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Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

2025-03-18 compared with 2024-04-01 · 1107 added, 972 removed, 292 unchanged (88% of the section changed)

ITEM 9A – CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Management’s evaluation of disclosure

controls and procedures.

Our management, with

the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls

and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act.

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures,

management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance

of achieving the desired control objectives.

In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact

that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible

controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Based on management’s

evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are designed

at a reasonable assurance level and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose

in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods

specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief

executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in internal control over financial

The acquisition of

marketed products from Upsher Smith has had a material impact on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as we are

now required and have implemented controls related to revenue and inventory management.

Management established controls to mitigate

the risk over financial reporting as it relates to the services provided by Upsher Smith under the transition services agreement.

Except as otherwise

described above, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December

31, 2023, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Management’s report on internal

control over financial reporting.

Our management is responsible

for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for our company.

Internal control over financial

reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act, as a process designed by,

or under the supervision of, a company’s principal executive and principal financial officer and effected by the our board

of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting

and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and

includes those policies and procedures that:

pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company;

provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company;

provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent

limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements.

Projections of any evaluation of

effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or

that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management recognizes that any controls and procedures,

no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily

applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible enhancements to controls and procedures.

We conducted an evaluation

of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control — Integrated

Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

Based on this evaluation, our

principal executive officer and principal financial officer conclude that, at December 31, 2022, our internal control over

financial reporting was effective.

This annual report

does not include an attestation report by EisnerAmper LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal

control over financial reporting.

9A – CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of

our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act.

In designing and evaluating the disclosure

controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can

provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives.

In addition, the design of disclosure controls

and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and that management is required to apply its judgment

in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

on management’s evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls

and procedures are designed at a reasonable assurance level and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information

we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported

within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management,

including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required

report on internal control over financial reporting.

management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for our company.

Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange

Act, as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a company’s principal executive and principal financial officer

and effected by the our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability

of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted

accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions

of the assets of the company;

reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance

with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made in accordance

with authorizations of management and directors of the company;

reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s

assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements.

Projections of

any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes

in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management recognizes that any

controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives

and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible enhancements to controls

and procedures.

conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control

— Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

Based on this

evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer conclude that, at December 31, 2024, our internal

control over financial reporting was effective.

annual report does not include an attestation report by EisnerAmper LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm regarding

internal control over financial reporting.

As a smaller reporting company, our management’s report was not subject to attestation

1 unchanged sentence

only management’s report in this annual report.

ITEM 9B – OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 9C – DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS

THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not Applicable.

ITEM 10 – DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE

The Board of Directors

elects our executive officers annually.

A majority vote of the directors who are in office is required to fill vacancies.

director shall be elected for the term of one year and until his successor is elected and qualified or until his earlier resignation

Reported Material Weakness in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

the 2024 Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on August 16, 2024, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting

was not effective as of June 30, 2024.

In the evaluation, we did not maintain an effective control environment over the internal

control activities to ensure the proper recognition and measurement related to the accounting for complex and non-routine transactions.

We did not have adequate supervision and review controls over the complex accounting related to the non-cash impairment of intangibles,

non-cash equity transactions and the recoverability of inventory.

As a result, management review of asset impairment calculations

did not identify errors in the associated cash flow projections which led to an error in the conclusion of the initial impairment

We also did not properly assess the realizability of inventory based upon the projections utilized and our assessment

of an amendment to existing warrants that were reclassified into equity in the same period did not include a quantitative evaluation

of the potential materiality of revaluation adjustments.

In connection with the material weakness as it relates to the accounting

for complex and non-routine transactions related to the non-cash impairment of intangibles, non-cash equity transactions and the recoverability

of inventory, management re-evaluated the effectiveness of such controls as of December 31, 2024, and concluded that such controls were

remediated and operating effectively as of December 31, 2024.

The remediation of the material weakness over the complex accounting related

to the non-cash impairment of intangibles, non-cash equity transactions was as a result of no material balances related to these financial

statement captions as of December 31, 2024, and consequently there was no risk of material misstatements for these financial statement

While there were no material balances for the intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 and no non-cash equity transactions

for the period July 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024, management’s testing of internal controls over financial reporting as of December

31, 2024 included controls that were similar in nature to the controls that were not operating effectively as of June 30, 2024

and noted such controls were operating effectively as of December 31, 2024.

In relation to the realizability of inventory, the remediation of this

material weakness constituted implementing new controls with expanded review processes including but not limited to the assessment of

additional data points for the assessment and additional personnel included to evaluate our ability to realize inventory balances.

in internal control over financial reporting.

than as described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year

ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over

financial reporting.

9B – OTHER INFORMATION

During the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2024, none of our officers

or directors, as those terms are defined in Rule 16a-1(f), adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or a "non-Rule

10b5-1 trading arrangement," as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

9C – DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

10 – DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Board of Directors elects our executive officers annually.

A majority vote of the directors who are in office is required to fill

Each director shall be elected for the term of one year and until his successor is elected and qualified or until his

earlier resignation or removal.

Our directors and executive officers are as follows:

CURRENT POSITION

Seth Lederman

President, CEO and Chairman of the Board of Directors

Richard Bagger

Margaret Smith Bell

Adeoye Olukotun

Newcomb Stillwell

Carolyn Taylor

Lead Director

Jessica Morris

Chief Operating Officer

Bradley Saenger

Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

Gregory Sullivan

Chief Medical Officer and Secretary

The following information

with respect to the principal occupation or employment of each nominee for director, the principal business of the corporation

or other organization in which such occupation or employment is carried on, and such nominee’s business experience during

the past five years, as well as the specific experiences, qualifications, attributes and skills that have led the Board to determine

that such Board members should serve on our Board, has been furnished to the Company by the respective director nominees:

Seth Lederman,

MD became our President, Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board and a Director in October 2011.

founded Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of us (“Tonix Sub”) in 2007 and has acted as its Chairman

of the Board of Directors since its inception and as President since 2010.

Lederman is an inventor on key patents and patent

applications underlying our programs including:

CEO and Chairman of the Board of Directors

Operating Officer

Financial Officer and Treasurer

Medical Officer and Secretary

Technical Officer

following information with respect to the principal occupation or employment of each nominee for director, the principal business

of the corporation or other organization in which such occupation or employment is carried on, and such nominee’s business

experience during the past five years, as well as the specific experiences, qualifications, attributes and skills that have led

the Board to determine that such Board members should serve on our Board, has been furnished to the Company by the respective

director nominees:

Lederman, MD became our President, Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board and a Director in October 2011.

Lederman founded Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of us (“Tonix Sub”) in 2007 and has acted as its

Chairman of the Board of Directors since its inception and as President since 2010.

Lederman is an inventor on key patents and

patent applications underlying our programs including:

TNX-102 SL’s eutectic composition;

and TNX-102 SL’s pharmacokinetic

profile and related therapeutic properties.

Lederman served as an Associate Professor at Columbia University, between 1996

and TNX-102 SL’s

pharmacokinetic profile and related therapeutic properties.

Lederman served as an Associate Professor at Columbia University,

between 1996 and 2017.

As an Assistant Professor at Columbia, Dr.

Lederman discovered and characterized the CD40-ligand, or CD154 and invented

therapeutic candidates to treat autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection.

TNX-1500 is a mAb directed against CD154 invented

Lederman has been a Manager of L&L Technologies LLC, or L&L, since 1996.

In addition, Dr.

has been the Managing Member of Seth Lederman Co, LLC since 2007 and the Managing Member of Lederman & Co, LLC, or Lederman

& Co, since 2002, both of which are biopharmaceutical consulting and investing companies.

Lederman has also been the Managing

Member of Targent Pharmaceuticals, LLC, or Targent, since 2000, and Managing Member of Plumbline LLC since 2002.

Targent was a

founder of Targent Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Lederman discovered and characterized the CD40-ligand, or CD154

and invented therapeutic candidates to treat autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection.

TNX-1500 is a mAb directed against CD154

invented by Dr.

Lederman was a Manager of L&L Technologies LLC, or L&L, from 1996 to March 2025.

Lederman has been the Managing Member of Seth Lederman Co, LLC since 2007 and was the Managing Member of Lederman & Co, LLC,

or Lederman & Co, from 2002 to March 2025, both of which are biopharmaceutical consulting and investing companies.

Lederman has also been

the Managing Member of Targent Pharmaceuticals, LLC, or Targent, since 2000, and was a Managing Member of Plumbline LLC from 2002 to

Targent was a founder of Targent Pharmaceuticals Inc.

on which Board of Directors Dr.

Lederman served from inception in 2001 until the sale of

its assets to Spectrum Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Lederman served from inception in

2001 until the sale of its assets to Spectrum Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Between January 2007 and November 2008, Dr.

Lederman was a Managing Partner

of Konanda Pharma Partners, LLC, a Director of Konanda Pharma Fund I, LP, and a Managing Partner of Konanda General Partner, LLC,

which were related private growth equity fund entities.

a Managing Partner of Konanda Pharma Partners, LLC, a Director of Konanda Pharma Fund I, LP, and a Managing Partner of Konanda

General Partner, LLC, which were related private growth equity fund entities.

As well, between 2007 and 2008, Dr.

Lederman was Chairman of Validus Pharmaceuticals,

and Fontus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., which were portfolio companies of the Konanda private growth equity funds.

Chairman of Validus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

and Fontus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., which were portfolio companies of the Konanda private

growth equity funds.

Since 2011, Dr.

Lederman has served as CEO and Chairman of Leder Laboratories Inc., or Leder Labs, and Starling Pharmaceuticals Inc., or Starling,

which are biopharmaceutical development companies.

Lederman was the chairman of Leder Laboratories, Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary

of Leder Laboratories Inc., between 2013 and 2018, when the entity was dissolved.

Lederman served as a member of the

US – Japan Business Council.

Lederman has served as CEO and Chairman of Leder Laboratories Inc., or Leder Labs, and Starling

Pharmaceuticals Inc., or Starling, which are biopharmaceutical development companies.

Lederman was the chairman of Leder

Laboratories, Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Leder Laboratories Inc., between 2013 and 2018, when the entity was dissolved.

Lederman served as a member of the US – Japan Business Council.

Between 2006 and 2011, Dr.

Lederman was a director of Research Corporation, a New York-based

non-profit organization.

Lederman received his BA degree in Chemistry from Princeton University in 1979 and his MD from Columbia

University in 1983.

Lederman’s significant experience with our patent portfolio and his experience as an entrepreneur,

seed capital investor, fund manager, and director of start-up biopharmaceutical companies were instrumental in his selection as

a member of the Board.

Richard Bagger

became a Director in June 2020.

Bagger has been a Partner and Executive Director of Christie 55 Solutions, LLC, a New

Jersey based consulting firm, since January 2020.

Bagger has also been an Adjunct Faculty member at the Rutgers University

Eagleton Institute since 2018.

Lederman was a director

of Research Corporation, a New York-based non-profit organization.

Lederman received his BA degree in Chemistry from Princeton

University in 1979 and his MD from Columbia University in 1983.

Lederman’s significant experience with our patent

portfolio and his experience as an entrepreneur, seed capital investor, fund manager, and director of start-up biopharmaceutical

companies were instrumental in his selection as a member of the Board.

Bagger became a Director in June 2020.

Bagger has been a Partner and Executive Director of Christie 55 Solutions,

LLC, a New Jersey based consulting firm, since January 2020.

Bagger has also been an Adjunct Faculty member at the Rutgers

University since 2018.

From 2012 through 2019, Mr.

Bagger was Executive Vice President of Corporate Affairs and Market

Access for Celgene Corporation (NASDAQ:

CELG), a global biopharmaceutical company, as well as a member of its Executive Committee.

Bagger was Executive Vice President of Corporate Affairs

and Market Access for Celgene Corporation (NASDAQ:

CELG), a global biopharmaceutical company, as well as a member of its Executive

From 1993 to 2010, Mr.

Bagger held roles of increasing responsibility with Pfizer Inc.

PFE), a global pharmaceutical company,

and served as Senior Vice President, Worldwide Public Affairs and Policy, from 2006 to 2009.

Prior to joining Pfizer, Mr.

was Assistant General Counsel of Blue Cross and Blue Shield of New Jersey, a health insurer, and practiced law with the law firm

of McCarter & English.

Bagger served as Board Chair of the National Pharmaceutical Council for 2019 and is a member of

the Board of Directors of the U.S.

PFE), a global pharmaceutical

company, and served as Senior Vice President, Worldwide Public Affairs and Policy, from 2006 to 2009.

Prior to joining Pfizer,

Bagger was Assistant General Counsel of Blue Cross and Blue Shield of New Jersey, a health insurer, and practiced law with

the law firm of McCarter & English.

Bagger served as Board Chair of the National Pharmaceutical Council for 2019 and is

a member of the Board of Directors of the U.S.

Chamber of Commerce.

He is also on the advisory board for the Lerner Center for the Study of

Pharmaceutical Management Issues at Rutgers University Business School.

He is also on the advisory board for the Lerner Center for

the Study of Pharmaceutical Management Issues at Rutgers University Business School.

Bagger received an A.B.

degree from Princeton University’s

School of Public and International Affairs and a J.D.

degree from Princeton

University’s School of Public and International Affairs and a J.D.

degree from Rutgers University Law School.

Bagger’s extensive healthcare

and public policy experience were instrumental in his selection as a member of the Board.

Margaret Smith

Bell became a Director in September 2017.

Bell has been retired for the last ten years.

extensive healthcare and public policy experience were instrumental in his selection as a member of the Board.

Smith Bell became a Director in September 2017.

Previously, Ms.

Vice President at Standard Life Investments where she was a portfolio manager and health care equity analyst.

Bell was also

a Managing Director at Putnam Investments, and served as a senior health care analyst and a portfolio manager of the Putnam Health

Sciences Trust.

was a Vice President at Standard Life Investments where she was a portfolio manager and health care equity analyst.

also a Managing Director at Putnam Investments and served as a senior health care analyst and a portfolio manager of the Putnam

Health Sciences Trust.

Bell was an analyst and vice president at State Street Research and a research analyst at Alex.

Bell is a past member of the Board of Overseers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.

Bell holds a B.A.

Wesleyan University and an M.B.A.

from Wesleyan University and an M.B.A.

from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania.

Bell’s extensive healthcare

and investment banking experience were instrumental in her selection as a member of the Board.

Major General

David Grange (U.S.

Bell’s extensive

healthcare and investment banking experience were instrumental in her selection as a member of the Board.

General David Grange (U.S.

Army, retired) became a director in February 2018.

MG Grange has been President and founder of Osprey

Global Solutions, LLC (“OGS”), a Service Disabled Veterans Organization, since 2011.

