SOUTH PLAINS FINANCIAL, INC. 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the periods covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”) and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto included in this Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K”) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) pursuant to Rule 424(b) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), on March 15, 2024. Unless we state otherwise or the context otherwise requires, references in this Form 10-Q to “we,” “our,” “us” and “the Company” refer to South Plains Financial, Inc., a Texas corporation, our wholly-owned banking subsidiary, City Bank, a Texas banking association and our other consolidated subsidiaries. References in this Form 10-Q to the “Bank” refer to City Bank. C autionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements This Form 10-Q contains statements that we believe are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, future events and our financial performance. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “may,” “might,” “should,” “could,” “predict,” “potential,” “believe,” “expect,” “continue,” “will,” “anticipate,” “seek,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “strive,” “projection,” “goal,” “target,” “outlook,” “aim,” “would,” “annualized” and “outlook,” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, and are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Accordingly, we caution you that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, assumptions, estimates and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date made, actual results may prove to be materially different from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. There are or will be important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the following: ● potential recession in the United States and our market areas; ● the impacts related to or resulting from bank failures and any uncertainty in the banking industry, including the associated impact to the Company and other financial institutions of any regulatory changes or other mitigation efforts taken by government agencies in response thereto; ● increased competition for deposits and related changes in deposit customer behavior; ● the resurgence of elevated levels of inflation or inflationary pressures, in the United States and our market areas, and its impact on market interest rates, the economy and credit quality; ● the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses; ● our ability to effectively execute our expansion strategy and manage our growth, including identifying and consummating suitable acquisitions; ● business and economic conditions, particularly those affecting our market areas, as well as the concentration of our business in such market areas; ● high concentrations of loans secured by real estate located in our market areas; ● risks associated with our commercial loan portfolio, including the risk of declines in commercial real estate prices or deterioration in value of the general business assets that secure such loans; ● potential changes in the prices, values and sales volumes of commercial and residential real estate securing our real estate loans; ● increases in unemployment rates in the United States and our market areas; ● risks associated with our agricultural loan portfolio, including the heightened sensitivity to weather conditions, commodity prices, and other factors generally outside the borrowers and our control; ● risks related to the significant amount of credit that we have extended to a limited number of borrowers and in a limited geographic area; ● public funds deposits comprising a relatively high percentage of our deposits; ● potential impairment on the goodwill we have recorded or may record in connection with business acquisitions; ● our ability to maintain our reputation; ● our ability to successfully manage our credit risk and the sufficiency of our allowance for credit losses; ● our ability to attract, hire and retain qualified management personnel; ● our dependence on our management team, including our ability to retain executive officers and key employees and their customer and community relationships; 28 Table of Contents ● interest rate fluctuations, whether due to the current elevated interest rate environment or future reductions in interest rates, which could negatively impact the pricing of our loans and deposits and decrease our net interest income or net interest margin; ● competition from banks, credit unions and other financial services providers; ● our ability to keep pace with technological change or difficulties we may experience when implementing new technologies; ● cybersecurity risk, including cyber incidents or other failures, disruptions or security breaches of our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of our third-party vendors or other service providers, including as a result of cyber-attacks; ● our ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting; ● employee error, fraudulent activity by employees or customers and inaccurate or incomplete information about our customers and counterparties; ● increased capital requirements imposed by banking regulators, which may require us to raise capital at a time when capital is not available on favorable terms or at all; ● our ability to maintain adequate liquidity and to raise necessary capital to fund our acquisition strategy and operations or to meet increased minimum regulatory capital levels; ● costs and effects of litigation, investigations or similar matters to which we may be subject, including any effect on our reputation; ● natural disasters, severe weather, acts of god, acts of war or terrorism, geopolitical instability, outbreaks of hostilities, public health outbreaks (such as the COVID-19 pandemic or any future pandemic), other international or domestic calamities, and other external events or matters beyond our control; ● the impact of changes in U.S. presidential administrations or Congress; ● uncertainty regarding United States fiscal debt, deficit, and budget matters; ● tariffs and trade barriers; ● compliance with governmental and regulatory requirements, including the Dodd-Frank Act Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (“EGRRCPA”), and others relating to banking, consumer protection, securities and tax matters; and ● changes in the laws, rules, regulations, interpretations or policies relating to financial institutions, accounting, tax, trade, current and future governmental monetary and fiscal policies, including the uncertain impacts of ongoing quantitative tightening and current and future policies of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”) and as a result of initiatives of the Biden administration. The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read together with the other cautionary statements included in this Form 10-Q and the risk factors set forth in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Because of these risks and other uncertainties, our actual future results, performance or achievements, or industry results, may be materially different from the results indicated by the forward-looking statements in this Form 10-Q. In addition, our past results of operations are not necessarily indicative of our future results. Accordingly, you should not rely on any forward-looking statements, which represent our beliefs, assumptions and estimates only as of the dates on which such forward-looking statements were made. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we do not undertake any obligation to update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by applicable law. Available Information The Company maintains an Internet web site at www.spfi.bank . The Company makes available, free of charge, on its web site (under www.spfi.bank/financials-filings/sec-filings ) the Company’s annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC. The Company also makes available, free of charge, through its web site (under www.spfi.bank/corporate-governance/documents-charters ) links to the Company’s Code of Conduct and the charters for its board committees. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet site (at www.sec.gov ) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The Company routinely posts important information for investors on its web site (under www.spfi.bank and, more specifically, under the News & Events tab at www.spfi.bank/news-events/press-releases ). The Company intends to use its web site as a means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with its disclosure obligations under SEC Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure). Accordingly, investors should monitor the Company’s web site, in addition to following the Company’s press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls, presentations and webcasts. The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, the Company’s web site is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this Form 10-Q. 29 Table of Contents Overview We are a bank holding company headquartered in Lubbock, Texas, and our wholly-owned subsidiary, City Bank is one of the largest independent banks in West Texas and has additional banking operations in the Dallas, El Paso, Greater Houston, the Permian Basin, and College Station, Texas markets, and the Ruidoso, New Mexico market. Through City Bank, we provide a wide range of commercial and consumer financial services to small and medium-sized businesses and individuals in our market areas. Our principal business activities include commercial and retail banking, along with investment, trust and mortgage services. Results of Operations We had net income of $11.2 million, or $0.66 per diluted common share, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to net income of $13.5 million, or $0.78 per diluted common share for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Return on average equity (annualized) was 10.36% and return on average assets (annualized) was 1.05% for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 14.01% and 1.27%, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2023. We had net income of $33.2 million, or $1.96 per diluted common share for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to net income of $52.4 million, or $3.01 per diluted common share for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Return on average equity (annualized) was 10.63% and return on average assets (annualized) was 1.05% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 18.70% and 1.73%, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Net Interest Income Net interest income is the principal source of the Company’s net income and represents the difference between interest income (interest and fees earned on assets, primarily loans and investment securities) and interest expense (interest paid on deposits and borrowed funds). We generate interest income from interest-earning assets that we own, including loans and investment securities. We incur interest expense from interest-bearing liabilities, including interest-bearing deposits and other borrowings, notably FHLB advances and subordinated notes. To evaluate net interest income, we measure and monitor (i) yields on our loans and other interest-earning assets, (ii) the costs of our deposits and other funding sources, (iii) our net interest spread and (iv) our net interest margin. Net interest spread is the difference between rates earned on interest-earning assets and rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest margin is calculated as the annualized net interest income on a fully tax-equivalent basis divided by average interest-earning assets. Changes in the market interest rates and interest rates we earn on interest-earning assets or pay on interest-bearing liabilities, as well as the volume and types of interest-earning assets, interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing liabilities, are usually the largest drivers of periodic changes in net interest spread, net interest margin and net interest income. The following tables present, for the periods indicated, information about: (i) weighted average balances, the total dollar amount of interest income from interest-earning assets and the resultant average yields; (ii) average balances, the total dollar amount of interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities and the resultant average rates; (iii) net interest income; (iv) the interest rate spread; and (v) the net interest margin. For purposes of this table, interest income, net interest margin and net interest spread are shown on a fully tax-equivalent basis. Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 Average Balance Interest Yield/ Rate Average Balance Interest Yield/ Rate (Dollars in thousands) Assets: Interest-earning assets: Loans (1) $ 3,069,900 $ 51,513 6.68 % $ 3,005,699 $ 46,250 6.10 % Investment securities – taxable 524,641 5,300 4.02 561,068 5,422 3.83 Investment securities – non-taxable 154,806 1,016 2.61 159,577 1,054 2.62 Other interest-earning assets (2) 336,887 4,032 4.76 325,201 4,031 4.92 Total interest-earning assets 4,086,234 61,861 6.02 4,051,545 56,757 5.56 Noninterest-earning assets 172,922 177,216 Total assets $ 4,259,156 $ 4,228,761 Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity: Interest-bearing liabilities: NOW, savings and money market deposits $ 2,247,299 $ 18,143 3.21 % $ 2,223,014 $ 16,061 2.87 % Time deposits 431,307 4,510 4.16 344,395 2,904 3.35 Short-term borrowings 3 — 0.00 3 — 0.00 Notes payable & other longer-term borrowings — — 0.00 — — 0.00 Subordinated debt securities 63,891 835 5.20 76,077 1,012 5.28 Junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures 46,393 858 7.36 46,393 862 7.37 Total interest-bearing liabilities $ 2,788,893 $ 24,346 3.47 % $ 2,689,882 $ 20,839 3.07 % Noninterest-bearing liabilities: Noninterest-bearing deposits $ 976,048 $ 1,071,175 Other liabilities 63,661 85,713 Total noninterest-bearing liabilities 1,039,709 1,156,888 Stockholders’ equity 430,554 381,991 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 4,259,156 $ 4,228,761 Net interest income $ 37,515 $ 35,918 Net interest spread 2.55 % 2.48 % Net interest margin (3) 3.65 % 3.52 % 30 Table of Contents Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 Average Balance Interest Yield/ Rate Average Balance Interest Yield/ Rate (Dollars in thousands) Assets: Interest-earning assets: Loans (1) $ 3,055,679 $ 151,031 6.60 % $ 2,892,887 $ 128,724 5.95 % Investment securities – taxable 537,425 16,096 4.00 574,159 16,027 3.73 Investment securities – non-taxable 155,489 3,062 2.63 194,492 3,870 2.66 Other interest-earning assets (2) 287,192 10,052 4.68 212,384 7,010 4.41 Total interest-earning assets 4,035,785 180,241 5.97 3,873,922 155,631 5.37 Noninterest-earning assets 176,230 183,149 Total assets $ 4,212,015 $ 4,057,071 Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity: Interest-bearing liabilities: NOW, savings and money market deposits $ 2,251,569 $ 53,792 3.19 % $ 2,090,250 $ 38,529 2.46 % Time deposits 399,646 12,153 4.06 309,250 6,239 2.70 Short-term borrowings 3 — 0.00 111 5 6.02 Notes payable & other longer-term borrowings — — 0.00 — — 0.00 Subordinated debt securities 63,845 2,505 5.24 76,031 3,037 5.34 Junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures 46,393 2,575 7.41 46,393 2,402 6.92 Total interest-bearing liabilities $ 2,761,456 $ 71,025 3.44 % $ 2,522,035 $ 50,212 2.66 % Noninterest-bearing liabilities: Noninterest-bearing deposits $ 964,829 $ 1,085,345 Other liabilities 68,458 74,865 Total noninterest-bearing liabilities 1,033,287 1,160,210 Shareholders’ equity 417,272 374,826 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 4,212,015 $ 4,057,071 Net interest income $ 109,216 $ 105,419 Net interest spread 2.53 % 2.71 % Net interest margin (3) 3.61 % 3.64 % (1) Average loan balances include nonaccrual loans and loans held for sale. (2) Includes income and average balances for interest-earning deposits at other banks, nonmarketable securities, federal funds sold, and other miscellaneous interest-earning assets (3) Net interest margin is calculated as the annualized net interest income, on a fully tax-equivalent basis, divided by average interest-earning assets. 31 Table of Contents Increases and decreases in interest income and interest expense result from changes in average balances (volume) of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as changes in average interest rates. The following tables set forth the effects of changing rates and volumes on our net interest income during the period shown. Information is provided with respect to (i) effects on interest income attributable to changes in volume (change in volume multiplied by prior rate) and (ii) effects on interest income attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). Change applicable to both volume and rate have been allocated to volume. Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 over 2023 Change due to: Total Volume Rate Variance (Dollars in thousands) Interest-earning assets: Loans $ 988 $ 4,275 $ 5,263 Investment securities – taxable (352 ) 230 (122 ) Investment securities – non-taxable (32 ) (6 ) (38 ) Other interest-earning assets 145 (144 ) 1 Total increase (decrease) in interest income 749 4,355 5,104 Interest-bearing liabilities: NOW, Savings, MMDAs 175 1,907 2,082 Time deposits 733 873 1,606 Short-term borrowings — — — Notes payable & other borrowings — — — Subordinated debt securities (162 ) (15 ) (177 ) Junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures — (4 ) (4 ) Total increase (decrease) interest expense: 746 2,761 3,507 Increase (decrease) in net interest income $ 3 $ 1,594 $ 1,597 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 over 2023 Change due to: Total Volume Rate Variance (Dollars in thousands) Interest-earning assets: Loan $ 7,244 $ 15,063 $ 22,307 Investment securities – taxable (1,025 ) 1,094 69 Investment securities – non-taxable (776 ) (32 ) (808 ) Other interest-earning assets 2,469 573 3,042 Total increase (decrease) in interest income 7,912 16,698 24,610 Interest-bearing liabilities: NOW, Savings, MMDAs 2,974 12,289 15,263 Time deposits 1,824 4,090 5,914 Short-term borrowings (5 ) — (5 ) Notes payable & other borrowings — — — Subordinated debt securities (487 ) (45 ) (532 ) Junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures — 173 173 Total increase (decrease) interest expense: 4,306 16,507 20,813 Increase (decrease) in net interest income $ 3,606 $ 191 $ 3,797 32 Table of Contents Net interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was $37.3 million, compared to $35.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $1.6 million, or 4.5%, and was comprised of an increase of $5.1 million in interest income, partially offset by an increase of $3.5 million in interest expense. The growth in interest income was primarily attributable to an increase of $5.3 million in loan interest income from growth of $64.2 million in average loans outstanding and an increase of 58 basis points in the yield on loans. The $3.5 million increase in interest expense was primarily related to an increase of $111.2 million in average interest-bearing deposits and a 40 basis point increase in the rate paid on interest-bearing deposits over the same period in 2023. Additionally, average noninterest-bearing demand deposits decreased $95.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. For the three months ended September 30, 2024, net interest margin and net interest spread were 3.65% and 2.55%, respectively, compared to 3.52% and 2.48%, respectively, for the same period in 2023, which reflects the changes in interest income and interest expense discussed above. Net interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $108.6 million, compared to $104.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $4.0 million, or 3.8%, and was comprised of an increase of $24.8 million in interest income, partially offset by an increase of $20.8 million in interest expense. The growth in interest income was attributable to increases of $22.3 million in loan interest income and $2.4 million in interest income from securities and other interest-earning assets. The increase in loan interest income was mainly due to growth of $162.8 million in average loans outstanding and an increase of 65 basis points in the yield on loans. The increase in interest income on securities and other interest-earning assets was primarily due to higher market interest rates. The $20.8 million increase in interest expense was primarily related to an increase of $251.7 million in average interest-bearing deposits and an 82 basis point increase in the rate paid on interest-bearing deposits over the same period in 2023. Additionally, average noninterest-bearing demand deposits decreased $120.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net interest margin and net interest spread were 3.61% and 2.53%, respectively, compared to 3.64% and 2.71%, respectively, for the same period in 2023, which reflects the changes in interest income and interest expense discussed above. Provision for Credit Losses Credit risk is inherent in the business of making loans. We establish an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) through charges to earnings, which are shown in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) as the provision for credit losses. Credit losses on loans are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. The provision for credit losses is determined by conducting a quarterly evaluation of the adequacy of our ACL and charging the shortfall or excess, if any, to the current quarter’s expense. This has the effect of creating variability in the amount and frequency of charges to our earnings. The provision for credit losses and the amount of allowance for each period are dependent upon many factors, including loan growth, net charge offs, changes in the composition of the loan portfolio, delinquencies, management’s assessment of the quality of the loan portfolio, the valuation of problem loans and the general economic conditions in our market areas. The Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $495 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to a negative provision of $700 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in provision of $1.2 million was largely attributable to a decrease of $1.3 million in specific reserves during the three months ended September 30, 2023. The Company recorded a provision for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 of $3.1 million, compared to $4.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decline in provision of $900 thousand was largely attributable to a decrease in loan growth, partially offset by an increase in net charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. The provision for credit losses is a significant factor in the Company’s operating results. For further discussion regarding the provision for credit losses and management’s assessment of the adequacy of the ACL for loans, see “Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans” and “Asset Quality” under “Financial Condition” in this Item 2, below. Noninterest Income While interest income remains the largest single component of total revenues, noninterest income is an important contributing component. The largest portion of our noninterest income is associated with our mortgage banking activities. Other sources of noninterest income include service charges on deposit accounts, bank card services and interchange fees, and income from insurance activities. The following table sets forth the major components of our noninterest income for the periods indicated: 33 Table of Contents Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 Increase (Decrease) 2024 2023 Increase (Decrease) (Dollars in thousands) Noninterest income: Service charges on deposit accounts $ 2,023 $ 1,840 $ 183 $ 5,785 $ 5,286 $ 499 Income from insurance activities 28 30 (2 ) 92 1,478 (1,386 ) Bank card services and interchange fees 3,302 3,157 145 10,415 10,156 259 Mortgage banking activities 1,890 4,602 (2,712 ) 9,232 12,146 (2,914 ) Investment commissions 391 430 (39 ) 1,275 1,239 36 Fiduciary income 613 582 31 2,087 1,779 308 Gain on sale of subsidiary — 290 (290 ) — 33,778 (33,778 ) Other income and fees (1) 2,388 1,346 1,042 5,867 4,218 1,649 Total noninterest income $ 10,635 $ 12,277 $ (1,642 ) $ 34,753 $ 70,080 $ (35,327 ) (1) Other income and fees includes income and fees associated with the increase in the cash surrender value of life insurance, safe deposit box rental, check printing, collections, legal settlements, wire transfer, Small Business Investment Company (“SBIC”) investments, and other miscellaneous services. Noninterest income for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was $10.6 million, compared to $12.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $1.6 million, or 13.4%. Significant changes in the components of noninterest income are detailed below. Service charges on deposit accounts - Income from service charges on deposit accounts increased $183 thousand, or 9.9%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily the result of treasury management initiatives taken to drive growth. Mortgage banking activities - Income from mortgage banking activities decreased $2.7 million, or 58.9%, to $1.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 from $4.