Financial Statements
−Removed: iShares Silver Trust
+Added: iShares ®
Statements of Assets and Liabilities (Unaudited)
−Removed: At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019
+Added: At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019
Investment in silver bullion, at fair value (a)
−Removed: 5,507,482,733
−Removed: 6,543,418,555
−Removed: 5,507,482,733
−Removed: 6,543,418,555
+Added: $ 8,886,943,805  
+Added: $ 6,543,418,555  
+Added: 8,886,943,805  
+Added: 6,543,418,555  
Sponsor’s fees payable
+Added: 3,486,918  
+Added: 2,659,990  
Total Liabilities
+Added: 3,486,918  
+Added: 2,659,990  
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 6)
−Removed: 5,505,117,093
−Removed: 6,540,758,565
+Added: $ 8,883,456,887  
+Added: $ 6,540,758,565  
Shares issued and outstanding (b)
+Added: 534,350,000  
+Added: 388,100,000  
Net asset value per Share (Note 2C)
−Removed: Cost of investment in silver bullion:
−Removed: $6,681,432,888 and $6,294,157,046, respectively.
−Removed: No par value, unlimited amount authorized.
+Added: $ 16.62  
+Added: $ 16.85  
+Added: Cost of investment in silver bullion: $8,374,199,813 and $6,294,157,046, respectively.
+Added: No par value, unlimited amount authorized.
See notes to financial statements.
−Removed: iShares Silver Trust
+Added: iShares ®
Statements of Operations (Unaudited)
−Removed: For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019
+Added: For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019
Three Months Ended
+Added: Six Months Ended
Sponsor’s fees
8 unchanged sentences
1,686,694,147
−Removed: Net realized and unrealized loss
−Removed: ( 1,432,782,373
−Removed: ( 112,251,701
−Removed: Net decrease in net assets resulting from operations
+Added: Net realized and unrealized gain (loss)
1,675,551,278
+Added: Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations
1,666,597,884
−Removed: Net decrease in net assets per Share (a)
−Removed: Net decrease in net assets per Share based on average shares outstanding during the period.
+Added: Net increase (decrease) in net assets per Share (a)
+Added: Net increase (decrease) in net assets per Share based on average shares outstanding during the period.
See notes to financial statements.
−Removed: iShares Silver Trust
+Added: iShares ®
Statements of Changes in Net Assets (Unaudited)
−Removed: For the three months ended March 31, 2020
−Removed: Three Months Ended
−Removed: March 31, 2020
+Added: For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020
+Added: Six Months Ended
+Added: June 30, 2020
Net Assets at December 31, 2019
15 unchanged sentences
5,505,117,093
+Added: Net investment loss
+Added: Net realized loss
+Added: Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation
+Added: 1,686,694,147
+Added: Net increase in net assets resulting from operations
+Added: 1,666,597,884
+Added: Capital Share Transactions:
+Added: Contributions for Shares issued
+Added: 1,962,530,775
+Added: Distributions for Shares redeemed
+Added: ( 250,788,865
+Added: Net increase in net assets from capital share transactions
+Added: 1,711,741,910
+Added: Increase in net assets
+Added: 3,378,339,794
+Added: Net Assets at June 30, 2020
+Added: 8,883,456,887
Shares issued and redeemed
3 unchanged sentences
See notes to financial statements.
−Removed: iShares Silver Trust
+Added: iShares ®
Statements of Changes in Net Assets (Unaudited)
−Removed: For the three months ended March 31, 2019
−Removed: Three Months Ended
−Removed: March 31, 2019
+Added: For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019
+Added: Six Months Ended
+Added: June 30, 2019
Net Assets at December 31, 2018
15 unchanged sentences
4,668,431,637
+Added: Net investment loss
+Added: Net realized loss
+Added: Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation
+Added: Net increase in net assets resulting from operations
+Added: Capital Share Transactions:
+Added: Contributions for Shares issued
+Added: Distributions for Shares redeemed
+Added: Net increase in net assets from capital share transactions
+Added: Increase in net assets
+Added: Net Assets at June 30, 2019
+Added: 4,919,140,506
Shares issued and redeemed
1 unchanged sentence
Shares redeemed
−Removed: Net decrease in Shares issued and outstanding
+Added: Net increase in Shares issued and outstanding
See notes to financial statements.