MG Grange was Chief Executive

Officer of Pharm-Olam International, Ltd.

(“Pharm-Olam”), a contract research organization, from April 2017 to October

MG Grange has been President and founder

of Osprey Global Solutions, LLC (“OGS”), a Service Disabled Veterans Organization, since 2011.

MG Grange was Chief

Executive Officer of Pharm-Olam International, Ltd.

(“Pharm-Olam”), a contract research organization, from April 2017

to October 2019.

Prior to founding OGS, MG Grange was a member of the Board of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Inc.

contract research organization, from 2003 to 2009, and Chief Executive Officer from 2009 to 2011.

Prior to PPDI he served

in the McCormick Tribune Foundation for 10 years most recently as Chief Executive Officer and President, where he also oversaw

the support of Veteran Programs.

PPDI), a contract research organization, from 2003 to 2009, and Chief Executive Officer from 2009 to 2011.

to PPDI he served in the McCormick Tribune Foundation for 10 years most recently as Chief Executive Officer and President, where

he also oversaw the support of Veteran Programs.

MG Grange served 30 years in the U.S.

Army as a Ranger, Green Beret, Aviator, Infantryman and

a member of special operating units.

At the Pentagon, he was Director of Army Current Operations, Readiness, and Mobilization.

Army as a Ranger, Green Beret, Aviator,

Infantryman and a member of special operating units.

At the Pentagon, he was Director of Army Current Operations, Readiness, and

Mobilization.

MG Grange commanded the Ranger Regiment and the First Infantry Division (the Big Red One).

MG Grange holds a master’s degree

in Public Service from Western Kentucky University.

MG Grange’s extensive experience in the pharmaceutical industry and service

with the U.S.

MG Grange holds a master’s

degree in Public Service from Western Kentucky University.

MG Grange’s extensive experience in the pharmaceutical industry

and service with the U.S.

military was instrumental in his selection as a member of our Board.

Adeoye Olukotun, MD became

a Director in September 2018.

Dr Olukotun is a member of management of Genesis Unicorn Corporation, a special acquisition company recently

listed on Nasdaq (GENQU).

Olukotun has been the Chief Executive Officer of CR Strategies, LLC, a medical products consulting company,

since 2000, and was the Chief Executive Officer of EpiGen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, from 2014 to January of 2018.

Olukotun served as Vice Chairman of CardoVax, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, from 2012 to 2016, and as its Chief Executive Officer

from 2006 to 2012.

He is also co-founder of VIA Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, and served as the company’s Chief

Medical Officer from 2004 to 2008.

Olukotun, MD became a Director in September 2018.

Olukotun is a board member of Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals (ARWR), a publicly traded biopharmaceutical company.

Olukotun has been the Chief Executive Officer of CR Strategies, LLC, a medical products consulting company, since 2000.

was the Chief Executive Officer of Genesis Unicorn Corporation, a special acquisition company listed on Nasdaq (GENQU) that became

Genesis Unicorn Capital Corp.

(GENQ), and later became ESGL Holdings Ltd trading on Nasdaq (ESGL).

Olukoton was the Chief

Executive Officer of EpiGen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, from 2014 to January of 2018.

Olukotun served as

Vice Chairman of CardoVax, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, from 2012 to 2016, and as its Chief Executive Officer from 2006 to 2012.

He is also co-founder of VIA Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, and served as the company’s Chief Medical

Officer from 2004 to 2008.

Olukotun is a member of the board of directors of Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals.

extensive medical background and experience in the pharmaceutical industry was instrumental in his selection as a member of our Board.

N ewcomb Stillwell

became a director in March 2023.

Stillwell has held positions of varying responsibility at the law firm of Ropes & Gray

LLP from 1984 to 2021, including, most recently, as co-managing partner of the Ropes & Gray Boston office.

Stillwell graduated

from Harvard Law School and earned an A.B.

extensive medical background and experience in the pharmaceutical industry was instrumental in his selection as a member of our

Newcomb Stillwell became a director in March 2023.

Stillwell has held positions of varying responsibility at the law firm

of Ropes & Gray LLP from 1984 to 2021, including, most recently, as co-managing partner of the Ropes & Gray Boston office.

Stillwell graduated from Harvard Law School and earned an A.B.

from Princeton University.

Stillwell’s extensive advisory experience on numerous

transactions in the life science and healthcare sectors was instrumental in his selection as a member of the Board.

Carolyn Taylor

became a Director in July 2021.

Taylor was general counsel of Strike Protocols Inc., a financial technology company,

from 2019 to 2020, and held positions of varying responsibility, including partner, and most recently, of counsel, at the law firm

of Covington & Burling LLP from 1989 to 2000 and 2004 to 2015.

Stillwell’s extensive advisory experience

on numerous transactions in the life science and healthcare sectors was instrumental in his selection as a member of the Board.

Taylor became a Director in July 2021.

Taylor was general counsel of Strike Protocols Inc., a financial technology

company, from 2019 to 2020, and held positions of varying responsibility, including partner, and most recently, of counsel, at

the law firm of Covington & Burling LLP from 1989 to 2000 and 2004 to 2015.

From 2000 to 2003, Ms.

Taylor served as Executive Vice President

and General Counsel of Longitude, Inc., a financial services company.

Taylor graduated from Columbia Law School and earned

Taylor served as Executive

Vice President and General Counsel of Longitude, Inc., a financial services company.

Taylor graduated from Columbia Law School

and earned a B.A.

from Brown University.

Taylor’s broad transactional experience was instrumental in her selection as a member of

James Treco became

a director in February 2019 and has been our Lead Director since March 2020.

Treco has been a Managing Partner at First Chicago

Advisors, Inc., a boutique financial advisory firm where he advises executives and boards of directors of a wide range of companies,

from global, large-cap companies to emerging companies, from 2009 to 2012 and from 2014 to the present.

Taylor’s broad transactional experience was instrumental in her selection as

a member of the Board.

Treco became a director in February 2019 and has been our Lead Director since March 2020.

Treco continues to be involved

with several small clinical research companies operating out of the Hanover, N ew Hampshire area.

Treco has been a Managing

Partner at First Chicago Advisors, Inc., a boutique financial advisory firm where he advised executives and boards of directors

of a wide range of companies, from global, large-cap companies to emerging companies, from 2009 to 2012 and from 2014 to 2024.

From 2012 to 2013 Mr.

was an investment banker with Gleacher & Company, a company that previously operated an investment banking business, providing

corporate and institutional clients with strategic and financial advisory services.

Treco held various positions of increasing

responsibility at Salomon Brothers/Citigroup from 1984 to 2008, where he used his extensive experience in the global capital markets

to advise a wide range of clients.

Treco was an investment banker with Gleacher & Company, a company that previously operated an investment

banking business, providing corporate and institutional clients with strategic and financial advisory services.

various positions of increasing responsibility at Salomon Brothers/Citigroup from 1984 to 2008, where he used his extensive experience

in the global capital markets to advise a wide range of clients.

Treco holds a B.A.

from Yale University and an M.B.A.

from the Stanford University Graduate

School of Business.

Treco’s extensive healthcare and investment banking experience were instrumental in his selection

as a member of the Board.

Jessica Morris is

our Chief Operating Officer and has worked for the Company since April 2013, first as a consultant (April 2013 – September

2013), then as SVP of Finance (September 2013 – October 2015), followed by Chief Administrative Officer (October 2015 –

January 2016), Acting Chief Financial Officer (January 2016 – February 2016), and Executive Vice President, Operations (February

2016 – January 2018).

the Stanford University Graduate School of Business.

Treco’s extensive healthcare and investment banking experience

were instrumental in his selection as a member of the Board.

Morris is our Chief Operating Officer and has worked for the Company since April 2013, first as a consultant (April

2013 – September 2013), then as SVP of Finance (September 2013 – October 2015), followed by Chief Administrative Officer

(October 2015 – January 2016), Acting Chief Financial Officer (January 2016 – February 2016), and Executive Vice President,

Operations (February 2016 – January 2018).

Prior to joining the Company, Ms.

Morris was a Vice President in investment management at Zhong Rong

Morris was a Vice President in investment management

at Zhong Rong Group.

Previously, Ms.

Morris was a Senior Associate in the Sponsor Finance Group at American Capital, a Vice President of the

mezzanine debt fund at Calvert Street Capital Partners, an Associate in the commercial finance department of Silicon Valley Bank,

and a Financial Analyst in the investment banking group at Deutsche Bank.

Morris was a Senior Associate in the Sponsor Finance Group at American Capital, a Vice President

of the mezzanine debt fund at Calvert Street Capital Partners, an Associate in the commercial finance department of Silicon Valley

Bank, and a Financial Analyst in the investment banking group at Deutsche Bank.

Morris earned a B.S.

in Commerce and a B.A.

from the University of Virginia, where she was an Echols Scholar.

Bradley Saenger,

CPA became our Chief Financial Officer in February 2016.

Saenger has worked for us since May 2014, as the Director

of Accounting (May 2014 – December 2015) and VP of Accounting (January 2016 – February 2016).

Between June 2013 and

March 2014, Mr.

Saenger worked for Shire Pharmaceuticals as a consultant in the financial analyst research and development group.

in Music from the University of Virginia, where she was an Echols Scholar.

Saenger, CPA became our Chief Financial Officer in February 2016.

Saenger has worked for us since May 2014, as

the Director of Accounting (May 2014 – December 2015) and VP of Accounting (January 2016 – February 2016).

June 2013 and March 2014, Mr.

Saenger worked for Shire Pharmaceuticals as a consultant in the financial analyst research and development

Since November 2015, Mr.

Saenger has been a director of Tonix Pharma Holdings Limited.

Between February 2013 and May 2013, Mr.

Between February 2013 and May 2013,

Saenger worked for Stewart Health Care System as a financial consultant.

Between October 2011 and December 2012, Mr.

an Associate Director of Accounting at Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

was an Associate Director of Accounting at Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Between January 2005 and September 2011, Mr.

9 unchanged sentences

the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Gregory Sullivan,

MD became our Chief Medical Officer on June 3, 2014 and our Secretary in March 2017.

Prior to becoming our Chief Medical

Officer, he served on our Scientific Advisory Board since October 2010, and had also provided ad hoc consulting

Sullivan, MD became our Chief Medical Officer on June 3, 2014 and our Secretary in March 2017.

Prior to becoming

our Chief Medical Officer, he served on our Scientific Advisory Board since October 2010, and had also provided ad hoc consulting

Previously, Dr.

3 unchanged sentences

Sullivan maintained a part-time psychiatry practice.

He served as a Research Scientist at

the New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI) from December 2006 to June 2014.

He served as a Research Scientist

at the New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI) from December 2006 to June 2014.

He also served as a member of the Institutional

10 unchanged sentences

and received his MD from the College of Physicians & Surgeons at Columbia University.

He completed his residency training in

psychiatry at CUMC, and then a two-year NIMH-sponsored research fellowship in anxiety and affective disorders before joining the

faculty at Columbia.

Directors serve until

the next annual meeting of shareholders or until their successors are elected and qualified.

Officers serve at the discretion of

Board Independence

The Board has determined

that (i) Seth Lederman has a relationship which, in the opinion of the Board, would interfere with the exercise of independent

judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and is not an “independent director” as defined in the

Marketplace Rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market and (ii) Richard Bagger, Margaret Smith Bell, David Grange, Adeoye Olukotun, Newcomb

Stillwell, Carolyn Taylor and James Treco are each an independent director as defined in the Marketplace Rules of The NASDAQ Stock

Diversity Matrix

The following matrix is

provided in accordance with applicable Nasdaq listing requirements:

Diversity Matrix as of March 18, 2024

Number of Directors

Gender Identity

Demographic Background

American or Black

Native or Native American

or More Races or Ethnicities

Not Disclose Demographic Background

Board Leadership Structure

Our CEO also serves

as the chairman of the Board.

He completed his residency training

in psychiatry at CUMC, and then a two-year NIMH-sponsored research fellowship in anxiety and affective disorders before joining

the faculty at Columbia.

Fogarty became our Chief Technical Officer in February 2025.

Siobhan has worked for Tonix Pharma Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary

of the Company, since September 2016, holding roles with increasing responsibility, most recently as Executive Vice President, Product

Development, since February 2021, and prior to that as Vice President, Product Development, since February 2019.

Fogarty started

her career with Elan Corporation as a formulation scientist.

Fogarty moved to Glaxo SmithKline as a manufacturing strategist post

the merger of Glaxo and SmithKline Beecham.

Fogarty established European product development sites for Fuisz Technologies and Biovail

Subsequently Ms.

Fogarty started her own consultancy company, e MSc, continuing to consult with pharmaceutical

companies in product development and implementation of a phased approach to quality.

Fogarty earned a Bachelor of Science in Industrial

Chemistry from the University of Limerick, and a Masters in Pharmaceutical Science from the School of Pharmacy, Trinity College Dublin.

serve until the next annual meeting of shareholders or until their successors are elected and qualified.

Officers serve at the

discretion of the Board.

Board has determined that (i) Seth Lederman has a relationship which, in the opinion of the Board, would interfere with the exercise

of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and is not an “independent director” as

defined in the Marketplace Rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market and (ii) Richard Bagger, Margaret Smith Bell, David Grange, Adeoye

Olukotun, Newcomb Stillwell, Carolyn Taylor and James Treco are each an independent director as defined in the Marketplace Rules

of The NASDAQ Stock Market.

Leadership Structure

CEO also serves as the chairman of the Board.

An independent director serves as the Board’s lead director.

This structure allows one

person to speak for and lead both the Company and the Board, while also providing for effective independent board oversight

through an independent lead director.

Lederman, our CEO, serve as Chairman creates clear and unambiguous authority,

which is essential to effective management.

Our Board and management can respond more effectively to a clearer line of authority.

By designating our CEO as its Chairman, our Board also sends as an important signal to our employees and shareholders about who

is accountable.

This structure

allows one person to speak for and lead both the Company and the Board, while also providing for effective independent

board oversight through an independent lead director.

Lederman, our CEO, serve as Chairman creates clear and unambiguous

authority, which is essential to effective management.

Our Board and management can respond more effectively to a clearer line

of authority.

By designating our CEO as its Chairman, our Board also sends as an important signal to our employees and shareholders

about who is accountable.

Further, since Dr.

Lederman is the founder of our Company and is an inventor on key patents and patent applications

underlying our programs, we believe that Dr.

Lederman is best-positioned to set our Board’s agenda and provide leadership.

We have established the position

of lead director, which has been held by Mr.

Lederman is the founder of our Company and is an inventor on key patents and patent

applications underlying our programs, we believe that Dr.

Lederman is best-positioned to set our Board’s agenda and provide

have established the position of lead director, which has been held by Mr.

Treco since March 2021.