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. This decrease was mainly the result of a decline of $2.7 million in the fair value adjustment of the mortgage servicing rights assets as interest rates that affect the value declined in the third quarter of 2024. Gain on sale of subsidiary - A $33.5 million gain from the sale of Windmark Insurance Agency, Inc. (“Windmark”) was recorded in the second quarter of 2023 and an additional $290 thousand was recorded in the third quarter of 2023. Other income and fees - The Company recognized $700 thousand in property insurance proceeds in the third quarter of 2024. Noninterest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $34.8 million, compared to $70.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $35.3 million, or 50.4%. Significant changes in the components of noninterest income are detailed below. Service charges on deposit accounts - Income from service charges on deposit accounts increased $499 thousand, or 9.4%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily the result of treasury management initiatives taken to drive growth. Mortgage banking activities - Income from mortgage banking activities decreased $2.9 million, or 24.0%, to $9.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $12.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This decrease was mainly the result of a decline of $1.8 million in the fair value adjustment of the mortgage servicing rights assets as interest rates that affect the value declined in the third quarter of 2024. Additionally, mortgage loan originations declined $37.0 million, or 14.1%, in the current year period as compared to the prior year period. Gain on sale of subsidiary - A $33.8 million gain from the sale of Windmark was recorded in the second and third quarters of 2023. Income from insurance activities - Due to the sale of Windmark in the second quarter of 2023, there was a decline of $1.4 million in income from insurance activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023. Other income and fees - The Company recognized $700 thousand in property insurance proceeds in the third quarter of 2024. Noninterest Expense The following table sets forth the major components of our noninterest expense for the periods indicated: 34 Table of Contents Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 Increase (Decrease) 2024 2023 Increase (Decrease) (Dollars in thousands) Noninterest expense: Salaries and employee benefits $ 18,767 $ 18,709 $ 58 $ 56,954 $ 61,400 $ (4,446 ) Occupancy expense, net 4,255 4,111 144 12,204 12,246 (42 ) Professional services 1,807 1,560 247 5,028 4,924 104 Marketing and development 1,015 853 162 2,629 2,573 56 IT and data services 1,092 818 274 3,168 2,570 598 Bankcard expenses 1,500 1,451 49 4,413 4,119 294 Appraisal expenses 246 283 (37 ) 702 862 (160 ) Loss on sale of securities — — — — 3,409 (3,409 ) Other expenses (1) 4,446 3,704 742 12,532 12,246 286 Total noninterest expense $ 33,128 $ 31,489 $ 1,639 $ 97,630 $ 104,349 $ (6,719 ) (1) Other expenses include items such as banking regulatory assessments, telephone expenses, postage, courier fees, directors’ fees, supplies, and insurance. Noninterest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was $33.1 million compared to $31.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $1.6 million, or 5.2%. Significant changes in the components of noninterest expense are detailed below. IT and data services - IT and data services increased $274 thousand, or 33.5%, from $818 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2023 to $1.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase relates primarily to the Company’s cloud migration project. Other expenses - Other expenses increased $742 thousand, or 20.0%, from $3.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 to $4.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The largest increase in the compared periods was an increase of $388 thousand in the ineffective portion of fair value hedges. Additionally, there was also a $50 thousand loss on the disposal of fixed assets in the third quarter of 2024. Noninterest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $97.6 million, compared to $104.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $6.7 million, or 6.4%. Significant changes in the components of noninterest expense are detailed below. Salaries and employee benefits - Salaries and employee benefits decreased $4.4 million, or 7.2%, from $61.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 to $57.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This decrease was primarily driven by $4.3 million of Windmark transaction and related incentive-based compensation expenses incurred in the second quarter of 2023. IT and data services - IT and data services increased $598 thousand, or 23.3%, from $2.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 to $3.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase relates primarily to the Company’s cloud migration project. Loss on sale of securities - The Company sold approximately $56.2 million of available for sale securities in the second quarter of 2023. This resulted in a loss on sale of $3.4 million. Financial Condition Our total assets increased $132.9 million, or 3.2%, to $4.34 billion at September 30, 2024, compared to $4.20 billion at December 31, 2023. Our gross loans held for investment increased $23.2 million, or 0.8%, to $3.04 billion at September 30, 2024, compared to $3.01 billion at December 31, 2023. Our securities portfolio decreased $15.9 million, or 2.5%, to $606.9 million at September 30, 2024, compared to $622.8 million at December 31, 2023. Total deposits increased $93.2 million, or 2.6%, to $3.72 billion at September 30, 2024, compared to $3.63 billion at December 31, 2023. Loan Portfolio Our loans represent the largest portion of earning assets, greater than our securities portfolio or any other asset category, and the quality and diversification of the loan portfolio is an important consideration when reviewing the Company’s financial condition. We originate substantially all of the loans in our portfolio, except certain loan participations that are independently underwritten by the Company prior to purchase. 35 Table of Contents Loans held for investment increased $23.2 million, or 0.8%, to $3.04 billion at September 30, 2024, compared to $3.01 billion at December 31, 2023. The growth in loans remained relationship-focused and occurred primarily in direct-energy loans, seasonal agricultural-related loans, and single-family property loans, partially offset by decreases in consumer auto loans and residential construction loans. The following table shows the contractual maturities of our loans held for investment portfolio at September 30, 2024: Due in One Year or Less Due after One Year Through Five Years Due after Five Years Through Fifteen Years Due after Fifteen Years Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate $ 166,853 $ 562,267 $ 321,591 $ 69,736 $ 1,120,447 Commercial - specialized 135,099 145,207 75,653 50,296 406,255 Commercial - general 78,756 198,569 140,243 108,880 526,448 Consumer: 1-4 family residential 33,360 104,882 91,470 332,689 562,401 Auto loans 2,842 183,895 66,772 — 253,509 Other consumer 8,795 40,802 16,192 — 65,789 Construction 88,890 10,626 1,356 1,654 102,526 Total loans $ 514,595 $ 1,246,248 $ 713,277 $ 563,255 $ 3,037,375 The following table shows the distribution between fixed and adjustable interest rate loans for maturities greater than one year as of September 30, 2024: Fixed Rate Adjustable Rate (Dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate $ 393,240 $ 560,354 Commercial - specialized 87,010 184,146 Commercial - general 162,500 285,192 Consumer: 1-4 family residential 330,520 198,521 Auto loans 250,667 — Other consumer 56,994 — Construction 7,528 6,108 Total loans $ 1,288,459 $ 1,234,321 At September 30, 2024, there was $1.56 billion in adjustable rate loans, with $900.9 million of these loans that mature or reprice in the next twelve months. Of these loans that mature or reprice in the next twelve months, $587.6 million will reprice immediately upon changes in the underlying index rate, with the remaining $313.3 million being subject to rate floors above the current index or a future repricing date. The Wall Street Journal prime rate is the predominate index used by the Bank. Further, there is $169.9 million of fixed rate loans that mature in the next twelve months as of September 30, 2024. The Bank is primarily involved in real estate, commercial, agricultural and consumer lending activities with customers throughout Texas and Eastern New Mexico. We have a collateral concentration, as 72.8% of our loans were secured by real property as of September 30, 2024, compared to 72.7% as of December 31, 2023. We believe that these loans are not concentrated in any one single property type and that they are geographically dispersed throughout the areas we serve. Although the Bank has diversified portfolios, its debtors’ ability to honor their contracts is substantially dependent upon the general economic conditions of the markets in which it operates, which consist primarily of agribusiness, wholesale/retail, oil and gas and related businesses, healthcare industries and institutions of higher education. Commercial real estate loans and residential construction loans represent 40.2% of loans held for investment as of September 30, 2024 and represented 40.1% of loans held for investment as of December 31, 2023. Further, 97% of the total dollar amount of these loans are secured by collateral located in the state of Texas. We have established concentration limits in the loan portfolio for commercial real estate loans and unsecured lending, among other loan types. All loan types are within established limits. We use underwriting guidelines to assess the borrowers’ historical cash flow to determine debt service, and we further stress test the debt service under higher interest rate scenarios. Financial and performance covenants are used in commercial lending to allow us to react to a borrower’s deteriorating financial condition, should that occur. 36 Table of Contents Commercial Real Estate . Our commercial real estate portfolio includes loans for commercial property that is owned by real estate investors, construction loans to build owner-occupied properties, and loans to developers of commercial real estate investment properties and residential developments. Commercial real estate loans are subject to underwriting standards and processes similar to our commercial loans. These loans are underwritten primarily based on projected cash flows for income-producing properties and collateral values for non-income-producing properties. The repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loans or the sale or refinancing of the property. Real estate loans may be adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. The properties securing our real estate portfolio are diversified by type and geographic location. This diversity helps reduce the exposure to adverse economic events that affect any single market or industry. Commercial real estate loans increased $39.4 million, or 3.6%, to $1.12 billion as of September 30, 2024 from $1.08 billion as of December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in multifamily property loans of $67.1 million and an increase in other commercial real estate loans of $24.0 million, partially offset by a decrease in commercial land development and construction loans of $51.9 million due to the completion of several large projects. Commercial – General and Specialized . Commercial loans are underwritten after evaluating and understanding the borrower’s ability to operate profitably. Underwriting standards have been designed to determine whether the borrower possesses sound business ethics and practices, to evaluate current and projected cash flows to determine the ability of the borrower to repay their obligations as agreed, and to ensure appropriate collateral is obtained to secure the loan. Commercial loans are primarily made based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and, secondarily, on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets, such as real estate, accounts receivable, or inventory, and typically include personal guarantees. Owner-occupied real estate is included in commercial loans, as the repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the operations of the commercial borrower’s business rather than on income-producing properties or the sale of the properties. Commercial loans are grouped into two distinct sub-categories: specialized and general. Commercial related loans that are considered “specialized” include agricultural production and real estate loans, energy loans, and finance, investment, and insurance loans. Commercial related loans that contain a broader