Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. 10-K

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes to those statements included herein. In addition to historical financial information, this Report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. The statements contained in this Report that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements are often identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “strategy,” “target,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions or variations intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management based on information currently available to management. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this Report may appear without the ®, TM, or SM symbols, but such references do not constitute a waiver of any rights that might be associated with the respective trademarks, service marks, or trade names. Overview Arcadia has leveraged its history as a leader in science-based approaches to develop high value products and drive innovation in the consumer goods industry. Since acquiring the assets of Zola in May 2021, Arcadia has provided consumers with a way to rehydrate, reset, and reenergize with Zola coconut water products. Previously, Arcadia developed products, primarily in wheat, which it commercialized through the sale of food products, trait licensing and royalty agreements. On May 14, 2024, Arcadia sold its non-GMO Resistant Starch (“RS”) durum wheat trait to longtime partner Corteva Agriscience (“Corteva”) for total cash consideration of $4.0 million. Refer to Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements for further details of the transaction. On May 16, 2024, Arcadia sold the GoodWheat™ brand to Above Food for net consideration of $3.7 million. The strategic decision to sell GoodWheat enabled the Company to monetize its intellectual property early. The assets sold consisted primarily of grain and finished goods inventories, formulations and trademarks. Refer to Notes 4 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements for further details of the transaction. On December 4, 2024, Arcadia, Roosevelt Resources LP (“Roosevelt” or the “Partnership”) and Elliott Roosevelt, Jr. and David A. Roosevelt, in their capacities as representatives of the limited partners of the Partnership entered into a Securities Exchange Agreement (as it may be amended from time to time, the “Exchange Agreement”) providing for the combination of the two companies in an all-stock transaction. Subject to the terms of the Exchange Agreement and to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth in the Exchange Agreement, at the closing of the transactions Arcadia agreed to issue shares of its common stock to the limited partners and to the sole member of the general partner of Roosevelt (together, the “Limited Partners”) in exchange for all of the limited partnership and other equity interests of Roosevelt (the “Exchange”). The Exchange Agreement, as amended, provided that upon completion of the Exchange, the Limited Partners and the Arcadia stockholders prior to the closing were to own 90% and 10%, respectively, of the shares of common stock of Arcadia immediately after the closing. On February 14, 2025, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-4 with the Securities and Exchange Commission relating to the shares to be issued in the transaction. The registration statement also included a proxy statement/prospectus relating to a meeting of stockholders of the Company to be held to vote on proposals to 15 Table of Contents approve the issuance of shares pursuant to the Exchange Agreement and related proposals. On April 30, 2025, the parties to the Exchange Agreement entered into a First Amendment to Securities Exchange Agreement (the “Amendment”). The Amendment amended certain provisions of the Exchange Agreement, including amending the “Termination Date” provided for in one of the closing conditions described in the Exchange Agreement, which allowed a party to terminate the Exchange Agreement if the closing had not occurred by May 15, 2025, to be August 15, 2025 (the “Termination Provision”). On July 31, 2025, the Company filed with the SEC pre-effective Amendment No. 1 to the registration statement on Form S-4. On December 24, 2025, the Company received a notice from Roosevelt indicating that it was terminating the Exchange Agreement with immediate effect pursuant to the Termination Provision, as the closing of the Exchange had not occurred by the Termination Date specified in the Amendment. The Company does not believe that any break-up fee or similar payment is payable by either party in connection with termination of the Exchange Agreement. On March 28, 2025, Arcadia entered into an agreement with Bioceres Crop Solutions Corp. ("BIOX") pursuant to which BIOX agreed to transfer to the Company all rights and materials relating to certain soy traits that were included in licenses granted by the Company to BIOX in the November 2020 sale of Verdeca. In addition, BIOX agreed to pay a total of $750,000 to the Company. The Company agreed to transfer to BIOX all of the Company's granted patents, pending applications, related materials and documents related to the Company's reduced gluten and oxidative stability patents. In addition, the parties agreed to amend a previous agreement between the parties to eliminate any obligation to pay the Company future product royalties under the