The lead director has the following responsibilities, as detailed

in the Lead Director charter, adopted by the Board (and also performs any other functions the Board may request):

Board leadership — provides leadership to the Board in any situation where the chairman’s role may be, or may be perceived to be, in conflict, and also chairs meetings when the chairman is absent;

Leadership of independent director meetings — leads independent director meetings, which take place without any management directors or Tonix employees present;

Additional meetings — calls additional independent director meetings as needed;

Chairman-independent director liaison — regularly meets with the chairman and serves as liaison between the chairman and the independent directors;

Stockholder communications — makes himself available for direct communication with our stockholders;

Board agenda, schedule & information — works with the chairman regarding meeting agendas, meeting schedules and information sent to directors for Board meetings, including the quality, quantity, appropriateness and timeliness of such information;

Advisors and consultants — recommends to the Board the retention of outside advisors and consultants who report directly to the Board on Board-wide issues.

Board Role in Risk Oversight

Risk is an integral

part of the Board and Board committee deliberations throughout the year.

While the Board has the ultimate oversight responsibility

for the risk management process, various committees of the Board also have responsibility for risk management.

In particular, the

Audit Committee focuses on financial risk, including internal controls, and receives financial risk assessment reports from management.

The lead director has the following

responsibilities, as detailed in the Lead Director charter, adopted by the Board (and also performs any other functions the Board

may request):

leadership — provides leadership to the Board in any situation where the chairman’s role may be,

or may be perceived to be, in conflict, and also chairs meetings when the chairman is absent;

of independent director meetings — leads independent director meetings, which take place without any management

directors or Tonix employees present;

meetings — calls additional independent director meetings as needed;

Chairman-independent

director liaison — regularly meets with the chairman and serves as liaison between the chairman and

the independent directors;

communications — makes himself available for direct communication with our stockholders;

agenda, schedule & information — works with the chairman regarding meeting agendas, meeting schedules and

information sent to directors for Board meetings, including the quality, quantity, appropriateness and timeliness of

such information;

and consultants — recommends to the Board the retention of outside advisors and consultants who report directly

to the Board on Board-wide issues.

Role in Risk Oversight

is an integral part of the Board and Board committee deliberations throughout the year.

While the Board has the ultimate oversight

responsibility for the risk management process, various committees of the Board also have responsibility for risk management.

In particular, the Audit Committee focuses on financial risk, including internal controls, and receives financial risk assessment

reports from management.

Risks related to the compensation programs are reviewed by the Compensation Committee.

The Board is advised by these committees

of significant risks and management’s response through periodic updates.

Stockholder Communications with the

The Company’s

stockholders may communicate with the Board, including non-executive directors or officers, by sending written communications addressed

to such person or persons in care of Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., Attention:

Secretary, 26 Main Street, Suite 101, Chatham,

New Jersey 07928.

The Board is advised

by these committees of significant risks and management’s response through periodic updates.

Communications with the Board

Company’s stockholders may communicate with the Board, including non-executive directors or officers, by sending written

communications addressed to such person or persons in care of Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., Attention:

Secretary, 26 Main

Street, Suite 101, Chatham, New Jersey 07928.

All communications will be compiled by the Secretary and submitted to the addressee.

If the Board modifies this

process, the revised process will be posted on the Company’s website.

Meetings and Committees of the Board

During the fiscal year ended

December 31, 2023, the Board held 13 meetings, the Audit Committee held eight meetings, the Compensation Committee held six meetings and

the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee held five meetings.

The Board and Board committees also approved certain actions by

unanimous written consent.

of the directors attended at least 75% of the aggregate of the total number of meetings of our Board (held during the period for which

such directors served on the Board).

Each of the directors attended at least 75% of the total number of meetings of all committees of

our Board on which the director served (during the periods for which the director served on such committee or committees).

was the only member of the Board who attended last year’s annual meeting of stockholders.

The Company does not have a formal policy

requiring members of the Board to attend our annual meetings.

Board Committees

The Board has standing

Audit, Compensation, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees.

Information concerning the membership and function of

each committee is as follows:

If the Board modifies this process, the revised process will be posted on the Company’s website.

and Committees of the Board

the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, the Board held 11 meetings, the Audit Committee held 10 meetings, the Compensation Committee

held six meetings and the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee held four meetings.

The Board and Board committees also

approved certain actions by unanimous written consent.

of the directors attended at least 75% of the aggregate of the total number of meetings of our Board (held during the period for

which such directors served on the Board).

Each of the directors attended at least 75% of the total number of meetings of all

committees of our Board on which the director served (during the periods for which the director served on such committee or committees).

Lederman was the only member of the Board who attended last year’s annual meeting of stockholders.

The Company does

not have a formal policy requiring members of the Board to attend our annual meetings.

Board has standing Audit, Compensation, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees.

Information concerning the membership

and function of each committee is as follows:

Board Committee Membership

Audit Committee

Nominating and

Corporate Governance

Richard Bagger

Margaret Smith Bell

Adeoye Olukotun

Newcomb Stillwell

Carolyn Taylor

Member of Committee

Chairman of Committee

Audit Committee

Our Audit Committee

consists of James Treco, Chair of the Committee, Richard Bagger, Margaret Smith Bell and Newcomb Stillwell.

Our Board has determined

each of the members are “independent” as that term is defined under applicable SEC rules and under the current listing

standards of the NASDAQ Stock Market.

Audit Committee consists of James Treco, Chair of the Committee, Richard Bagger, Margaret Smith Bell and Newcomb Stillwell.

Board has determined each of the members are “independent” as that term is defined under applicable SEC rules and

under the current listing standards of the NASDAQ Stock Market.

Treco is our audit committee financial expert.

Our Audit Committee’s

responsibilities include:

(i) reviewing the independence, qualifications, services, fees, and performance of the independent auditors,

(ii) appointing, replacing and discharging the independent auditor, (iii) pre-approving the professional services provided by the independent

auditor, (iv) reviewing the scope of the annual audit and reports and recommendations submitted by the independent auditor, and (v) reviewing

our financial reporting and accounting policies, including any significant changes, with management and the independent auditor.

Audit Committee reviewed and discussed with management the Company’s audited financial statements for the year ended December 31,

Our Board has adopted a written charter for the Audit Committee, a copy of which

is posted under the “Investors” tab under “Governance” on our website, which is located at www.tonixpharma.com.

Compensation Committee

Our Compensation Committee

consists of Margaret Smith Bell, Chair of the Committee, David Grange, Adeoye Olukotun and Carolyn Taylor.

Our Board has determined

that all of the members are “independent” under the current listing standards of the NASDAQ Stock Market.

has adopted a written charter setting forth the authority and responsibilities of the Compensation Committee.

Our Compensation Committee

has responsibility for, among other things, evaluating and making decisions regarding the compensation of our executive officers, assuring

that the executive officers are compensated effectively in a manner consistent with our stated compensation strategy, producing an annual

report on executive compensation in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC and periodically evaluating and

administering the terms and administration of our incentive plans and benefit programs.

In addition, our Compensation Committee reviews

and makes recommendations to the Board regarding incentive compensation plans that require shareholder approval, director compensation

and the related executive compensation information for inclusion in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K and proxy statement,

and employment and severance agreements relating to the chief executive officer.

Our Compensation Committee has engaged Aon plc, an independent

executive compensation consultant, to provide guidance with respect to the development and implementation of our compensation programs.

Our Board has adopted a written charter for the Compensation Committee, a copy of which is posted under the "Investors" tab under "Governance" on our website, which is located at www.tonixpharma.com.

Nominating and Corporate Governance

Our Nominating and Corporate

Governance Committee consists of Richard Bagger, Chair of the Committee, David Grange, Newcomb Stillwell and James Treco.

The Board has

determined that all of the members are “independent” under the current listing standards of the NASDAQ Stock Market.

Our Nominating and

Corporate Governance Committee has responsibility for assisting the Board in, among other things, effecting the organization,

membership and function of the Board and its committees.

The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee identifies and evaluates

the qualifications of all candidates for nomination for election as directors, and seeks director nominees that complement and

enhance the effectiveness of the existing Board to ensure that its members have varied and relevant backgrounds, skills, knowledge,

perspectives and experiences.

Our Board currently includes two female directors, one director who contributes racial/ethnic

diversity, and one who identifies as LGBTQ+.

In addition, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for

developing, recommending and evaluating corporate governance standards and a code of business conduct and ethics.

In addition, the

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for developing, recommending and evaluating corporate governance

standards and a code of business conduct and ethics.

Our Board has adopted a written charter for the Nominating and Corporate

Governance Committee, a copy of which is posted under the “Investors” tab under “Governance” on our website,

which is located at www.tonixpharma.com.

Nomination of Directors

As provided in its

charter and our Company’s corporate governance principles, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible

for identifying individuals qualified to become directors.

The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee seeks to identify

director candidates based on input provided by a number of sources, including (1) the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

members, (2) our other directors, (3) our shareholders, (4) our Chief Executive Officer or Chairman, and (5) third parties such

as professional search firms.

Audit Committee’s responsibilities include:

(i) reviewing the independence, qualifications, services, fees, and performance

of the independent auditors, (ii) appointing, replacing and discharging the independent auditor, (iii) pre-approving the professional

services provided by the independent auditor, (iv) reviewing the scope of the annual audit and reports and recommendations submitted

by the independent auditor, and (v) reviewing our financial reporting and accounting policies, including any significant changes,

with management and the independent auditor.

The Audit Committee reviewed and discussed with management the Company’s audited

financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Our Board has adopted a written charter for the Audit Committee, a

copy of which is posted under the “Investors” tab under “Governance” on our website, which is located

at www.tonixpharma.com.

Compensation Committee consists of Margaret Smith Bell, Chair of the Committee, David Grange, Adeoye Olukotun and Carolyn Taylor.

Our Board has determined that all of the members are “independent” under the current listing standards of the NASDAQ

Stock Market.

Our Board has adopted a written charter setting forth the authority and responsibilities of the Compensation Committee.

Compensation Committee has responsibility for, among other things, evaluating and making decisions regarding the compensation

of our executive officers, assuring that the executive officers are compensated effectively in a manner consistent with our stated

compensation strategy, producing an annual report on executive compensation in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated

by the SEC and periodically evaluating and administering the terms and administration of our incentive plans and benefit programs.

In addition, our Compensation Committee reviews and makes recommendations to the Board regarding incentive compensation plans

that require shareholder approval, director compensation and the related executive compensation information for inclusion in the

Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K and proxy statement, and employment and severance agreements relating to the chief

executive officer.

Our Compensation Committee has engaged Aon plc, an independent executive compensation consultant, to provide

guidance with respect to the development and implementation of our compensation programs.

Our Board has adopted a written charter

for the Compensation Committee, a copy of which is posted under the “Investors” tab under “Governance” on

our website, which is located at www.tonixpharma.com.

and Corporate Governance Committee

Our Compensation Committee consists of Margaret Smith Bell, Chair of the

Committee, David Grange, Adeoye Olukotun and Carolyn Taylor.

Our Board has determined that all of the members are “independent”

under the current listing standards of the NASDAQ Stock Market.

Our Board has adopted a written charter setting forth the authority and

responsibilities of the Compensation Committee.

Our Compensation Committee has engaged Aon plc, an independent executive compensation

consultant, to provide advice and recommendations on the structure, amount and form of executive and director compensation and the competitiveness

At the request of the Compensation Committee, the compensation consultant provided, among other things, comparative data from

selected peer companies.

The compensation consultant reports directly to the Compensation Committee.

The Compensation Committee’s

decision to hire the compensation consultant was not made or recommended by Company management.

The compensation consultant has not performed

any work for the Company except with respect to the work that it has done directly for the Compensation Committee.

Our Compensation Committee has responsibility for, among other things,

evaluating and making decisions regarding the compensation of our executive officers, assuring that the executive officers are compensated

effectively in a manner consistent with our stated compensation strategy, producing an annual report on executive compensation in accordance

with the rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC and periodically evaluating and administering the terms and administration of our

incentive plans and benefit programs.

In addition, our Compensation Committee reviews and makes recommendations to the Board regarding

incentive compensation plans that require shareholder approval, director compensation and the related executive compensation information

for inclusion in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K and proxy statement, and employment and severance agreements relating

to the chief executive officer.

Our Board has adopted a written charter for the Compensation Committee, a copy of which is posted under

the “Investors” tab under “Governance” on our website, which is located at www.tonixpharma.com.

provided in its charter and our Company’s corporate governance principles, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

is responsible for identifying individuals qualified to become directors.

The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee seeks

to identify director candidates based on input provided by a number of sources, including (1) the Nominating and Corporate Governance

Committee members, (2) our other directors, (3) our shareholders, (4) our Chief Executive Officer or Chairman, and (5) third parties

such as professional search firms.

In evaluating potential candidates for director, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

considers the entirety of each candidate’s credentials.

Qualifications for

consideration as a director nominee may vary according to the particular areas of expertise being sought as a complement to the

existing composition of the Board.

Qualifications

for consideration as a director nominee may vary according to the particular areas of expertise being sought as a complement to

the existing composition of the Board.

However, at a minimum, candidates for director must possess:

high personal and professional ethics and integrity;

the ability to exercise sound judgment;

the ability to make independent analytical inquiries;

a willingness and ability to devote adequate time and resources to diligently perform Board and committee duties;

the appropriate and relevant business experience and acumen.

In addition to these

minimum qualifications, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee also takes into account when considering whether to nominate

a potential director candidate the following factors:

whether the person possesses specific industry expertise and familiarity with general issues affecting our business;

whether the person’s nomination and election would enable the Board to have a member that qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as such term is defined by the SEC in Item 401 of Regulation S-K;

whether the person would qualify as an “independent” director under the listing standards of the Nasdaq Stock Market;

the importance of continuity of the existing composition of the Board to provide long term stability and experienced oversight;

the importance of diversified Board membership, in terms of both the individuals involved and their various experiences and areas of expertise.

The Nominating and

Corporate Governance Committee will consider director candidates recommended by shareholders provided such recommendations are

submitted in accordance with the procedures set forth below.

personal and professional ethics and integrity;

ability to exercise sound judgment;

ability to make independent analytical inquiries;

willingness and ability to devote adequate time and resources to diligently perform Board and committee duties;

appropriate and relevant business experience and acumen.

addition to these minimum qualifications, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee also takes into account when considering

whether to nominate a potential director candidate the following factors:

the person possesses specific industry expertise and familiarity with general issues affecting our business;

the person’s nomination and election would enable the Board to have a member that qualifies as an “audit committee

financial expert” as such term is defined by the SEC in Item 401 of Regulation S-K;

the person would qualify as an “independent” director under the listing standards of the Nasdaq Stock Market;

importance of continuity of the existing composition of the Board to provide long term stability and experienced oversight;

importance of diversified Board membership, in terms of both the individuals involved and their various experiences and areas

of expertise.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will consider director candidates recommended by shareholders provided such recommendations

are submitted in accordance with the procedures set forth below.