diversity of borrowers, sub-industries, or serviced industries are grouped into the “general category.” These include goods, services, restaurant & retail, construction, and other industries. Performance of these loans is subject to operating and cash flow results of the borrower, with risk in the volatility of operating results for particular industries. Commercial general loans increased $9.1 million, or 1.8%, to $526.4 million as of September 30, 2024 from $517.4 million as of December 31, 2023. The increase in commercial general loans was primarily due to increases in loans to companies in the services industry of $16.0 million, partially offset by a decrease of $4.5 million in restaurant and retail loans. Commercial specialized loans increased $33.9 million, or 9.1%, to $406.3 million as of September 30, 2024 from $372.4 million as of December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily due to growth of $28.5 million in energy sector loans and $5.6 million in agricultural loans. Consumer . We utilize a computer-based credit scoring analysis to supplement our policies and procedures in underwriting consumer loans. Our loan policy addresses types of consumer loans that may be originated and the collateral, if secured, which must be perfected. The relatively smaller individual dollar amounts of consumer loans that are spread over numerous individual borrowers also minimize our risk. Residential real estate loans are included in consumer loans. We generally require mortgage title insurance and hazard insurance on these residential real estate loans. All consumer loans are generally dependent on the risk characteristics of the borrower’s ability to repay the loan, a consideration of the debt to income ratio, employment and income stability, the loan-to-value ratio, and the age, condition and marketability of the collateral. Consumer and other loans decreased $32.5 million, or 3.6%, to $881.7 million as of September 30, 2024, from $914.2 million as of December 31, 2023. The decrease in these loans was a result of declines of $51.8 million in consumer auto loans and $8.4 million in other consumer loans, partially offset by an increase of $27.7 million in residential mortgage loans. As of September 30, 2024, our consumer loan portfolio was comprised of $562.4 million in 1-4 family residential loans, $253.5 million in auto loans, and $65.8 million in other consumer loans. The consumer auto and other consumer loans portfolios have experienced a decline in new originations due to higher loan rates and economic pressures from inflation on consumers. Construction . Loans for residential construction are for single-family properties to developers, builders, or end-users. These loans are underwritten based on estimates of costs and completed value of the project. Funds are advanced based on estimated percentage of completion for the project. Performance of these loans is affected by economic conditions as well as the ability to control costs of the projects. Construction loans decreased $26.7 million, or 20.6%, to $102.5 million as of September 30, 2024 from $129.2 million as of December 31, 2023. The decrease resulted from reduced demand for residential construction as interest rate levels remained elevated and projects were completed and sold. 37 Table of Contents The commercial real estate and construction categories comprise the Company’s nonowner-occupied real estate loans. Total nonowner-occupied real estate loans were $1.22 billion at September 30, 2024 and $1.21 billion at December 31, 2023. Nonowner-occupied commercial real estate loans are made up of income-producing commercial real estate property loans and construction, acquisition, and development property loans. As of September 30, 2024, total income-producing commercial real estate property loans totaled $865.9 million and was comprised of $286.6 million of multi-family property loans, $175.1 million of retail property loans, $138.6 million of office property loans, $63.5 million in hospitality loans, and $202.1 million in other property loans. Other property loans include types such as industrial, warehouse, mini-storage, and convenience stores. As of September 30, 2024, total construction, acquisition, and development property loans totaled $357.0 million and was comprised of $102.5 million in residential construction property loans and $254.5 million of commercial construction and other land development loans. The weighted average loan-to-value of income-producing nonowner-occupied commercial real estate loans was approximately 53% at September 30, 2024. The weighted average loan-to-value of nonowner-occupied office commercial real estate loans was approximately 59% at September 30, 2024. Owner-occupied commercial real estate loans totaled $335.4 million at September 30, 2024 and $341.1 million at December 31, 2023. We are a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of our customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit to our customers is represented by the contractual or notional amount of those instruments. Commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit are not recorded as an asset or liability by the Company until the instrument is exercised. The contractual or notional amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement we have in particular classes of financial instruments. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as they do for on-balance sheet instruments. The amount and nature of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the potential borrower. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support public and private short-term borrowing arrangements. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The Company holds collateral supporting those commitments for which collateral is deemed necessary. The following table summarizes commitments we have made as of the dates presented. September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 (Dollars in thousands) Commitments to grant loans and unfunded commitments under lines of credit $ 545,480 $ 598,800 Standby letters of credit 16,309 11,503 Total $ 561,789 $ 610,303 Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans The ACL provides a reserve against which loan losses are charged for current expected credit losses. Management evaluates the appropriate level of the ACL on a quarterly basis. The analysis takes into consideration the results of an ongoing loan review process, the purpose of which is to determine the level of credit risk within the portfolio and to ensure proper adherence to underwriting and documentation standards. Additional allowances are provided to those loans which appear to represent a greater than normal exposure to risk. The quality of the loan portfolio and the adequacy of the ACL is assessed by regulatory examinations and the Company’s internal and external loan reviews. The ACL consists of two elements: (1) specific valuation allowances established for expected losses on specifically analyzed loans and (2) collective valuation allowances calculated using comparable and quantifiable information from both internal and external sources about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans and adjusted for expected prepayments. 38 Table of Contents To determine the adequacy of the ACL on loans, the Company applied a dual credit risk rating (“DCRR”) methodology that estimates each loan’s probability of default and loss given default to calculate the expected credit loss to non-analyzed loans. The DCRR process quantifies the expected credit loss at the loan level for the entire loan portfolio. Loan grades are assigned by a customized scorecard that risk rates each loan based on multiple probability of default and loss given default elements to measure the risk of the loan portfolio. The ACL estimate incorporates the Company’s DCRR loan level risk rating methodology and the expected default rate frequency term structure to derive loan level life of loan estimates of credit losses for every loan in the portfolio. The estimated credit loss for each loan is adjusted based on one-year through the cycle estimate of expected credit loss to a life of loan measurement that reflects current conditions and forecasts. The life of loan expected loss is determined using the contractual weighted average life of the loan adjusted for prepayments. Prepayment speeds are determined by grouping the loans into pools based on segments and risk rating. After the life of loan expected losses are determined, they are adjusted to reflect the Company’s reasonable and supportable economic forecast over a selected range of a one to two years. The Company has developed regression models to project net charge-off rates based on macroeconomic variables (“MEVs”), typically a one-year period is used. MEV’s considered in the analysis consist of data gathered from the St. Louis Federal Reserve Research Database (“FRED”), such as, federal funds rate, 10-year treasury rates, 30-year mortgage rates, crude oil prices, consumer price index, housing price index, unemployment rates, housing starts, gross domestic product, and disposable personal income. These regression models are applied to the Company’s economic forecast to determine the corresponding net charge-off rates. The projected net charge-off rates for the given economic scenario are used to adjust the through the cycle expected losses. Qualitative adjustments are also made to ACL results for additional risk factors that are relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within our loan segments. These qualitative factor (“Q-Factor”) adjustments may increase or decrease management’s estimate of the ACL by a calculated percentage based upon the estimated level of risk within a particular segment. Q-Factor risk decisions consider concentrations of the loan portfolio, expected changes to the economic forecasts, large relationships, and other factors related to credit administration, such as borrower’s risk rating and the potential effect of delayed credit score migrations. Management quantifiably identifies segment percentage Q-Factor adjustments using a scorecard risk rating system scaled to historical loss experience within a segment and management’s perceived risk for that particular segment. In addition to the loan level evaluations, nonaccrual loans with a balance of $250 thousand or more are individually analyzed based on facts and circumstances of the loan to determine if a specific allowance amount may be necessary. Specific allowances may also be established for loans whose outstanding balances are below the above threshold when it is determined that the risk associated with the loan differs significantly from the risk factor amounts established for its loan category. The ACL for loans was $42.9 million at September 30, 2024, compared to $42.4 million at December 31, 2023, an increase of $500 thousand, or 1.3%. The increase is primarily a result of a provision for credit losses on loans of $3.1 million being recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 largely attributable to growth of $23.2 million in loans held for investment, partially offset by net charge-offs of $2.6 million during the period. Uncertainty regarding forecasted economic conditions remains, due to the continued elevated interest rate environment and persistent inflation in the United States, and additional provisions for credit losses may be necessary in future periods. The following table provides an analysis of the ACL for loans and other data during the periods indicated. Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands) Average loans outstanding during the periods Commercial real estate $ 1,112,753 $ 1,029,888 $ 1,105,626 $ 962,767 Commercial – specialized 416,437 365,258 391,819 342,355 Commercial – general 523,393 528,668 524,348 519,375 Consumer: 1-4 family residential 569,798 528,835 558,950 503,878 Auto loans 262,769 316,895 281,409 319,617 Other consumer 67,211 78,787 70,278 79,912 Construction 104,000 139,761 109,590 143,970 Loans held for sale 13,539 17,607 13,659 21,013 Total average loans outstanding during the periods $ 3,069,900 $ 3,005,699 $ 3,055,679 $ 2,892,887 Net charge-offs (recoveries) during the periods Commercial real estate $ (41 ) $ — $ 44 $ — Commercial – specialized (22 ) (59 ) (66 ) (139 ) Commercial – general 68 12 738 259 Consumer: 1-4 family residential 1 (1 ) 170 (4 ) Auto loans 257 111 670 437 Other consumer 309 299 739 550 Construction 315 — 315 272 Total net charge-offs (recoveries) during the periods $ 887 $ 362 $ 2,610 $ 1,375 Ratio of net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans during the periods Commercial real estate 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % Commercial – specialized (0.01 )% (0.02 )% (0.02 )% (0.04 )% Commercial – general 0.01 % 0.00 % 0.14 % 0.05 % Consumer: 1-4 family residential 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.03 % 0.00 % Auto loans 0.10 % 0.04 % 0.24 % 0.14 % Other consumer 0.46 % 0.38 % 1.05 % 0.69 % Construction 0.30 % 0.00 % 0.29 % 0.19 % Total ratio of net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans during the periods 0.03 % 0.01 % 0.09 % 0.05 % 39 Table of Contents The following table provides other loan data as of the dates indicated. September 30, December 31, 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands) Total loans held for investment outstanding $ 3,037,375 $ 3,014,153 Nonaccrual loans $ 22,574 $ 3,242 Allowance for credit losses on loans $ 42,886 $ 42,356 Ratio of allowance to total loans held for investment 1.41 % 1.41 % Ratio of allowance to nonaccrual loans 189.98 % 1,306.48 % Ratio of nonaccrual loans to total loans held for investment 0.74 % 0.11 % Net charge-offs totaled $887 thousand and were 0.11% (annualized) of average loans outstanding for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $362 thousand and 0.05% (annualized) for the three months ended September 30, 2023. There was an increase of $315 thousand in net charge-offs on residential construction loans in the third quarter of 2024 due to the charge-off of one loan and an increase in net charge-offs on consumer auto loans of $146 thousand. Net charge-offs totaled $2.6 million and were 0.11% (annualized) of average loans outstanding for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $1.4 million and 0.06% (annualized) for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. There was an increase of $479 thousand in net charge-offs on commercial-general loans during the first three quarters of 2024 due to the charge-off of several loans under $150 thousand each. There was also an increase of $596 thousand in net charge-offs on consumer loans during the first three quarters of 2024. The allowance for credit losses on loans as a percentage of loans held for investment was 1.41% at September 30, 2024 and 1.41% at December 31, 2023. While the entire ACL for loans is available to absorb losses from any part of our loan portfolio, the following table sets forth the allocation of the ACL for loans for the periods presented and the percentage of allowance in each classification to total allowance: September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Amount % of Total Amount % of Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate $ 15,924 37.2 % $ 15,808 37.3 % Commercial – specialized 4,907 11.4 % 4,020 9.5 % Commercial – general 6,400 14.9 % 6,391 15.1 % Consumer: 1-4 family residential 9,558 22.4 % 9,177 21.7 % Auto loans 3,060 7.1 % 3,601 8.5 % Other consumer 959 2.2 % 968 2.3 % Construction 2,078 4.8 % 2,391 5.6 % Total allowance for credit losses $ 42,886 100.0 % $ 42,356 100.0 % Asset Quality Loans are considered delinquent when principal or interest payments are past due 30 days or more. Delinquent loans may remain on accrual status between 30 days and 90 days past due. Loans on which the accrual of interest has been discontinued are designated as nonaccrual loans. Typically, the accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when principal or interest payments are past due 90 days or when, in the opinion of management, there is a reasonable doubt as to collectability in the normal course of business. When loans are placed on nonaccrual status, all interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period interest income. Income on nonaccrual loans is subsequently recognized only to the extent that cash is received and the loan’s principal balance is deemed collectible. Loans are restored to accrual status when loans become well-secured and management believes full collectability of principal and interest is probable. 40 Table of Contents Loans that exhibit characteristics different from their pool characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not included in the collective ACL evaluation. Income from loans on nonaccrual status is recognized to the extent cash is received and when the loan’s principal balance is deemed collectible. Depending on a particular loan’s circumstances, we analyze loans for specific allowance based upon either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s observable market price, or the fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell if the loan is collateral dependent. A loan is considered collateral dependent when repayment of the loan is based solely on the liquidation of the collateral. Fair value, where possible, is determined by independent appraisals, typically on an annual basis. Between appraisal periods, the fair value may be adjusted based on specific events, such as if deterioration of quality of the collateral comes to our attention as part of our problem loan monitoring process, or if discussions with the borrower lead us to believe the last appraised value no longer reflects the actual market for the collateral. The specific allowance amount on a collateral-dependent loan is charged-off to the allowance if deemed not collectible and the impairment amount on a loan that is not collateral-dependent is set up as a specific reserve. Real estate we acquire as a result of foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is classified as other real estate owned (“OREO”) until sold and is initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. OREO and repossessed assets are reported as foreclosed assets. Nonperforming loans include nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more. Nonperforming assets consist of nonperforming loans plus foreclosed assets. At September 30, 2024, our total nonaccrual loans were $22.6 million, or 0.74% of total loans held for investment, as compared to $3.2 million, or 0.11% of total loans held for investment, at December 31, 2023. These loans within this amount that exceeded $250 thousand were specifically analyzed and specific valuation allowances were established as necessary and included in the ACL for loans as of September 30, 2024 to cover any probable loss. The previously disclosed $20.0 million multi-family property credit that was placed on nonaccrual status in the second quarter of 2024 after the maturity date was accelerated, was subsequently modified during the third quarter. The modification included more stringent credit metrics. Although the loan remains in nonaccrual status, the loan continues to pay as agreed and is showing improving credit trends. Additionally, two relationships totaling approximately $972 thousand that were on nonaccrual at December 31, 2023 were fully repaid in the first quarter of 2024. Nonperforming loans were $24.7 million at September 30, 2024 and $5.2 million at December 31, 2023. This increase of $19.5 million is mainly due to the changes in nonaccrual loans noted above. Occasionally, the Company modifies loans to borrowers in financial distress by providing principal forgiveness, term extensions, an other than insignificant payment delay, or interest rate reduction. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amount of forgiveness is charged-off against the ACL for loans. Typically, one type of concession, such as term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another concession, such as principal forgiveness, may be granted. In some cases, the Company provides multiple types of concessions on one loan. The Company closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. Upon the Company’s determination that a modified loan has subsequently been deemed to not be fully collectible, the uncollectible amount is written off. Therefore, the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the ACL for loans is adjusted by the same amount. If a borrower on a restructured accruing loan has demonstrated performance under the previous terms, is not experiencing financial difficulty and shows the capacity to continue to perform under the restructured terms, the loan will remain on accrual status. Otherwise, the loan will be placed on nonaccrual status until the borrower demonstrates a sustained period of performance, which generally requires six consecutive months of payments. Securities Portfolio The securities portfolio is the second largest component of the Company’s interest-earning assets, and the structure and composition of this portfolio is important to an analysis of the financial condition of the Company. The securities portfolio serves the following purposes: (i) it provides a source of pledged assets for securing certain deposits and borrowed funds, as may be required by law or by specific agreement with a depositor or lender; (ii) it provides liquidity to even out cash flows from the loan and deposit activities of customers; (iii) it can be used as an interest rate risk management tool, since it provides a large base of assets, the maturity and interest rate characteristics of which can be changed more readily than the loan portfolio to better match changes in the deposit base and other funding sources of the Company; and (iv) it is an alternative interest-earning asset when loan demand is weak or when deposits grow more rapidly than loans. The securities portfolio consists of securities classified as either held-to-maturity or available-for-sale. Securities consist primarily of state and municipal securities, mortgage-backed securities and U.S. government sponsored agency securities. We determine the appropriate classification at the time of purchase. All held-to-maturity securities are reported at amortized cost, adjusted for premiums and discounts that are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the period to maturity. All available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value. Our securities portfolio decreased $15.9 million, or 2.5%, to $606.9 million at September 30, 2024, compared to $622.8 million at December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to $28.9 million in maturities, prepayments and calls, net of purchases, partially offset by a $15.0 million increase in the fair value of available for sale securities at September 30, 2024 as compared to December 31, 2023. 41 Table of Contents Certain securities have fair values less than amortized cost and, therefore, contain unrealized losses. At September 30, 2024, the unrealized loss on the Company’s available for sale securities was $67.1 million, down from $82.1 million at December 31, 2023. At September 30, 2024, the Company evaluated whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. Within this evaluation, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. Based on management’s evaluation no unrealized losses on securities were determined to be due to credit loss. Additionally, we anticipate full recovery of amortized cost with respect to these securities by maturity, or sooner in the event of a more favorable market interest rate environment. We do not intend to sell these securities and it is not probable that we will be required to sell them before recovery of the amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity, thus no ACL or losses have been recognized in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The following table sets forth certain information regarding contractual maturities and the weighted average yields of our investment securities as of the date presented. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities if borrowers have the right to call or prepay an obligation with or without call or prepayment penalties. As of September 30, 2024 Due in One Year or Less Due after One Year Through Five Years Due after Five Years Through Ten Years Due after Ten Years Amortized Cost Weighted Average Yield Amortized Cost Weighted Average Yield Amortized Cost Weighted Average Yield Amortized Cost Weighted Average Yield (Dollars in thousands) Available-for-sale State and municipal $ 2,542 1.69 % $ 4,521 2.30 % $ 3,801 2.18 % $ 189,351 2.29 % Residential mortgage-backed securities — — 2,220 2.05 % 745 2.93 % 325,963 2.19 % Commercial mortgage-backed securities — — — — 46,932 2.22 % — — Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations — — — — 69,027 6.01 % — — Asset-backed and other amortizing securities — — — — 2,890 3.16 % 13,968 2.75 % Other securities — — — — 12,000 4.47 % — — Total available-for-sale $ 2,542 1.69 % $ 6,741 2.21 % $ 135,395 4.38 % $ 529,282 2.24 % As of December 31, 2023 Due in One Year or Less Due after One Year Through Five Years Due after Five Years Through Ten Years Due after Ten Years Amortized Cost Weighted Average Yield Amortized Cost Weighted Average Yield Amortized Cost Weighted Average Yield Amortized Cost Weighted Average Yield (Dollars in thousands) Available-for-sale State and municipal $ 735 3.65 % $ 6,112 1.73 % $ 4,897 2.15 % $ 191,070 2.28 % Residential mortgage-backed securities — — 3,038 2.02 % 920 2.91 % 347,293 2.20 % Commercial mortgage-backed securities — — — — 47,898 2.22 % — — Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations — — — — 72,391 6.01 % — — Asset-backed and other amortizing securities — — — — 2,359 3.07 % 16,117 2.79 % Other securities — — — — 12,000 4.47 % — — Total available-for-sale $ 735 3.65 % $ 9,150 1.83 % $ 140,465 4.38 % $ 554,480 2.24 % 42 Table of Contents Deposits Deposits represent the Company’s primary and most vital source of funds. We offer a variety of deposit products including demand deposits accounts, interest-bearing products, savings accounts and certificate of deposits. We put continued effort into gathering noninterest-bearing demand deposit accounts through loan production, customer referrals, marketing staffs, mobile and online banking and various involvements with community networks. Total deposits at September 30, 2024 were $3.72 billion, representing an increase of $93.2 million, or 2.6%, compared to $3.63 billion at December 31, 2023. The increase since December 31, 2023 consisted of increases of $69.0 million in interest-bearing deposits and $24.2 million in non-interest-bearing deposits. As of September 30, 2024, 26.8% of total deposits were comprised of noninterest-bearing demand accounts, 61.3% of interest-bearing non-maturity accounts and 11.9% of time deposits. The following table shows the deposit mix as of the dates presented: September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Amount % of Total Amount % of Total (Dollars in thousands) Noninterest-bearing deposits $ 998,480 26.8 % $ 974,201 26.9 % NOW and other transaction accounts 496,176 13.3 562,066 15.5 Money market and other savings 1,780,337 48.0 1,722,170 47.5 Time deposits 444,367 11.9 367,716 10.1 Total deposits $ 3,719,360 100.0 % $ 3,626,153 100.0 % The following table summarizes our average deposit balances and weighted average rates paid on deposits, on an annualized basis, for the periods indicated. Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 Average Balance Weighted Average Rate Average Balance Weighted Average Rate (Dollars in thousands) Noninterest-bearing deposits $ 976,048 0.00 % $ 1,071,175 0.00 % Interest-bearing deposits: NOW and interest-bearing demand accounts 463,873 3.89 % 472,180 3.51 % Savings accounts 134,570 0.93 % 143,919 0.92 % Money market accounts 1,648,856 3.21 % 1,606,915 2.85 % Time deposits 431,307 4.16 % 344,395 3.35 % Total interest-bearing deposits 2,678,606 3.36 % 2,567,409 2.93 % Total deposits $ 3,654,654 2.47 % $ 3,638,584 2.07 % Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 Average Balance Weighted Average Rate Average Balance Weighted Average Rate (Dollars in thousands) Noninterest-bearing deposits $ 964,829 0.00 % $ 1,085,345 0.00 % Interest-bearing deposits: NOW and interest-bearing demand accounts 481,628 3.83 % 371,526 2.62 % Savings accounts 134,784 0.92 % 147,802 0.86 % Money market accounts 1,635,157 3.19 % 1,570,922 2.58 % Time deposits 399,646 4.06 % 309,250 2.70 % Total interest-bearing deposits 2,651,215 3.32 % 2,399,500 2.49 % Total deposits $ 3,616,044 2.44 % $ 3,484,845 1.72 % Time deposits in amounts of more than $250 thousand represent the type of deposit most likely to affect the Company’s future earnings because of interest rate sensitivity. The effective cost of these funds is generally higher than other time deposits because the funds are usually obtained at premium rates of interest. The scheduled maturities of time deposits of more than $250 thousand as of September 30, 2024 follows: (Dollars in thousands) Three Months Three to Six Months Six to 12 Months After 12 Months Total $ 37,167 $ 46,261 $ 30,042 $ 1,449 $ 114,919 43 Table of Contents The estimated amount of uninsured deposits as of September 30, 2024 was $1.22 billion. This represented approximately 33% of total deposits and excludes collateralized public fund deposits. Borrowed Funds In addition to deposits, we may utilize advances from the FHLB and other borrowings as a supplementary funding source to finance our operations. FHLB Advances . The FHLB allows us to borrow, both short and long-term, on a blanket floating lien status collateralized by first mortgage loans and commercial real estate loans as well as FHLB stock. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had total remaining borrowing capacity from the FHLB of $1.11 billion and $1.10 billion, respectively, with no outstanding balance. We had no long-term FHLB borrowings during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 or 2023. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas . The Bank has a line of credit with the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (the “FRB”). The amount of the line is determined on a monthly basis by the FRB. The line is collateralized by a blanket floating lien on all agriculture, commercial and consumer loans. The amount of the line was $664.2 million and $595.4 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, with no outstanding balance. We had no long-term FRB borrowings during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 or 2023. Lines of Credit . The Bank has uncollateralized lines of credit with multiple banks as a source of funding for liquidity management. The total amount of the lines was $140.0 million and $140.0 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The lines were not used, other than testing during the three and nine months September 30, 2024 or the three and nine months September 30, 2023. FHLB Letters of Credit - The Company may use FHLB letters of credit to pledge to certain public deposits. The outstanding balance of FHLB letters of credit was $75.0 million and $-0- at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Subordinated Debt . In December 2018, the Company issued $14.1 million of subordinated notes that have a maturity date of December 2030 and an average fixed rate of 6.41% for the first seven years. After the fixed rate periods, these notes will float at the Wall Street Journal prime rate, with a floor of 4.0% and a ceiling of 7.5%. These notes pay interest quarterly, are unsecured, and may be called by the Company at any time after the remaining maturity is five years or less. Additionally, these notes are intended to qualify for Tier 2 capital treatment, subject to regulatory limitations. On September 29, 2020, the Company issued $50.0 million in subordinated notes. Proceeds were reduced by approximately $926 thousand in debt issuance costs. These notes have a maturity date of September 2030 with a fixed rate of 4.50% for the first five years. After the expiration of the fixed rate period, the notes will reset quarterly at a variable rate equal to the then current three-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate, as published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, plus 438 basis points. These notes pay interest semi-annually, are unsecured, and may be called by the Company at any time after the remaining maturity is five years or less. Additionally, these notes are intended to qualify for Tier 2 capital treatment, subject to regulatory limitations. As of September 30, 2024, the total amount of subordinated debt securities outstanding was $64.1 million less approximately $186 thousand of remaining debt issuance costs for a total balance of $63.9 million. Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures and Trust Preferred Securities . Between March 2004 and June 2007, the Company formed three wholly-owned statutory business trusts solely for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities, the proceeds of which were invested in junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures. The trusts are not consolidated and the debentures issued by the Company to the trusts are reflected in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company records interest expense on the debentures in its consolidated financial statements. The amount of debentures outstanding was $46.4 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The Company has the right, as has been exercised in the past, to defer payments of interest on the securities for up to twenty consecutive quarters. During such time, corporate dividends may not be paid. The Company is current in its interest payments on the debentures. The chart below indicates certain information, as of September 30, 2024, about each of the statutory trusts and the junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures, including the date the junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures were issued, outstanding amounts of trust preferred securities and junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures, the maturity date of the junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures, and the interest rates on the junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures. 44 Table of Contents Name of Trust Issue Date Amount of Trust Preferred Securities Amount of Debentures Stated Maturity Date of Trust Preferred Securities and Debentures (1) Interest Rate of Trust Preferred Securities and Debentures (2)(3) (Dollars in thousands) South Plains Financial Capital Trust III 2004 $ 10,000 $ 10,310 2034 3-mo. CME Term SOFR + 291 bps; 8.19% South Plains Financial Capital Trust IV 2005 20,000 20,619 2035 3-mo. CME Term SOFR + 165 bps; 6.60% South Plains Financial Capital Trust V 2007 15,000 15,464 2037 3-mo. CME Term SOFR + 176 bps; 6.71% Total $ 45,000 $ 46,393 (1) May be redeemed at the Company’s option. (2) Interest payable quarterly with principal due at maturity. (3) Rate as of last reset date, prior to September 30, 2024. Liquidity and Capital Resources Liquidity Liquidity refers to the measure of our ability to meet the cash flow requirements of depositors and borrowers, while at the same time meeting our operating, capital and strategic cash flow needs, all at a reasonable cost. We continuously monitor our liquidity position to ensure that assets and liabilities are managed in a manner that will meet all short-term and long-term cash requirements. We manage our liquidity position to meet the daily cash flow needs of customers, while maintaining an appropriate balance between assets and liabilities to meet the return on investment objectives of our shareholders. Our liquidity position is supported by management of liquid assets and access to alternative sources of funds. Our liquid assets include cash, interest-bearing deposits in correspondent banks, federal funds sold, and fair value of unpledged investment securities. Other available sources of liquidity include wholesale deposits, and additional borrowings from correspondent banks, FHLB advances, and the Federal Reserve discount window. At September 30, 2024, the Bank had the capacity to borrow additional funds from the FHLB and Federal Reserve discount window of up to approximately $1.1 billion and $664.2 million, respectively. Our short-term and long-term liquidity requirements are primarily met through cash flow from operations, redeployment of prepaying and maturing balances in our loan and investment portfolios, and increases in customer deposits. Other alternative sources of funds will supplement these primary sources to the extent necessary to meet additional liquidity requirements on either a short-term or long-term basis. Management believes that the Company has adequate liquidity to meet its obligations. However, if general economic conditions, potential recession in the United States and our market areas, the impacts related to or resulting from bank failures and any uncertainty in the banking industry, including the associated impact to the Company and other financial institutions of any regulatory changes or other mitigation efforts taken by government agencies in response thereto, increased competition for deposits and related changes in deposit customer behavior, changes in market interest rates, the resurgence of elevated levels of inflation or inflationary pressures in the United States and our market areas, or other events, cause these sources of external funding to become restricted or are eliminated, the Company may not be able to raise adequate funds or may incur substantially higher funding costs or operating restrictions in order to raise the necessary funds to support the Company’s operations and growth. Capital Total stockholders’ equity increased to $443.1 million as of September 30, 2024, compared to $407.1 million as of December 31, 2023, an increase of $36.0 million, or 8.8%. The increase from December 31, 2023 was primarily the result of $33.2 million in net earnings for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and an increase in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) of $9.3 million, net of tax, partially offset by $6.7 million of dividends paid. The increase in AOCI was attributable to the increase in fair value of our available for sale securities and fair value hedges, net of tax, as a result of the decline in market interest rates experienced during the period. We are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal and state banking regulators. Failure to meet regulatory capital requirements may result in certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on our financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for “prompt corrective action” (described below), we must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of our assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting policies. The capital amounts and classifications are subject to qualitative judgments by the federal banking regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. Qualitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy required us to maintain minimum amounts and ratio of common equity tier 1 (“CET1”) capital, tier 1 capital and total capital to risk-weighted assets and of tier 1 capital to average consolidated assets, referred to as the “leverage ratio.” 