relationships for its derivative transactions and the underlying hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking the hedge transactions. See Note 12, " Derivative Instruments ," for further information. Fair Value of Financial Instruments. In accounting for and disclosing the fair value of financial instruments, the Company uses the following hierarchy: • Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date; • Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and • Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Valuation of the Company's cross-currency swaps are based on the income approach, which uses observable inputs such as interest rate yield curves and forward currency exchange rates, as applicable. The carrying value of financial instruments reported in the balance sheet for current assets and current liabilities approximates fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments. Business Combinations. The Company records assets acquired and liabilities assumed from acquisitions at fair value. The fair value of working capital accounts generally approximates book value. The valuation of inventory, property, plant and equipment, and intangible assets requires significant assumptions. Inventory is recorded at fair value based on the estimated selling price less costs to sell, including completion, disposal and holding period costs with a reasonable profit margin. Property and equipment is recorded at fair value using a combination of both the cost and market approaches for both the real and personal property acquired. Under the cost approach, consideration is given to the amount required to construct or purchase a new asset of equal value at current prices, with adjustments in value for physical deterioration, as well as functional and economic obsolescence. Under the market approach, recent transactions for similar types of assets are used as the basis for estimating fair value. For trademark/trade names and technology and other intangible assets, the estimated fair value is based on projected discounted future net cash flows using the relief-from-royalty method. For customer relationship intangible assets, the estimated fair value is based on projected discounted future cash flows using the excess earnings method. The relief-from-royalty and excess earnings method are both income approaches that utilize key assumptions such as forecasts of revenue and expenses over an extended period of time, royalty rate percentages, tax rates, and estimated costs of debt and equity capital to discount the projected cash flows. 58 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Stock-based Compensation. The Company recognizes compensation expense related to equity awards based on their fair values as of the grant date. For awards with only a service condition, expense is recognized ratably over the vesting period. Performance-based equity awards may have targets tied to performance and/or market-based conditions. Market-based conditions are taken into consideration in determining the grant date fair value, and the related compensation expense is recognized regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied, provided the requisite service has been provided. For performance condition components, the Company periodically updates the probability that the performance conditions will be achieved and adjusts expense accordingly, reflecting the change from prior estimate, if any, in current period non-cash stock compensation expense. The disclosed number of awards granted considers only the targeted number of units until such time that the performance condition has been satisfied. If the performance conditions are not achieved, no award is earned. See Note 17, " Equity Awards ," for further information. Other Comprehensive Income (Loss). The Company refers to other comprehensive income (loss) as revenues, expenses, gains and losses that under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America are included in comprehensive income (loss) but are excluded from net earnings as these amounts are recorded directly as an adjustment to shareholders' equity. Other comprehensive income (loss) is comprised of foreign currency translation adjustments, amortization of prior service costs and unrecognized gains and losses in actuarial assumptions for pension and postretirement plans and changes in unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments. 4. Acquisitions 2023 Acquisitions On April 21, 2023, the Company acquired Weldmac Manufacturing Company ("Weldmac") for a purchase price of $ 34.0 million, with additional contingent consideration ranging from zero to $ 10 million based on achievement of earnings targets, as defined in the purchase agreement. The fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed included $ 23.7 million of property and equipment, $ 20.3 million of net working capital and $ 10 million of contingent consideration liability, with such estimate representing the Company's best estimate of fair value of contingent consideration based on Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy, as defined. Located in El Cajon, California, and reported in the Company's Aerospace segment, Weldmac is a designer and manufacturer of complex metal fabricated components and assemblies for the aerospace, defense and space launch end markets and historically generated $ 33 million in annual revenue. On July 10, 2023, the Company made a cash payment of $ 5.5 million as additional consideration for the purchase of Weldmac based on achievement of earnings targets, as defined in the purchase agreement. The remaining possible contingent consideration ranges from zero to $ 4.5 million, based on achievement of 2023 earnings targets, as defined in the purchase agreement. At December 31, 2023, the Company believes it is probable the maximum contingent consideration will be earned. On February 1, 2023, the Company acquired Aarts Packaging B.V. ("Aarts"), a luxury packaging solutions provider for beauty and lifestyle brands, as well as for customers in the food and life sciences end markets, for a purchase price of $ 37.8 million, net of cash acquired. The fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed included $ 20.4 million of goodwill, $ 10.9 million of intangible assets, $ 8.5 million of property and equipment, $ 7.4 million of net working capital, $ 3.9 million of net deferred tax liabilities and $ 5.5 million of other liabilities. Aarts, which is reported in the Company's Packaging segment, is located in Waalwijk, the Netherlands, and historically generated € 23 million in annual revenue. 2022 Acquisitions On February 28, 2022, the Company acquired Intertech Plastics LLC and related companies (collectively, "Intertech") for a purchase price of $ 64.1 million, net of cash acquired. Intertech is a manufacturer of custom injection molded products used in medical applications, as well as products and assemblies for consumer and industrial applications. The fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed included $ 32.4 million of goodwill, $ 13.5 million of intangible assets, $ 12.2 million of property and equipment and $ 6.0 million of net working capital. Intertech, which is reported in the Company's Packaging segment, has two manufacturing facilities located in the Denver, Colorado, area. 2021 Acquisitions On December 17, 2021, the Company acquired Omega Plastics ("Omega"), which specializes in manufacturing custom components and devices for drug delivery, diagnostic and orthopedic medical applications, as well as components for industrial applications, for an aggregate amount of $ 22.5 million, net of cash acquired. Omega, which is reported in the Company's Packaging segment, is located in Clinton Township, Michigan. 59 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) On December 5, 2021, the Company acquired TFI Aerospace ("TFI"), a manufacturer and supplier of specialty fasteners used in a variety of applications, predominately for the aerospace end market, for an aggregate amount of $ 11.8 million, with additional contingent consideration ranging from zero to $ 12.0 million to be paid based future earnings as defined in the purchase agreement. On the acquisition date, the Company recorded $ 3.7 million as its best estimate of fair value of the additional contingent consideration, with such estimate based on Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy, as defined. TFI, which is reported in the Company's Aerospace segment, is located near Toronto, Canada. Based on a detailed fourth quarter 2022 review of TFI's updated forecasted operating results, the Company determined the likelihood of the contingent consideration being paid was remote, and therefore reversed the liability, with such adjustment being included in other income (expense), net, in the accompanying consolidated statement of income. 5. Realignment Actions 2023 Realignment Actions During 2023, the Company incurred realignment charges in its Packaging segment, related to the closure and consolidation of two manufacturing facilities located in China into one new, larger facility in the Haining region, and for costs incurred to close and consolidate its Rohnert Park, California, manufacturing facility operations into other existing U.S. production locations. In connection with these actions, the Company recorded pre-tax realignment charges of $ 10.3 million, of which $ 2.1 million were for employee-related costs, $ 0.8 million were for inventory write-downs, $ 5.2 million were for other facility move and consolidation costs, and $ 2.2 million were related to charges to accelerate the depreciation of certain fixed assets. During 2023, $ 9.4 million and $ 0.9 million of these charges were included in cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses, respectively, in the accompanying consolidated statement of income. 