In order to provide for an orderly and informed review and selection

1 unchanged sentence

by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee must comply with the following:

The recommendation must be made in writing to the Corporate Secretary at Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.;

The recommendation must include the candidate’s name, home and business contact information, detailed biographical data and qualifications, information regarding any relationships between the candidate and the Company within the last three years and evidence of the recommending person’s ownership of the Company’s common stock;

The recommendation shall also contain a statement from the recommending shareholder in support of the candidate;

professional references, particularly within the context of those relevant to board membership, including issues of character, judgment, diversity, age, independence, expertise, corporate experience, length of service, other commitments and the like;

and personal references;

A statement from the shareholder nominee indicating that such nominee wants to serve on the Board and could be considered “independent” under the Rules and Regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market and the SEC, as in effect at that time.

All candidates submitted

by shareholders will be evaluated by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee according to the criteria discussed above

and in the same manner as all other director candidates.

Prohibition Against

Certain Transactions

of our employees and directors are prohibited from hedging or pledging Tonix stock, or engaging in short sales or trading in standardized

options under our Insider Trading Policy.

Insider Trading

Policies and Procedures

have adopted a Policy on Insider Trading and a Policy Regarding Special Trading Procedures.

These policies and procedures apply to all

of our directors, officers and employees.

Code of Ethics

We have adopted a Code of

Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees which

can be found on our website at https://ir.tonixpharma.com/corporate-governance/governance-documents.

Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings

Our directors and executive

officers have not been involved in any of the following events during the past ten years:

any bankruptcy petition filed by or against such person or any business of which such person was a general partner or executive officer either at the time of the bankruptcy or within two years prior to that time;

any conviction in a criminal proceeding or being subject to a pending criminal proceeding (excluding traffic violations and other minor offenses);

being subject to any order, judgment, or decree, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, of any court of competent jurisdiction, permanently or temporarily enjoining him from or otherwise limiting his involvement in any type of business, securities or banking activities or to be associated with any person practicing in banking or securities activities;

being found by a court of competent jurisdiction in a civil action, the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission to have violated a Federal or state securities or commodities law, and the judgment has not been reversed, suspended, or vacated;

being subject of, or a party to, any Federal or state judicial or administrative order, judgment decree, or finding, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, relating to an alleged violation of any Federal or state securities or commodities law or regulation, any law or regulation respecting financial institutions or insurance companies, or any law or regulation prohibiting mail or wire fraud or fraud in connection with any business entity;

being subject of or party to any sanction or order, not subsequently reversed, suspended, or vacated, of any self-regulatory organization, any registered entity or any equivalent exchange, association, entity or organization that has disciplinary authority over its members or persons associated with a member.

ITEM 11 - EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Compensation Philosophy and Practices

We believe that the

performance of our executive officers significantly impacts our ability to achieve our corporate goals.

We, therefore, place considerable

importance on the design and administration of our executive officer compensation program.

This program is intended to enhance

stockholder value by attracting, motivating and retaining qualified individuals to perform at the highest levels and to contribute

to our growth and success.

Our executive officer compensation program is designed to provide compensation opportunities that are

tied to individual and corporate performance.

Our compensation packages

are also designed to be competitive in our industry.

The Compensation Committee from time-to-time consults with compensation consultants,

legal counsel and other advisors in designing our compensation program, including in evaluating the competitiveness of individual

compensation packages and in relation to our corporate goals.

Our overall compensation

philosophy has been to pay our executive officers an annual base salary and to provide opportunities, through cash and equity incentives,

to provide higher compensation if certain key performance goals are satisfied.

We believe that many of our key practices and programs

demonstrate good governance.

The main principles of our fiscal year 2023 compensation strategy included the following:

An emphasis on pay for performance .

A significant portion of our executive officers’ total compensation is variable and at risk and tied directly to measurable performance, including pre-specified corporate, strategic or developmental goals, which aligns the interests of our executives with those of our stockholders;

Performance results are linked to Company and individual performance .

When looking at performance over the year, we equally weigh individual performance as well as that of the Company as a whole.

Target annual compensation is positioned to allow for above-median compensation to be earned through an executive officer’s and the Company’s extraordinary performance;

Equity as a key component to align the interests of our executives with those of our stockholders.

Our Compensation Committee believes that keeping executives interests aligned with those of our stockholders is critical to driving toward achievement of long-term goals of both our stockholders and the Company.

Accordingly, a significant portion of our executives’ compensation are stock based, including stock options that are exercisable at a percentage above market value at the time of grant;

Peer group positioning .

While the Compensation Committee considers the level of compensation paid by the companies in our peer group as a reference point that provides a framework for its compensation decisions, in order to maintain competitiveness and flexibility, the Compensation Committee does not target compensation at a particular level relative to the peer group;

recommendation must be made in writing to the Corporate Secretary at Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.;

recommendation must include the candidate’s name, home and business contact information, detailed biographical data

and qualifications, information regarding any relationships between the candidate and the Company within the last three years

and evidence of the recommending person’s ownership of the Company’s common stock;

recommendation shall also contain a statement from the recommending shareholder in support of the candidate;

references, particularly within the context of those relevant to board membership, including issues of character, judgment,

diversity, age, independence, expertise, corporate experience, length of service, other commitments and the like;

statement from the shareholder nominee indicating that such nominee wants to serve on the Board and could be considered “independent”

under the Rules and Regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market and the SEC, as in effect at that time.

candidates submitted by shareholders will be evaluated by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee according to the criteria

discussed above and in the same manner as all other director candidates.

Against Certain Transactions

All of our employees and directors are prohibited from hedging or pledging

Tonix stock, or engaging in short sales or trading in standardized options under our Statement of Company Policy on Insider Trading and

Policy Regarding Special Trading Procedures (the “Insider Trading Policy”).

Trading Policies and Procedures

We have adopted the Insider Trading.

These policies and procedures apply

to all of our directors, officers and employees.

We believe that the Insider Trading Policy is reasonably designed to promote compliance

with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards applicable to us.

A copy of the Insider Trading Policy is filed

as Exhibit 19.01 to this Form 10-K.

have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees which can be found

on our website at https://ir.tonixpharma.com/corporate-governance/governance-documents.

in Certain Legal Proceedings

directors and executive officers have not been involved in any of the following events during the past ten years:

bankruptcy petition filed by or against such person or any business of which such person was a general partner or executive

officer either at the time of the bankruptcy or within two years prior to that time;

conviction in a criminal proceeding or being subject to a pending criminal proceeding (excluding traffic violations and other

minor offenses);

being subject to any order, judgment, or decree, not subsequently reversed,

suspended or vacated, of any court of competent jurisdiction, permanently or temporarily enjoining them from or otherwise limiting their

involvement in any type of business, securities or banking activities or to be associated with any person practicing in banking or securities

found by a court of competent jurisdiction in a civil action, the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Commodity Futures

Trading Commission to have violated a Federal or state securities or commodities law, and the judgment has not been reversed,

suspended, or vacated;

subject of, or a party to, any Federal or state judicial or administrative order, judgment decree, or finding, not subsequently

reversed, suspended or vacated, relating to an alleged violation of any Federal or state securities or commodities law or

regulation, any law or regulation respecting financial institutions or insurance companies, or any law or regulation prohibiting

mail or wire fraud or fraud in connection with any business entity;

subject of or party to any sanction or order, not subsequently reversed, suspended, or vacated, of any self-regulatory organization,

any registered entity or any equivalent exchange, association, entity or organization that has disciplinary authority over

its members or persons associated with a member.

Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports

Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires our directors, executive officers

and persons who beneficially own more than 10% of our outstanding common shares to file reports with the SEC regarding their share ownership

and changes in their ownership of our common shares.

Based on our records and representations from our directors and executive officers,

we believe that all Section 16(a) filing requirements applicable to our directors and executive officers were complied with during the

fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

11 – EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Philosophy and Practices

believe that the performance of our executive officers significantly impacts our ability to achieve our corporate goals.

We, therefore,

place considerable importance on the design and administration of our executive officer compensation program.

This program is

intended to enhance stockholder value by attracting, motivating and retaining qualified individuals to perform at the highest

levels and to contribute to our growth and success.

Our executive officer compensation program is designed to provide compensation

opportunities that are tied to individual and corporate performance.

compensation packages are also designed to be competitive in our industry.

The Compensation Committee from time-to-time consults

with compensation consultants, legal counsel and other advisors in designing our compensation program, including in evaluating

the competitiveness of individual compensation packages and in relation to our corporate goals.

overall compensation philosophy has been to pay our executive officers an annual base salary and to provide opportunities, through

cash and equity incentives, to provide higher compensation if certain key performance goals are satisfied.

We believe that many

of our key practices and programs demonstrate good governance.

The main principles of our fiscal year 2024 compensation strategy

included the following:

emphasis on pay for performance .

A significant portion of our executive officers’ total compensation is variable

and at risk and tied directly to measurable performance, including pre-specified corporate, strategic or developmental goals,

which aligns the interests of our executives with those of our stockholders;

results are linked to Company and individual performance .

When looking at performance over the year, we equally

weigh individual performance as well as that of the Company as a whole.

Target annual compensation is positioned

to allow for above-median compensation to be earned through an executive officer’s and the Company’s extraordinary

as a key component to align the interests of our executives with those of our stockholders.

Our Compensation Committee

believes that keeping executives interests aligned with those of our stockholders is critical to driving toward achievement

of long-term goals of both our stockholders and the Company.

Accordingly, a significant portion of our executives’ compensation

are stock based, including stock options that are exercisable at a percentage above market value at the time of grant;

group positioning .

While the Compensation Committee considers the level of compensation paid by the companies in

our peer group as a reference point that provides a framework for its compensation decisions, in order to maintain competitiveness

and flexibility, the Compensation Committee does not target compensation at a particular level relative to the peer group;

nor does the Compensation Committee employ a formal benchmarking strategy or rely upon specific peer–derived targets.

In 2023, we also continued

practices that demonstrate good governance and careful stewardship of corporate assets, including:

Limited personal benefits .

Our executive officers are eligible for the same benefits as our non-executive salaried employees, and they do not receive any additional perquisites.

No retirement benefits .

We do not provide our executive officers with a traditional retirement plan, or with any supplemental deferred compensation or retirement benefits.

No tax gross-ups .

2024, we also continued practices that demonstrate good governance and careful stewardship of corporate assets, including:

personal benefits .

Our executive officers are eligible for the same benefits as our non-executive salaried employees,

and they do not receive any additional perquisites.

retirement benefits .

We do not provide our executive officers with a traditional retirement plan, or with any supplemental

deferred compensation or retirement benefits.

tax gross-ups .

We do not provide our executive officers with any tax gross-ups.

No single-trigger cash change in control benefits .

We do not provide cash benefits to, or accelerate the vesting of unvested equity grants issued to, our executives upon a change in control, absent an actual termination of employment.

At our annual meeting

in May 2022, we conducted our tri-annual advisory vote on executive compensation, commonly referred to as a “say-on-pay”

At that time, a majority of the votes affirmatively cast on the advisory say-on-pay proposal were voted in favor of the compensation

of our named executive officers.

The Compensation Committee understood this level of approval to indicate strong stockholder support

for our executive compensation policies and programs generally, and as a result, our Compensation Committee made no fundamental

changes to our executive compensation programs.

We will hold our next say-on-pay vote at the 2025 annual meeting.

Our Compensation

Committee and our Board will consider shareholder feedback through the say-on-pay vote and remains committed to engaging with shareholders

and are open to feedback from shareholders.

Summary Compensation Table

The following table

provides certain summary information concerning compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to our Chief Executive Officer, and

the two next most highly paid executive officers for fiscal years 2023 and 2022.

single-trigger cash change in control benefits .

We do not provide cash benefits to, or accelerate the vesting of unvested

equity grants issued to, our executives upon a change in control, absent an actual termination of employment.

our annual meeting in May 2022, we conducted our tri-annual advisory vote on executive compensation, commonly referred to as a

“say-on-pay” vote.

At that time, a majority of the votes affirmatively cast on the advisory say-on-pay proposal were

voted in favor of the compensation of our named executive officers.

The Compensation Committee understood this level of approval

to indicate strong stockholder support for our executive compensation policies and programs generally, and as a result, our Compensation

Committee made no fundamental changes to our executive compensation programs.

We will hold our next say-on-pay vote at the 2025

annual meeting.

Our Compensation Committee and our Board will consider shareholder feedback through the say-on-pay vote and remains

committed to engaging with shareholders and are open to feedback from shareholders.

Compensation Table

following table provides certain summary information concerning compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to our Chief Executive

Officer, and the two next most highly paid executive officers for fiscal years 2024 and 2023.

Name & Principal

10 unchanged sentences

Chief Medical Officer

Represents the aggregate grant date fair

value of options granted in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or

ASC, Topic 718, “Stock Compensation.” For the relevant assumptions used in determining these amounts, refer to Note

18 to our audited financial statements.

In lieu of a cash award, Dr.

Lederman’s bonus shall be paid in the form of a stock option award granted pursuant to the 2020 Plan, with 100% of such options vesting on the six-month anniversary of issuance, expiring 10 years from date of issuance and having an exercise price per share equal to the closing price of the Company’s common stock on February 27, 2024.

Grants of Plan-Based Awards in Fiscal 2023

The following table provides information

with regard to each grant of plan-based award made to a named executive officer under any plan during the fiscal year ended December

the aggregate grant date fair value of options granted in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting

Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 718, “Stock Compensation.” For the relevant assumptions used in determining

these amounts, refer to Note 18 to our audited financial statements.

of Plan-Based Awards in Fiscal 2024

following table provides information with regard to each grant of plan-based award made to a named executive officer under any

plan during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

All Other Option Awards:

5 unchanged sentences

Stock and Option Awards

Seth Lederman

Bradley Saenger

Jessica Morris

Gregory Sullivan

Represents the aggregate grant date fair value of options granted in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718.

Represents an exercise price at a 125% premium of the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date.

Outstanding Equity Awards at December 31, 2023

The following table

presents information regarding outstanding equity awards held by our named executive officers as of December 31, 2023.

(1) Represents

the aggregate grant date fair value of options granted in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718.

(2) Represents

an exercise price at a 125% premium of the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date.

and Practices Related to the Grant of Certain Equity Awards Close in Time to the Release of Material Nonpublic Information

do not have any formal policy that requires us to grant, or avoid granting, stock options at particular times.

Consistent with our annual

compensation cycle, if options are to be granted, the Compensation Committee generally seeks to grant annual stock option awards in connection

with their conducting and completing such annual review, which typically occurs in approximately February of each year.