−Removed: iShares Silver Trust
+Added: iShares ®
Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
−Removed: For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019
−Removed: Three Months Ended
+Added: For the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019
+Added: Six Months Ended
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
7 unchanged sentences
Reconciliation of Net Increase (Decrease) in Net Assets Resulting from Operations to Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities
−Removed: Net decrease in net assets resulting from operations
−Removed: ( 1,440,459,322
−Removed: ( 118,203,615
+Added: Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations
Adjustments to reconcile net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
8 unchanged sentences
Silver bullion contributed for Shares issued
+Added: 2,852,348,213
Silver bullion distributed for Shares redeemed
2 unchanged sentences
See notes to financial statements.
−Removed: iShares Silver Trust
+Added: iShares ®
Schedules of Investments (Unaudited)
−Removed: At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019
−Removed: March 31, 2020
+Added: At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019
Silver bullion
−Removed: 6,681,432,888
−Removed: 5,507,482,733
−Removed: Total Investment – 
−Removed: 5,507,482,733
−Removed: Less Liabilities – 
−Removed: Net Assets – 
+Added: 498,007,498  
+Added: $ 8,374,199,813  
+Added: $ 8,886,943,805  
+Added: Total Investments –
+Added: 8,886,943,805  
+Added: Less Liabilities –
( 3,486,918 )
−Removed: December 31, 2019
+Added: Net Assets –
+Added: $ 8,883,456,887  
+Added: December  
Silver bullion
−Removed: 6,294,157,046
−Removed: 6,543,418,555
−Removed: Total Investment – 
−Removed: 6,543,418,555
−Removed: Less Liabilities – 
−Removed: Net Assets – 
+Added: 362,616,711  
+Added: $ 6,294,157,046  
+Added: $ 6,543,418,555  
+Added: Total Investments –
+Added: 6,543,418,555  
+Added: Less Liabilities –
( 2,659,990 )
+Added: Net Assets –
+Added: $ 6,540,758,565  
See notes to financial statements.
−Removed: iShares Silver Trust
+Added: iShares ®
Notes to Financial Statements (Unaudited)
−Removed: March 31, 2020
−Removed: 1 - Organization
+Added: June 30, 2020
+Added: 1  - Organization
The iShares Silver Trust (the “Trust”) was organized on April 21, 2006 as a New York trust.
13 unchanged sentences
The Trust qualifies as an investment company solely for accounting purposes and not for any other purpose and follows the accounting and reporting guidance under the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 946, Financial Services - Investment Companies, but is not registered, and is not required to be registered, as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.
−Removed: 2 - Significant Accounting Policies
+Added: 2  - Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Accounting
10 unchanged sentences
Gain or loss on sales of silver bullion is calculated on a trade date basis using the average cost method.
−Removed: The following tables summarize activity in silver bullion for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:
−Removed: Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
+Added: The following tables summarize activity in silver bullion for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019:
+Added: Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Beginning balance
+Added: 395,368,466  
+Added: $ 6,681,432,888  
+Added: $ 5,507,482,733  
+Added: Silver bullion contributed
+Added: 118,708,634  
+Added: 1,962,530,775  
+Added: 1,962,530,775  
+Added: Silver bullion distributed
+Added: ( 15,569,065 )  
+Added: ( 261,348,495 )  
+Added: ( 250,788,865 )  
( 10,559,630 )
+Added: Silver bullion sold to pay expenses
+Added: ( 500,537 )  
+Added: ( 8,415,355 )  
+Added: ( 7,832,116 )  
+Added: Net realized gain
+Added: ( 11,142,869 )  
+Added: Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation
+Added: 1,686,694,147  
+Added: Ending balance
+Added: 498,007,498  
+Added: $ 8,374,199,813  
+Added: $ 8,886,943,805  
$ ( 11,142,869 )
+Added: Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
+Added: Beginning balance
+Added: 309,301,232  
+Added: $ 5,475,186,353  
+Added: $ 4,670,448,601  
Silver bullion contributed
+Added: 20,139,972  
+Added: 300,557,309  
+Added: 300,557,309  
Silver bullion distributed
−Removed: ( 494,644,937
+Added: ( 5,715,084 )  
+Added: ( 100,797,226 )  
+Added: ( 84,431,118 )  
( 16,366,108 )
Silver bullion sold to pay expenses
−Removed: Net realized loss
−Removed: Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation
+Added: ( 395,507 )  
+Added: ( 6,983,443 )  
+Added: ( 5,887,355 )  
( 1,096,088 )
+Added: Net realized gain
+Added: ( 17,462,196 )  
+Added: Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation
+Added: 57,866,685  
Ending balance
−Removed: 6,681,432,888
+Added: 323,330,613  
+Added: $ 5,667,962,993  