2022 Realignment Actions During 2022, the Company incurred realignment charges in its Packaging segment, related to adjusting its labor force in facilities with lower demand, finalizing its Indianapolis, Indiana, facility consolidation, costs incurred to reorganize its benefit plans in the United Kingdom, and for costs incurred as part of the Company's start-up and relocation to a new, larger facility in New Albany, Ohio. The Company also completed the Aerospace segment footprint realignment which began in 2021. In connection with these actions, the Company recorded pre-tax realignment charges of $ 5.0 million, of which $ 2.7 million related to facility move and consolidation costs and $ 2.3 million was for employee-related costs. During 2022, $ 2.8 million of these charges were included in cost of sales, $ 2.0 million of these charges were included in selling, general and administrative expenses and $ 0.2 million of these charges were included in net gain (loss) on dispositions of assets in the accompanying consolidated statement of income. 2021 Realignment Actions During 2021, the Company executed certain realignment actions in response to reductions in current and expected future end market demand. First, the Company closed its Packaging segment's Union City, California, manufacturing facility, consolidating the operation into its Indianapolis, Indiana, and Woodridge, Illinois, facilities. The Company also realigned its Aerospace segment footprint, consolidating certain activities previously in its Stanton, California, facilities into its Tolleson, Arizona, facility. In addition, the Company also reorganized its corporate office legal and finance groups. The Company recorded pre-tax realignment charges of $ 9.7 million, of which $ 3.5 million related to facility consolidations and $ 6.2 million were for employee separation costs. As of December 31, 2021, $ 2.4 million of the employee separation costs had been paid. During 2021, $ 4.1 million of these charges were included in cost of sales and $ 5.6 million were included in selling, general and administrative expenses, respectively, in the accompanying consolidated statement of income. 60 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 6. Revenue The following table presents the Company’s disaggregated net sales by primary market served (dollars in thousands): Year ended December 31, Customer End Markets 2023 2022 2021 Consumer Products $ 381,930 $ 419,410 $ 424,320 Aerospace & Defense 241,400 188,090 183,340 Industrial 270,220 276,330 249,450 Total net sales $ 893,550 $ 883,830 $ 857,110 The Company’s Packaging segment earns revenues from the consumer products (comprised of the beauty and personal care, food and beverage, home care, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and medical submarkets) and industrial markets. The Aerospace segment earns revenues from the aerospace & defense market (comprised of commercial, regional and business jet, and military submarkets). The Specialty Products segment earns revenues from a variety of submarkets within the industrial market. 7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill The Company performed a quantitative assessment as part of its 2023 annual impairment test (October 1 annual test date) for all reporting units with goodwill after electing the option to bypass the qualitative assessment. In preparing the quantitative analysis, the Company utilized both income and market-based approaches. The income-based approach was conducted using the discounted cash flow method, for which management updated its internal five-year forecast. Assumptions in estimating the future cash flows were based on Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy. The Company also selected appropriate terminal growth rates as well as weighted average cost of capital rates, which considered various factors including the level of inherent risk in achieving the forecast based on prior history and current market conditions. The market-based approach considered comparable publicly traded companies and transactions within the industries where the Company's reporting units participate, and applied their valuation multiples to management's forecast estimates. Based on results of the quantitative assessment for the 2023 annual impairment test, the Company determined there were no indications that the fair value of a reporting unit was less than its carrying value. The Company performed a qualitative assessment as part of its 2022 and 2021 annual impairment tests (October 1 annual test date) for all reporting units, which included a review of the Company’s market capitalization. Based on results of the qualitative assessments for the 2022 and 2021 annual impairment tests, the Company determined there were no indications that the fair value of a reporting unit was less than its carrying value; therefore, the Company determined that quantitative goodwill impairment tests were not required. Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows (dollars in thousands): Specialty Packaging Aerospace Products Total Balance, December 31, 2021 $ 238,740 $ 70,190 $ 6,560 $ 315,490 Goodwill from acquisitions 32,370 — — 32,370 Foreign currency translation and other ( 7,560 ) ( 490 ) — ( 8,050 ) Balance, December 31, 2022 $ 263,550 $ 69,700 $ 6,560 $ 339,810 Goodwill from acquisitions 20,420 — — 20,420 Foreign currency translation and other 3,380 160 — 3,540 Balance, December 31, 2023 $ 287,350 $ 69,860 $ 6,560 $ 363,770 61 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Other Intangible Assets For the purpose of the Company's 2023 annual indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment test (as of October 1), the Company elected the option to bypass the qualitative assessment and performed a quantitative assessment for all of its indefinite-lived intangible assets except for the Aarts trade name, using the relief-from-royalty method. The Company performed a qualitative assessment for the Aarts trade name as it was acquired less than one year prior and has long-term sales projections consistent with those expected in the purchase price valuation. Significant management assumptions used under the relief-from-royalty method reflected the Company's current assessment of the risks and uncertainties associated with the cash flows of the respective underlying indefinite-lived intangible assets and represent Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy. Upon completion of the quantitative impairment test, the Company determined that one of the Company's aerospace-related trade names had a carrying value that exceeded its fair value, and therefore recorded an impairment charge of $ 1.1 million. For the purposes of the Company's 2022 and 2021 annual indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment tests (as of October 1), the Company performed a qualitative assessment to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair values of the indefinite-lived intangible assets were less than the carrying values. Based on the qualitative assessment performed, the Company did not believe that it is more likely than not that the fair values of each of its indefinite-lived intangible assets were less than the carrying values; therefore, a fair value calculation of the indefinite-lived intangible assets was not required for the 2022 and 2021 annual indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment tests. The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of the Company's other intangibles as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized below (dollars in thousands): As of December 31, 2023 As of December 31, 2022 Intangible Category by Useful Life Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Finite-lived intangible assets: Customer relationships, 5 - 12 years $ 141,260 $ ( 89,020 ) $ 131,660 $ ( 80,000 ) Customer relationships, 15 - 25 years 129,830 ( 80,600 ) 129,650 ( 74,380 ) Total customer relationships 271,090 ( 169,620 ) 261,310 ( 154,380 ) Technology and other, 1 - 15 years 56,970 ( 41,850 ) 56,860 ( 38,990 ) Technology and other, 17 - 30 years 43,300 ( 40,730 ) 43,300 ( 40,330 ) Total technology and other 100,270 ( 82,580 ) 100,160 ( 79,320 ) Indefinite-lived intangible assets: Trademark/Trade names 61,860 — 60,340 — Total other intangible assets $ 433,220 $ ( 252,200 ) $ 421,810 $ ( 233,700 ) Amortization expense related to intangible assets as included in the accompanying consolidated statement of income is summarized as follows (dollars in thousands): Year ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Technology and other, included in cost of sales $ 3,210 $ 3,300 $ 3,820 Customer relationships, included in selling, general and administrative expenses 14,970 15,800 17,740 Total amortization expense $ 18,180 $ 19,100 $ 21,560 62 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Estimated amortization expense for the next five fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2023 is as follows (dollars in thousands): Year ended December 31, Estimated Amortization Expense 2024 $ 17,220 2025 16,870 2026 15,140 2027 15,080 2028 15,060 8. Inventories Inventories consist of the following components (dollars in thousands): December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Finished goods $ 82,300 $ 74,280 Work in process 51,990 38,090 Raw materials 58,160 50,990 Total inventories $ 192,450 $ 163,360 9. Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment consists of the following components (dollars in thousands): December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Land and land improvements $ 32,840 $ 15,220 Building and building improvements 99,230 90,910 Machinery and equipment 502,090 461,480 634,160 567,610 Less: Accumulated depreciation 304,170 289,860 Property and equipment, net $ 329,990 $ 277,750 Depreciation expense as included in the accompanying consolidated statement of income is as follows (dollars in thousands): Year ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Depreciation expense, included in cost of sales $ 38,520 $ 33,130 $ 30,770 Depreciation expense, included in selling, general and administrative expense 890 990 1,120 Total depreciation expense $ 39,410 $ 34,120 $ 31,890 63 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 10. Accrued Liabilities Accrued liabilities consist of the following components (dollars in thousands): December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Accrued payroll $ 15,990 $ 18,050 High deductible insurance 6,250 5,530 Derivatives liability 6,510 — Other 30,890 23,080 Total accrued liabilities $ 59,640 $ 46,660 11. Long-term Debt The Company's long-term debt consists of the following (dollars in thousands): December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 4.125% Senior Notes due April 2029 $ 400,000 $ 400,000 Debt issuance costs ( 4,340 ) ( 5,270 ) Long-term debt, net $ 395,660 $ 394,730 Senior Notes due 2029 In March 2021, the Company issued $ 400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.125 % senior notes outstanding due April 15, 2029 ("2029 Senior Notes") at par value in a private placement under Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended ("Securities Act"). The Company used the proceeds from the 2029 Senior Notes offering to pay fees and expenses of $ 5.1 million related to the offering and pay fees and expenses of $ 1.1 million related to amending its existing credit agreement. In connection with the issuance, the Company completed the redemption of its outstanding 4.875 % senior notes due October 15, 2025 ("2025 Senior Notes"), paying $ 300.0 million to retire the outstanding principal amount plus $ 7.3 million as a redemption premium. The remaining cash proceeds from the 2029 Senior Notes were used for general corporate purposes, including repaying all outstanding revolving credit facility borrowings. The $ 5.1 million of fees and expenses related to the 2029 Senior Notes were capitalized as debt issuance costs, while the $ 7.3 million redemption premium, as well as $ 3.0 million of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the 2025 Senior Notes, were included in debt financing and related expenses in the accompanying consolidated statement of income. The 2029 Senior Notes accrue interest at a rate of 4.125 % per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15. The payment of principal and interest is jointly and severally guaranteed, on a senior unsecured basis, by certain subsidiaries of the Company. The 2029 Senior Notes are pari passu in right of payment with all existing and future senior indebtedness and effectively subordinated to all existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness. 64 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Prior to April 15, 2024, the Company may redeem up to 40 % of the principal amount of the 2029 Senior Notes at a redemption price of 104.125 % of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date, with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings provided that each such redemption occurs within 90 days of the date of closing of each such equity offering. In addition, prior to April 15, 2024, the Company may redeem all or part of the 2029 Senior Notes at a redemption price equal to 100 % of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date, plus a "make whole" premium. On or after April 15, 2024, the Company may redeem all or part of the 2029 Senior Notes at the redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date, if redeemed during the twelve-month period beginning on April 15 of the years indicated below: Year Percentage 2024 102.063 % 2025 101.031 % 2026 and thereafter 100.000 % Senior Notes due 2025 In September 2017, the Company issued $ 300.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 2025 Senior Notes at par value in a private placement under Rule 144A of the Securities Act. During the second quarter of 2021, and in connection with the issuance of the 2029 Senior Notes, the Company redeemed all of the outstanding 2025 Senior Notes, as permitted under the indenture, at a price of 102.438 % of the principal amount. Credit Agreement In March 2021, the Company amended its existing credit agreement ("Credit Agreement") in connection with the issuance of the 2029 Senior Notes to extend the maturity date. The Company incurred fees and expenses of $ 1.1 million related to the amendment, all of which was capitalized as debt issuance costs. The Company also recorded $ 0.2 million of non-cash expense related to the write-off of previously capitalized deferred financing fees. The Credit Agreement consists of a $ 300.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility, which permits borrowings denominated in specific foreign currencies, subject to a $ 125.0 million sub limit, maturing on March 29, 2026 . In November 2021 and April 2023, the Company amended the Credit Agreement to replace LIBOR. As of December 31, 2023, the Credit Agreement is subject to benchmark interest rates that are based on the currency denomination of borrowings, with British pound sterling borrowings subject to the Sterling Overnight Index Average and Euro borrowings subject to the Euro InterBank Offered Rate, both plus a spread of 1.625 %, and U.S. dollar borrowings subject to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus a spread of 1.725 %. The interest rate spread is based upon the leverage ratio, as defined, as of the most recent determination date. The Credit Agreement also provides incremental revolving credit facility commitments in an amount not to exceed the greater of $ 200.0 million and an amount such that, after giving effect to such incremental commitments and the incurrence of any other indebtedness substantially simultaneously with the making of such commitments, the senior secured net leverage ratio, as defined, is no greater than 3.00 to 1.00. The terms and conditions of any incremental revolving credit facility commitments must be no more favorable than the existing credit facility. The Company's revolving credit facility allows for the issuance of letters of credit, not to exceed $ 40.0 million in aggregate. At December 31, 2023, the Company had no amounts outstanding under its revolving credit facility and had $ 294.0 million potentially available after giving effect to $ 6.0 million of letters of credit issued and outstanding. At December 31, 2022, the Company had no amounts outstanding under its revolving credit facility and had $ 293.9 million potentially available after giving effect to $ 6.1 million of letters of credit issued and outstanding. After consideration of leverage restrictions contained in the Credit Agreement, as of December 31, 2023, the Company had $ 256.9 million of borrowing capacity available for general corporate purposes. The Company's borrowing capacity was not reduced by leverage restrictions contained in the Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2022. 65 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The debt under the Credit Agreement is an obligation of the Company and certain of its domestic subsidiaries and is secured by substantially all of the assets of such parties. Borrowings under the $ 125.0 million (equivalent) foreign currency sub limit of the $ 300.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility are secured by a cross-guarantee amongst, and a pledge of the assets of, the foreign subsidiary borrowers that are a party to the agreement. The Credit Agreement also contains various negative and affirmative covenants and other requirements affecting the Company and its subsidiaries, including the ability to, subject to certain exceptions and limitations, incur debt, liens, mergers, investments, loans, advances, guarantee obligations, acquisitions, assets dispositions, sale-leaseback transactions, hedging agreements, dividends and other restricted payments, transactions with affiliates, restrictive agreements and amendments to charters, bylaws, and other material documents. The terms of the Credit Agreement also require the Company and its restricted subsidiaries to meet certain restrictive financial covenants and ratios computed quarterly, including a maximum total net leverage ratio (total consolidated indebtedness plus outstanding amounts under any accounts receivable securitization facility, less the aggregate amount of certain unrestricted cash and unrestricted permitted investments, as defined, over consolidated EBITDA, as defined), a maximum senior secured net leverage ratio (total consolidated senior secured indebtedness, less the aggregate amount of certain unrestricted cash and unrestricted permitted investments, as defined, over consolidated EBITDA, as defined) and a minimum interest expense coverage ratio (consolidated EBITDA, as defined, over the sum of consolidated cash interest expense, as defined, and preferred dividends, as defined). At December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with the financial covenants contained in the Credit Agreement. Other Revolving Loan Facility In May 2021, the Company, through one of its non-U.S. subsidiaries, entered into a revolving loan facility with a borrowing capacity of $ 4 million. The facility is guaranteed by TriMas Corporation. There were no borrowings outstanding on this loan facility as of December 31, 2023 or 2022. Long-term Debt Maturities Future maturities of the face value of long-term debt at December 31, 2023 are as follows (dollars in thousands): Year Ending December 31: Future Maturities 2024 $ — 2025 — 2026 — 2027 — 2028 — Thereafter 400,000 Total $ 400,000 Fair Value of Debt The valuations of the Senior Notes and revolving credit facility were determined based on Level 2 inputs under the fair value hierarchy, as defined. The carrying amounts and fair values were as follows (dollars in thousands): December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Carrying Amount Fair Value Carrying Amount Fair Value 4.125% Senior Notes due April 2029 $ 400,000 $ 364,000 $ 400,000 $ 344,000 Debt Issuance Costs The Company's unamortized debt issuance costs approximated $ 4.3 million and $ 5.3 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and are included as a direct reduction from the related debt liability in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. These amounts consisted primarily of legal, accounting and other transaction advisory fees as well as facility fees paid to the lenders. Amortization expense for these items was $ 0.9 million, $ 0.9 million and $ 1.0 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and is included in interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statement of income. 