Options are awarded

to our non-employee directors pursuant to our Amended and Restated 2020 Plan, which is awarded on the date of our annual meeting of stockholders.

The timing of any stock option grants in connection with new hires, promotions, or other non-routine grants may be tied to the event

giving rise to the award (such as an employee’s commencement of employment or promotion effective date), and in other cases such

grants may be awarded at the same time with other annual grants.

As a result, in all cases, the timing of grants of stock options occurs

independent of the release of any material nonpublic information, and we do not time the disclosure of material nonpublic information

for the purpose of affecting the value of executive compensation.

stock options were issued to executive officers in 2024 during any period beginning four business days before the filing of a periodic

report or current report disclosing material non-public information (other than a current report on Form 8-K disclosing a material new

option award grant under Item 5.02(e) of that form) and ending one business day after the filing or furnishing of such report with the

Equity Awards at December 31, 2024

following table presents information regarding outstanding equity awards held by our named executive officers as of December 31,

Unexercisable

Seth Lederman

$ 3,808,000,000.00

$ 3,219,200,000.00

$ 352,000,000.00

$ 217,600,000.00

$ 272,000,000.00

$ 12,096,000.00

$ 15,104,000.00

$ 13,120,000.00

$ 16,384,000.00

Jessica Morris

$ 3,808,000,000.00

$ 3,219,200,000.00

$ 352,000,000.00

$ 217,600,000.00

$ 272,000,000.00

$ 12,096,000.00

$ 15,104,000.00

$ 13,120,000.00

$ 16,384,000.00

Bradley Saenger

$ 3,808,000,000.00

$ 3,219,200,000.00

$ 1,548,800,000.00

$ 352,000,000.00

$ 217,600,000.00

$ 272,000,000.00

$ 12,096,000.00

$ 15,104,000.00

$ 13,120,000.00

$ 16,384,000.00

Gregory Sullivan

The shares subject to this stock option vest 1/3rd upon the date(s) that certain stock price goals are achieved.

The stock price goals are such date(s) when the Company’s common stock has an average closing sales price equal to or exceeding each of $1,200,000.00, $1,400,000.00 and $1,600,000.00 per share for 20 consecutive trading days, subject to a one year minimum service period prior to vesting.

The shares subject to this stock option vested as to 1/3 of the shares on February 23, 2022, with the remaining shares vesting on an equal monthly basis over the following 24 months.

The shares subject to this stock option vested as to 10% of the shares on February 15, 2023, 10% of the shares on February 15, 2024, 40% of the shares on February 15, 2025 and 40% of the shares on February 15, 2026.

The shares subject to this stock option vested as to 1/3 of the shares on February 23, 2024, with the remaining shares vesting on an equal monthly basis over the following 24 months.

Option Exercises and Stock Vested

No options were exercised by any of the

named executive officers and no named executive officers held restricted stock units during the fiscal year ended December 31,

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table provides certain information

with respect to our equity compensation plans in effect as of December 31, 2023.

Plan Category

$ 3,808,000,000.00

$ 3,219,200,000.00

$ 352,000,000.00

$ 217,600,000.00

$ 272,000,000.00

$ 12,096,000.00

$ 15,104,000.00

$ 13,120,000.00

$ 16,384,000.00

shares subject to this stock option vest 1/3rd upon the date(s) that certain stock price goals are achieved.

The stock price

goals are such date(s) when the Company’s common stock has an average closing sales price equal to or exceeding each

of $3,840,000,000.00, $4,480,000,000.00 and $5,120,000,000.00 per share for 20 consecutive trading days, subject to a one

year minimum service period prior to vesting.

shares subject to this stock option vested as to 10% of the shares on February 15, 2023, 10% of the shares on February 15,

2024, 40% of the shares on February 15, 2025 and 40% of the shares on February 15, 2026.

shares subject to this stock option vested as to 1/3 of the shares on February 23, 2024, with the remaining shares vesting

on an equal monthly basis over the following 24 months.

shares subject to this stock option were in lieu of a cash award, Dr.

Lederman’s bonus shall be paid in the form of

a stock option award granted pursuant to the 2020 Plan, with 100% of such options vesting on the six-month anniversary of

issuance, expiring 10 years from date of issuance and having an exercise price per share equal to the closing price of the

Company’s common stock on February 27, 2024.

shares subject to this stock option vested as to 1/3 of the shares on February 23, 2025, with the remaining shares vesting

on an equal monthly basis over the following 24 months.

Exercises and Stock Vested

options were exercised by any of the named executive officers and no named executive officers held restricted stock units during

the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

Compensation Plan Information

following table provides certain information with respect to our equity compensation plans in effect as of December 31, 2024.

securities to be

4 unchanged sentences

column A) (2) (C)

Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (1)

Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders

Consists of the Company’s 2012 Amended and Restated Incentive Stock Option Plan, the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2016 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2017 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, the 2019 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2020 Stock Incentive Plan, the Amended and Restated 2020 Stock Incentive Plan and the 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, the 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, and the 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”).

Consists of shares available for future issuance under the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan and our ESPP.

As of December 31, 2023, 1,071,599 shares of common stock were available for issuance under the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan and 733,641 shares of common stock were available for issuance under the ESPP.

Employment Contracts and Termination of Employment and Change-In-Control

Employment Agreement with Seth Lederman

On February 11, 2014,

the Company entered into an employment agreement (the “Lederman Agreement”) with Dr.

Seth Lederman to continue to serve

as our President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board.

The base salary for Dr.

under the Lederman Agreement was $425,000 per annum and as of January 1, 2024, the base salary is $675,000.

The Lederman Agreement

has an initial term of one year and automatically renews for successive one year terms unless either party delivers written notice not

to renew at least 60 days prior to the end of the current term.

Pursuant to the Lederman Agreement,

if the Company terminates Dr.

Lederman’s employment without Cause (as defined in the Lederman Agreement) or Dr.

Lederman resigns

for Good Reason (as defined in the Lederman Agreement), Dr.

Lederman is entitled to the following payments and benefits:

fully earned but unpaid base salary through the date of termination at the rate then in effect, plus all other benefits, if any, under

any group retirement plan, nonqualified deferred compensation plan, equity award plan or agreement, health benefits plan or other group

benefit plan to which Dr.

Lederman may be entitled to under the terms of such plans or agreements;

(2) a lump sum cash payment in

an amount equal to 12 months of his base salary as in effect immediately prior to the date of termination;

(3) continuation

of health benefits for Dr.

Lederman and his eligible dependents for a period of 12 months following the date of termination;

(4) the automatic acceleration of the vesting and exercisability of outstanding unvested stock awards as to the number of stock awards

that would have vested over the 12-month period following termination had Dr.

Lederman remained continuously employed by the Company during

Pursuant to the Lederman Agreement,

Lederman’s employment is terminated as a result of death or permanent disability, Dr.

Lederman or his estate, as applicable,

is entitled to the following payments and benefits:

(1) his fully earned but unpaid base salary through the date of termination at

the rate then in effect;

(2) a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to six months of his base salary as in effect immediately

compensation plans approved by security holders (1)

27,540,609.31

compensation plans not approved by security holders

27,540,609.31

of the Company’s 2012 Amended and Restated Incentive Stock Option Plan, the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2016 Stock

Incentive Plan, the 2017 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, the 2019 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2020 Stock

Incentive Plan, the Amended and Restated 2020 Stock Incentive Plan and the 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, the 2020 Employee

Stock Purchase Plan, and the 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”).

Consists of shares available for future issuance

under the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan and our ESPP.

As of December 31, 2023, 0 shares of common stock were available for issuance

under the Amended and Restated 2020 Plan and 159 shares of common stock were available for issuance under the ESPP.

Contracts and Termination of Employment and Change-In-Control Arrangements

Agreement with Seth Lederman

February 11, 2014, the Company entered into an employment agreement (the “Lederman Agreement”) with Dr.

Seth Lederman

to continue to serve as our President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board.

base salary for Dr.

Lederman under the Lederman Agreement was $425,000 per annum and as of March 1, 2025, the base salary is $702,000.

Lederman Agreement has an initial term of one year and automatically renews for successive one year terms unless either party

delivers written notice not to renew at least 60 days prior to the end of the current term.

to the Lederman Agreement, if the Company terminates Dr.

Lederman’s employment without Cause (as defined in the Lederman

Agreement) or Dr.

Lederman resigns for Good Reason (as defined in the Lederman Agreement), Dr.

Lederman is entitled to the following

payments and benefits:

(1) his fully earned but unpaid base salary through the date of termination at the rate then in effect,

plus all other benefits, if any, under any group retirement plan, nonqualified deferred compensation plan, equity award plan or

agreement, health benefits plan or other group benefit plan to which Dr.

Lederman may be entitled to under the terms of such plans

or agreements;

(2) a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to 12 months of his base salary as in effect immediately

prior to the date of termination;

and (3) the automatic acceleration of the vesting and exercisability of outstanding unvested stock

Lederman is terminated

without Cause or resigns for Good Reason during the period commencing 90 days prior to a Change in Control (as defined below) or

12 months following a Change in Control, Dr.

Lederman shall be entitled to receive, in lieu of the severance benefits described

above, the following payments and benefits:

(1) a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to 36 months of his base salary

as in effect immediately prior to the date of termination, except that, if and while Dr.

Lederman is still entitled to the Sale Bonus

(as defined below), it will only be 18 months;

(3) continuation of health benefits for Dr.

Lederman and his eligible dependents

for a period of 24 months following the date of termination, except that, if and while Dr.

Lederman is still entitled to the Sale

Bonus it will only be 12 months;

and (3) the automatic acceleration of the vesting and exercisability of outstanding unvested stock

If during the term

of the Lederman Agreement or within 120 days after Dr.

Lederman is terminated without Cause or resigns for Good Reason, following

a Change in Control, the Company consummates a Change in Control transaction in which the Enterprise Value (as defined below) equals

or exceeds $50 million, Dr.

Lederman shall be entitled to receive a lump sum payment equal to 4.4% of the Enterprise Value (the

“Sale Bonus”).

The Sale Bonus provision of the Lederman Agreement will terminate upon the Company granting

Lederman and his eligible dependents for a

period of 12 months following the date of termination;

and (4) the automatic acceleration of the vesting and exercisability

of outstanding unvested stock awards as to the number of stock awards that would have vested over the 12-month period following

termination had Dr.

Lederman remained continuously employed by the Company during such period.

to the Lederman Agreement, if Dr.

Lederman’s employment is terminated as a result of death or permanent disability, Dr.

Lederman or his estate, as applicable, is entitled to the following payments and benefits:

(1) his fully earned but unpaid

base salary through the date of termination at the rate then in effect;

(2) a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to

six months of his base salary as in effect immediately prior to the date of termination;

and (3) the automatic acceleration

of the vesting and exercisability of outstanding unvested stock awards.

Lederman is terminated without Cause or resigns for Good Reason during the period commencing 90 days prior to a Change

in Control (as defined below) or 12 months following a Change in Control, Dr.

Lederman shall be entitled to receive, in lieu

of the severance benefits described above, the following payments and benefits:

(1) a lump sum cash payment in an amount

equal to 36 months of his base salary as in effect immediately prior to the date of termination, except that, if and while

Lederman is still entitled to the Sale Bonus (as defined below), it will only be 18 months;

(2) continuation of health

benefits for Dr.

Lederman and his eligible dependents for a period of 24 months following the date of termination, except

that, if and while Dr.

Lederman is still entitled to the Sale Bonus it will only be 12 months;

and (3) the automatic acceleration

of the vesting and exercisability of outstanding unvested stock awards.

during the term of the Lederman Agreement or within 120 days after Dr.

Lederman is terminated without Cause or resigns for Good

Reason, following a Change in Control, the Company consummates a Change in Control transaction in which the Enterprise Value (as

defined below) equals or exceeds $50 million, Dr.

Lederman shall be entitled to receive a lump sum payment equal to 4.4% of the

Enterprise Value (the “Sale Bonus”).

The Sale Bonus provision of the Lederman Agreement will terminate

upon the Company granting Dr.

Lederman long-term incentive compensation mutually agreed to by the Board and Dr.

For purposes of the Lederman

Agreement, “Cause” generally means (1) commission of an act of fraud, embezzlement or dishonesty or some other

illegal act that has a demonstrable material adverse impact on the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company, (2) conviction

of, or entry into a plea of “guilty” or “no contest” to, a felony, (3) unauthorized use or disclosure

of the Company’s confidential information or trade secrets or any successor or affiliate of the Company that has, or may

reasonably be expected to have, a material adverse impact on any such entity;

(4) gross negligence, failure to follow a material,

lawful and reasonable request of the Board or material violation of any duty of loyalty to the Company or any successor or affiliate

of the Company, or any other demonstrable material willful misconduct by Dr.

Lederman, (5) ongoing and repeated failure or

refusal to perform or neglect of his duties as required by his employment agreement, which failure, refusal or neglect continues

for 30 days following Dr.

Lederman’s receipt of written notice from the Board stating with specificity the nature of

such failure, refusal or neglect, provided that such failure to perform is not as a result of illness, injury or medical incapacity,

or (6) material breach of any Company policy or any material provision of the Lederman Agreement.

For purposes of the Lederman

Agreement, “Good Reason” generally means (1) a material diminution in Dr.

Lederman’s title, authority, duties

or responsibilities, (2) a material diminution in Dr.

Lederman’s base compensation, unless such a reduction is imposed

across-the-board to the Company’s senior management, and such reduction is not greater than 15%, (3) a material change

in the geographic location at which Dr.

Lederman must perform his duties, (4) any other action or inaction that constitutes

a material breach by the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company’s obligations to Dr.

Lederman under the Lederman

Agreement, or (5) the Company elects not to renew the Lederman Agreement for another term.

For purposes of the Lederman

Agreement, “Change in Control” generally means:

A transaction or series of transactions (other than public offerings) that results in any person or entity or related group of persons or entities (other than the Company, its subsidiaries, an employee benefit plan maintained by the Company or any of its subsidiaries or a person or entity that, prior to such transaction, directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, the Company) of beneficial ownership (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act) of more than 40% of the total combined voting power of the Company’s securities outstanding immediately after such acquisition;

(1) a merger, consolidation, reorganization, or business combination or (2) the sale, exchange or transfer of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets in any single transaction or series of transactions or (3) the acquisition of assets or stock of another entity, in each case other than a transaction:

which results in the Company’s voting securities outstanding immediately before the transaction continuing to represent, directly or indirectly, at least 60% of the combined voting power of the successor entity’s outstanding voting securities immediately after the transaction, and

after which no person or group beneficially owns voting securities representing 40% or more of the combined voting power of the Company or its successor;

provided, however, that no person or group is treated as beneficially owning 40% or more of combined voting power of the Company or its successor solely as a result of the voting power held in the Company prior to the consummation of the transaction.