+Added: $ 4,921,091,926  
$ ( 17,462,196 )
−Removed: Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
+Added: The following tables summarize activity in silver bullion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019:
+Added: Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Beginning balance
+Added: 362,616,711  
+Added: $ 6,294,157,046  
+Added: $ 6,543,418,555  
+Added: Silver bullion contributed
+Added: 180,427,906  
+Added: 2,852,348,213  
+Added: 2,852,348,213  
+Added: Silver bullion distributed
+Added: ( 44,081,945 )  
+Added: ( 755,993,432 )  
+Added: ( 735,788,453 )  
( 20,204,979 )
+Added: Silver bullion sold to pay expenses
+Added: ( 955,174 )  
+Added: ( 16,312,014 )  
+Added: ( 15,803,415 )  
+Added: Net realized gain
+Added: ( 20,713,578 )  
+Added: Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation
+Added: 263,482,483  
+Added: Ending balance
+Added: 498,007,498  
+Added: $ 8,374,199,813  
+Added: $ 8,886,943,805  
$ ( 20,713,578 )
+Added: Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
+Added: Beginning balance
+Added: 317,233,610  
+Added: $ 5,641,558,156  
+Added: $ 4,906,017,787  
Silver bullion contributed
+Added: 32,006,044  
+Added: 485,837,021  
+Added: 485,837,021  
Silver bullion distributed
−Removed: ( 344,949,618
+Added: ( 25,136,052 )  
+Added: ( 445,746,844 )  
+Added: ( 387,112,201 )  
( 58,634,643 )
Silver bullion sold to pay expenses
−Removed: Net realized loss
+Added: ( 772,989 )  
+Added: ( 13,685,340 )  
+Added: ( 11,803,469 )  
+Added: ( 1,881,871 )
+Added: Net realized gain
+Added: ( 60,516,514 )  
Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation
+Added: ( 11,330,698 )  
Ending balance
−Removed: 5,475,186,353
+Added: 323,330,613  
+Added: $ 5,667,962,993  
+Added: $ 4,921,091,926  
$ ( 60,516,514 )
15 unchanged sentences
Any interest, expenses, gains and losses are passed through to the holders of Shares of the Trust.
−Removed: The Sponsor has analyzed applicable tax laws and regulations and their application to the Trust as of March 31, 2020 and does not believe that there are any uncertain tax positions that require recognition of a tax liability.
−Removed: 3 - Trust Expenses
+Added: The Sponsor has analyzed applicable tax laws and regulations and their application to the Trust as of June 30, 2020 and does not believe that there are any uncertain tax positions that require recognition of a tax liability.
+Added: 3  - Trust Expenses
The Trust pays to the Sponsor a Sponsor’s fee that accrues daily at an annualized rate equal to 0.50 % of the net asset value of the Trust, paid monthly in arrears.
1 unchanged sentence
the Trustee’s fee, the Custodian’s fee, NYSE Arca listing fees, SEC registration fees, printing and mailing costs, audit fees and expenses, and up to $ 100,000 per annum in legal fees and expenses.
−Removed: 4 - Related Parties
+Added: 4  - Related Parties
The Sponsor and the Trustee are considered to be related parties to the Trust.
The Trustee’s fee is paid by the Sponsor and is not a separate expense of the Trust.
−Removed: 5 - Indemnification
+Added: 5  - Indemnification
The Trust Agreement provides that the Trustee shall indemnify the Sponsor, its directors, employees and agents against, and hold each of them harmless from, any loss, liability, cost, expense or judgment (including reasonable fees and expenses of counsel) (i) caused by the negligence or bad faith of the Trustee or (ii) arising out of any information furnished in writing to the Sponsor by the Trustee expressly for use in the registration statement, or any amendment thereto or periodic or other report filed with the SEC relating to the Shares that is not materially altered by the Sponsor.
1 unchanged sentence
The Trust has agreed that the Custodian will only be responsible for any loss or damage suffered by the Trust as a direct result of the Custodian’s negligence, fraud or willful default in the performance of its duties.
−Removed: 6 - Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
+Added: 6  - Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
In the normal course of business, the Trust may enter into contracts with service providers that contain general indemnification clauses.
The Trust’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown as this would involve future claims that may be made against the Trust that have not yet occurred.
−Removed: 7 - Concentration Risk
+Added: 7  - Concentration Risk
Substantially all of the Trust’s assets are holdings of silver bullion, which creates a concentration risk associated with fluctuations in the price of silver.
5 unchanged sentences
global or regional political, economic or financial events and situations;
−Removed: investors’ expectations with respect to the rate of inflation;
+Added: investors’
+Added: expectations with respect to the rate of inflation;
interest rates;
2 unchanged sentences
and investor confidence.