66 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 12. Derivative Instruments Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments The Company uses cross-currency swap agreements to hedge its net investment in Euro-denominated assets against future volatility in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Euro. By doing so, the Company synthetically converts a portion of its U.S. dollar-based long-term debt into Euro-denominated long-term debt. At inception, the Company designates its cross-currency swaps as net investment hedges. In July 2022, the Company entered into cross-currency swap agreements at notional amounts declining from $ 150.0 million to $ 75.0 million over contract periods ending on October 15, 2023, and April 15, 2024. Under the terms of the agreements, the Company is to receive net interest payments at fixed rates of approximately 2.4 % to 2.6 % of the notional amounts. As of December 31, 2023, the notional amount of these cross-currency swaps was $ 75.0 million. In July 2022, immediately prior to entering into the new cross-currency swap agreements, the Company terminated its existing cross-currency swap agreements, de-designated the swaps as net investment hedges and received $ 26.2 million of cash, which was classified as an investing activity in the accompanying consolidated statement of cash flows. The cross-currency swap agreements had notional amounts totaling $ 250.0 million, which declined to $ 25.0 million over various contract periods ending between October 15, 2023 and October 15, 2027. Under the terms of the agreements, the Company was to receive net interest payments at fixed rates ranging from approximately 0.8 % to 2.9 % of the notional amounts. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair value carrying amount of the Company's derivatives designated as hedging instruments are recorded as follows (dollars in thousands): Asset / (Liability) Derivatives Derivatives designated as hedging instruments Balance Sheet Caption December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Net Investment Hedges Cross-currency swaps Accrued liabilities $ ( 6,510 ) $ — Cross-currency swaps Other long-term liabilities — ( 7,090 ) The following table summarizes the income recognized in AOCI on derivative contracts designated as hedging instruments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the amounts reclassified from AOCI into earnings for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands): Amount of Income Recognized in AOCI on Derivative (net of tax) Location of Loss Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings Amount of Loss Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings As of December 31, Year ended December 31, 2023 2022 2023 2022 2021 Net Investment Hedges Cross-currency swaps $ 13,260 $ 15,320 Other income (expense), net $ — $ — $ — Over the next 12 months, the Company does no t expect to reclassify any pre-tax deferred amounts from AOCI into earnings. Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments As of December 31, 2023, the Company was party to foreign currency exchange forward contracts to economically hedge changes in foreign currency rates with notional amounts of $ 138.6 million. The Company uses foreign exchange contracts to mitigate the risk associated with fluctuations in currency rates impacting cash flows related to certain of its receivables, payables and intercompany transactions denominated in foreign currencies. The foreign exchange contracts primarily mitigate currency exposures between the U.S. dollar and the Euro, Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, and the Mexican peso, as well as between the Euro and British pound, and have various settlement dates through March 2024. These contracts are not designated as hedge instruments; therefore, gains and losses on these contracts are recognized each period directly into the consolidated statement of income. 67 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The following table summarizes the effects of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Company's consolidated statement of income (dollars in thousands): Amount of Income (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Derivatives Year ended December 31, Location of Income (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Derivatives 2023 2022 2021 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments Foreign exchange contracts Other income (expense), net $ ( 1,880 ) $ 1,540 $ 7,130 Fair Value of Derivatives The fair value of the Company's derivative instruments are estimated using an income approach based on valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single, discounted amount. Estimates of the fair value of the Company's cross-currency swaps and foreign exchange contracts use observable inputs such as interest rate yield curves and forward currency exchange rates. Fair value measurements and the fair value hierarchy level for the Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows (dollars in thousands): Description Frequency Asset / (Liability) Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) December 31, 2023 Cross-currency swaps Recurring $ ( 6,510 ) $ — $ ( 6,510 ) $ — Foreign exchange contracts Recurring $ ( 140 ) $ — $ ( 140 ) $ — December 31, 2022 Cross-currency swaps Recurring $ ( 7,090 ) $ — $ ( 7,090 ) $ — Foreign exchange contracts Recurring $ ( 1,790 ) $ — $ ( 1,790 ) $ — 13. Leases The majority of the Company's lease obligations are non-cancelable operating leases for certain equipment and facilities. The Company's finance leases are for certain equipment as part of the Company's acquisition of Aarts. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; expense related to these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. 68 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Supplemental balance sheet information related to the Company's leases are shown below (dollars in thousands): Balance Sheet Location December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Assets Operating leases Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 43,220 $ 47,280 Finance leases Property and equipment, net (a) 2,470 — Total lease assets $ 45,690 $ 47,280 Liabilities Current: Operating leases Lease liabilities, current portion $ 7,410 $ 8,280 Finance leases Lease liabilities, current portion 490 — Long-term: Operating leases Lease liabilities 37,980 41,010 Finance leases Lease liabilities 1,710 — Total lease liabilities $ 47,590 $ 49,290 __________________________ (a) Finance leases were recorded net of accumulated depreciation of $ 0.2 million as of December 31, 2023. The components of lease expense are as follows (dollars in thousands): Year ended December 31, Statement of Income Location 2023 2022 2021 Operating lease cost Cost of sales and Selling, general and administrative expenses $ 11,180 $ 10,560 $ 8,510 Finance lease cost: Depreciation of lease assets Cost of sales 220 — — Interest on lease liabilities Interest expense 60 — — Short-term, variable and other lease costs Cost of sales and Selling, general and administrative expenses 3,430 3,350 2,460 Total lease cost $ 14,890 $ 13,910 $ 10,970 Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows (dollars in thousands): Year ended December 31, Operating Leases (a) Finance Leases (a) 2024 $ 9,560 $ 540 2025 8,150 530 2026 8,620 600 2027 7,540 700 2028 5,600 — Thereafter 12,950 — Total lease payments 52,420 2,370 Less: Imputed interest ( 7,030 ) ( 170 ) Present value of lease liabilities $ 45,390 $ 2,200 __________________________ (a) The maturity table excludes cash flows associated with exited lease facilities. Liabilities for exited lease facilities are included in accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. 69 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Other information related to the Company's leases are as follows (dollars in thousands): Year ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 10,250 $ 9,900 $ 7,880 Operating cash flows from finance leases 60 — — Financing cash flows from finance leases 450 — — Lease assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities: Operating leases 8,340 5,790 19,600 Finance leases 2,620 — — The weighted-average remaining term of the Company's operating leases and finance leases as of December 31, 2023, is 6.5 and 3.5 years, respectively. The weighted-average discount rate for operating and finance leases as of December 31, 2023, is 4.0 % and 2.6 %, respectively. 14. Other Long-term Liabilities Other long-term liabilities consist of the following components (dollars in thousands): December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Non-current asbestos-related liabilities $ 23,880 $ 26,370 Other long-term liabilities 16,740 29,970 Total other long-term liabilities $ 40,620 $ 56,340 15. Commitments and Contingencies Environmental The Company is subject to increasingly stringent environmental laws and regulations, including those relating to air emissions, wastewater discharges and chemical and hazardous waste management and disposal. Some of these environmental laws hold owners or operators of land or businesses liable for their own and for previous owners' or operators' releases of hazardous or toxic substances or wastes. Other environmental laws and regulations require the obtainment and compliance with environmental permits. To date, costs of complying with environmental, health and safety requirements have not been material. However, the nature of the Company's operations and the long history of industrial activities at certain of the Company's current or former facilities, as well as those acquired, could potentially result in material environmental liabilities. While the Company must comply with existing and pending climate change legislation, regulation and international treaties or accords, current laws and regulations have not had a material impact on the Company's business, capital expenditures or financial position. Future events, including those relating to climate change or greenhouse gas regulation, could require the Company to incur expenses related to the modification or curtailment of operations, installation of pollution control equipment or investigation and cleanup of contaminated sites. 