For purposes of the Lederman

Agreement, “Enterprise Value” generally means (1) in a Change in Control in which consideration is received by the

Company, the total cash and non-cash consideration, including debt assumed, received by the Company, net of any fees and expenses

in connection with the transaction and (2) in a Change in Control in which consideration is payable to the stockholders of the

Company, the total cash and non-cash consideration, including debt assumed, payable to the Company’s stockholders net of

any fees and expenses in connection with the transaction.

Enterprise Value also includes any cash or non-cash consideration

payable to the Company or to the Company’s stockholders on a contingent, earnout or deferred basis.

Employment Agreement with Gregory Sullivan

On June 3, 2014, the

Company entered into an employment agreement (the “Sullivan Agreement”) with Dr.

Gregory Sullivan to serve as our Chief

Medical Officer.

purposes of the Lederman Agreement, “Cause” generally means (1) commission of an act of fraud, embezzlement

or dishonesty or some other illegal act that has a demonstrable material adverse impact on the Company or any successor or affiliate

of the Company, (2) conviction of, or entry into a plea of “guilty” or “no contest” to, a felony,

(3) unauthorized use or disclosure of the Company’s confidential information or trade secrets or any successor or affiliate

of the Company that has, or may reasonably be expected to have, a material adverse impact on any such entity;

(4) gross negligence,

failure to follow a material, lawful and reasonable request of the Board or material violation of any duty of loyalty to the Company

or any successor or affiliate of the Company, or any other demonstrable material willful misconduct by Dr.

Lederman, (5) ongoing

and repeated failure or refusal to perform or neglect of his duties as required by his employment agreement, which failure, refusal

or neglect continues for 30 days following Dr.

Lederman’s receipt of written notice from the Board stating with specificity

the nature of such failure, refusal or neglect, provided that such failure to perform is not as a result of illness, injury or

medical incapacity, or (6) material breach of any Company policy or any material provision of the Lederman Agreement.

purposes of the Lederman Agreement, “Good Reason” generally means (1) a material diminution in Dr.

title, authority, duties or responsibilities, (2) a material diminution in Dr.

Lederman’s base compensation, unless

such a reduction is imposed across-the-board to the Company’s senior management, and such reduction is not greater than

15%, (3) a material change in the geographic location at which Dr.

Lederman must perform his duties, (4) any other action

or inaction that constitutes a material breach by the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company’s obligations

Lederman under the Lederman Agreement, or (5) the Company elects not to renew the Lederman Agreement for

another term.

purposes of the Lederman Agreement, “Change in Control” generally means:

A transaction

or series of transactions (other than public offerings) that results in any person or entity or related group of persons or

entities (other than the Company, its subsidiaries, an employee benefit plan maintained by the Company or any of its subsidiaries

or a person or entity that, prior to such transaction, directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under common

control with, the Company) of beneficial ownership (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act) of more than

40% of the total combined voting power of the Company’s securities outstanding immediately after such acquisition;

a merger, consolidation, reorganization, or business combination or (2) the sale, exchange or transfer of all or substantially

all of the Company’s assets in any single transaction or series of transactions or (3) the acquisition of assets

or stock of another entity, in each case other than a transaction:

results in the Company’s voting securities outstanding immediately before the transaction continuing to represent, directly

or indirectly, at least 60% of the combined voting power of the successor entity’s outstanding voting securities immediately

after the transaction, and

which no person or group beneficially owns voting securities representing 40% or more of the combined voting power of the

Company or its successor;

provided, however, that no person or group is treated as beneficially owning 40% or more of combined

voting power of the Company or its successor solely as a result of the voting power held in the Company prior to the consummation

of the transaction.

purposes of the Lederman Agreement, “Enterprise Value” generally means (1) in a Change in Control in which consideration

is received by the Company, the total cash and non-cash consideration, including debt assumed, received by the Company, net of

any fees and expenses in connection with the transaction and (2) in a Change in Control in which consideration is payable to the

stockholders of the Company, the total cash and non-cash consideration, including debt assumed, payable to the Company’s

stockholders net of any fees and expenses in connection with the transaction.

Enterprise Value also includes any cash

or non-cash consideration payable to the Company or to the Company’s stockholders on a contingent, earnout or deferred basis.

Agreement with Gregory Sullivan

June 3, 2014, the Company entered into an employment agreement (the “Sullivan Agreement”) with Dr.

Gregory Sullivan

to serve as our Chief Medical Officer.

The base salary for Dr.

Sullivan under the Sullivan Agreement was $225,000 per annum and as of January

1, 2024, the base salary is $499,200.

The Sullivan Agreement had an initial term of one year and automatically renews

for successive one year terms unless either party delivers written notice not to renew at least 60 days prior to the end of the

current term.

Pursuant to the Sullivan

Agreement, if the Company terminates Dr.

Sullivan’s employment without Cause (as defined below) or Executive resigns for

Good Reason (as defined below), Dr.

Sullivan under the Sullivan Agreement was $225,000 per

annum and as of March 1, 2025, the base salary is $519,168.

The Sullivan Agreement had an initial term of one year

and automatically renews for successive one year terms unless either party delivers written notice not to renew at least 60 days

prior to the end of the current term.

to the Sullivan Agreement, if the Company terminates Dr.

Sullivan’s employment without Cause (as defined below) or Executive

resigns for Good Reason (as defined below), Dr.

Sullivan is entitled to the following payments and benefits:

(1) his fully earned but

unpaid base salary through the date of termination at the rate then in effect, plus all other benefits, if any, under any

group retirement plan, nonqualified deferred compensation plan, equity award plan or agreement, health benefits plan or other group

benefit plan to which Dr.

(1) his fully

earned but unpaid base salary through the date of termination at the rate then in effect, plus all other benefits, if any, under any

group retirement plan, nonqualified deferred compensation plan, equity award plan or agreement, health benefits plan or other

group benefit plan to which Dr.

Sullivan may be entitled to under the terms of such plans or agreements;

(2) a lump sum cash payment

in an amount equal to 12 months of his base salary as in effect immediately prior to the date of termination;

(2) a lump sum cash

payment in an amount equal to 12 months of his base salary as in effect immediately prior to the date of termination;

(3) continuation

5 unchanged sentences

by the Company during such period.

Pursuant to the Sullivan

Agreement, if Dr.

to the Sullivan Agreement, if Dr.

Sullivan’s employment is terminated as a result of death or permanent disability, Dr.

Sullivan or his estate,

as applicable, is entitled to his fully earned but unpaid base salary through the end of the month in which termination occurs at the

rate then in effect.

For purposes of the Sullivan

Agreement, “Cause” generally means (1) commission of an act of fraud, embezzlement or dishonesty or some other

illegal act that has a demonstrable material adverse impact on the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company, (2) conviction

of, or entry into a plea of “guilty” or “no contest” to, a felony, (3) unauthorized use or disclosure

of the Company’s confidential information or trade secrets or any successor or affiliate of the Company that has, or may

reasonably be expected to have, a material adverse impact on any such entity, (4) gross negligence, failure to follow a material,

lawful and reasonable request of the Company or material violation of any duty of loyalty to the Company or any successor or affiliate

of the Company, or any other demonstrable material misconduct by Dr.

Sullivan, (5) ongoing and repeated failure or refusal

to perform or neglect of his duties as required by his employment agreement, which failure, refusal or neglect continues for 30 days

following Dr.

Sullivan’s receipt of written notice from the Company stating with specificity the nature of such failure,

refusal or neglect, or (6) material breach of any Company policy or any material provision of the Sullivan Agreement.

For purposes of the Sullivan

Agreement, “Good Reason” generally means (1) a material diminution in Dr.

Sullivan’s title, authority, duties

or responsibilities, (2) a material diminution in the executive officer’s base compensation, unless such a reduction

is imposed across-the-board to the Company’s senior management and such reduction is not greater than 15%, (3) a material

change in the geographic location at which the executive officer must perform his duties, (4) any other action or inaction

that constitutes a material breach by the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company’s obligations to Dr.

under the Agreement, or (5) the Company elects not to renew the Agreement for another term.

Employment Agreement with Bradley Saenger

On February 23, 2021, the

Company entered into an employment agreement (the “Saenger Agreement”) with Mr.

Bradley Saenger to serve as our Chief Financial

Sullivan or his estate, as applicable, is entitled to his fully earned but unpaid base salary through the end of the month in

which termination occurs at the rate then in effect.

purposes of the Sullivan Agreement, “Cause” generally means (1) commission of an act of fraud, embezzlement

or dishonesty or some other illegal act that has a demonstrable material adverse impact on the Company or any successor or affiliate

of the Company, (2) conviction of, or entry into a plea of “guilty” or “no contest” to, a felony,

(3) unauthorized use or disclosure of the Company’s confidential information or trade secrets or any successor or affiliate

of the Company that has, or may reasonably be expected to have, a material adverse impact on any such entity, (4) gross negligence,

failure to follow a material, lawful and reasonable request of the Company or material violation of any duty of loyalty to the

Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company, or any other demonstrable material misconduct by Dr.

Sullivan, (5) ongoing

and repeated failure or refusal to perform or neglect of his duties as required by his employment agreement, which failure, refusal

or neglect continues for 30 days following Dr.

Sullivan’s receipt of written notice from the Company stating with specificity

the nature of such failure, refusal or neglect, or (6) material breach of any Company policy or any material provision of

the Sullivan Agreement.

purposes of the Sullivan Agreement, “Good Reason” generally means (1) a material diminution in Dr.

title, authority, duties or responsibilities, (2) a material diminution in the executive officer’s base compensation,

unless such a reduction is imposed across-the-board to the Company’s senior management and such reduction is not greater

than 15%, (3) a material change in the geographic location at which the executive officer must perform his duties, (4) any

other action or inaction that constitutes a material breach by the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company’s

obligations to Dr.

Sullivan under the Agreement, or (5) the Company elects not to renew the Agreement for another

Agreement with Bradley Saenger

February 23, 2021, the Company entered into an employment agreement (the “Saenger Agreement”) with Mr.

Bradley Saenger

to serve as our Chief Financial Officer.

The base salary for Mr.

Saenger under the Saenger Agreement was $483,600 per annum as of January 1, 2024.

Saenger Agreement has an initial term of one year and automatically renews for successive one year terms unless either party delivers

written notice not to renew at least 60 days prior to the end of the current term.

Pursuant to the Saenger Agreement,

if the Company terminates Mr.

Saenger’s employment without Cause (as defined below) or Executive resigns for Good Reason (as defined

Saenger under the Saenger Agreement was $502,944 per

annum as of March 1, 2025.

The Saenger Agreement has an initial term of one year and automatically renews for successive

one year terms unless either party delivers written notice not to renew at least 60 days prior to the end of the current term.

to the Saenger Agreement, if the Company terminates Mr.

Saenger’s employment without Cause (as defined below) or Executive

resigns for Good Reason (as defined below), Mr.

Saenger is entitled to the following payments and benefits:

(1) his fully earned but unpaid base salary through the

date of termination at the rate then in effect, plus all other benefits, if any, under any group retirement plan, nonqualified deferred

compensation plan, equity award plan or agreement, health benefits plan or other group benefit plan to which Mr.

Saenger may be entitled

to under the terms of such plans or agreements;

(2) a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to 12 months of his base salary

as in effect immediately prior to the date of termination;

(3) continuation of health benefits for Mr.

Saenger and his eligible

dependents for a period of 12 months following the date of termination;

and (4) the automatic acceleration of the vesting and

exercisability of outstanding unvested stock awards as to the number of stock awards that would have vested over the 12-month period

following termination had Mr.

Saenger remained continuously employed by the Company during such period.

Pursuant to the Saenger Agreement,

(1) his fully

earned but unpaid base salary through the date of termination at the rate then in effect, plus all other benefits, if any, under any

group retirement plan, nonqualified deferred compensation plan, equity award plan or agreement, health benefits plan or other

group benefit plan to which Mr.

Saenger may be entitled to under the terms of such plans or agreements;

(2) a lump sum cash

payment in an amount equal to 12 months of his base salary as in effect immediately prior to the date of termination;

(3) continuation

of health benefits for Mr.

Saenger and his eligible dependents for a period of 12 months following the date of termination;

and (4) the automatic acceleration of the vesting and exercisability of outstanding unvested stock awards as to the number

of stock awards that would have vested over the 12-month period following termination had Mr.

Saenger remained continuously employed

by the Company during such period.

to the Saenger Agreement, if Mr.

Saenger’s employment is terminated as a result of death or permanent disability, Mr.

Saenger or his estate, as applicable,

is entitled to his fully earned but unpaid base salary through the end of the month in which termination occurs at the rate then in effect.

For purposes of the Saenger

Agreement, “Cause” generally means (1) commission of an act of fraud, embezzlement or dishonesty or some other

illegal act that has a demonstrable material adverse impact on the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company, (2) conviction

of, or entry into a plea of “guilty” or “no contest” to, a felony, (3) unauthorized use or disclosure

of the Company’s confidential information or trade secrets or any successor or affiliate of the Company that has, or may

reasonably be expected to have, a material adverse impact on any such entity, (4) gross negligence, failure to follow a material,

lawful and reasonable request of the Company or material violation of any duty of loyalty to the Company or any successor or affiliate

of the Company, or any other demonstrable material misconduct by Mr.

Saenger, (5) ongoing and repeated failure or refusal

to perform or neglect of his duties as required by his employment agreement, which failure, refusal or neglect continues for 30 days

following Mr.

Saenger’s receipt of written notice from the Company stating with specificity the nature of such failure, refusal

or neglect, or (6) material breach of any Company policy or any material provision of the Saenger Agreement.

For purposes of the Saenger

Agreement, “Good Reason” generally means (1) a material diminution in Mr.

Saenger’s title, authority, duties

or responsibilities, (2) a material diminution in the executive officer’s base compensation, unless such a reduction

is imposed across-the-board to the Company’s senior management and such reduction is not greater than 15%, (3) a material

change in the geographic location at which the executive officer must perform his duties, (4) any other action or inaction

that constitutes a material breach by the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company’s obligations to Mr.

under the Agreement, or (5) the Company elects not to renew the Agreement for another term.

Employment Agreement with Jessica Morris

On February 23, 2021, the

Company entered into an employment agreement (the “Morris Agreement”) with Ms.