−Removed: 8 - Financial Highlights
−Removed: The following financial highlights relate to investment performance and operations for a Share outstanding for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.
+Added: 8  - Financial Highlights
+Added: The following financial highlights relate to investment performance and operations for a Share outstanding for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.
Three Months Ended
+Added: Six Months Ended
Net asset value per Share, beginning of period
Net investment loss (a)
−Removed: Net realized and unrealized loss (b)
−Removed: Net decrease in net assets from operations
+Added: Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) (b)
+Added: Net increase (decrease) in net assets from operations
Net asset value per Share, end of period
2 unchanged sentences
Net investment loss (e)
−Removed: Based on average Shares outstanding during the period.
+Added: Based on average Shares outstanding during the period.
The amounts reported for a Share outstanding may not accord with the change in aggregate gains and losses on investment for the period due to the timing of Trust Share transactions in relation to the fluctuating fair values of the Trust’s underlying investment.
−Removed: Based on the change in net asset value of a Share during the period.
−Removed: Percentage is not annualized.
−Removed: Percentage is annualized.
−Removed: 9 - Investment Valuation
+Added: Based on the change in net asset value of a Share during the period.
+Added: Percentage is 
+Added: not  annualized.
+Added: Percentage is annualized.
+Added: - Investment  
GAAP defines fair value as the price the Trust would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
5 unchanged sentences
The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
−Removed: Level 1 – 
−Removed: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
−Removed: Level 2 – 
−Removed: Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not considered to be active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means;
−Removed: Level 3 – 
+Added: Level 1 − 
+Added: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
+Added: Level 2 − 
+Added: Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not considered to be active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means;
+Added: Level 3 − 
Unobservable inputs that are unobservable for the asset or liability, including the Trust’s assumptions used in determining the fair value of investments.
−Removed: At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the value of the silver bullion held by the Trust is categorized as Level 1.
+Added: At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the value of the silver bullion held by the Trust is categorized as Level 1.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
1 unchanged sentence
The discussion and analysis that follows may contain statements that relate to future events or future performance.
−Removed: In some cases, such forward‑looking statements can be identified by terminology such as “may,”
+Added: In some cases, such forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as “may,”
“should,”
13 unchanged sentences
Although the Sponsor does not make forward-looking statements unless it believes it has a reasonable basis for doing so, the Sponsor cannot guarantee their accuracy.
−Removed: Neither the Trust nor the Sponsor is under a duty to update any of the forward-looking statements to conform such statements to actual results or to a change in the Sponsor’s expectations or predictions.
+Added: Except as required by applicable disclosure laws, neither the Trust nor the Sponsor is under a duty to update any of the forward-looking statements to conform such statements to actual results or to a change in the Sponsor’s expectations or predictions.
The iShares Silver Trust (the “Trust”) is a grantor trust formed under the laws of the State of New York.
9 unchanged sentences
under the ticker symbol SLV.
−Removed: Valuation of Silver Bullion;
+Added: Valuation of Silver Bullion;
Computation of Net Asset Value
18 unchanged sentences
These estimates and assumptions affect the Trust’s application of accounting policies.
−Removed: A description of the valuation of silver bullion, a critical accounting policy that the Trust believes is important to understanding its results of operations and financial position, is provided in the section entitled “Valuation of Silver Bullion;
−Removed: Computation of Net Asset Value”
+Added: A description of the valuation of silver bullion, a critical accounting policy that the Trust believes is important to understanding its results of operations and financial position, is provided in the section entitled “Valuation of Silver Bullion;
+Added: Computation of Net Asset Value” above.
In addition, please refer to Note 2 to the financial statements included in this report for further discussion of the Trust’s accounting policies.
Results of Operations
−Removed: The Quarter Ended March 31, 2020
−Removed: The Trust’s net asset value fell from $6,540,758,565 at December 31, 2019 to $5,505,117,093 at March 31, 2020, a 15.83% decrease.
−Removed: The decrease in the Trust’s net asset value resulted primarily from a decrease in the LBMA Silver Price, which fell 22.83% from $18.05 at December 31, 2019 to $13.93 at March 31, 2020.
−Removed: The decrease in the Trust’s net asset value was partially offset by an increase in outstanding Shares, which rose from 388,100,000 Shares at December 31, 2019 to 423,700,000 Shares at March 31, 2020, a consequence of 66,150,000 Shares (1,323 Baskets) being created and 30,550,000 Shares (611 Baskets) being redeemed during the quarter.
−Removed: The 22.91% decline in the Trust’s NAV from $16.85 at December 31, 2019 to $12.99 at March 31, 2020 is directly related to the 22.83% decrease in the price of silver.
−Removed: The Trust’s NAV decreased slightly more than the price of silver on a percentage basis due to the Sponsor’s fees, which were $7,676,949 for the quarter, or 0.12% of the Trust’s average weighted assets of $6,164,088,647 during the quarter.
−Removed: The NAV of $17.52 on February 24, 2020 was the highest during the quarter, compared with a low during the quarter of $11.20 on March 19, 2020.
−Removed: Net decrease in net assets resulting from operations for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 was $1,440,459,322, resulting from an unrealized loss on investment in silver bullion of $1,423,211,664, a net realized loss of $9,645,349 on silver bullion distributed for the redemption of Shares and a net investment loss of $7,676,949, partially offset by a net realized gain of $74,640 from silver bullion sold to pay expenses.
+Added: The Quarter Ended June 30, 2020
+Added: The Trust’s net asset value grew from $5,505,117,093 at March 31, 2020 to $8,883,456,887 at June 30, 2020, a 61.37% increase.
+Added: The increase in the Trust’s net asset value resulted primarily from an increase in the LBMA Silver Price, which rose 28.14% from $13.93 at March 31, 2020 to $17.85 at June 30, 2020.
+Added: The Trust’s net asset value also benefited from an increase in number of outstanding Shares, which rose from 423,700,000 Shares at March 31, 2020 to 534,350,000 Shares at June 30, 2020, a consequence of 127,350,000 Shares (2,547 Baskets) being created and 16,700,000 Shares (334 Baskets) being redeemed during the quarter.
+Added: The 27.94% increase in the Trust’s NAV from $12.99 at March 31, 2020 to $16.62 at June 30, 2020 is directly related to the 28.14% increase in the price of silver.
+Added: The Trust’s NAV increased slightly less than the price of silver on a percentage basis due to the Sponsor’s fees, which were $8,953,394 for the quarter, or 0.12% of the Trust’s average weighted assets of $7,239,298,886 during the quarter.
+Added: The NAV of $17.03 on June 2, 2020 was the highest during the quarter, compared with a low during the quarter of $13.07 on April 1, 2020.
+Added: Net increase in net assets resulting from operations for the quarter ended June 30, 2020 was $1,666,597,884, resulting primarily from an unrealized gain on investment in silver bullion of $1,686,694,147, offset by a net realized loss of $10,559,630 on silver bullion distributed for the redemption of Shares, a net investment loss of $8,953,394, and a net realized loss of $583,239 from silver bullion sold to pay expenses.
Other than the Sponsor’s fees of $8,953,394, the Trust had no expenses during the quarter.
+Added: The Six- Month Period 
+Added: Ended June 30, 2020
+Added: The Trust’s net asset value grew from $6,540,758,565 at December 31, 2019 to $8,883,456,887 at June 30, 2020, a 35.82% increase.
+Added: The increase in the Trust’s net asset value resulted primarily from an increase in the number of outstanding Shares, which rose from 388,100,000 Shares at December 31, 2019 to 534,350,000 Shares at June 30, 2020, a consequence of 193,500,000 Shares (3,870 Baskets) being created and 47,250,000 Shares (945 Baskets) being redeemed during the period.
+Added: The increase in the Trust’s net asset value was partially offset by from a decrease in the LBMA Silver Price, which fell 1.11% from $18.05 at December 31, 2019 to $17.85 at June 30, 2020.
+Added: The 1.36% decline in the Trust’s NAV from $16.85 at December 31, 2019 to $16.62 at June 30, 2020 is directly related to the 1.11% decrease in the price of silver.
+Added: The Trust’s NAV decreased slightly more than the price of silver on a percentage basis due to the Sponsor’s fees, which were $16,630,343 for the period, or 0.25% of the Trust’s average weighted assets of $6,701,693,767 during the period.
+Added: The NAV of $17.52 on February 24, 2020 was the highest during the period, compared with a low during the period of $11.20 on March 19, 2020.
+Added: Net increase in net assets resulting from operations for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was $226,138,562, resulting primarily from an unrealized gain on investment in silver bullion of $263,482,483, offset by a net realized loss of $20,204,979 on silver bullion distributed for the redemption of Shares, a net investment loss of $16,630,343 and a net realized loss of $508,599 from silver bullion sold to pay expenses.
+Added: Other than the Sponsor’s fees of $16,630,343, the Trust had no expenses during the period.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
1 unchanged sentence
Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.