70 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Asbestos As of December 31, 2023, the Company was a party to 459 pending cases involving an aggregate of 4,863 claimants primarily alleging personal injury from exposure to asbestos containing materials formerly used in gaskets (both encapsulated and otherwise) manufactured or distributed by its former Lamons division and certain other related subsidiaries for use primarily in the petrochemical refining and exploration industries. The following chart summarizes the number of claims, number of claims filed, number of claims dismissed, number of claims settled, the average settlement amount per claim and the total defense costs, at the applicable date and for the applicable periods: Claims pending at beginning of period Claims filed during period Claims dismissed during period Claims settled during period Claims pending at end of period Average settlement amount per claim during period Total defense costs during period Fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 4,798 261 160 36 4,863 $ 15,465 $ 1,920,000 Fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 4,754 236 168 24 4,798 $ 79,869 $ 2,180,000 Fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 4,655 265 134 32 4,754 $ 16,819 $ 1,950,000 In addition, the Company acquired various companies to distribute its products that had distributed gaskets of other manufacturers prior to acquisition. The Company believes that many of the pending cases relate to locations at which none of its gaskets were distributed or used. The Company may be subjected to significant additional asbestos-related claims in the future, and will aggressively defend or reasonably resolve, as appropriate. The cost of settling cases in which product identification can be made may increase, and the Company may be subjected to further claims in respect of the former activities of its acquired gasket distributors. The cost of claims varies as claims may be initially made in some jurisdictions without specifying the amount sought or by simply stating the requisite or maximum permissible monetary relief, and may be amended to alter the amount sought. The large majority of claims do not specify the amount sought. Of the 4,863 claims pending at December 31, 2023, 33 set forth specific amounts of damages (other than those stating the statutory minimum or maximum). At December 31, 2023, of the 33 claims that set forth specific amounts, there were no claims seeking more than $5 million for punitive damages. Below is a breakdown of the compensatory damages sought for those claims seeking specific amounts: Compensatory Range of damages sought (in millions) $0.0 to $0.6 $0.6 to $5.0 $5.0+ Number of claims — 4 29 Relatively few of the claims have reached the discovery stage and even fewer claims have gone past the discovery stage. Total settlement costs (exclusive of defense costs) for all such cases, some of which were filed over 30 years ago, have been $ 13.1 million. All relief sought in the asbestos cases is monetary in nature. Based on the settlements made to date and the number of claims dismissed or withdrawn for lack of product identification, the Company believes that the relief sought (when specified) does not bear a reasonable relationship to its potential liability. 71 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The Company accrues for all asbestos-related future defense costs for both known and unknown claims, which the Company believes are reasonably estimable. The Company’s liability for asbestos-related claims is based on a study from the Company’s third-party actuary, the Company's review of the study, as well as the Company’s own review of asbestos claims and claim resolution activity. In 2021, the Company commissioned its actuary to update the asbestos study based on data as of September 30, 2021. The Company recorded a non-cash, pre-tax charge of $ 1.5 million to increase the liability estimate to $ 28.2 million, at the low-end of the range of the 2021 study. In 2022, the Company commissioned its actuary to update the asbestos study based on data as of September 30, 2022, which yielded a range of possible future liability of $ 29.6 million to $ 39.5 million. The Company did not believe any amount within the range of potential outcomes represented a better estimate than another given the many factors and assumptions inherent in the projections, and therefore recorded a non-cash, pre-tax charge of $ 5.6 million to increase the liability estimate to $ 29.6 million, at the low-end of the range. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s total asbestos-related liability was $ 26.6 million. The Company’s primary insurance, which covered approximately 40 % of historical costs related to settlement and defense of asbestos litigation, expired in November 2018, upon which the Company became solely responsible for defense costs and indemnity payments. The Company is party to a coverage-in-place agreement (entered into in 2006) with its first level excess carriers regarding the coverage to be provided to the Company for asbestos-related claims. The coverage-in-place agreement makes asbestos defense costs and indemnity insurance coverage available to the Company that might otherwise be disputed by the carriers and provides a methodology for the administration of such expenses. The Company will continue to be solely responsible for defense costs and indemnity payments prior to the commencement of coverage under this agreement, the duration of which would be subject to the scope of damage awards and settlements paid. Based upon the Company’s review of the actuarial study, the Company does not believe it is probable that it will reach the threshold of qualified future settlements required to commence excess carrier insurance coverage under the coverage-in-place agreement. Based upon the Company's experience to date, including the trend in annual defense and settlement costs incurred to date, and other available information (including the availability of excess insurance), the Company does not believe these cases will have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. Claims and Litigation The Company is subject to other claims and litigation in the ordinary course of business, but does not believe that any such claim or litigation will have a material adverse effect on its financial position and results of operations or cash flows. 16. Employee Benefit Plans Pension and Profit-Sharing Benefits The Company provides a defined contribution profit sharing plan for the benefit of substantially all the Company's domestic salaried and non-union hourly employees. The plan contains both contributory and noncontributory profit sharing arrangements, as defined. Aggregate charges included in the accompanying consolidated statement of income under this plan were $ 4.6 million, $ 3.7 million and $ 3.4 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Certain of the Company's non-U.S. and union hourly employees participate in defined benefit pension plans. 72 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Plan Assets, Expenses and Obligations Net periodic pension benefit expense recorded in the Company's consolidated statement of income for defined benefit pension plans include the following components (dollars in thousands): Pension Benefit 2023 2022 2021 Service cost $ 490 $ 690 $ 1,280 Interest cost 1,290 890 800 Expected return on plan assets ( 2,140 ) ( 1,590 ) ( 1,530 ) Settlements and curtailments 1,020 150 — Amortization of net loss 120 570 910 Net periodic benefit expense (a) $ 780 $ 710 $ 1,460 __________________________ (a) The net periodic benefit expense for the U.S. defined benefit pension plans was $ 0.5 million, $ 0.9 million and $ 1.0 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The net periodic benefit expense (income) for the non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans was $ 0.3 million, $( 0.2 ) million and $ 0.4 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively . The service cost component of net periodic benefit expense is recorded in cost of goods sold and selling, general and administrative expenses, while non-service cost components are recorded in other income (expense), net in the accompanying consolidated statement of income. During 2023, the Company recognized a one-time, pre-tax settlement charge of $ 1.0 million related to the purchase of an annuity contract to transfer the Company's Canadian defined benefit obligations to an insurance company. During 2022, the Company recorded a non-cash curtailment expense of $ 0.2 million, as it transitioned certain active employees previously participating in a defined benefit plan in the United Kingdom to a defined contribution plan, thereby eliminating future service cost accruals for all employees under this defined benefit plan. Actuarial valuations of the Company's defined benefit pension plans were prepared as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Weighted average assumptions used in accounting for the U.S. defined benefit pension plans are as follows: Pension Benefit 2023 2022 2021 Discount rate for obligations 5.05 % 5.24 % 3.06 % Discount rate for benefit costs 5.24 % 3.06 % 2.79 % Rate of increase in compensation levels N/A N/A N/A Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets 6.13 % 6.13 % 6.13 % The Company utilizes a high-quality (Aa or greater) corporate bond yield curve as the basis for its domestic discount rate for its pension benefit plans. Management believes this yield curve removes the impact of including additional required corporate bond yields (potentially considered in the above-median curve) resulting from the uncertain economic climate that does not necessarily reflect the general trend in high-quality interest rates. 