Jessica Morris to serve as our Chief Operating

or his estate, as applicable, is entitled to his fully earned but unpaid base salary through the end of the month in which termination

occurs at the rate then in effect.

purposes of the Saenger Agreement, “Cause” generally means (1) commission of an act of fraud, embezzlement

or dishonesty or some other illegal act that has a demonstrable material adverse impact on the Company or any successor or affiliate

of the Company, (2) conviction of, or entry into a plea of “guilty” or “no contest” to, a felony,

(3) unauthorized use or disclosure of the Company’s confidential information or trade secrets or any successor or affiliate

of the Company that has, or may reasonably be expected to have, a material adverse impact on any such entity, (4) gross negligence,

failure to follow a material, lawful and reasonable request of the Company or material violation of any duty of loyalty to the

Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company, or any other demonstrable material misconduct by Mr.

Saenger, (5) ongoing

and repeated failure or refusal to perform or neglect of his duties as required by his employment agreement, which failure, refusal

or neglect continues for 30 days following Mr.

Saenger’s receipt of written notice from the Company stating with specificity

the nature of such failure, refusal or neglect, or (6) material breach of any Company policy or any material provision of

the Saenger Agreement.

purposes of the Saenger Agreement, “Good Reason” generally means (1) a material diminution in Mr.

title, authority, duties or responsibilities, (2) a material diminution in the executive officer’s base compensation,

unless such a reduction is imposed across-the-board to the Company’s senior management and such reduction is not greater

than 15%, (3) a material change in the geographic location at which the executive officer must perform his duties, (4) any

other action or inaction that constitutes a material breach by the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company’s

obligations to Mr.

Saenger under the Agreement, or (5) the Company elects not to renew the Agreement for another

Agreement with Jessica Morris

On February 23, 2021, the Company entered into an employment agreement

(the “Morris Agreement”) with Ms.

Jessica Morris to serve as our Chief Operating Officer.

The base salary for Ms.

Morris under the Morris Agreement was $494,000 per annum as of January 1, 2024.

Morris Agreement has an initial term of one year and automatically renews for successive one year terms unless either party delivers written

notice not to renew at least 60 days prior to the end of the current term.

Pursuant to the Morris Agreement,

if the Company terminates Ms.

Morris’s employment without Cause (as defined below) or Executive resigns for Good Reason (as defined

Morris under the Morris Agreement was $522,912 per annum as of March 1, 2025.

The Morris Agreement has an initial term of one

year and automatically renews for successive one year terms unless either party delivers written notice not to renew at least 60 days

prior to the end of the current term.

to the Morris Agreement, if the Company terminates Ms.

Morris’s employment without Cause (as defined below) or Executive

resigns for Good Reason (as defined below), Ms.

Morris is entitled to the following payments and benefits:

(1) her fully earned but unpaid base salary through the date

of termination at the rate then in effect, plus all other benefits, if any, under any group retirement plan, nonqualified deferred

compensation plan, equity award plan or agreement, health benefits plan or other group benefit plan to which Ms.

Morris may be entitled

to under the terms of such plans or agreements;

(2) a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to 12 months of her base salary

as in effect immediately prior to the date of termination;

(3) continuation of health benefits for Ms.

Morris and her eligible dependents

for a period of 12 months following the date of termination;

and (4) the automatic acceleration of the vesting and exercisability

of outstanding unvested stock awards as to the number of stock awards that would have vested over the 12-month period following termination

Morris remained continuously employed by the Company during such period.

Pursuant to the Morris Agreement,

(1) her fully

earned but unpaid base salary through the date of termination at the rate then in effect, plus all other benefits, if any, under any

group retirement plan, nonqualified deferred compensation plan, equity award plan or agreement, health benefits plan or other

group benefit plan to which Ms.

Morris may be entitled to under the terms of such plans or agreements;

(2) a lump sum cash

payment in an amount equal to 12 months of her base salary as in effect immediately prior to the date of termination;

(3) continuation

of health benefits for Ms.

Morris and her eligible dependents for a period of 12 months following the date of termination;

and (4) the automatic acceleration of the vesting and exercisability of outstanding unvested stock awards as to the number

of stock awards that would have vested over the 12-month period following termination had Ms.

Morris remained continuously employed

by the Company during such period.

to the Morris Agreement, if Ms.

Morris’s employment is terminated as a result of death or permanent disability, Ms.

Morris or her estate, as applicable,

is entitled to her fully earned but unpaid base salary through the end of the month in which termination occurs at the rate then in effect.

For purposes of the Morris

Agreement, “Cause” generally means (1) commission of an act of fraud, embezzlement or dishonesty or some other

illegal act that has a demonstrable material adverse impact on the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company, (2) conviction

of, or entry into a plea of “guilty” or “no contest” to, a felony, (3) unauthorized use or disclosure

of the Company’s confidential information or trade secrets or any successor or affiliate of the Company that has, or may

reasonably be expected to have, a material adverse impact on any such entity, (4) gross negligence, failure to follow a material,

lawful and reasonable request of the Company or material violation of any duty of loyalty to the Company or any successor or affiliate

of the Company, or any other demonstrable material misconduct by Ms.

Morris, (5) ongoing and repeated failure or refusal to

perform or neglect of her duties as required by her employment agreement, which failure, refusal or neglect continues for 30 days

following Ms.

Morris’s receipt of written notice from the Company stating with specificity the nature of such failure, refusal

or neglect, or (6) material breach of any Company policy or any material provision of the Morris Agreement.

For purposes of the Morris

Agreement, “Good Reason” generally means (1) a material diminution in Ms.

Morris’s title, authority, duties

or responsibilities, (2) a material diminution in the executive officer’s base compensation, unless such a reduction

is imposed across-the-board to the Company’s senior management and such reduction is not greater than 15%, (3) a material

change in the geographic location at which the executive officer must perform her duties, (4) any other action or inaction

that constitutes a material breach by the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company’s obligations to Ms.

under the Agreement, or (5) the Company elects not to renew the Agreement for another term.

Directors Compensation Table

or her estate, as applicable, is entitled to her fully earned but unpaid base salary through the end of the month in which termination

occurs at the rate then in effect.

purposes of the Morris Agreement, “Cause” generally means (1) commission of an act of fraud, embezzlement

or dishonesty or some other illegal act that has a demonstrable material adverse impact on the Company or any successor or affiliate

of the Company, (2) conviction of, or entry into a plea of “guilty” or “no contest” to, a felony,

(3) unauthorized use or disclosure of the Company’s confidential information or trade secrets or any successor or affiliate

of the Company that has, or may reasonably be expected to have, a material adverse impact on any such entity, (4) gross negligence,

failure to follow a material, lawful and reasonable request of the Company or material violation of any duty of loyalty to the

Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company, or any other demonstrable material misconduct by Ms.

Morris, (5) ongoing

and repeated failure or refusal to perform or neglect of her duties as required by her employment agreement, which failure, refusal

or neglect continues for 30 days following Ms.

Morris’s receipt of written notice from the Company stating with specificity

the nature of such failure, refusal or neglect, or (6) material breach of any Company policy or any material provision of

the Morris Agreement.

purposes of the Morris Agreement, “Good Reason” generally means (1) a material diminution in Ms.

title, authority, duties or responsibilities, (2) a material diminution in the executive officer’s base compensation,

unless such a reduction is imposed across-the-board to the Company’s senior management and such reduction is not greater

than 15%, (3) a material change in the geographic location at which the executive officer must perform her duties, (4) any

other action or inaction that constitutes a material breach by the Company or any successor or affiliate of the Company’s

obligations to Ms.

Morris under the Agreement, or (5) the Company elects not to renew the Agreement for another

Compensation Table

of our non-employee directors, other than the lead director, receives an annual cash retainer of $55,000;

14 unchanged sentences

James Treco (3)

Represents the aggregate grant date fair value of stock options granted in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718.

For the relevant assumptions used in determining these amounts, refer to Note 14 to our audited financial statements.

These amounts do not necessarily correspond to the actual value that may be recognized from the stock option grant.

Represents the aggregate

grant date fair value of stock options granted in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718.

For the relevant assumptions used in

determining these amounts, refer to Note 14 to our audited financial statements.

These amounts do not necessarily correspond

to the actual value that may be recognized from the stock option grant.

The aggregate number of shares of common stock underlying stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2024 held by the directors was 33.

Treco received additional cash compensation for serving as lead director.

ITEM 12 - SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF

CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The following table

sets forth certain information regarding beneficial ownership of our common stock as of March 27, 2024:

by each person who is known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of our common stock;

by each of our officers and directors;

by all of our officers and directors as a group.

Unless otherwise indicated

in the footnotes to the following table, each person named in the table has sole voting and investment power and that person’s

address is c/o Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., 26 Main Street, Suite 101, Chatham, New Jersey 07928.

NAME OF OWNER

TITLE OF CLASS

PERCENTAGE OF

Sabby Management, LLC

12 – SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

following table sets forth certain information regarding beneficial ownership of our common stock as of March 14, 2025:

by each person who

is known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of our common stock;

by each of our officers

and directors;

by all of our officers

and directors as a group.

otherwise indicated in the footnotes to the following table, each person named in the table has sole voting and investment power

and that person’s address is c/o Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., 26 Main Street, Suite 101, Chatham, New Jersey 07928.

Directors and Executive Officers

10 unchanged sentences

Denotes less than 1%

(2) Percentage based upon 80,882,754 shares of common stock issued and

outstanding as of March 27, 2024, including 7,158,558 shares underlying prefunded warrants.

(3) Based solely on a Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on January

3, 2024, by Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund Ltd., Sabby Management LLC and Hal Mintz share voting and dispositive power over

these shares.

The mailing address for Sabby Management, LLC and Mr.

Mintz is 115 Hidden Hills Drive, Spicewood TX 78669.

address for Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund Ltd.

is 89 Nexus Way, Camana Bay, Grand Cayman KY1-9007, Cayman Islands.

(4) Includes 171,557 shares of common

stock underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days, 2 shares of common stock owned

by Lederman & Co, 1 share of common stock owned by L&L, 1 share of common stock owned by Targent, 1 share of common stock

owned by Leder Laboratories, Inc.

(Leder Labs), 1 share of common stock owned by Starling, 3,878 shares owned through an IRA account

and 1 share owned by Dr.

Lederman’s spouse.

Seth Lederman, as the Managing Member of Lederman & Co and Targent, the

Manager of L&L and the Chairman of Leder Labs and Starling, has investment and voting control over the shares held by these

(5) Includes 42,630 shares of common stock

underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days.

(6) Includes 40,148 shares of common stock

underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days.

(7) Includes 48,419 shares of common stock

underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days.

(8) Includes 21,957 shares of common stock

underlying options and restricted stock units which are currently exercisable or vested or become exercisable within 60 days.

(9) Includes 22,009 shares of common stock

underlying options and restricted stock units which are currently exercisable or vested or become exercisable within 60 days.

(10) Includes 22,008 shares of common

stock underlying options and restricted stock units which are currently exercisable or vested or become exercisable within 60

(11) Includes 22,005 shares of common

stock underlying options and restricted stock units which are currently exercisable or vested or become exercisable within 60

(12) Includes 22,880 shares of common

stock underlying options and restricted stock units which are currently exercisable or vested or become exercisable within 60

(13) Includes 21,446 shares of common

stock underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days

(14) Includes 22,223 shares of common stock

underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days

(15) Includes 457,282 shares of common

stock underlying options which are currently exercisable or vested or become exercisable within 60 days, 2 shares of common stock

owned by Lederman & Co, 1 share of common stock owned by L&L, 1 share of common stock owned by Targent, 1 share of common

stock owned by Leder Labs, 1 share of common stock owned by Starling, 3,878 shares owned through an IRA account of Dr.

and 1 share owned by Dr.

Lederman’s spouse.

ITEM 13 - CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR

We have adopted a written

related-person transactions policy that sets forth our policies and procedures regarding the identification, review, consideration and

oversight of “related-party transactions.” For purposes of our policy only, a “related-party transaction” is

a transaction, arrangement or relationship (or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships) in which we and any

“related party” are participants involving an amount that exceeds the lesser of $120,000

or one percent of the average of our total assets at year end for the last two completed fiscal years.

A related party is

any executive officer, director or a holder of more than five percent of our common stock, including any of their immediate family

members and any entity owned or controlled by such persons.

Where a transaction

has been identified as a related-party transaction, our Chief Compliance Officer must present information regarding the proposed

related-party transaction to our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee for review.

The presentation must include a description

of, among other things, the material facts, the direct and indirect interests of the related parties, the benefits of the transaction

to us and whether any alternative transactions are available.

To identify related-party transactions in advance, we rely on information

supplied by our executive officers, directors and certain significant stockholders.

In considering related-party transactions,

our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will take into account the relevant available facts and circumstances including,

but not limited to:

whether the transaction was undertaken in the ordinary course of our business;

whether the related party transaction was initiated by us or the related party;

whether the transaction with the related party is proposed to be, or was, entered into on terms no less favorable to us than terms that could have been reached with an unrelated third party;

the purpose of, and the potential benefits to us from the related party transaction;

the approximate dollar value of the amount involved in the related party transaction, particularly as it relates to the related party;

the related party’s interest in the related party transaction, and

any other information regarding the related party transaction or the related party that would be material to investors in light of the circumstances of the particular transaction.

The Nominating and

Corporate Governance Committee shall then make a recommendation to the Board, who will determine whether or not to approve of the

related party transaction, and if so, upon what terms and conditions.

In the event a director has an interest in the proposed transaction,

the director must recuse himself or herself from the deliberations and approval.

During the last two

fiscal years, there have been no related party transactions.

ITEM 14 – PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

Our independent registered public accounting

firm is EisnerAmper LLP , Iselin, New Jersey , PCAOB ID:

(1) Audit Fees

The aggregate fees

billed by our independent registered public accounting firm, for professional services rendered for the audit of our annual financial

statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, including review of our interim financial statements as well as registration

statement filings with the SEC and comfort letters issued to underwriters were $522,533 and $383,880, respectively.

Percentage based upon 6,434,881 shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of March 14, 2025.

(3) Includes 765 shares of common stock underlying options which are currently

exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days, 1 share of common stock owned by Lederman & Co, and 1 share owned through an IRA

Seth Lederman, as the Managing Member of Lederman & Co has investment and voting control over the shares held by these entities.

Includes 288 shares of common stock underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days.

Includes 273 shares of common stock underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days.

Includes 312 shares of common stock underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days.

Includes 42 shares of common stock underlying options and restricted stock units which are currently exercisable or vested or

become exercisable within 60 days.

Includes 45 shares of common stock underlying options and restricted stock units which are currently exercisable or vested or

become exercisable within 60 days.

Includes 45 shares of common stock underlying options and restricted stock units which are currently exercisable or vested or

become exercisable within 60 days.

Includes 43 shares of common stock underlying options and restricted stock units which are currently exercisable or vested or

become exercisable within 60 days.

Includes 41 shares of common stock underlying options and restricted stock units which are currently exercisable or vested or

become exercisable within 60 days.