45 Table of Contents The risk-based capital ratios measure the adequacy of a bank’s capital against the riskiness of its assets and off-balance sheet activities. Failure to maintain adequate capital is a basis for “prompt corrective action” or other regulatory enforcement action. In assessing a bank’s capital adequacy, regulators also consider other factors such as interest rate risk exposure; liquidity, funding and market risks; quality and level of earnings; concentrations of credit, quality of loans and investments; risks of any nontraditional activities; effectiveness of bank policies; and management’s overall ability to monitor and control risks. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, both we and the Bank met all the capital adequacy requirements to which we and the Bank were subject. At September 30, 2024, we and the Bank were “well capitalized” under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. Management believes that no conditions or events have occurred since September 30, 2024 that would materially adversely change such capital classifications. From time to time, we may need to raise additional capital to support our and the Bank’s further growth and to maintain our “well capitalized” status. The table below summarizes the capital requirements applicable to us and the Bank in order to be considered “well capitalized” from a regulatory perspective, as well as our and the Bank’s capital ratios as of the dates indicated. September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Amount Ratio Amount Ratio (Dollars in thousands) South Plains Financial, Inc. : Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) $ 617,052 17.61 % $ 589,565 16.74 % Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) 509,338 14.54 482,044 13.69 CET 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) 464,338 13.25 437,044 12.41 Tier 1 capital (to average assets) 509,338 11.76 482,044 11.33 City Bank: Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) $ 511,744 14.61 % $ 494,353 14.04 % Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) 467,956 13.36 450,607 12.80 CET 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) 467,956 13.36 450,607 12.80 Tier 1 capital (to average assets) 467,956 10.81 450,607 10.60 Community Bank Leverage Ratio On September 17, 2019, the federal banking agencies jointly finalized a rule to be effective January 1, 2020 and intended to simplify the regulatory capital requirements described above for qualifying community banking organizations that opt into the Community Bank Leverage Ratio (“CBLR”) framework, as required by Section 201 of the EGRRCPA. The final rule became effective on January 1, 2020, and the CBLR framework became available for banks to use beginning with their March 31, 2020 Call Reports. Under the final rule, if a qualifying community banking organization opts into the CBLR framework and meets all requirements under the framework, it will be considered to have met the well-capitalized ratio requirements under the “prompt corrective action” regulations described above and will not be required to report or calculate risk-based capital. In order to qualify for the CBLR framework, a community banking organization must have a tier 1 leverage ratio of greater than 9%, less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets, and limited amounts of off-balance sheet exposures and trading assets and liabilities. Although the Company and the Bank are qualifying community banking organizations, the Company and the Bank have elected not to opt in to the CBLR framework at this time and will continue to follow the Basel III capital requirements as described above. Treasury Stock The Company repurchased stock in accordance with its previously-announced stock repurchase program during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. For the three months ended September 30, 2024, we repurchased 40,000 shares of common stock for a total of $1.0 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we repurchased 53,799 share of common stock for a total of $1.3 million. These shares were retired immediately upon repurchase by the Company and not included in treasury stock. See Part II, Item 2, “Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds,” of this Form 10-Q for further information. Interest Rate Sensitivity and Market Risk As a financial institution, our primary component of market risk is interest rate volatility. Our interest rate risk policy provides management with the guidelines for effective funds management, and we have established a measurement system for monitoring our net interest rate sensitivity position. We have historically managed our sensitivity position within our established guidelines. 46 Table of Contents Interest rate sensitivity involves the relationships between rate-sensitive assets and liabilities and is an indication of the probable effects of interest rate fluctuations on the Company’s net interest income. Interest rate-sensitive assets and liabilities are those with yields or rates that are subject to change within a future time period due to maturity or changes in market rates. The model is used to project future net interest income under a set of possible interest rate movements. The Company’s Investment/Asset Liability Committee (“ALCO Committee”) reviews this information to determine compliance with the limits set by the Bank’s board of directors. Fluctuations in interest rates will ultimately impact both the level of income and expense recorded on most of our assets and liabilities, and the market value of all interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, other than those which have a short term to maturity. Interest rate risk is the potential of economic losses due to future interest rate changes. These economic losses can be reflected as a loss of future net interest income and/or a loss of current fair market values. The objective is to measure the effect on net interest income and to adjust the balance sheet to minimize the inherent risk while at the same time maximizing income. We manage our exposure to interest rates by structuring our balance sheet in the ordinary course of business. Based upon the nature of our operations, we are not subject to foreign exchange or commodity price risk. We do not own any trading assets. Our exposure to interest rate risk is managed by the ALCO Committee, in accordance with policies approved by the Bank’s board of directors. The ALCO Committee formulates strategies based on appropriate levels of interest rate risk. In determining the appropriate level of interest rate risk, the ALCO Committee considers the impact on earnings and capital on the current outlook on interest rates, potential changes in interest rates, regional economies, liquidity, business strategies and other factors. The ALCO Committee meets regularly to review, among other things, the sensitivity of assets and liabilities to interest rate changes, the book and market values of assets and liabilities, commitments to originate loans and the maturities of investments and borrowings. Additionally, the ALCO Committee reviews liquidity, cash flow flexibility, maturities of deposits and consumer and commercial deposit activity. Management employs methodologies to manage interest rate risk, which include an analysis of relationships between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and an interest rate shock simulation model. We use interest rate risk simulation models and shock analyses to test the interest rate sensitivity of net interest income and fair value of equity, and the impact of changes in interest rates on other financial metrics. Contractual maturities and re-pricing opportunities of loans are incorporated in the model. The average lives of non-maturity deposit accounts are based on decay assumptions and are incorporated into the model. All of the assumptions used in our analyses are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the model cannot precisely measure future net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in market interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from the model’s simulated results due to timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes as well as changes in market conditions and the application and timing of various management strategies. On a quarterly basis, we run a simulation model for a static balance sheet and other scenarios. These models test the impact on net interest income from changes in market interest rates under various scenarios. Under the static model, rates are shocked instantaneously and ramped rates change over a 12-month and 24-month horizon based upon parallel and non-parallel yield curve shifts. Parallel shock scenarios assume instantaneous parallel movements in the yield curve compared to a flat yield curve scenario. Non-parallel simulation involves analysis of interest income and expense under various changes in the shape of the yield curve. Our internal policy regarding internal rate risk simulations currently specifies that for gradual parallel shifts of the yield curve, estimated net interest income at risk for the subsequent one-year period should not decline by more than 7.5% for a 100 basis point shift, 15% for a 200 basis point shift, and 22.5% for a 300 basis point shift. The following table summarizes the simulated change in net interest income over a 12-month horizon as of the dates indicated: September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Change in Interest Rates (Basis Points) Percent Change in Net Interest Income Percent Change in Net Interest Income +300 (3.48 )% (10.02 )% +200 (2.22 )% (6.59 )% +100 (1.04 )% (3.21 )% -100 0.27 % 3.35 % -200 0.85 % 6.86 % Impact of Inflation Our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). GAAP requires the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars, without considering changes in the relative value of money over time due to inflation or recession. 47 Table of Contents The Company’s asset and liability structure is substantially different from that of an industrial company in that virtually all assets and liabilities of the Company are monetary in nature. Management believes the impact of inflation on financial results depends upon the Company’s ability to react to changes in interest rates and by such reaction, reduce the inflationary impact on performance. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction, or at the same magnitude, as the prices of other goods and services. However, other operating expenses do reflect general levels of inflation. Management seeks to manage the relationship between interest rate-sensitive assets and liabilities in order to protect against wide net interest income fluctuations, including those resulting from inflation. Various information shown elsewhere in this Report will assist in the understanding of how well the Company is positioned to react to changing interest rates and inflationary trends. In particular, additional information related to the Company’s interest rate-sensitive assets and liabilities is contained in this Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Report under the heading “Interest Rate Sensitivity and Market Risk.” Non-GAAP Financial Measures Our accounting and reporting policies conform to GAAP and the prevailing practices in the banking industry. However, we also evaluate our performance based on certain additional financial measures discussed in this Report as being non-GAAP financial measures. We classify a financial measure as being a non-GAAP financial measure if that financial measure excludes or includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of excluding or including amounts, that are included or excluded, as the case may be, in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP as in effect from time to time in the U.S. in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), balance sheets or statements of cash flows. Non-GAAP financial measures do not include operating and other statistical measures or ratios or statistical measures calculated using exclusively either financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, operating measures or other measures that are not non-GAAP financial measures or both. The non-GAAP financial measures that we discuss in this Report should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the most directly comparable or other financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. Moreover, the manner in which we calculate the non-GAAP financial measures that we discuss in this Report may differ from that of other companies reporting measures with similar names. It is important to understand how other banking organizations calculate their financial measures with names similar to the non-GAAP financial measures we have discussed in this Report when comparing such non-GAAP financial measures. Tangible Book Value Per Common Share . Tangible book value per share is a non-GAAP measure generally used by investors, financial analysts and investment bankers to evaluate financial institutions. The most directly comparable GAAP financial measure for tangible book value per common share is book value per common share. We believe that the tangible book value per common share measure is important to many investors in the marketplace who are interested in changes from period to period in book value per common share exclusive of changes in intangible assets. Goodwill and other intangible assets have the effect of increasing total book value while not increasing our tangible book value. Tangible Common Equity to Tangible Assets . Tangible common equity to tangible assets is a non-GAAP measure generally used by investors, financial analysts and investment bankers to evaluate financial institutions. We calculate tangible common equity, as described above, and tangible assets as total assets less goodwill, core deposit intangibles and other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization. The most directly comparable GAAP financial measure for tangible common equity to tangible assets is total common stockholders’ equity to total assets. We believe that this measure is important to many investors in the marketplace who are interested in the relative changes from period to period of tangible common equity to tangible assets, each exclusive of changes in intangible assets. Goodwill and other intangible assets have the effect of increasing both total stockholders’ equity and assets while not increasing our tangible common equity or tangible assets. The following table reconciles, as of the dates set forth below, total stockholders’ equity to tangible common equity and total assets to tangible assets and then presents book value per common share, tangible book value per common share, total stockholders’ equity to total assets, and tangible common equity to tangible assets: September 30, December 31, 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands) Total stockholders’ equity $ 443,122 $ 407,114 Less: Goodwill and other intangibles (21,197 ) (21,744 ) Tangible common equity $ 421,925 $ 385,370 Total assets $ 4,337,659 $ 4,204,793 Less: Goodwill and other intangibles (21,197 ) (21,744 ) Tangible assets $ 4,316,462 $ 4,183,049 Shares outstanding 16,386,627 16,417,099 Total stockholders’ equity to total assets 10.22 % 9.68 % Tangible common equity to tangible assets 9.77 % 9.21 % Book value per share $ 27.04 $ 24.80 Tangible book value per share $ 25.75 $ 23.47 48 Table of Contents Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our accounting and reporting policies conform to GAAP and conform to general practices within the industry in which we operate. To prepare consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management makes estimates, assumptions and judgments based on available information. These estimates, assumptions and judgments affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and, as this information changes, actual results could differ from the estimates, assumptions and judgments reflected in the consolidated financial statements. In particular, management has identified several accounting policies that, due to the estimates, assumptions and judgments inherent in those policies, are critical in understanding our consolidated financial statements. The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”) permits us an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards affecting public companies. We have elected to take advantage of this extended transition period, which means that the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q, as well as any financial statements that we file in the future, will not be subject to all new or revised accounting standards generally applicable to public companies for the transition period for so long as we remain an emerging growth company or until we affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act. The following is a discussion of the critical accounting policies and significant estimates that we believe require us to make the most complex or subjective decisions or assessments. Securities. Investment securities may be classified into trading, held-to-maturity, or available-for-sale portfolios. Securities that are held principally for resale in the near term are classified as trading. Securities that management has the ability and positive intent to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity and recorded at amortized cost. Securities not classified as trading or held-to-maturity are available-for-sale and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings, but included in the determination of other comprehensive income (loss). Management uses these assets as part of its asset/liability management strategy; they may be sold in response to changes in liquidity needs, interest rates, resultant prepayment risk changes, and other factors. Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase. Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the terms of the securities. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Loans. Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at their outstanding principal balances net of any unearned income, charge-offs, unamortized deferred fees and costs on originated loans, and premiums or discounts on purchased loans. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield using the straight-line method, which is not materially different from the effective interest method required by GAAP. Loans are placed on non-accrual status when, in management’s opinion, collection of interest is unlikely, which typically occurs when principal or interest payments are more than ninety days past due. When interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed against interest income. The interest on these loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. Allowance for Credit Losses. The ACL for loans is established for future expected credit losses through a provision for credit losses charged to earnings. Expected losses are calculated using comparable and quantifiable information both internal and external about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans and adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. The Company’s ACL for loans consists of specific valuation allowances established for probable losses on specifically analyzed loans and collective valuation allowances calculated using comparable and quantifiable information both internal and external about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. The ACL for loans is evaluated on a quarterly basis by management and is based upon management’s review of the collectability of the loans in light of historical experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, and prevailing economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available. The determination of the adequacy of the ACL for loans is based on estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant changes in the economic environment and market conditions. In connection with the determination of the estimated losses on loans, management obtains independent appraisals for significant collateral. The Bank’s loans are generally secured by specific items of collateral including real property, crops, livestock, consumer assets, and other business assets. 49 Table of Contents While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, further reductions in the carrying amounts of loans may be necessary based on various factors. In addition, regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the estimated losses on loans. Such agencies may require the Bank to recognize additional losses based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination. Because of these factors, it is reasonably possible that the estimated losses on loans may change materially in the near term. However, the amount of the change that is reasonably possible cannot be estimated. Loans that exhibit characteristics different from their pool characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not included in the collective ACL for loans evaluation. Certain of these loans are considered to be collateral dependent with the borrower experiencing financial difficulty. For these loans, the fair value of collateral practical expedient is elected whereby the allowance is calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost exceeds the fair value of collateral, less costs to sell. All non-accrual loans $250 thousand or greater are analyzed for a specific ACL. The Company estimates expected credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The ACL for off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted through provision for credit losses. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. Utilization rates are determined based on a two-year rolling average of historical usage. Expected loss rates for all pass rated loans are used to determine the ACL for off-balance sheet credit exposures. For AFS securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized costs basis is written down to fair value through income. For AFS securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). Changes in the ACL are recorded as provision for credit losses. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of an AFS security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Accrued interest is excluded from the estimate of credit losses on securities. Loans Held for Sale. Loans held for sale are comprised of residential mortgage loans. Loans that are originated for best efforts delivery are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value as determined by aggregate outstanding commitments from investors or current investor yield requirements. All other loans held for sale are carried at fair value. Loans sold are typically subject to certain indemnification provisions with the investor; management does not believe these provisions will have any significant consequences. Mortgage Servicing Rights Asset. When mortgage loans are sold with servicing retained, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value with the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) effect recorded in net gain on sale of loans. Fair value is based on market prices for comparable mortgage servicing contracts, when available, or alternatively, is based on a valuation model that calculates present value of estimated future servicing income. Under the fair value measurement method, the Company measures servicing rights at fair value at each reporting date and reports change in fair value of servicing assets in earnings in the period in which the changes occur, and are included with other noninterest income in the consolidated financial statements. The fair values of servicing rights are subject to significant fluctuations as a result of changes in estimated and actual prepayment speeds and default rates and losses. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets. Goodwill resulting from business combinations is generally determined as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events and circumstances exist that indicate that an impairment test should be performed. Intangible assets with definite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements See Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q regarding the impact of new accounting pronouncements. 50 Table of Contents