73 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Weighted average assumptions used in accounting for the non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans are as follows: Pension Benefit 2023 2022 2021 Discount rate for obligations 4.70 % 4.90 % 2.10 % Discount rate for benefit costs 4.90 % 2.10 % 1.50 % Rate of increase in compensation levels 5.50 % 4.80 % 3.30 % Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets 6.60 % 4.20 % 3.90 % The following provides a reconciliation of the changes in the Company's defined benefit pension plans' projected benefit obligations and fair value of assets for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the funded status as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands): Pension Benefit 2023 2022 Changes in Projected Benefit Obligations Benefit obligations at January 1 $ ( 25,560 ) $ ( 37,560 ) Service cost ( 490 ) ( 690 ) Interest cost ( 1,290 ) ( 890 ) Participant contributions — ( 10 ) Actuarial (loss) gain (a) ( 780 ) 10,260 Benefit payments 1,300 1,310 Settlements 90 — Change in foreign currency ( 740 ) 2,020 Projected benefit obligations at December 31 (b) $ ( 27,470 ) $ ( 25,560 ) Changes in Plan Assets Fair value of plan assets at January 1 $ 25,470 $ 38,130 Actual return on plan assets 1,540 ( 10,070 ) Employer contributions 1,260 1,520 Participant contributions — 10 Benefit payments ( 1,300 ) ( 1,310 ) Settlements ( 90 ) — Change in foreign currency 920 ( 2,810 ) Fair value of plan assets at December 31 (c) $ 27,800 $ 25,470 Funded status at December 31 $ 330 $ ( 90 ) __________________________ (a) The actuarial loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to changes in demographic assumptions as well as a decrease in the discount rate utilized in measuring the projected benefit obligations, partially offset by experience gains. The actuarial gain for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily due to an increase in the discount rate utilized in measuring the projected benefit obligations, partially offset by experience losses. (b) U.S. projected benefit obligations were $ 13.2 million and $ 12.6 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Non-U.S. projected benefit obligations were $ 14.3 million and $ 13.0 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. (c) The fair value of U.S. plan assets was $ 9.5 million and $ 8.2 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The fair value of non-U.S. plan assets was $ 18.3 million and $ 17.3 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively . 74 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Pension Benefit 2023 2022 Amounts Recognized in Balance Sheet Other assets $ 4,680 $ 4,860 Current liabilities ( 310 ) ( 310 ) Noncurrent liabilities ( 4,040 ) ( 4,640 ) Net asset (liability) recognized at December 31 $ 330 $ ( 90 ) Pension Benefit 2023 2022 Amounts Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Unrecognized prior service cost $ 20 $ 160 Unrecognized net loss 7,740 7,370 Total accumulated other comprehensive loss recognized at December 31 $ 7,760 $ 7,530 Accumulated Benefit Obligations Projected Benefit Obligations 2023 2022 2023 2022 Benefit Obligations at December 31, Total benefit obligations $ ( 27,260 ) $ ( 25,400 ) $ ( 27,470 ) $ ( 25,560 ) Plans with benefit obligations exceeding plan assets Benefit obligations $ ( 13,590 ) $ ( 13,000 ) $ ( 13,800 ) $ ( 13,170 ) Plan assets $ 9,450 $ 8,220 $ 9,450 $ 8,220 The assumptions regarding discount rates and expected return on plan assets can have a significant impact on amounts reported for benefit plans. A 25 basis point change in benefit obligation discount rates or 50 basis point change in expected return on plan assets would have the following effect (dollars in thousands): Pension Benefit December 31, 2023 Benefit Obligation 2023 Expense Discount rate 25 basis point increase $ ( 830 ) $ ( 30 ) 25 basis point decrease $ 870 $ 30 Expected return on assets 50 basis point increase N/A $ ( 170 ) 50 basis point decrease N/A $ 170 The Company expects to make contributions of $ 1.2 million to fund its pension plans during 2024. 75 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Plan Assets The Company's overall investment goal is to provide for capital growth with a moderate level of volatility by investing assets in targeted allocation ranges. Specific long term investment goals include total investment return, diversity to reduce volatility and risk, and to achieve an asset allocation profile that reflects the general nature and sensitivity of the plans' liabilities. Investment goals are established after a comprehensive review of current and projected financial statement requirements, plan assets and liability structure, market returns and risks as well as special requirements of the plans. The Company reviews investment goals and actual results annually to determine whether stated objectives are still relevant and the continued feasibility of achieving the objectives. The actual weighted average asset allocation of the Company's domestic and foreign pension plans' assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022 and target allocations by class, were as follows: Domestic Pension Foreign Pension Actual Actual Target 2023 2022 Target 2023 2022 Equity securities 60 % 60 % 60 % — % — % 14 % Fixed income 36 % 38 % 37 % 100 % 99 % 66 % Diversified growth (a) — % — % — % — % — % 19 % Cash and other 4 % 2 % 3 % — 1 % 1 % Total 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % ________________________________________ (a) Diversified growth funds invest in a broad range of asset classes including equities, investment grade and high yield bonds, commodities, property, private equity, infrastructure and currencies. Actual allocations to each asset vary from target allocations due to periodic investment strategy changes, market value fluctuations and the timing of benefit payments and contributions. The expected long-term rate of return for both the domestic and foreign plans' total assets is based on the expected return of each of the above categories, weighted based on the target allocation for each class. Actual allocation is reviewed regularly and investments are rebalanced to their targeted allocation range when deemed appropriate. In managing the plan assets, the Company reviews and manages risk associated with the funded status risk, interest rate risk, market risk, liquidity risk and operational risk. Investment policies reflect the unique circumstances of the respective plans and include requirements designed to mitigate these risks by including quality and diversification standards. 76 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The following table summarizes the level under the fair value hierarchy (see Note 3, " Summary of Significant Accounting Policies ") that the Company's pension plan assets are measured, on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands): Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Plan assets subject to leveling Investment funds Equity securities $ 5,720 $ 5,720 $ — $ — Cash and cash equivalents 200 200 — — Plan assets measured at net asset value (a) Investment funds Fixed income 21,710 Cash and cash equivalents 170 Total $ 27,800 $ 5,920 $ — $ — ________________________________________ (a) Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share as a practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amount presented in the fair value of plan assets. The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid during the following years (dollars in thousands): Year ended December 31, Pension Benefit 2024 $ 1,310 2025 1,370 2026 1,410 2027 1,480 2028 1,560 Years 2029-2033 9,270 17. Equity Awards The Company maintains the following long-term equity incentive plans (collectively, the "Plans"): Plan Names Shares Approved for Issuance TriMas Corporation 2023 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan 2,151,359 TriMas Corporation Director Retainer Share Election Program 100,000 The Company previously maintained the TriMas Corporation 2017 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, which was replaced by the TriMas Corporation 2023 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan in 2023 such that, while existing grants remain outstanding until exercised, vested or canceled, no new shares may be issued under this plan. The Company awarded the following restricted stock units ("RSUs") during 2023, 2022, and 2021: • Granted 275,515 , 209,617 , and 131,198 , RSUs, respectively, to certain employees, which are subject only to a service condition and vest ratably over three years so long as the employee remains with the Company; • Granted 27,560 , 22,554 and 21,112 RSUs, respectively, to its non-employee independent directors, which vest one year from date of grant so long as the director and/or Company does not terminate their service prior to the vesting date; 77 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) • Issued 3,317 , 337 and 1,792 RSUs, respectively, related to director fee deferrals as certain of the Company's directors elected to defer all or a portion of their directors fees and to receive the amount in Company common stock at a future date; and • Issued 174 , 260 and 49 RSUs, respectively, to certain employees related to dividend equivalent rights on existing equity awards. The Company awarded the following RSUs during 2023: • Granted 8,912 RSUs to certain employees, which are subject only to a service condition and fully vest at the end of three years so long as the employee remains with the Company. During 2023, the Company also awarded 95,017 performance-based RSUs to certain Company key employees which vest three years from the grant date as long as the employee remains with the Company. These awards are initially earned 50 % based upon the Company's achievement of an earnings per share compound annual growth rate ("EPS CAGR") metric and 50 % based upon the Company's cash return on net assets ("Cash RONA") metric over a period beginning January 1, 2023, and ending December 31, 2025. The total EPS CAGR and Cash RONA performance-based RSUs initially earned shall be subject to modification based on the Company's total shareholder return ("TSR") relative to the TSR of the common stock of a pre-defined industry peer-group, measured over the performance period. TSR is calculated as the Company's average closing stock price for the 20 trading days at the end of the performance period plus Company dividends, divided by the Company's average closing stock price for the 20 trading days prior to the start of the performance period. The Company estimates the grant-date fair value subject to a market condition using a Monte Carlo simulation model, using the following weighted average assumptions: risk-free rate of 4.36 % and annualized volatility of 33.9 %. Depending on the performance achieved for these two metrics, the amount of shares earned, if any, can vary for each metric from 0 % of the target award to a maximum of 250 % of the target. During 2022, the Company awarded 85,156 performance-based RSUs to certain key employees which vest three years from the grant date as long as the employee remains with the Company. These awards are earned 50 % based upon the Company's achievement of an EPS CAGR metric over a period beginning January 1, 2022, and ending December 31, 2024. The remaining 50 % of the awards are earned based on the Company's TSR relative to the TSR of the common stock of a pre-defined industry peer-group, measured over the performance period. TSR is calculated as the Company's average closing stock price for the 20 trading days at the end of the performance period plus Company dividends, divided by the Company's average closing stock price for the 20 trading days prior to the start of the performance period. The Company estimates the grant-date fair value subject to a market condition using a Monte Carlo simulation model, using the following weighted average assumptions: risk-free rate of 1.88 % and annualized volatility of 36.5 %. Depending on the performance achieved for these two metrics, the amount of shares earned, if any, can vary for each metric from 0 % of the target award to a maximum of 200 % of the target award. The Company awarded 72,962 of similar performance-based RSUs in 2021. For similar performance-based RSUs awarded in 2019 and 2020, the Company attained 65.4 % and 62.7 %, respectively, of the target on a weighted average basis, resulting in a decrease of 24,975 and 32,430 shares during 2022 and 2023, respectively. During 2020, the Company awarded performance-based RSUs to certain Company key employees which were earned based upon the Company's stock price performance over the period beginning January 1, 2020, and ending December 31, 2022. The stock price achievement was calculated based on the Company's average closing stock price for each quarter end for the 20 trading days up to and including March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company did not meet the minimum performance threshold resulting in a decrease of 86,275 shares during 2023. 78 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Information related to restricted shares as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 is as follows: Number of Unvested Restricted Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value Outstanding at January 1, 2023 719,449 $ 28.40 Granted 410,495 29.23 Vested ( 252,054 ) 27.79 Cancelled ( 186,054 ) 21.52 Outstanding at December 31, 2023 691,836 $ 30.97 1.1 $ 17,524,206 As of December 31, 2023, there was $ 4.7 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted shares that is expected to be recorded over a weighted average period of 2.0 years. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to restricted shares of $ 9.7 million, $ 9.8 million and $ 9.5 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The stock-based compensation expense is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statement of income. 18. Earnings per Share Net income is divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year to calculate basic earnings per share. The following table summarizes the dilutive effect of RSUs and options to purchase common stock: Year ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Weighted average common shares—basic 41,439,027 42,249,244 43,006,922 Dilutive effect of restricted stock units 246,321 228,771 261,858 Dilutive effect of stock options — — 12,296 Weighted average common shares—diluted 41,685,348 42,478,015 43,281,076 In March 2020, the Company announced its Board of Directors had authorized the Company to increase the purchase of its common stock up to $ 250 million in the aggregate. The initial authorization, approved in November 2015, authorized up to $ 50 million of purchases in the aggregate of its common stock. During 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company purchased 680,594 , 1,264,088 and 596,084 shares of its outstanding common stock for $ 18.8 million, $ 36.9 million and $ 19.1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has $ 86.9 million remaining under the repurchase authorization. Holders of common stock are entitled to dividends at the discretion of the Company's Board of Directors. In 2021, the Company's Board of Directors declared the first dividend since the Company's initial public offering in 2007. Since the fourth quarter of 2021, we have declared dividends of $ 0.04 per share of common stock in each quarter, and total dividends declared and paid on common shares during 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $ 6.7 million, $ 6.9 million and $ 1.7 million, respectively. 79 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 19. Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Changes in AOCI by component for the year ended December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows, net of tax (dollars in thousands): Defined Benefit Plans Derivative Instruments Foreign Currency Translation Total Balance, December 31, 2022 $ ( 5,380 ) $ 15,320 $ ( 18,560 ) $ ( 8,620 ) Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period (a) ( 1,040 ) ( 2,060 ) 11,680 8,580 Less: Net realized losses reclassified to net income (b) ( 690 ) — — ( 690 ) Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) ( 350 ) ( 2,060 ) 11,680 9,270 Balance, December 31, 2023 $ ( 5,730 ) $ 13,260 $ ( 6,880 ) $ 650 __________________________ (a) Defined benefit plans, net of income tax of $ 0.4 million. See Note 16, " Employee Benefit Plans ," for additional details. Derivative instruments, net of income tax of $ 0.7 million. See Note 12, " Derivative Instruments ," for further details. (b) Defined benefit plans, net of income tax of $ 0.2 million. See Note 16, " Employee Benefit Plans ," for additional details . Changes in AOCI by component for the year ended December 31, 2022, are summarized as follows, net of tax (dollars in thousands): Defined Benefit Plans Derivative Instruments Foreign Currency Translation Total Balance, December 31, 2021 $ ( 4,830 ) $ 5,910 $ ( 850 ) $ 230 Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period (a) ( 1,070 ) 9,410 ( 17,710 ) ( 9,370 ) Less: Net realized losses reclassified to net income (b) ( 520 ) — — ( 520 ) Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) ( 550 ) 9,410 ( 17,710 ) ( 8,850 ) Balance, December 31, 2022 $ ( 5,380 ) $ 15,320 $ ( 18,560 ) $ ( 8,620 ) __________________________ (a) Defined benefit plans, net of income tax of $ 0.3 million. See Note 16, " Employee Benefit Plans ," for additional details. Derivative instruments, net of income tax expense of $ 3.2 million. See Note 12, " Derivative Instruments ," for further details. (b) Defined benefit plans, net of income tax of $ 0.2 million. See Note 16, "Employee Benefit Plans," for additional details. 20. Segment Information TriMas reports its operations in three segments: Packaging, Aerospace and Specialty Products. Each of these segments has discrete financial information that is regularly evaluated by TriMas' President and Chief Executive Officer (chief operating decision maker) in determining resource, personnel and capital allocation, as well as assessing strategy and performance. The Company utilizes its proprietary TriMas Business Model as its platform, which is based upon a standardized set of processes, to manage and drive results and strategy across its multi-industry businesses. 80 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Within each of the Company's reportable segments, there are no individual products or product families for which reported net sales accounted for more than 10% of the Company's consolidated net sales. See below for more information regarding the types of products and services provided within each reportable segment: Packaging – TriMas' Packaging segment consists primarily of the Rieke, Affaba & Ferrari, Taplast, Rapak, Plastic Srl, Aarts Packaging, Intertech and Omega brands. TriMas Packaging develops and manufactures a broad array of dispensing products (such as foaming pumps, lotion, hand soap and sanitizer pumps, beverage dispensers, perfume sprayers, nasal sprayers and trigger sprayers), polymeric and steel caps and closures (such as food lids, flip-top closures, child resistant caps, beverage closures, fragrance and cosmetic caps, drum and pail closures, and flexible spouts), polymeric jar products, fully integrated dispensers for fill-ready bag-in-box applications, and consumable vascular delivery and diagnostic test components, all for a variety of consumer products submarkets including, but not limited to, beauty and personal care, food and beverage, home care, and life sciences, including, but not limited to, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and medical, as well as industrial markets (including agricultural). Aerospace – TriMas' Aerospace segment, which includes the Monogram Aerospace Fasteners, Allfast Fastening Systems, Mac Fasteners, TFI Aerospace, RSA Engineered Products, Martinic Engineering, and Weldmac Manufacturing Company brands, develops, qualifies and manufactures highly-engineered, precision fasteners, tubular products and assemblies for fluid conveyance, and machined products and assemblies to serve the aerospace and defense market. Specialty Products – TriMas' Specialty Products segment, which includes the Norris Cylinder and Arrow Engine brands, designs, manufactures and distributes highly-engineered steel cylinders for use within industrial and aerospace markets, natural gas-fired engines for remote power generation applications and compression systems for use within the North American industrial oil and gas markets. 81 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Segment activity is as follows (dollars in thousands): Year ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Net Sales Packaging $ 463,600 $ 522,180 $ 533,260 Aerospace 241,400 188,090 183,340 Specialty Products 188,550 173,560 140,510 Total $ 893,550 $ 883,830 $ 857,110 Operating Profit (Loss) Packaging $ 60,140 $ 81,000 $ 96,490 Aerospace (a) 15,520 8,060 13,270 Specialty Products 36,400 30,250 22,550 Corporate (b) (c) ( 46,620 ) ( 20,250 ) ( 37,220 ) Total $ 65,440 $ 99,060 $ 95,090 Capital Expenditures Packaging $ 29,060 $ 33,170 $ 34,080 Aerospace 14,620 6,900 5,390 Specialty Products 10,410 5,860 5,500 Corporate (c) 100 30 90 Total $ 54,190 $ 45,960 $ 45,060 Depreciation and Amortization Packaging $ 34,170 $ 29,340 $ 30,500 Aerospace 19,160 19,620 18,700 Specialty Products 4,130 4,130 4,120 Corporate (c) 130 130 130 Total $ 57,590 $ 53,220 $ 53,450 Total Assets Packaging $ 830,620 $ 776,550 $ 739,920 Aerospace 390,910 347,720 353,800 Specialty Products 92,770 86,290 73,260 Corporate (c) 27,360 94,440 136,660 Total $ 1,341,660 $ 1,305,000 $ 1,303,640 __________________________ (a) In 2022, the Company completed the sale of vacant land adjacent to the Company's Tolleson, Arizona, manufacturing facility for net proceeds of $ 5.0 million, and recognized a $ 4.8 million gain on the sale, which is included within the Aerospace segment. (b) In 2022, the Company sold a non-core facility in City of Industry, California, for net proceeds of $ 23.3 million, and recognized a $ 17.6 million gain on the sale, which is included in Corporate operating loss for 2022 and included within net gain (loss) on disposition of assets in the accompanying consolidated statement of income. (c) Corporate consists of our corporate office and related corporate activities. Corporate expenses primarily include compensation, benefits, professional services, information technology and other administrative costs. Corporate assets consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, unallocated deferred tax assets and prepaid assets. Corporate expenses and assets reconcile reportable segment information to the consolidated totals. 82 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The following table presents the Company's net sales for each of the years ended December 31 and long-lived assets at each year ended December 31, by geographical area (dollars in thousands). As of December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Net Sales Long-lived Assets Net Sales Long-lived Assets Net Sales Long-lived Assets Non-U.S. Europe $ 153,120 $ 238,640 $ 139,780 $ 192,600 $ 160,650 $ 209,380 Asia Pacific 34,240 27,000 35,260 29,720 41,310 37,080 Other Americas 24,950 45,120 18,040 41,840 15,290 42,000 Total non-U.S. 212,310 310,760 193,080 264,160 217,250 288,460 Total U.S. 681,240 564,020 690,750 541,510 639,860 489,390 Total $ 893,550 $ 874,780 $ 883,830 $ 805,670 $ 857,110 $ 777,850 The Company's export sales from the U.S. approximated $ 72.2 million, $ 74.5 million and $ 80.6 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. 21. Income Taxes The Company's income before income taxes and income tax expense (benefit), each by tax jurisdiction, consists of the following (dollars in thousands): Year ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Income before income taxes: Domestic $ 20,660 $ 56,750 $ 28,380 Foreign 29,930 30,920 40,730 Total income before income taxes $ 50,590 $ 87,670 $ 69,110 Current income tax expense: Federal $ 2,740 $ 13,300 $ 940 State and local 670 3,470 530 Foreign 8,690 6,170 8,840 Total current income tax expense 12,100 22,940 10,310 Deferred income tax expense (benefit): Federal 1,800 ( 1,780 ) 5,450 State and local 150 50 670 Foreign ( 3,820 ) 290 ( 4,630 ) Total deferred income tax expense (benefit) ( 1,870 ) ( 1,440 ) 1,490 Income tax expense $ 10,230 $ 21,500 $ 11,800 83 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The components of deferred taxes are as follows (dollars in thousands): December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Deferred tax assets: Accounts receivable $ 1,770 $ 1,290 Inventories 7,260 5,640 Accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities 16,780 14,580 Operating lease liability 10,690 12,670 Research and experimentation costs 6,530 4,130 Tax loss and credit carryforwards 28,880 27,310 Other ( 470 ) 110 Gross deferred tax asset 71,440 65,730 Valuation allowances ( 15,960 ) ( 17,180 ) Net deferred tax asset 55,480 48,550 Deferred tax liabilities: Property and equipment ( 30,300 ) ( 25,100 ) Right of use asset ( 10,150 ) ( 12,170 ) Goodwill and other intangible assets ( 27,580 ) ( 22,050 ) Investment in foreign affiliates, including withholding tax ( 510 ) ( 770 ) Gross deferred tax liability ( 68,540 ) ( 60,090 ) Net deferred tax liability $ ( 13,060 ) $ ( 11,540 ) The following is a reconciliation of income tax expense computed at the U.S. federal statutory rate to income tax expense allocated to income before income taxes (dollars in thousands): Year ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 U.S. federal statutory rate 21 % 21 % 21 % Tax at U.S. federal statutory rate $ 10,610 $ 18,380 $ 14,550 State and local taxes, net of federal tax benefit 710 2,790 960 Differences in statutory foreign tax rates 2,980 1,150 ( 1,690 ) Change in recognized tax benefits ( 130 ) ( 600 ) ( 550 ) Tax credits and incentives ( 1,570 ) ( 1,260 ) ( 5,060 ) Net change in valuation allowance ( 2,700 ) 340 2,100 Nondeductible compensation 560 990 2,280 Other, net ( 230 ) ( 290 ) ( 790 ) Income tax expense $ 10,230 $ 21,500 $ 11,800 The Company has recorded deferred tax assets on $ 25.4 million of various state operating loss carryforwards and $ 60.5 million of various foreign operating loss carryforwards. The majority of the state tax loss carryforwards expire between 2026 and 2032 and the majority of the foreign losses have indefinite carryforward periods. The Company has not made a provision for U.S. or additional foreign withholding taxes related to investments in foreign subsidiaries that are indefinitely reinvested since any excess of the amount for financial reporting over the tax basis in these investments is not significant as of December 31, 2023. 84 Table of Contents TRIMAS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Unrecognized Tax Benefits The Company had $ 0.8 million and $ 1.1 million of unrecognized tax benefits ("UTBs") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. If the UTBs were recognized, the impact to the Company's effective tax rate would be to reduce reported income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 by $ 1.0 million and $ 1.1 million, respectively. A reconciliation of the change in the UTBs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows (dollars in thousands): Unrecognized Tax Benefits Balance at December 31, 2021 $ 1,250 Tax positions related to current year: Additions 140 Tax positions related to prior years: Additions — Reductions ( 50 ) Settlements — Lapses in the statutes of limitations ( 230 ) Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 1,110 Tax positions related to current year: Additions 140 Tax positions related to prior years: Additions — Reductions ( 20 ) Settlements — Lapses in the statutes of limitations ( 400 ) Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 830 In addition to the UTBs summarized above, the Company has recorded $ 0.4 million and $ 0.8 million in potential interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company is subject to U.S. federal, state and local, and certain non-U.S. income tax examinations for tax years 2016 through 2023. In addition, there are currently several state and foreign income tax examinations in process. The Company does not believe that the results of these examinations will have a significant impact on the Company's tax position or its effective tax rate. Management monitors changes in tax statutes and regulations and the issuance of judicial decisions to determine the potential impact to UTBs and is not aware of, nor does it anticipate, any subsequent events that could have a significant impact on the Company's financial position during the next twelve months. 22. Subsequent Events On February 20, 2024 , the Company announced that its Board of Directors had declared a cash dividend of $ 0.04 per share of TriMas Corporation common stock, which will be payable on March 8, 2024 , to shareholders of record as of the close of business on March 1, 2024 . 85 Table of Contents Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Not applicable.