Includes 41 shares of common stock underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days

Includes 44 shares of common stock underlying options which are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days

(14) Includes 1,939 shares of common stock underlying options which are currently

exercisable or vested or become exercisable within 60 days, 1 share of common stock owned by Lederman & Co, and 1 share owned through

an IRA account of Dr.

13 – CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

have adopted a written related-person transactions policy that sets forth our policies and procedures regarding the identification,

review, consideration and oversight of “related-party transactions.” For purposes of our policy only, a “related-party

transaction” is a transaction, arrangement or relationship (or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships)

in which we and any “related party” are participants involving an amount that exceeds

the lesser of $120,000 or one percent of the average of our total assets at year end for the last two completed fiscal years.

related party is any executive officer, director or a holder of more than five percent of our common stock, including any of their

immediate family members and any entity owned or controlled by such persons.

a transaction has been identified as a related-party transaction, our Chief Compliance Officer must present information regarding

the proposed related-party transaction to our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee for review.

The presentation must

include a description of, among other things, the material facts, the direct and indirect interests of the related parties, the

benefits of the transaction to us and whether any alternative transactions are available.

To identify related-party transactions

in advance, we rely on information supplied by our executive officers, directors and certain significant stockholders.

In considering

related-party transactions, our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will take into account the relevant available facts

and circumstances including, but not limited to:

whether the transaction

was undertaken in the ordinary course of our business;

whether the related

party transaction was initiated by us or the related party;

whether the transaction

with the related party is proposed to be, or was, entered into on terms no less favorable to us than terms that could have

been reached with an unrelated third party;

the purpose of,

and the potential benefits to us from the related party transaction;

the approximate

dollar value of the amount involved in the related party transaction, particularly as it relates to the related party;

the related party’s

interest in the related party transaction, and

any other information

regarding the related party transaction or the related party that would be material to investors in light of the circumstances

of the particular transaction.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee shall then make a recommendation to the Board, who will determine whether or not

to approve of the related party transaction, and if so, upon what terms and conditions.

In the event a director has an interest

in the proposed transaction, the director must recuse himself or herself from the deliberations and approval.

the last two fiscal years, there have been no related party transactions.

14 – PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

independent registered public accounting firm is EisnerAmper LLP , Iselin, New Jersey , PCAOB ID:

The aggregate fees billed by our independent registered public accounting

firm, for professional services rendered for the audit of our annual financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023,

including review of our interim financial statements as well as registration statement filings with the SEC and comfort letters issued

to underwriters were $648,375 and $522,533, respectively.

Audit-Related Fees

We did not incur fees

to our independent registered public accounting firm for audit related fees during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and

We did not incur fees

to our independent registered public accounting firm for tax services during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

did not incur fees to our independent registered public accounting firm for audit related fees during the fiscal years ended December

31, 2024 and 2023.

did not incur fees to our independent registered public accounting firm for tax services during the fiscal years ended December

31, 2024 and 2023.

All Other Fees

Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

Consistent with SEC

policies and guidelines regarding audit independence, the Audit Committee is responsible for the pre-approval of all audit and

permissible non-audit services provided by our principal accountants on a case-by-case basis.

Our Audit Committee has established

a policy regarding approval of all audit and permissible non-audit services provided by our principal accountants.

Our Audit Committee

pre-approves these services by category and service.

Our Audit Committee has pre-approved all of the services provided by our principal

ITEM 15 – EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

Policies and Procedures

with SEC policies and guidelines regarding audit independence, the Audit Committee is responsible for the pre-approval of all

audit and permissible non-audit services provided by our principal accountants on a case-by-case basis.

Our Audit Committee has

established a policy regarding approval of all audit and permissible non-audit services provided by our principal accountants.

Our Audit Committee pre-approves these services by category and service.

Our Audit Committee has pre-approved all of the services

provided by our principal accountants.

15 – EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

Index to Exhibits

The Exhibits listed

below are identified by numbers corresponding to the Exhibit Table of Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

The Exhibits designated by an

asterisk (*) are management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements required to be filed pursuant to Item 15.

Exhibits listed below are identified by numbers corresponding to the Exhibit Table of Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

designated by an asterisk (*) are management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements required to be filed pursuant to

EXHIBIT INDEX

6 unchanged sentences

Certificate of Amendment to Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.’s Articles of Incorporation, as amended, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on May 3, 2019.

Form of Certificate of Designation of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed

with the Commission on October 25, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Certificate of Designation of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed

with the Commission on October 25, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference.

Certificate of Amendment to Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.’s Articles of Incorporation, filed as an exhibit to the Current

Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on May 16, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Certificate of Designation of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on October 25, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Certificate of Designation of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on October 25, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference.

Certificate of Amendment to Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.’s Articles of Incorporation, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on May 16, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference.

Specimen Common Stock Certificate of the Registrant, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on May 24, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference.

4 unchanged sentences

Description of Registrant’s Securities, filed herewith.

Form of Pre-Funded Warrant, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on

Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on July 18, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Common Warrant, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form

8-K, filed with the Commission on July 28, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Pre-Funded Warrant.

filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on December 21, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Series C Warrant.

filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on December 21, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Series D Warrant.

filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on December 21, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Pre-Funded Warrant, filed as an exhibit to

the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on March 29, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Series E Warrant, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on March 29, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Pre-Funded Warrant, filed as an exhibit to

the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 13, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Pre-Funded Warrant, filed as an exhibit to

the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 28, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Pre-Funded Warrant, filed as an exhibit to

the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on July 10, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference.

Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

9 unchanged sentences

Employment Agreement, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and Gregory Sullivan, dated June 3, 2014, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 3, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference.*

Gregory Sullivan, dated June 3, 2014, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 3, 2014

and incorporated herein by reference.*

Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

2016 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Annex A to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No.

2016 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated

herein by reference to Annex A to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No.

001-36019), filed with the Commission on March

Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

2017 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Appendix A to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No.

001-36019), filed with the Commission on May 2, 2017.*

2017 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated

herein by reference to Appendix A to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No.

001-36019), filed with the Commission on

May 2, 2017.*

Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

2018 Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated herein by reference to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No.

2018 Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated

herein by reference to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No.

001-36019), filed with the Commission on April 19, 2018.*

Purchase Agreement, dated October 18, 2018, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on October 24, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference.

Purchase Agreement, dated October 18, 2018, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals

Holding Corp.

and Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on

October 24, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference.

Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

6 unchanged sentences

and The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 12, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.

Purchase Agreement, dated August 20, 2019, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on August 23, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.

Asset Purchase Agreement, dated August 19, 2019, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and TRImaran Pharma, Inc., filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 8, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.

First Amended and Restated Exclusive License Agreement, dated August 19, 2019, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and Wayne State University, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 8, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.

Purchase Agreement, dated August 20, 2019, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals

Holding Corp.

and Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on

August 23, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.

Asset Purchase Agreement, dated August 19, 2019, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals

Holding Corp.

and TRImaran Pharma, Inc., filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November

8, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.

First Amended and Restated Exclusive License Agreement, dated August

19, 2019, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and Wayne State University, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form

10-Q filed with the Commission on November 8, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.

Exclusive License Agreement, dated September 16, 2019, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

4 unchanged sentences

Research Collaboration Agreement between Tonix Pharmaceutical, Inc.

and Southern Research Institute, dated November 7, 2018, filed as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Commission on March 24, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.

License Agreement, dated May 5, 2020, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc.

and The Governors of the University of Alberta, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the Commission on August 10, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.

Asset Purchase Agreement, dated June 11, 2020, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

and Trigemina, Inc., filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the Commission on May 12, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.

Amended and Restated Exclusive License Agreement, dated June 11, 2020, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

and The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the Commission on August 10, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.

Assignment and Agreement, dated June 11, 2020, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated July 1, 2020, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and Seller named therein, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the Commission on August 10, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.

and Southern Research Institute, dated November 7, 2018, filed as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Commission

on March 24, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.

License Agreement, dated May 5, 2020, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals

(Canada) Inc.

and The Governors of the University of Alberta, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the

Commission on August 10, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.†

Asset Purchase Agreement, dated June 11, 2020, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals,

and Trigemina, Inc., filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the Commission on May 12, 2020 and incorporated

herein by reference.†

Amended and Restated Exclusive License Agreement, dated June 11, 2020,

between Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

and The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly

Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the Commission on August 10, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.

Assignment and Agreement, dated June 11, 2020, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals,

and The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed

with the Commission on August 10, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.

Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated July 1, 2020, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals

Holding Corp.

and Seller named therein, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the Commission on August

10, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.†

Real Property Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated October 14, 2020, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

4 unchanged sentences

Employment Agreement, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and Jessica Morris, dated February 23, 2021, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 26, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.*

Jessica Morris, dated February 23, 2021, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February

26, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.*

Employment Agreement, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and Bradley Saenger, dated February 23, 2021, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 26, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.*

Bradley Saenger, dated February 23, 2021, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February

26, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.*

Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated March 5, 2021, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

3 unchanged sentences

and Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on May 14, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference.

Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated July 26, 2021, between the Company and Southern Research, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 9, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference.

Purchase Agreement, dated August 16, 2022, by and between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on August 17, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.

Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated July 26, 2021, between

the Company and Southern Research, filed as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 9, 2021,

and incorporated herein by reference.

Purchase Agreement, dated August 16, 2022, by and between Tonix Pharmaceuticals

Holding Corp.

and Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on

August 17, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.

Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Appendix A to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed with the Commission on March 18, 2022.*

Form of Securities Purchase Agreement between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and the investors thereto, dated October 25, 2022, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on October 25, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.

2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan,

incorporated herein by reference to Appendix A to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed with the Commission on March

Form of Securities Purchase Agreement between Tonix Pharmaceuticals

Holding Corp.

and the investors thereto, dated October 25, 2022, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the

Commission on October 25, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Side Letter between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and the investors thereto, dated October 25, 2022, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on October 25, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.

the investors thereto, dated October 25, 2022, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on October

25, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Registration Agreement between Tonix Pharmaceuticals

2 unchanged sentences

Commission on October 25, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.

Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 23, 2023, by and among Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC, Tonix Medicines, Inc.

and Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 26, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference.

Transition Services Agreement, dated as of June 30,

2023, by and among Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC and Tonix Medicines Inc., filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed

with the Commission on July 3, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference.

Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 23, 2023, by and among Upsher-Smith

Laboratories, LLC, Tonix Medicines, Inc.

and Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K,

filed with the Commission on June 26, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference.

Transition Services Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2023, by and among Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC and Tonix Medicines Inc., filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on July 3, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference.

Placement Agent Agreement, dated July 27, 2023, among Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners and Brookline Capital Markets, a division of Arcadia Securities, LLC, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on July 28, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Pre-Funded Warrant, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on July 18, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Common Warrant, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on July 28, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference.

Placement Agent Agreement, dated September 28, 2023,

among Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners and Brookline Capital Markets, a division of Arcadia Securities,

LLC, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on September 29, 2023, and incorporated herein by

Form of Pre-Funded Warrant, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on September 29, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference

Form of Series A Warrant, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on September 29, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference

Form of Series B Warrant, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on September 29, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference

Placement Agent Agreement, dated September 28, 2023, among Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners and Brookline Capital Markets, a division of Arcadia Securities, LLC, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on September 29, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference.

Loan and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of December 8, 2023, by and among the Loan Parties, the Lenders and the JGB Agent, filed with the Commission on December 8, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference.

3 unchanged sentences

filed with the Commission on December 21, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Pre-Funded Warrant.

filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on December 21, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference.

Placement Agent Agreement, dated March 28, 2024, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on March 29, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Series C Warrant.

2 unchanged sentences

filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on December 21, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference.

Placement Agent Agreement, dated March 28, 2024, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on March 29, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference.

Placement Agency Agreement, dated June 12, 2024, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and Dawson James Securities Inc., filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 13, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference.

Warrant Agent Agreement, dated June 13, 2024, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and VStock Transfer, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 13, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference.

Placement Agency Agreement, dated June 27, 2024, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and Dawson James Securities Inc., filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 28, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference.

Warrant Agent Agreement, dated June 28, 2024, between

Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and VStock Transfer, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission

on June 28, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference.

Placement Agency Agreement, dated July 9, 2024, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and Dawson James Securities Inc., filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on July 10, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference.

Warrant Agent Agreement, dated July 10, 2024, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and VStock Transfer, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on July 10, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference.

Form of Security Purchase Agreement, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on July 10, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference.

Sales Agreement, dated July 30, 2024, between Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

and A.G.P./ Alliance Global Partners, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on July 30, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference.

Pay-Off Letter, dated February 3, 2025, by and among the Loan Parties, the Lenders and the JGB Agent, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on February 3, 2025 and incorporated herein by reference.†

Base Agreement between Advanced Technology International (ATI) and Tonix Pharmaceuticals,

Inc., dated July 17, 2023.

Project Agreement No.

1 by and between Advanced Technology International and Tonix

Pharmaceuticals, Inc., dated June 28, 2024†.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Employees, Executive Officers and Directors, filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on February 16, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.

12 unchanged sentences

The cover page from this Annual Report on Form 10-K, formatted as Inline XBRL.

† Certain portions of this exhibit, that are

not material and would likely cause competitive harm to the registrant if publicly disclosed, have been redacted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)

of Regulation S-K.

† Certain portions of this exhibit, that are not material and would

likely cause competitive harm to the registrant if publicly disclosed, have been redacted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K.

* Denotes a management compensatory agreement or arrangement.

3 unchanged sentences

TONIX PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDING CORP.

April 1, 2024

March 18, 2025

/s/ SETH LEDERMAN

1 unchanged sentence

Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

April 1, 2024

March 18, 2025

/s/ BRADLEY SAENGER

Bradley Saenger

Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and

Principal Accounting Officer)

POWER OF ATTORNEY

10 unchanged sentences

Chief Executive Officer, President and Director (Principal Executive Officer)

April 1, 2024

March 18, 2025

Seth Lederman

1 unchanged sentence

Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

April 1, 2024

March 18, 2025

Bradley Saenger

/s/ RICHARD BAGGER

April 1, 2024

March 18, 2025

Richard Bagger

/s/ MARGARET SMITH BELL

April 1, 2024

March 18, 2025

Margaret Smith Bell

/s/ DAVID GRANGE

April 1, 2024

March 18, 2025

/s/ ADEOYE OLUKOTUN

April 1, 2024

March 18, 2025

Adeoye Olukotun

/s/ NEWCOMB STILLWELL

April 1, 2024

March 18, 2025

Newcomb Stillwell

/s/ CAROLYN TAYLOR

April 1, 2024

March 18, 2025

Carolyn Taylor

/s/ JAMES TRECO

April 1, 2024

March 18, 2025

Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-K

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures