STEPAN CO 10-Q

Item 1 - Financial Statements STEPAN COMPANY CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME Unaudited (In thousands, except per share amounts) Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Net Sales $ 590,284 $ 546,842 $ 1,778,228 $ 1,654,665 Cost of Sales 519,261 471,157 1,559,857 1,439,147 Gross Profit 71,023 75,685 218,371 215,518 Operating Expenses: Selling 11,299 11,394 38,064 34,610 Administrative 22,864 26,254 67,079 73,513 Research, development and technical services 14,225 13,532 43,575 41,881 Deferred compensation expense 841 556 1,606 2,729 49,229 51,736 150,324 152,733 Operating Income 21,794 23,949 68,047 62,785 Other Income (Expense): Interest, net ( 6,815 ) ( 3,621 ) ( 16,426 ) ( 9,353 ) Other, net (Note 15) 1,536 989 3,344 4,551 ( 5,279 ) ( 2,632 ) ( 13,082 ) ( 4,802 ) Income Before Provision for Income Taxes 16,515 21,317 54,965 57,983 Provision for Income Taxes 5,676 ( 2,289 ) 13,074 10,963 Net Income 10,839 23,606 41,891 47,020 Net Income Per Common Share (Note 10): Basic $ 0.47 $ 1.03 $ 1.83 $ 2.06 Diluted $ 0.47 $ 1.03 $ 1.83 $ 2.05 Shares Used to Compute Net Income Per Common Share (Note 10): Basic 22,875 22,836 22,869 22,829 Diluted 22,893 22,923 22,888 22,936 The accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these financial statements. 2 STEPAN COMPANY CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Unaudited (In thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Net Income $ 10,839 $ 23,606 $ 41,891 $ 47,020 Other Comprehensive Income (Loss): Foreign currency translation adjustments (Note 11) 1,798 12,880 60,491 ( 19,082 ) Defined benefit pension adjustments, net of tax (Note 11) 59 60 173 175 Derivative instrument activity, net of tax (Note 11) ( 546 ) ( 2,762 ) ( 2,434 ) ( 2,213 ) Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) 1,311 10,178 58,230 ( 21,120 ) Comprehensive Income $ 12,150 $ 33,784 $ 100,121 $ 25,900 The accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these financial statements. 3 STEPAN COMPANY CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS Unaudited (Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Assets Current Assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 118,537 $ 99,665 Receivables, net 436,137 388,027 Inventories (Note 6) 324,267 288,722 Other current assets 41,663 34,015 Total current assets 920,604 810,429 Assets held for sale (Note 17) 8,476 — Property, Plant and Equipment: Cost 2,741,171 2,645,931 Less: Accumulated depreciation ( 1,527,309 ) ( 1,447,477 ) Property, plant and equipment, net 1,213,862 1,198,454 Goodwill, net 98,956 91,368 Other intangible assets, net 41,014 42,673 Long-term investments (Note 3) 20,815 25,558 Operating lease assets (Note 7) 65,760 71,477 Other non-current assets 62,797 64,689 Total assets $ 2,432,284 $ 2,304,648 Liabilities and Equity Current Liabilities: Current maturities of debt (Note 14) $ 298,365 $ 292,807 Accounts payable 289,379 258,787 Accrued liabilities 121,608 117,440 Total current liabilities 709,352 669,034 Liabilities held for sale (Note 17) 4,571 — Deferred income taxes 10,294 9,612 Long-term debt, less current maturities (Note 14) 357,107 332,632 Non-current operating lease liabilities (Note 7) 52,044 57,392 Other non-current liabilities 52,144 66,044 Commitments and Contingencies (Note 8) Equity: Common stock, $ 1 par value; authorized 60,000,000 shares; 27,293,679 issued shares in 2025 and 27,156,436 issued shares in 2024 27,294 27,156 Additional paid-in capital 258,195 253,779 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (Note 11) ( 138,608 ) ( 196,838 ) Retained earnings 1,289,682 1,273,886 Less: Common treasury stock, at cost, 4,674,664 shares in 2025 and 4,655,798 shares in 2024 ( 189,791 ) ( 188,049 ) Total equity 1,246,772 1,169,934 Total liabilities and equity $ 2,432,284 $ 2,304,648 The accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these financial statements. 4 STEPAN COMPANY CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Unaudited (In thousands) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 Cash Flows From Operating Activities Net income $ 41,891 $ 47,020 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 93,305 83,676 Deferred compensation 1,606 2,729 Realized and unrealized gains on long-term investments ( 2,008 ) ( 3,740 ) Stock-based compensation 4,468 4,480 Deferred income taxes 1,733 ( 363 ) Other non-cash items 1,227 1,756 Changes in assets and liabilities: Receivables, net ( 25,308 ) ( 21,688 ) Inventories ( 24,848 ) ( 39,003 ) Other current assets ( 7,409 ) ( 5,995 ) Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 6,524 27,455 Pension liabilities ( 673 ) ( 1,355 ) Environmental and legal liabilities ( 546 ) 818 Deferred revenues ( 2,071 ) ( 2,023 ) Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities 87,891 93,767 Cash Flows From Investing Activities Expenditures for property, plant and equipment ( 87,896 ) ( 86,572 ) Other, net 6,878 5,831 Net Cash Used In Investing Activities ( 81,018 ) ( 80,741 ) Cash Flows From Financing Activities Revolving debt and bank overdrafts, net (Note 14) 3,582 83,004 Other debt borrowings (Note 6) 75,000 — Other debt repayments (Note 6) ( 48,571 ) ( 48,571 ) Dividends paid ( 26,095 ) ( 25,289 ) Stock option exercises 104 1,023 Other, net ( 1,760 ) ( 3,238 ) Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities 2,260 6,929 Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash 9,739 ( 2,498 ) Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents 18,872 17,457 Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Period 99,665 129,823 Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period $ 118,537 $ 147,280 Supplemental Cash Flow Information Cash payments of income taxes, net of refunds $ 4,065 $ 8,482 Cash payments of interest $ 20,330 $ 21,513 The accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these financial statements. 5 STEPAN COMPANY NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS September 30, 2025 Unaudited 1. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The condensed consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared by Stepan Company (the Company), without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations, although management believes that the disclosures are adequate and make the information presented not misleading. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring accruals, necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position as of September 30, 2025, its results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 and cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, have been included. These financial statements and related footnotes should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related footnotes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K). 2. RECONCILIATIONS OF EQUITY Below are reconciliations of total equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024: (In thousands, except share and per share amounts) Total Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Common Treasury Stock Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Retained Earnings Balance, June 30, 2025 $ 1,241,713 $ 27,291 $ 256,575 $ ( 189,786 ) $ ( 139,919 ) $ 1,287,552 Issuance of 0 shares of common stock under incentive compensation plan — — — — — — Stock-based and deferred compensation 1,618 3 1,620 ( 5 ) — — Net income 10,839 — — — — 10,839 Other comprehensive income 1,311 — — — 1,311 — Cash dividends paid: Common stock ($ 0.385 per share) ( 8,709 ) — — — — ( 8,709 ) Balance, September 30, 2025 $ 1,246,772 $ 27,294 $ 258,195 $ ( 189,791 ) $ ( 138,608 ) $ 1,289,682 (In thousands, except share and per share amounts) Total Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Common Treasury Stock Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Retained Earnings Balance, December 31, 2024 $ 1,169,934 $ 27,156 $ 253,779 $ ( 188,049 ) $ ( 196,838 ) $ 1,273,886 Issuance of 2,473 shares of common stock under incentive compensation plan 104 2 102 — — — Stock-based and deferred compensation 2,708 136 4,314 ( 1,742 ) — — Net income 41,891 — — — — 41,891 Other comprehensive income 58,230 — — — 58,230 — Cash dividends paid: Common stock ($ 1.155 per share) ( 26,095 ) — — — — ( 26,095 ) Balance, September 30, 2025 $ 1,246,772 $ 27,294 $ 258,195 $ ( 189,791 ) $ ( 138,608 ) $ 1,289,682 6 (In thousands, except share and per share amounts) Total Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Common Treasury Stock Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Retained Earnings Balance, June 30, 2024 $ 1,192,436 $ 27,142 $ 250,945 $ ( 187,778 ) $ ( 161,900 ) $ 1,264,027 Issuance of 1,037 shares of common stock under incentive compensation plan 57 1 56 — — — Stock-based and deferred compensation 1,524 6 1,674 ( 156 ) — — Net income 23,606 — — — — 23,606 Other comprehensive (loss) 10,178 — — — 10,178 — Cash dividends paid: Common stock ($ 0.375 per share) ( 8,436 ) — — — — ( 8,436 ) Balance, September 30, 2024 $ 1,219,365 $ 27,149 $ 252,675 $ ( 187,934 ) $ ( 151,722 ) $ 1,279,197 (In thousands, except share and per share amounts) Total Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Common Treasury Stock Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Retained Earnings Balance, December 31, 2023 $ 1,216,490 $ 27,006 $ 247,032 $ ( 184,412 ) $ ( 130,602 ) $ 1,257,466 Issuance of 24,161 shares of common stock under incentive compensation plan 1,023 24 999 — — — Stock-based and deferred compensation 1,241 119 4,644 ( 3,522 ) — — Net income 47,020 — — — — 47,020 Other comprehensive (loss) ( 21,120 ) — — — ( 21,120 ) — Cash dividends paid: Common stock ($ 1.125 per share) ( 25,289 ) — — — — ( 25,289 ) Balance, September 30, 2024 $ 1,219,365 $ 27,149 $ 252,675 $ ( 187,934 ) $ ( 151,722 ) $ 1,279,197 3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS Cash and cash equivalents Carrying value approximated fair value because of the short maturity of the instruments. Fair value of cash and cash equivalents is a Level 1 measurement. The Company's cash and cash equivalents included money market funds totaling $ 11,413,000 and $ 12,589,000 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Derivative assets and liabilities Derivative assets and liabilities include the foreign currency exchange and interest rate swap contracts discussed in Note 4, Derivative Instruments , of the notes to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements (included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q). Fair value and carrying value were the same because the contracts were recorded at fair value. The fair values of the foreign currency contracts were calculated as the difference between the applicable forward foreign exchange rates at the reporting date and the contracted foreign exchange rates multiplied by the contracted notional amounts. The fair value of the interest rate swap was calculated as the difference between the contracted swap rate and the floating interest rate multiplied by the present value of the notional amount of the contract. At September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024 , the fair values and related carrying values of debt, including current maturities, were as follows (the fair value and carrying value amounts are presented without regard to unamortized debt issuance costs of $ 303,000 and $ 404,000 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively): (In thousands) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Fair value $ 643,100 $ 598,864 Carrying value 655,775 625,843 7 The following tables present financial assets and liabilities, excluding cash and cash equivalents, measured on a recurring basis at fair value as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, and the level within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall: (In thousands) September 30, 2025 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Mutual fund assets $ 20,815 $ 20,815 $ — $ — Derivative assets: Interest rate contracts 2,507 — 2,507 — Foreign currency contracts 233 — 233 — Total assets at fair value $ 23,555 $ 20,815 $ 2,740 $ — Derivative liabilities: Foreign currency contracts $ 232 $ — $ 232 $ — (In thousands) December 31, 2024 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Mutual fund assets $ 25,558 $ 25,558 $ — $ — Derivative assets: Interest rate contracts 4,934 — 4,934 — Foreign currency contracts 1,386 — 1,386 — Total assets at fair value $ 31,878 $ 25,558 $ 6,320 $ — Derivative liabilities: Foreign currency contracts $ 752 $ — $ 752 $ — 4. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS At September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024 , the Company had open forward foreign currency exchange contracts to buy or sell foreign currencies with U.S. dollar equivalent amounts of $ 51,106,000 and $ 149,571,000 , respectively. All forward foreign exchange contracts at September 30, 2025 had durations of one month to three months . The Company is currently exposed to volatility in short-term interest rates and has mitigated certain portions of that risk by using an interest rate swap. The interest rate swap is recognized on the balance sheet as either an asset or a liability measured at fair value. At September 30, 2025 , the Company held an interest rate swap contract with a notional value of $ 100,000,000 that was designated as a cash flow hedge. Period-to-period changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap are initially recognized as gains or losses in other comprehensive income. As the interest rate swap contract is settled, the corresponding gain or loss is reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) into earnings. The maturity date of the current interest swap contract is March 10, 2027 , which is closely aligned with the June 24, 2027 maturity of the Company's revolving credit facility. The fair values of the derivative instruments held by the Company on September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, are disclosed in Note 3, Fair Value Measurements , of the notes to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements (included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q). Derivative instrument gains and losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, were immaterial. For amounts reclassified out of AOCI into earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, see Note 11, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) , of the notes to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements (included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q). 5. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION Compensation expense recorded for all stock options, performance shares, time-based restricted stock units (RSUs) and stock appreciation rights (SARs) was as follows: (In thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 $ 1,404 $ 1,551 $ 4,468 $ 4,480 Unrecognized compensation costs for stock options, performance shares, RSUs and SARs were as follows: 8 (In thousands) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Stock options $ 92 $ 119 Performance shares and RSUs 7,520 4,645 SARs 3,086 2,438 The change in unrecognized compensation costs for stock options, performance shares, RSUs and SARs is due to new grants issued in 2025. The Company granted the following awards in the first nine months of 2025: Shares Stock options 1,887 Performance shares (at target) and RSUs 134,162 SARs 124,737 The unrecognized compensation costs at September 30, 2025 , are expected to be recognized over weighted-average periods of 1.6 years for stock options, 2.1 years for performance shares and RSUs and 2.0 years for SARs. 6. INVENTORIES The composition of inventories at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, was as follows: (In thousands) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Finished goods $ 232,165 $ 201,684 Raw materials 92,102 87,038 Total inventories $ 324,267 $ 288,722 7. LEASES Lease cost is recognized in both the Cost of Sales and Operating Expenses sections of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. (In thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Lease Cost Operating lease cost $ 4,894 $ 4,612 $ 14,457 $ 13,573 Short-term lease cost 2,691 2,718 8,005 8,654 Variable lease cost 395 447 1,163 1,312 Total lease cost $ 7,980 $ 7,777 $ 23,625 $ 23,539 Other Information Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flow from operating leases $ 4,879 $ 4,624 $ 14,456 $ 13,589 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities 755 2,353 1,015 3,901 9 The following table outlines the maturities of lease liabilities as of September 30, 2025. (In thousands) Undiscounted Cash Flows: 2025 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2025) $ 5,001 2026 16,004 2027 12,103 2028 9,644 2029 8,883 Subsequent to 2029 30,938 Total Undiscounted Cash Flows $ 82,573 Less: Imputed interest ( 11,171 ) Present value $ 71,402 Current operating lease liabilities (1) 14,982 Non-current operating lease liabilities 56,420 Total lease liabilities $ 71,402 (1) This item is included in the Accrued liabilities line on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Weighted-average remaining lease term-operating leases 7 Years Weighted-average discount rate-operating leases 4.0 % As of September 30, 2025 , the Company had no leases that had not already commenced. 8. CONTINGENCIES There are a variety of legal proceedings pending or threatened against the Company that occur in the normal course of the Company’s business, the majority of which relate to environmental assessment, protection and remediation matters. Some of these proceedings may result in fines, penalties, judgments or costs being assessed against the Company at some future time. The Company’s operations are subject to extensive local, state and federal regulations, including the U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) and the Superfund amendments of 1986 (Superfund) as well as comparable regulations applicable to the Company’s foreign locations. Over the years, the Company has received requests for information related to or has been named by government authorities as a potentially responsible party at a number of sites where cleanup costs have been or may be incurred by the Company under CERCLA and similar state statutes. In addition, the Company is from time to time involved in routine legal proceedings incidental to the conduct of its business, including personal injury, property damage, tax, trade and labor matters. The Company believes that it has made adequate provisions for the costs it is likely to incur with respect to these claims. In determining the appropriate level of environmental reserves, the Company considers several factors such as information obtained from investigatory studies; changes in the scope of remediation; the interpretation, application and enforcement of laws and regulations; changes in the costs of remediation programs; the development of alternative cleanup technologies and methods; and the relative level of the Company’s involvement at various sites for which the Company is allegedly associated. The level of annual expenditures for remedial, monitoring and investigatory activities will change in the future as major components of planned remediation activities are completed and the scope, timing and costs of existing activities are changed. As of September 30, 2025 , the Company estimated a range of possible environmental losses and legal losses of $ 19,406,000 to $ 44,696,000 . Within the range of possible environmental losses and legal losses, management has currently concluded that no single amount is more likely to occur than any other amounts in the range and, thus, has accrued at the lower end of the range. These accruals totaled $ 19,406,000 at September 30, 2025 and $ 19,952,000 at December 31, 2024 . In the second quarter of 2025, the Company accrued an additional $ 1,754,000 for remediation expenses at the Company's Elwood, Illinois (Millsdale) facility due to a change in the scope of planned remediation activities. A lthough the Company believes that its estimated range of possible environmental losses and legal losses and its reserves are adequate for contingencies, it is possible, due to uncertainties including those noted above, that additional reserves could be required in the future. Cash expenditures related to environmental remediation and certain other legal matters approximated $ 4,030,000 and $ 2,243,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. 10 For certain sites, the Company has responded to information requests made by federal, state or local government agencies but has received no response confirming or denying the Company’s stated positions. As such, estimates of the total costs, or range of possible costs, of remediation, if any, or the Company’s share of such costs, if any, cannot be determined with respect to these sites. Consequently, the Company is unable to predict the effect thereof on the Company’s financial position, cash flows and results of operations. Based on the Company’s present knowledge with respect to its involvement at these sites, the possibility of other viable entities’ responsibilities for cleanup, and the extended period over which any costs would be incurred, management believes that the Company has no material liability at these sites and that these matters, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position. However, in the event of one or more adverse determinations with respect to such sites in any annual or interim period, the effect on the Company’s cash flows and results of operations for those periods could be material. Following are summaries of the Company’s major contingencies at September 30, 2025: Maywood, New Jersey Site The Company’s property in Maywood, New Jersey, property formerly owned by the Company adjacent to its current site and other nearby properties (collectively, the Maywood site) were listed on the National Priorities List in September 1993 pursuant to the provisions of CERCLA because of alleged chemical and radiological contamination. Pursuant to (i) a September 21, 1987 Administrative Order on Consent entered into between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Company for property formerly owned by the Company at the Maywood site and (ii) the issuance of an order on May 2, 1991 by the USEPA to the Company for property currently owned by the Company at the Maywood site, the Company has completed various Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Studies of soil and groundwater at the Maywood site. On September 24, 2014, the USEPA issued its Record of Decision (ROD) for chemically-contaminated soil at the Maywood site. The ROD was amended pursuant to an Explanation of Significant Differences in January 2021. On February 29, 2024, the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey entered a consent decree among the Company, the United States, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) and the New Jersey Spill Compensation Fund Administrator that requires the Company to take certain actions and to pay certain past costs of the United States and NJDEP. The USEPA has not yet issued a ROD for chemically-contaminated groundwater at the Maywood site. Based on the most current information available, the Company believes its recorded liability is reasonable having considered the range of estimated costs of remediation for the Maywood site. The estimate of the cost of remediation for the Maywood site could change again as the Company continues to hold discussions with the USEPA, as the design of the remedial action is finalized, if a groundwater ROD is issued or if other potentially responsible parties are identified. The ultimate amount for which the Company is liable could differ materially from the Company’s current recorded liability. D’Imperio Property Site During the mid-1970’s, Jerome Lightman and the Lightman Drum Company disposed of hazardous substances generated by the Company at several sites in New Jersey, including the D’Imperio site. The Company was named as a potentially responsible party in an October 2, 1998 lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey that involved the D’Imperio Site. The Company is cooperating with other potentially responsible parties to implement the selected remedy. Based on current information, the Company believes that its recorded liability is reasonable having considered the range of estimated cost of remediation for the D’Imperio site. Depending on the ultimate cost of the remediation at this site, the amount for which the Company is liable could differ materially from the Company’s current recorded liability. Wilmington Site Property formerly owned and operated by the Company in Wilmington, Massachusetts was listed on the National Priorities List in 2006. The Company, together with the current site owner and another potentially responsible party, entered into an Administrative Order on Consent in July 2007 to undertake a Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study. A ROD was issued by the USEPA on March 30, 2021. The Company and three other potentially responsible parties entered into a consent decree, dated September 28, 2023, with USEPA and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts that requires the remedial design and remedial action of the remedy selected in the ROD for two operable units and an interim remedy for another operable unit. Remediation at this site is being managed by its current owner, to whom the Company sold the property in 1980. The Company is contractually obligated to contribute up to five percent of the environmental response costs incurred by the current owner, with no limitation on the ultimate amount of contributions. The Company had paid the current owner $ 4,190,000 for the Company’s portion of environmental response costs at the Wilmington site through September 30, 2025. The Company has recorded a liability for its portion of the estimated remediation costs for the site. Depending on the ultimate cost of the remediation at this site, the amount for which the Company is liable could differ materially from the current recorded liability. 11 On July 29, 2022, the Company and other potentially responsible parties were notified of a possible joint claim by federal and state trustees for alleged natural resource damages related to the Wilmington site. The alleged damages may result in a range of possible penalties and the Company recorded a liability for this matter during the first quarter of 2024. Depending on the ultimate resolution of this matter, the amount for which the Company is liable could differ materially from the current recorded liability. Millsdale Site On March 26, 2024, the Company received a Notice and Finding of Violation from the USEPA alleging violations of air regulations at the Company’s Elwood, Illinois (Millsdale) facility. The notice alleges violations related to operating parameters and air emission requirements. The notice does not state whether the USEPA intends to pursue financial penalties or operational remedies. The alleged violations may result in a range of possible penalties; however, at this stage of the matter, the Company is unable to predict the ultimate outcome or what impact, if any, the outcome might have on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Other U.S. Sites Through the regular environmental monitoring of its plant production sites, the Company discovered levels of chemical contamination that were above thresholds allowed by law at its Millsdale and Fieldsboro, New Jersey plants. The Company voluntarily reported its results to the applicable state environmental agencies. As a result, the Company is required to perform self-remediation of the affected areas. Based on current information, the Company believes that its recorded liability for the remediation of the affected areas is appropriate based on an estimate of expected costs. However, actual costs could differ materially from the current recorded liability. Brazil Tax Rescission Action In March 2017, the Brazil Supreme Court ruled that ICMS (State VAT) does not represent a Company’s revenue and should not be included in the calculation basis of certain indirect taxes (PIS/COFINS). Based on the Supreme Court’s decision, the Company’s Brazilian subsidiary filed a lawsuit on March 23, 2017 to recover PIS/COFINS overpayments. The Company’s recovery case was successful and became final in November 2018. In May 2021, the Brazil Supreme Court modulated its original decision so that only taxpayers that had filed lawsuits before March 15, 2017, should recover prior PIS/COFINS overpayments. On June 12, 2023, the Brazil National Treasury filed a rescission action against the Company’s Brazilian subsidiary to rescind its use of the PIS/COFINS tax credits for the period from March 23, 2012, to March 15, 2017. In September and October 2024, the Brazil Superior Court and Supreme Court, respectively, ruled that the generally held two-year “res judicata” principle would start from the May 2021 ruling and not the final ruling in prior taxpayer cases (e.g., November 30, 2018, for the Company’s case). Based on current information, the Company believes that its recorded liability is reasonable; however, depending on the ultimate resolution of this matter, the amount for which the Company is liable could differ materially from the current recorded liability. Other Matters On March 19, 2025, the Company received a pre-filing notice from USEPA for alleged violations of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) associated with certain of the Company’s biocide products sold by a licensed distributor. USEPA assessed a civil penalty of $ 1,126,000 , which the Company paid on July 2, 2025. During the third quarter of 2025, the Company recovered $ 500,000 of the USEPA penalty from third parties and continues to pursue complete recovery. 9. POSTRETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS Defined Benefit Pension Plans The Company sponsors various funded qualified and unfunded non-qualified defined benefit pension plans, the most significant of which cover employees in the U.S. and U.K. locations. The U.S. and U.K. defined benefit pension plans are frozen and service benefits are no longer being accrued. 12 Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost UNITED STATES (In thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Interest cost $ 1,700 $ 1,651 $ 5,100 $ 4,954 Expected return on plan assets ( 2,002 ) ( 2,120 ) ( 6,007 ) ( 6,360 ) Amortization of net actuarial loss ( 19 ) ( 3 ) ( 57 ) ( 9 ) Net periodic benefit cost $ ( 321 ) $ ( 472 ) $ ( 964 ) $ ( 1,415 ) UNITED KINGDOM (In thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Interest cost $ 179 $ 165 $ 525 $ 486 Expected return on plan assets ( 208 ) ( 187 ) ( 608 ) ( 552 ) Amortization of net actuarial loss 98 82 287 242 Net periodic benefit cost $ 69 $ 60 $ 204 $ 176 Employer Contributions U.S. Plans As a result of pension funding relief provisions included in the Highway and Transportation Funding Act of 2014, the Company is not required to make contributions to its funded U.S. qualified defined benefit plans. Approximately $ 171,000 is expected to be paid to the unfunded non-qualified plans in 2025 . Of such amount, $ 141,000 had been paid to the non-qualified plans as of September 30, 2025. U.K. Plan The Company’s U.K. subsidiary does not expect to contribute to its defined benefit pension plan in 2025. Defined Contribution Plans The Company sponsors retirement defined contribution plans that cover eligible U.S. and U.K. employees. The Company’s U.S. retirement plans include two qualified plans, one of which is a 401(k) plan and one of which is an employee stock ownership plan (profit sharing plan), and one non-qualified supplemental executive plan. In the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 , the Company made contributions into the qualified retirement plans for U.S. employees and for certain non-U.S. employees. Profit sharing contributions were determined using a formula applied to Company earnings. Approximately 85 percent of union and non-union employees are eligible for either the Company's sponsored or statutory profit sharing contributions and 100 percent of U.S. based union and non-union employees are eligible for the Company's sponsored profit sharing contributions. In 2024 and 2025, profit sharing contributions for U.S. employees were made to the employee stock ownership plan. Profit sharing contributions are allocated to participant accounts based on participant base earnings. Defined contribution plan expenses for the Company’s qualified contribution plans were as follows: (In thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Retirement savings contributions $ 2,256 $ 2,106 $ 6,815 $ 6,526 Profit sharing contributions 602 691 2,207 2,223 Total defined contribution plan expenses $ 2,858 $ 2,797 $ 9,022 $ 8,749 The Company has a rabbi trust to fund the obligations of its non-qualified supplemental executive defined contribution plans (supplemental plans). The trust is comprised of various mutual fund investments selected by the participants of the supplemental plans. In accordance with the accounting guidance for rabbi trust arrangements, the assets of the trust and the obligations of the supplemental plans are reported on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company elected the fair value option for the mutual fund investment assets so that offsetting changes in the mutual fund values and defined contribution plan obligations would be recorded in earnings in the same period. Therefore, the mutual funds are reported at fair value with any subsequent changes in fair value recorded in the statements of income. The supplemental plan liabilities increase (i.e., 13 supplemental plan expense is recognized) when the value of the trust assets appreciate and decrease when the value of the trust assets decline (i.e., supplemental plan income is recognized). At September 30, 2025 , the balance of the trust assets was $ 269,000 which equaled the balance of the supplemental plan liabilities. See the long-term investments section in Note 3, Fair Value Measurements , of the notes to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements (included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q) for further information regarding the Company’s mutual fund assets. 10. EARNINGS PER SHARE Below are the computations of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024: (In thousands, except per share amounts) Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Computation of Basic Earnings per Share Net income $ 10,839 $ 23,606 $ 41,891 $ 47,020 Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding 22,875 22,836 22,869 22,829 Basic earnings per share $ 0.47 $ 1.03 $ 1.83 $ 2.06 Computation of Diluted Earnings per Share Net income $ 10,839 $ 23,606 $ 41,891 $ 47,020 Weighted-average number of shares outstanding 22,875 22,836 22,869 22,829 Add weighted-average net shares from assumed exercise of options (under treasury stock method) (1) 7 25 9 36 Add weighted-average net shares related to unvested stock awards (under treasury stock method) 7 9 4 7 Add weighted-average net shares from assumed exercise of SARs (under treasury stock method) (1) 4 28 6 42 Add weighted-average contingently issuable net shares related to performance stock awards (under treasury stock method) — 25 — 22 Weighted-average shares applicable to diluted earnings 22,893 22,923 22,888 22,936 Diluted earnings per share $ 0.47 $ 1.03 $ 1.83 $ 2.05 (1) Options/SARs to acquire 1,206,200 and 1,208,435 shares of the Company's common stock were excluded from the computation of dilutive earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 , respectively. The options/SARs' exercise prices were greater than the average market price for the Company's common stock and inclusion of the instruments would have had an antidilutive effect on the computations of the earnings per share. 883,188 and 860,788 options/SARs to acquire shares of the Company's common stock were excluded from the computation of dilutive earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 , respectively. 14 11. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) Below is the change in the Company’s accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) balance by component (net of income taxes) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024: (In thousands) Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments Defined Benefit Pension Plan Adjustments Cash Flow Hedge Adjustments Total Balance at June 30, 2024 $ ( 148,374 ) $ ( 20,293 ) $ 6,767 $ ( 161,900 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 12,880 — ( 2,760 ) 10,120 Amounts reclassified from AOCI — 60 ( 2 ) 58 Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) 12,880 60 ( 2,762 ) 10,178 Balance at September 30, 2024 $ ( 135,494 ) $ ( 20,233 ) $ 4,005 $ ( 151,722 ) Balance at June 30, 2025 $ ( 117,109 ) $ ( 25,882 ) $ 3,072 $ ( 139,919 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 1,798 — ( 544 ) 1,254 Amounts reclassified from AOCI — 59 ( 2 ) 57 Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) 1,798 59 ( 546 ) 1,311 Balance at September 30, 2025 $ ( 115,311 ) $ ( 25,823 ) $ 2,526 $ ( 138,608 ) Balance at December 31, 2023 $ ( 116,412 ) $ ( 20,408 ) $ 6,218 $ ( 130,602 ) Other comprehensive income ( loss) before reclassifications ( 19,082 ) — ( 2,207 ) ( 21,289 ) Amounts reclassified from AOCI — 175 ( 6 ) 169 Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) ( 19,082 ) 175 ( 2,213 ) ( 21,120 ) Balance at September 30, 2024 $ ( 135,494 ) $ ( 20,233 ) $ 4,005 $ ( 151,722 ) Balance at December 31, 2024 $ ( 175,802 ) $ ( 25,996 ) $ 4,960 $ ( 196,838 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 60,491 — ( 2,427 ) 58,064 Amounts reclassified from AOCI — 173 ( 7 ) 166 Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) 60,491 173 ( 2,434 ) 58,230 Balance at September 30, 2025 $ ( 115,311 ) $ ( 25,823 ) $ 2,526 $ ( 138,608 ) 15 Information regarding the reclassifications out of AOCI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, is displayed below: (In thousands) Amount Reclassified from AOCI (1) AOCI Components Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Affected Line Item in Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income 2025 2024 2025 2024 Amortization of defined benefit pension actuarial losses $ ( 79 ) $ ( 79 ) $ ( 230 ) $ ( 233 ) (2) 20 19 57 58 Tax benefit $ ( 59 ) $ ( 60 ) $ ( 173 ) $ ( 175 ) Net of tax Gains and losses on cash flow hedges: Foreign exchange contracts 2 2 7 6 Cost of sales 2 2 7 6 Total before tax — — — — Tax benefit $ 2 $ 2 $ 7 $ 6 Net of tax Total reclassifications for the period $ ( 57 ) $ ( 58 ) $ ( 166 ) $ ( 169 ) Net of tax (1) A mounts in parentheses denote expense to the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. (2) This component of accumulated other comprehensive income is included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost. See Note 9, Postretirement Benefit Plans , of the notes to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements (included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q) for additional details. 12. SEGMENT REPORTING The Company has three reportable segments: Surfactants, Polymers and Specialty Products. The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) is the President and Chief Executive Officer. The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 . The following is segment data for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and reconciliations of segment data to the condensed consolidated financial statements: For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 (In thousands) Surfactants Polymers Specialty Products Total Net Sales $ 422,358 $ 143,928 $ 23,998 $ 590,284 Cost of Sales (1) 382,447 123,025 13,541 519,013 Operating Expenses (2) 24,193 6,799 823 31,815 Operating Income $ 15,718 $ 14,104 $ 9,634 $ 39,456 Unallocated Corporate Expenses (3) — — — ( 17,662 ) Consolidated Operating Income $ 21,794 Segment Capital Expenditures $ 21,752 $ 6,401 $ 902 $ 29,055 Unallocated Capital Expenditures (4) — — — 495 Consolidated Capital Expenditures $ 29,550 Segment Depreciation and Amortization $ 22,306 $ 8,270 $ 1,461 $ 32,037 Unallocated Depreciation and Amortization (5) — — — 709 Consolidated Depreciation and Amortization $ 32,746 16 For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 (In thousands) Surfactants Polymers Specialty Products Total Net Sales $ 1,264,151 $ 452,795 $ 61,282 $ 1,778,228 Cost of Sales (1) 1,129,773 392,045 38,231 1,560,049 Operating Expenses (2) 76,363 21,469 2,651 100,483 Operating Income $ 58,015 $ 39,281 $ 20,400 $ 117,696 Unallocated Corporate Expenses (3) — — — ( 49,649 ) Consolidated Operating Income $ 68,047 Segment Capital Expenditures $ 65,431 $ 18,053 $ 2,848 $ 86,332 Unallocated Capital Expenditures (4) — — — 1,564 Consolidated Capital Expenditures $ 87,896 Segment Depreciation and Amortization $ 62,873 $ 24,683 $ 4,422 $ 91,978 Unallocated Depreciation and Amortization (5) — — — 1,327 Consolidated Depreciation and Amortization $ 93,305 For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 (In thousands) Surfactants Polymers Specialty Products Total Net Sales $ 382,724 $ 149,796 $ 14,322 $ 546,842 Cost of Sales (1) 333,280 128,038 9,844 471,162 Operating Expenses (2) 23,141 6,510 751 30,402 Operating Income $ 26,303 $ 15,248 $ 3,727 $ 45,278 Unallocated Corporate Expenses (3) — — — ( 21,329 ) Consolidated Operating Income $ 23,949 Segment Capital Expenditures $ 22,269 $ 3,524 $ 912 $ 26,705 Unallocated Capital Expenditures (4) — — — — Consolidated Capital Expenditures $ 26,705 Segment Depreciation and Amortization $ 17,926 $ 8,180 $ 1,480 $ 27,586 Unallocated Depreciation and Amortization (5) — — — 476 Consolidated Depreciation and Amortization $ 28,062 17 For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 (In thousands) Surfactants Polymers Specialty Products Total Net Sales $ 1,153,339 $ 455,061 $ 46,265 $ 1,654,665 Cost of Sales (1) 1,012,566 397,581 28,640 1,438,787 Operating Expenses (2) 71,328 20,253 2,311 93,892 Operating Income $ 69,445 $ 37,227 $ 15,314 $ 121,986 Unallocated Corporate Expenses (3) — — — ( 59,201 ) Consolidated Operating Income $ 62,785 Segment Capital Expenditures $ 74,890 $ 8,645 $ 3,037 $ 86,572 Unallocated Capital Expenditures (4) — — — — Consolidated Capital Expenditures $ 86,572 Segment Depreciation and Amortization $ 53,455 $ 24,415 $ 4,454 $ 82,324 Unallocated Depreciation and Amortization (5) — — — 1,352 Consolidated Depreciation and Amortization $ 83,676 T he following is segment assets at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and reconciliations of segment assets to the condensed consolidated financial statements. As of September 30, 2025 (In thousands) Surfactants Polymers Specialty Products Total Segment Assets $ 1,664,552 $ 560,983 $ 77,188 $ 2,302,723 Unallocated Assets (6) — — — 129,561 Consolidated Assets $ 2,432,284 As of December 31, 2024 (In thousands) Surfactants Polymers Specialty Products Total Segment Assets $ 1,578,689 $ 523,192 $ 70,898 $ 2,172,779 Unallocated Assets (6) — — — 131,869 Consolidated Assets $ 2,304,648 (1) Cost of sales is comprised of raw material costs (including freight and shipping/handling expenses to deliver the raw materials), manufacturing plant labor expenses and other manufacturing overhead expenses, such as utilities, maintenance, depreciation, etc., that can be allocated to reportable segments. (2) Operating expenses allocated to reportable segments are comprised of selling, administrative and research and development expenses. The CODM uses operating expenses in aggregate to analyze the performance of each reportable segment. (3) Unallocated corporate expenses are primarily comprised of corporate administrative expenses (e.g., corporate finance, legal, human resources, information technology and environmental remediation expenses), deferred compensation and business restructuring and assets impairment expenses that are not included in segment operating income and not used to evaluate segment performance. (4) Unallocated capital expenditures primarily include capital expenditures related to the Company’s Northfield, Illinois location. (5) Unallocated depreciation and amortization primarily includes depreciation related to the Company’s Northfield, Illinois location. (6) Unallocated assets primarily include assets in the Company’s Northfield, Illinois location. 18 13. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 , the Company had $ 282,000 and $ 689,000 of contract liabilities and no contract assets, respectively. A contract liability would typically arise when an advance or deposit is received from a customer before the Company recognizes revenue. In practice, this is rare as it would require a customer to make a payment prior to a performance obligation being satisfied. When such situations do arise, the Company maintains a deferred revenue liability until the time a performance obligation has been satisfied. The Company recognized $ 689,000 of revenue in the first nine months of 2025 from pre-existing contract liabilities at December 31, 2024. In addition, during 2020, the Company recorded $ 10,709,000 of long-term deferred revenue associated with a payment received to defray the cost of capital expenditures necessary to service a customer’s future product needs. At September 30, 2025 , $ 2,769,000 was classified as long-term and $ 2,216,000 was classified as short-term. This deferred revenue is being recognized over the period of the contract and $ 5,724,000 of revenue has been recognized from the beginning of the contract term through September 30, 2025. The tables below provide a geographic disaggregation of net sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The Company’s business segmentation by geographic region most effectively captures the nature and economic characteristics of the Company’s revenue streams impacted by economic factors. (In thousands) For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 Geographic Market Surfactants Polymers Specialty Total North America $ 233,333 $ 78,795 $ 20,689 $ 332,817 Europe 74,382 53,830 3,095 131,307 Latin America 98,444 200 214 98,858 Asia 16,199 11,103 — 27,302 Total $ 422,358 $ 143,928 $ 23,998 $ 590,284 (In thousands) For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Geographic Market Surfactants Polymers Specialty Total North America $ 719,432 $ 239,839 $ 50,986 $ 1,010,257 Europe 230,585 178,268 9,876 418,729 Latin America 271,735 700 420 272,855 Asia 42,399 33,988 — 76,387 Total $ 1,264,151 $ 452,795 $ 61,282 $ 1,778,228 (In thousands) For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Geographic Market Surfactants Polymers Specialty Total North America $ 217,809 $ 73,999 $ 12,072 $ 303,880 Europe 66,387 63,632 2,119 132,138 Latin America 84,609 346 131 85,086 Asia 13,919 11,819 — 25,738 Total $ 382,724 $ 149,796 $ 14,322 $ 546,842 (In thousands) For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Geographic Market Surfactants Polymers Specialty Total North America $ 667,919 $ 223,636 $ 40,713 $ 932,268 Europe 200,625 194,910 5,276 400,811 Latin America 246,046 1,089 276 247,411 Asia 38,749 35,426 — 74,175 Total $ 1,153,339 $ 455,061 $ 46,265 $ 1,654,665 19 14. DEBT At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, debt was comprised of the following: (In thousands) Maturity Dates September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Senior unsecured notes 3.95 % (net of unamortized debt issuance cost of $ 66 and $ 99 for 2025 and 2024, respectively) 2025 - 2027 $ 28,505 $ 42,759 3.86 % (net of unamortized debt issuance cost of $ 0 and $ 15 for 2025 and 2024, respectively) 2025 — 14,270 2.30 % (net of unamortized debt issuance cost of $ 60 and $ 77 for 2025 and 2024, respectively) 2025 - 2028 29,940 39,923 2.37 % (net of unamortized debt issuance cost of $ 66 and $ 83 for 2025 and 2024, respectively) 2025 - 2028 29,934 39,917 2.73 % (net of unamortized debt issuance cost of $ 57 and $ 70 for 2025 and 2024, respectively) 2025 - 2031 99,943 99,930 2.83 % (net of unamortized debt issuance cost of $ 54 and $ 60 for 2025 and 2024, respectively) 2026 - 2032 74,946 74,940 6.17 % (net of unamortized debt issuance cost of $ 0 and $ 0 for 2025 and 2024, respectively) 2029 - 2033 75,000 — Revolving credit facility and term loan borrowing 2025 - 2027 314,700 313,700 Debt of foreign subsidiaries Unsecured bank debt, foreign currency 2025 2,504 — Total debt $ 655,472 $ 625,439 Less current maturities 298,365 292,807 Long-term debt $ 357,107 $ 332,632 The Company's long-term debt financing is comprised of certain senior unsecured notes issued to insurance companies in private placement transactions pursuant to note purchase agreements (the “Note Purchase Agreements”), totaling $ 338,268,000 as of September 30, 2025 . These notes are denominated in U.S. dollars and have fixed interest rates ranging from 2.30 percent to 6.17 percent. The notes had original maturities of seven to 12 years with mandatory principal payments beginning four, five and six years after issuance . The Company will be required to make principal payments on the currently outstanding notes from 2025 to 2033. The Company’s credit agreement (the Credit Agreement) with a syndicate of banks provides for credit facilities in an initial aggregate principal amount of $ 450,000,000 , consisting of (a) a $ 350,000,000 multi-currency revolving credit facility and (b) a $ 100,000,000 delayed draw term loan credit facility, each of which matures on June 24, 2027 . The Company's credit agreement with Credit Industriel et Commercial NY (the CIC Credit Agreement) provides for a credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $ 8,700,000 . The facility is for the sole purpose of the issuance of standby letters of credit. As of September 30, 2025 , the Company had an outstanding letter of credit of $ 8,694,000 under the CIC Credit Agreement. The Company maintains import and export letters of credit, and standby letters of credit under its workers’ compensation insurance agreements and for other purposes, as needed from time to time, which are issued under the Credit Agreement and under the CIC Credit Agreement. As of September 30, 2025 , the Company had outstanding letters of credit totaling $ 4,552,000 and $ 314,700,000 of outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement, inclusive of an $ 85,625,000 delayed-draw term loan ($ 14,375,000 of the term loan principal has been permanently repaid as scheduled). There was $ 116,373,000 available under the Credit Agreement as of September 30, 2025. The Company's foreign subsidiaries had $ 2,504,000 of debt outstanding at September 30, 2025. The Company’s material debt agreements contain provisions which, among other covenants, require maintenance of certain financial ratios and place limitations on additional debt, investments and payment of dividends. Based on the loan agreement provisions that place limitations on dividend payments, unrestricted retained earnings (i.e., retained earnings available for dividend distribution) were $ 267,854,000 and $ 251,953,000 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 , respectively. 20 15. OTHER, NET Other, net in the condensed consolidated statements of income included the following: (In thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Foreign exchange (loss) $ 229 $ ( 470 ) $ 209 $ ( 872 ) Investment income 121 253 367 444 Realized and unrealized gain on investments 934 794 2,008 3,740 Net periodic benefit cost 252 412 760 1,239 Other, net $ 1,536 $ 989 $ 3,344 $ 4,551 16. NONCASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES Noncash investing activities included liabilities (accounts payable) incurred for property, plant and equipment expenditures of approximately $ 12,648,000 and $ 12,877,000 that were unpaid at September 30, 2025 and 2024 , respectively. Noncash financing activities included the issuance of 134,770 shares of the Company’s common stock (valued at $ 7,945,000 ) and 118,627 shares of the Company’s common stock (valued at $ 10,617,000 ) under the Company’s equity incentive compensation plan during the period ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 , respectively. 17. ASSETS AND LIABILITIES HELD FOR SALE On May 27, 2025 Stepan Company announced that its subsidiary, Stepan Philippines Quaternaries, Inc. (SPQI), had entered into an agreement to sell SPQI's manufacturing assets located in Bauan, Batangas, Philippines to Masurf, Inc., a subsidiary of Musim Mas Holdings Pte. Ltd. The Company plans to close the sale during the fourth quarter of 2025. The asset disposal group includes $ 8,476,000 of assets and $ 4,571,000 of liabilities. The assets are comprised of $ 3,796,000 in property, plant and equipment (net) and $ 4,680,000 in right-of use assets (operating leases) that will be assigned at the time of closing. The liabilities held for sale reflect $ 4,571,000 in operating lease liabilities. These assets and liabilities all relate to the Surfactant reportable segment. 18. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income taxes (Topic 740) Improvement to Income Tax Disclosures . This update requires that public entities on an annual basis disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. In addition, the amendments in this update require the disclosure on an annual basis of the amount of income taxes paid (net of refund received) disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes and the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid is equal or greater than five percent of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). This update requires all entities to disclose income (or loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (or benefit) disaggregated between domestic and foreign and income tax expense (or benefit) from continuing operations disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 and should be applied on a prospective basis. The implementation of ASU No. 2023-09 will not have an impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flow but will impact the Company’s annual income tax disclosures. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) . This update requires that public entities on an interim and annual basis disclose, in the notes to financial statements, specified information about certain costs and expenses. ASU No. 2024-03 requires a footnote disclosure in tabular form of each expense caption on the face of the income statement that includes any of the following natural expenses: (1) purchases of inventory, (2) employee compensation, (3) depreciation, and (4) intangible asset amortization. The disclosure would also include a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively and disclosure of the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, an entity’s definition of selling expenses. This ASU does not change or remove existing expense disclosure requirements; however, it may affect where that information appears in the footnotes to the financial statements. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), Clarifying the effective date. The amendments in ASU No. 2024-03 are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The amendments in this update should be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The implementation of ASU No. 2024-03 will not have an impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flow but will impact the Company’s interim and annual disclosures related to the relevant subtopics in this update. 21 In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-05, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets. This update provides public companies with a practical expedient in calculating expected credit losses on current accounts receivable and/or current contract assets arising from transactions under Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The expedient assumes that the current conditions as of the balance sheet date don't change for the remaining life of the asset and also allows an entity to consider cash collection activity that occurs after the balance sheet date but before the financial statements are issued. When developing an estimate of expected credit losses for assets to which the practical expedient is applied, an entity shall continue to adjust historical loss information to reflect current conditions to the extent that historical loss information does not reflect current conditions. The entity would need to adopt the practical expedient first to be eligible to use it. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods and should be applied on a prospective basis. The Company is in the process of evaluating ASU 2025-05 to determine its impact, if any, on the Company's financial position, results of operations and cash flows. In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-06, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) An Amendment of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software. This update removes all references to software development stages so the entities start capitalizing software costs when 1) management has authorized and committed to funding the software projects and 2) it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the functions intended. Under the current rule, entities are required to capitalize development costs incurred depending on the nature of the costs and the project stage during which they occur. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of the annual reporting period. The Company is in the process of evaluating ASU 2025-06 to determine its impact, if any, on the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows. 22