agreement. On May 26, 2025, Arcadia entered into a License Termination and Patent Non-Assert Agreement (the "Bioseed Agreement") with Bioseed Research India, a division of DCM Shriram Limited ("Bioseed"). Pursuant to the Bioseed Agreement, the parties agreed to terminate a license agreement previously entered into by Arcadia and Bioseed in 2012, Arcadia agreed to not assert its rights under a patent held by Arcadia regarding certain products commercialized or that may be commercialized by Bioseed, and Bioseed agreed that if as a result of any such commercialization by Bioseed any amounts become payable to a third party pursuant to an agreement previously entered into between Arcadia and the third party, Bioseed will pay such amounts to the third party. Tariffs Commencing in April 2025, the U.S. government announced and imposed a series of reciprocal tariffs on most U.S. trading partners in reliance on the International Economic Emergency Power Act, or IEEPA. Effective August 7, 2025, the U.S. government implemented a 19% reciprocal tariff rate on goods originating from Thailand, where our coconut water is sourced and processed. In October 2025, the United States and Thailand reached a preliminary framework agreement on reciprocal trade, which maintains a 19% rate while identifying certain product categories that may be eligible for a zero percent reciprocal tariff rate; however the scope and implementation timeline of those exemptions remain subject to further negotiation. On February 20, 2026, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the use of the IEEPA to impose tariffs was not authorized by Congress, invalidating a significant portion of tariffs announced in April 2025. While the ruling struck down the IEEPA-based tariffs, it does not prevent the administration from imposing tariffs using other legal or statutory authorities. Following the decision, the administration signed a new executive order to impose new duties and announced a 10% global tariff on imports entering the United States (subject to certain exceptions) under Section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974, which provides for tariffs up to 15% for a period of up to 150 days unless extended by Congress. The administration has indicated its intention to pursue alternative statutory mechanisms to reinstate or impose new tariffs. As a result, there remains substantial uncertainty regarding future tariff rates and the countries and products to which such tariffs would apply. We continue to evaluate the potential impact of these tariffs on our cost of goods sold, including opportunities for product classification optimization under applicable Harmonized Tariff Schedule codes. The full impact of tariffs on the Company remains uncertain as tariff policy continues to evolve and in light of legal challenges to the tariff framework. We are actively working with our customs brokers, logistics partners, and business partners to identify and implement mitigation strategies. 16 Table of Contents Our Products Zola Coconut Water Zola Coconut Water joined the Arcadia family of brands in May 2021. Sourced from Thailand, where coconuts are grown, harvested, and packaged at origin, Zola delivers a pure, natural coconut water with a crisp, clean taste that is slightly sweet and refreshingly hydrating. Naturally rich in electrolytes, Non-GMO Project Verified, and only 60 calories per serving, Zola is the superior way to rehydrate, reset, and reenergize. Available in original, original with pulp, espresso, and pineapple flavors, Zola is sold through grocery retailers and foodservice distributors across the U.S. Agronomic Wheat Traits As a result of the various agreements and transactions described above, Arcadia no longer retains any effective commercialization rights to its portfolio of wheat patents. Therefore, the Company does not expect to receive any license or royalty fees in the future related to any wheat-based intellectual property rights. Discontinued Operations As described above, Arcadia exited the GoodWheat brand. In accordance with the provisions of ASC 205-20, Arcadia has separately reported the assets and liabilities of the discontinued operation in the consolidated balance sheets and the results of the discontinued operation as a separate component on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for all periods presented. See Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements for further information on discontinued operations. Components of Our Statements of Operations Data Revenues Product revenues Product revenues consist primarily of sales of Zola and GLA products. GLA oil sales ceased as of the end of 2024. We recognize revenue from product sales when control of the product is transferred to third-party distributors and retailers, collectively “our customers,” which generally occurs upon delivery. Revenues fluctuate depending on the timing of shipments of product to our customers and are reported net of estimated chargebacks, returns and losses. License revenues License revenues consist of up-front, nonrefundable license fees, annual license fees, and subsequent milestone payments that we receive under our license agreements. Licensed revenues ceased as of the end of 2024. Royalty Revenues Royalty revenues consist of amounts earned from the sale of commercial products that incorporate the Company's traits by third parties. Royalty revenues ceased as of the end of 2024. Operating Expenses Cost of revenues Cost of revenues primarily relates to the sale of Zola products and consists primarily of product and freight costs. Adjustments or write-downs to inventory are also included in cost of revenues. 17 Table of Contents Research and development expenses ("R&D") Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in the development and testing of our products. These expenses currently consist primarily of fees paid to product formulation consultants and are expensed as incurred. Gain on sale of intangible assets Gain on sale of intangible assets consists of the gain on sale of our reduced gluten and oxidative stability patent portfolios in 2025 and our RS durum wheat trait to Corteva in 2024. Impairment of property and equipment Impairment of property and equipment includes losses from tangible assets due to impairment or recoverability test charges to write down fixed assets to their fair value or recoverability value. Change in fair value of contingent consideration Change in the fair value of contingent consideration is comprised of the gain associated with the reduction of our contingent liability as the result of a decision to abandon, assign or transfer a program that was previously accrued. Selling, general and administrative expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee costs, professional service fees, broker and sales commission fees, and overhead costs. Interest income Interest income consists of interest income on our cash and cash equivalents, investments and note receivable. Credit loss Credit loss consists primarily of a reserve established related to the Above Food note receivable. Other income Other income consists primarily of a gain recognized related to the receipt of Above Food Ingredients, Inc. ("AFII") common stock as well as unrealized gain recognized subsequent to the receipt of the AFII common stock. Change in the estimated fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities Change in the estimated fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities is comprised of the fair value remeasurement of the liabilities associated with our financing transactions. Net loss from discontinued operations Net loss from discontinued operations represents results of operations related to the discontinued GoodWheat brand. See Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements for further information on discontinued operations. 18 Table of Contents Results of Operations Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 Year Ended December 31, $ Change % Change 2025 2024 (in thousands) Revenues: Product $ 4,858 $ 5,012 $ (154 ) -3 % License — 7 (7 ) -100 % Royalty — 26 (26 ) -100 % Total revenues 4,858 5,045 (187 ) -4 % Operating expenses (income): Cost of revenues 3,098 2,963 135 5 % Research and development 9 53 (44 ) -83 % Gain on sale of intangible assets (750 ) (4,000 ) 3,250 81 % Impairment of property and equipment — 36 (36 ) -100 % Change in fair value of contingent consideration (2,000 ) — (2,000 ) -100 % Selling, general and administrative 7,001 9,641 (2,640 ) -27 % Total operating expenses 7,358 8,693 (1,335 ) -15 % Loss from operations (2,500 ) (3,648 ) 1,148 31 % Interest income 221 782 (561 ) -72 % Credit loss (4,745 ) — (4,745 ) -100 % Other income, net 2,309 31 2,278 7348 % Change in fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities 2,384 (1,474 ) 3,858 262 % Net loss from continuing operations before income taxes (2,331 ) (4,309 ) 1,978 46 % Income tax expense (8 ) (8 ) — — Net loss from continuing operations (2,339 ) (4,317 ) 1,978 46 % Net loss from discontinued operations — GoodWheat — (2,721 ) 2,721 100 % Net loss attributable to common stockholders $ (2,339 ) $ (7,038 ) $ 4,699 67 % 19 Table of Contents Revenues Product revenues decreased $154,000, or 3%, in 2025 compared to 2024, driven by the loss of GLA oil sales in 2025 compared to sales of $756,000 in 2024. Zola revenues increased $701,000, or 17%, compared to 2024 primarily driven by an increase in distribution resulting in higher sales volume. The Company did not implement any price increases in 2024 or 2025. License revenues were $7,000 in 2024. There were no license revenues in 2025. Royalty revenues were $26,000 in 2024 related to HB4 soybeans. There were no royalty revenues in 2025. Operating expenses (income) Cost of revenues Cost of revenues increased by $135,000, or 5%, in 2025 compared to 2024 driven by a 17% increase in Zola sales, which increased product costs and freight expenses. Cost of revenues for 2024 also included a write-down of $154,000 related to hemp and GoodWheat seed. Research and development expenses Research and development expenses decreased by $44,000, or 83%, in 2025 compared to 2024, reflecting our strategy to develop the Zola brand by leveraging our existing resources and minimizing new investment. Gain on sale of intangible assets During 2025, the Company realized a gain of $750,000 related to the sale of our reduced gluten and oxidative stability patent portfolios. During 2024, the Company realized a gain of $4.0 million related to the sale of its RS durum wheat trait to Corteva. Impairment of property and equipment During 2024, the Company recognized impairment of property and equipment held for sale related to its Archipelago Ventures Hawaii, LLC joint venture of $36,000 based on estimated market prices. There was no such impairment of property and equipment during 2025. Change in fair value of contingent consideration During 2025, the change in the fair value of contingent consideration was due to the gain of $2.0 million associated with the reduction of our contingent liability as the result of a decision to abandon one of two remaining programs and transfer the other to a third party with respect to which a contingent liability was previously accrued. See Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements for details. There was no change in fair value of contingent consideration during 2024. Selling, General, and Administrative Selling, general, and administrative expenses decreased by $2.6 million, or 27%, in 2025 compared to 2024 driven primarily by operating costs and employee related costs in 2024 that were absent in 2025. 20 Table of Contents Interest income During 2025, the Company recognized interest income of $221,000, of which $180,000 was related to discount amortization and accrued interest on the promissory note from Above Food. The remaining difference was related to interest from investments. Discount amortization and interest recognition on the promissory note from Above Food ceased as of the second quarter of 2025 upon recognition of the credit loss. Refer to Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements for more information. During 2024, the Company recognized interest income of $782,000, of which $310,000 was related to discount amortization and accrued interest on the promissory note from Above Food. The remaining difference was related to interest from investments. Credit loss During 2025, the Company recognized credit loss of $4.7 million primarily related to the establishment of a credit loss for the remaining $4.0 million principal amount of the Above Food note receivable, plus accrued interest of $421,000. There was no such loss recognized during 2024. Other income, net During 2025, the Company recognized other income of $2.3 million driven by a gain recognized related to the receipt of AFII common stock as well unrealized gain recognized subsequent to the receipt of the AFII common stock. Refer to Notes 7 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements for further information on the AFII common stock. During 2024, the Company recognized other income of $31,000. Change in fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities The change in the estimated fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities resulted in a gain of $2.4 million and a loss of $1.5 million during 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to the change in the estimated fair value of the liability classified preferred investment options issued in connection with the March 2023 Private Placement and August 2022 Registered Direct Offering financing transactions. The primary driver for the change in estimated fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities was the change in stock price during each year. Income tax expense The income tax provision resulted in an expense of $8,000 during each of 2025 and 2024. Net loss from discontinued operations Net loss from discontinued operations for GoodWheat was $2.7 million during 2024, reflecting the sale of the GoodWheat brand and related assets to Above Food during the second quarter of 2024. See Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements for further information on discontinued operations. Seasonality The coconut water category, similar to other beverages, is seasonal. Generally, sales volumes are highest during our second and third fiscal quarters when the weather is warmer. Liquidity and Capital Resources We have funded our operations primarily with the net proceeds from our private and public offerings of our equity securities as well as proceeds from the sale of our products and payments under license agreements. Our principal use of cash is to fund our operations, which are primarily focused on commercializing our products. Our contractual obligations are primarily related to our operating leases. As of December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $0.3 million. In addition, in January 2026, we received gross proceeds of approximately $2.1 million, prior to deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses, from the exercise of certain previously outstanding preferred investment options to purchase an aggregate of 808,595 shares of common stock, pursuant to inducement letter agreements that we entered into with certain holders of previously outstanding preferred investment options. 21 Table of Contents For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had net losses of $2.3 million and $7.0 million, respectively, and net cash used in operations of $4.7 million and $9.6 million, respectively. As discussed in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements, Above Food did not make the first $2.0 million principal payment plus accrued interest on the promissory note given by Above Food to the Company ("Promissory Note") pursuant to the asset purchase agreement between the Company and Above Food relating to the sale of the GoodWheat brand and related assets to Above Food in May 2024, and substantial doubt exists whether Above Food will make any cash payments with respect to the Promissory Note. Failure to make the first cash principal payment due under the Promissory Note had a material adverse effect on the Company's cash resources and financial position. In addition, although as described in Note 8, approximately 2.7 million shares of Above Food's parent company AFII ("Parent Shares") have been issued to the Company pursuant to a notice previously delivered by the Company, uncertainty exists regarding whether additional Parent Shares will be issued in satisfaction of Above Food's other obligations under the Promissory Note, when any Parent Shares will be able to be freely resold pursuant to Rule 144 or otherwise, or the amount of net proceeds to Arcadia that might result from a sale of any such Parent Shares. Going Concern; Material Cash Requirements We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will not be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for at least the next 12 months from the issuance date of these financial statements, which raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, and the audit opinion on our audited consolidated financial statements includes a going concern qualification. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. We will require additional funding in the near term to fund our business and the marketing and sale of our products and to provide working capital to fund other aspects of our business. As noted above, Above Food defaulted on its obligations to pay us amounts due under its Promissory Note to the Company, including the first installment of the Promissory Note due May 14, 2025, and substantial doubt exists whether or when Above Food will be able to make any cash payments with respect to the Promissory Note, or whether additional Parent Shares may be issued to us in satisfaction of Above Food's obligations under the Promissory Note. There are no assurances that required funding will be available at all or will be available in sufficient amounts or on reasonable terms. We may seek to raise additional funds through debt or equity financings, if necessary. We may also consider other strategic alternatives. Any sale of additional equity would result in dilution to our stockholders. In addition, if we are able to sell shares of AFII, the net proceeds from sales of AFII shares may provide a source of funding. However, the AFII shares are restricted securities, and it is not clear when the requirements of Rule 144 will permit a public sale of such shares. In addition, removal of restrictive legends applicable to the shares also requires action by the issuer and its transfer agent in order to remove the legends and facilitate the public resale of the shares. Also, there are no assurances regarding whether or when AFII will file a registration statement covering the resale of the AFII shares as provided for in the Promissory Note or, if filed, when it will become effective. In addition, the market price of AFII common stock is very volatile. If from time to time in the future Arcadia seeks to sell the AFII shares that it holds, there are no assurances regarding the amount of net proceeds to Arcadia that might result from such sales. If we sought to raise funds through debt financing transactions, our incurrence of debt would result in debt service obligations, and the instruments governing our debt could provide for additional operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. If we are not able to secure adequate additional funding, we will be forced to reduce our spending, extend payment terms with our suppliers, liquidate assets, or initiate dissolution and liquidation or bankruptcy proceedings. Any of these actions would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. 22 Table of Contents As noted above, through December 31, 2025, we have incurred substantial losses. We will be required to obtain additional cash resources in the near term in order to support our operations and activities. The availability of required additional funding cannot be assured. In addition, an adverse outcome in legal or regulatory proceedings in which we are or could become involved could adversely affect our liquidity and financial position. No assurance can be given as to the timing or ultimate success of obtaining future funds. If we are not able to obtain additional required equity or debt funding, our cash resources would be significantly limited and could become depleted, and we could be required to materially reduce or suspend operations or seek dissolution and liquidation, or bankruptcy protection. In the event of dissolution and liquidation proceedings or bankruptcy proceedings, the creditors of Arcadia would have first claim on the value of the assets of Arcadia which, other than remaining cash, would most likely be liquidated in one or more transactions or a bankruptcy sale, and the common stock of Arcadia likely would have little or no value. Arcadia can give no assurance as to the magnitude of the net proceeds of such a sale and whether such proceeds and available cash would be sufficient to satisfy Arcadia’ obligations to its creditors, let alone to permit any distribution to its equity holders. Liquidity The following table summarizes total current assets, current liabilities and working capital for the dates indicated (in thousands): As of December 31, 2025 2024 Current assets $ 6,356 $ 9,242 Current liabilities 2,059 2,563 Working capital surplus $ 4,297 $ 6,679 Cash Flows The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Net cash (used in) provided by: Operating activities $ (4,739 ) $ (9,627 ) Investing activities 750 7,342 Financing activities 6 9 Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents $ (3,983 ) $ (2,276 ) Cash flows from operating activities Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $4.7 million. With respect to our net loss of $2.3 million, non-cash charges including the change in fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities of $2.4 million, change in fair value of contingent consideration of $2.0 million, amortization of note receivable discount of $69,000, a gain on sale of intangible assets of $750,000, a gain on the receipt of AFII common stock of $1.1 million, an unrealized gain subsequent to receipt of AFII common stock of $1.4 million and operating lease payments of $122,000 were offset by $32,000 of depreciation, $122,000 of lease amortization, $234,000 of stock-based compensation, $4.7 million of credit loss and adjustments in our working capital accounts of $96,000. Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $9.6 million. With respect to our net loss of $7.0 million, non-cash charges including the change in fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities of $1.5 million, $113,000 of depreciation, $652,000 of lease amortization, $512,000 of stock-based compensation, $154,000 of write-downs of inventory, $36,000 of impairment of property and equipment, offset by $157,000 of amortization of note receivable discount, a gain on disposal of property and equipment of $65,000, a gain on sale of our RS durum wheat trait of $4.0 million, adjustments in our working capital accounts of $596,000, and operating lease payments of $850,000. 23 Table of Contents Cash flows from investing activities Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 consisted of proceeds from the sale of intangible assets of $750,000. Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of proceeds of $334,000 from the sale of property and equipment, proceeds from the sale of investments of $5.0 million, proceeds from the sale of our RS durum wheat trait of $4.0 million, offset by cash paid related to the GoodWheat sale of $2.0 million and $16,000 of purchases of property and equipment. Cash flows from financing activities Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 consisted of proceeds from the purchase of employee stock purchase plan ("ESPP") shares of $6,000. Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of proceeds from the purchase of ESPP shares of $9,000. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements Since our inception, we have not engaged in any off-balance sheet arrangements, including the use of structured finance, special purpose entities or variable interest entities, other than Verdeca, a joint venture sold in November 2020. Critical Accounting Estimates Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenue generated, and expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We consider our critical accounting estimates to be revenue recognition, determination of the provision for income taxes, and allowance for credit losses. Revenue recognition We recognize revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere herein for further detail on each of the below revenue streams. We generally recognize product revenues once passage of title has occurred, which is generally upon delivery. Shipping and handling costs charged to customers are recorded as revenues and included in cost of revenues at the time the sale is recognized. We have determined that, at the inception of each license agreement, there is only one deliverable for the license for access to and assistance with the development of the specified intellectual property. We recognize revenue up-front and annual license fees in full when it is deemed probable to be earned. We recognize royalty revenue when the Company can reasonably determine the amounts earned. 24 Table of Contents Determination of the provision for income taxes We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Allowance for credit losses We estimate the allowance for credit losses based on historical collection trends, the age of outstanding receivables, and existing economic conditions. If events or changes in circumstances indicate that specific receivable balances may be impaired, further consideration is given to the collectability of those balances and the allowance for credit losses is recorded accordingly. Recent Accounting Pronouncements For discussions of the adoption and potential impacts of recently issued accounting standards, refer to Note 3 – Recent Accounting Pronouncements, to the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere herein. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitat ive Disclosures About Market Risk. Not applicable. 25 Table of Contents Item 8. Financial Statement s and Supplementary Data. INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 27 Consolidated Balance Sheets 29 Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss 30 Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity 31 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 32 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 33 26 Table of Contents REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity, and cash flows, for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Going Concern The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has an accumulated deficit, recurring net losses and net cash used in operations, and resources that will not be sufficient to meet its anticipated cash requirements, which raises substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. 27 Table of Contents Identification and measurement of credit loss for note receivable – Refer to Note 8 to the financial statements Critical Audit Matter Description In 2024, the Company sold its GoodWheat brand and related assets to Above Food Ingredients Corp (“Above Food”) and received a promissory note in connection with the transaction. In 2025, Above Food defaulted on the promissory note and the Company recognized a credit loss of $4.7 million on the promissory note. We identified the credit loss on the Above Food promissory note as a critical audit matter due to the significant judgment used by management in the initial recognition and measurement of the credit loss. This required a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort to evaluate audit evidence relating to management's initial identification and recognition of such credit loss. How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit Our audit procedures over the identification and recognition of the contingent features within the promissory note included the following, among others: • We obtained and evaluated management’s assessment of the credit loss. • We made inquiries of management and the Company’s outside legal counsel regarding the status of the credit loss. • We inspected bankruptcy documentation associated with Above Food. • We evaluated the accuracy and completeness of the financial statement presentation and disclosure of the credit loss related to the Above Food promissory note. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP Tempe, Arizona March 26, 2026 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2007. 28 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Consolidated B alance Sheets (In thousands, except share data) As of December 31, 2025 2024 Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 259 $ 4,242 Short-term investments 4,304 — Accounts receivable and other receivables, net of allowance for credit loss of $ 559 and $ 0 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively 425 1,175 Inventories 1,212 904 Note receivable — current, net of allowance for credit losses (Note 8) — 1,894 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 156 931 Current assets of discontinued operations — GoodWheat — 96 Total current assets 6,356 9,242 Property and equipment, net 8 41 Right of use assets — 137 Intangible assets, net 39 39 Note receivable — noncurrent, net of allowance for credit losses (Note 8) — 3,966 Other noncurrent assets 143 92 Total assets $ 6,546 $ 13,517 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 1,789 $ 2,108 Amounts due to related parties — 30 Operating lease liability — current — 155 Other current liabilities 270 270 Total current liabilities 2,059 2,563 Common stock warrant and option liabilities 347 2,731 Other noncurrent liabilities — 2,000 Total liabilities 2,406 7,294 Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) Stockholders’ equity: Common stock, $ 0.001 par value— 150,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024; 1,373,120 and 1,364,940 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. 65 65 Additional paid-in capital 285,292 285,036 Accumulated deficit ( 281,217 ) ( 278,878 ) Total stockholders' equity 4,140 6,223 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 6,546 $ 13,517 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 29 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Consolidated Statem ents of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (In thousands, except share and share data) Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Revenues: Product $ 4,858 $ 5,012 License — 7 Royalty — 26 Total revenues 4,858 5,045 Operating expenses (income): Cost of revenues 3,098 2,963 Research and development 9 53 Gain on sale of intangible assets ( 750 ) ( 4,000 ) Impairment of property and equipment — 36 Change in fair value of contingent consideration ( 2,000 ) — Selling, general and administrative 7,001 9,641 Total operating expenses 7,358 8,693 Loss from operations ( 2,500 ) ( 3,648 ) Interest income 221 782 Credit loss ( 4,745 ) — Other income, net 2,309 31 Change in fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities 2,384 ( 1,474 ) Net loss from continuing operations before income taxes ( 2,331 ) ( 4,309 ) Income tax expense ( 8 ) ( 8 ) Net loss from continuing operations ( 2,339 ) ( 4,317 ) Net loss from discontinued operations — GoodWheat — ( 2,721 ) Net loss attributable to common stockholders $ ( 2,339 ) $ ( 7,038 ) Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders: Basic and diluted from continuing operations $ ( 1.71 ) $ ( 3.17 ) Basic and diluted from discontinued operations — $ ( 2.00 ) Net loss per basic and diluted share attributable to common stockholders $ ( 1.71 ) $ ( 5.17 ) Weighted-average number of shares used in per share calculations: Basic and diluted 1,368,057 1,363,303 Other comprehensive income, net of tax Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities $ — $ 127 Reclassification adjustment for gains on available-for-sale securities included in net loss — ( 228 ) Change in unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities $ — $ ( 101 ) Comprehensive loss $ ( 2,339 ) $ ( 7,139 ) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 30 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Consolidated St atements of Stockholders’ Equity (In thousands, except share data) Common Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Accumulated Deficit Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Non-controlling Interest Total Stockholders’ Equity Shares Amount Balance at December 31, 2023 1,285,337 $ 65 $ 284,515 $ ( 271,840 ) $ 101 $ ( 138 ) $ 12,703 Issuance of shares related to March 2023 pre-funded warrants exercise 75,000 — — — — — — Issuance of shares related to employee stock purchase plan 4,603 — 9 — — — 9 Stock-based compensation — — 512 — — — 512 Change in unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities — — — — ( 101 ) — ( 101 ) Write-down of non-controlling interest — — — — — 138 138 Net loss — — — ( 7,038 ) — — ( 7,038 ) Balance at December 31, 2024 1,364,940 $ 65 $ 285,036 $ ( 278,878 ) $ — $ — $ 6,223 Issuance of shares related to employee stock purchase plan 2,489 — 6 — — — 6 Issuance of shares related to employee stock options exercise 5,691 — 16 — — — 16 Stock-based compensation — — 234 — — — 234 Net loss — — — ( 2,339 ) — — ( 2,339 ) Balance at December 31, 2025 1,373,120 $ 65 $ 285,292 $ ( 281,217 ) $ — $ — $ 4,140 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 31 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Consolidated Statem ents of Cash Flows (In thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net loss $ ( 2,339 ) $ ( 7,038 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities: Change in fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities ( 2,384 ) 1,474 Change in fair value of contingent consideration ( 2,000 ) Depreciation 32 113 Lease amortization 122 652 Amortization of note receivable discount ( 69 ) ( 157 ) Gain on disposal of property and equipment — ( 65 ) Gain on sale of intangible assets ( 750 ) ( 4,000 ) Gain on receipt of Above Food Ingredients, Inc. common stock ( 1,067 ) — Unrealized gain subsequent to receipt of Above Food Ingredients, Inc. common stock ( 1,237 ) — Stock-based compensation 234 512 Credit loss 4,745 — Write-down of inventories — 154 Impairment of property and equipment — 36 Write-down of non-controlling interest — 138 Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable and other receivables 165 ( 762 ) Inventories ( 308 ) 550 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 775 ( 124 ) Other noncurrent assets ( 50 ) 72 Accounts payable and accrued expenses ( 399 ) ( 303 ) Amounts due to related parties ( 30 ) ( 29 ) Other current liabilities ( 57 ) — Operating lease payments ( 122 ) ( 850 ) Net cash used in operating activities ( 4,739 ) ( 9,627 ) CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from sale of property and equipment — 334 Proceeds from sale of investments — 5,024 Proceeds from sale of intangible assets 750 4,000 Cash paid related to sale of GoodWheat — ( 2,000 ) Purchases of property and equipment — ( 16 ) Net cash provided by investing activities 750 7,342 CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from ESPP purchases 6 9 Net cash provided by financing activities 6 9 Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents ( 3,983 ) ( 2,276 ) Cash and cash equivalents — beginning of period 4,242 6,518 Cash and cash equivalents — end of period $ 259 $ 4,242 SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION: NONCASH TRANSACTIONS: Right of use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities $ — $ 86 Note receivable recognized from sale of GoodWheat $ — $ 5,705 Fair value of Above Food Ingredients, Inc. common stock received $ 3,067 $ — The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 32 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1. Description of Business Organization Ar cadia Biosciences, Inc. (the "Company," "Arcadia" or "management"), was incorporated in Arizona in 2002 and maintains its headquarters in Dallas, Texas. The Company was reincorporated in Delaware in March 2015 . Arcadia has leveraged its history as a leader in science-based approaches to develop high value products and drive innovation in the consumer goods industry. Since acquiring the assets of Zola in May 2021, Arcadia has provided consumers with a way to rehydrate, reset, and reenergize with Zola coconut water products. Previously, Arcadia developed products, primarily in wheat, which it commercialized through the sale of food products, trait licensing and royalty agreements. On May 26, 2025, Arcadia entered into a License Termination and Patent Non-Assert Agreement (the "Bioseed Agreement") with Bioseed Research India, a division of DCM Shriram Limited ("Bioseed"). Pursuant to the Bioseed Agreement, the parties agreed to terminate a license agreement previously entered into by Arcadia and Bioseed in 2012, Arcadia agreed to not assert its rights under a patent held by Arcadia regarding certain products commercialized or that may be commercialized by Bioseed, and Bioseed agreed that if as a result of any such commercialization by Bioseed any amounts become payable to a third party pursuant to an agreement previously entered into between Arcadia and the third party, Bioseed will pay such amounts to the third party. As a result, the related $ 1.0 million contingent liability was eliminated from the consolidated balance sheet as of the end of the second quarter of 2025. On March 28, 2025, Arcadia entered into an agreement with Bioceres Crop Solutions Corp. ("BIOX") pursuant to which BIOX agreed to transfer to the Company all rights and materials relating to certain soy traits that were included in licenses granted by the Company to BIOX in the November 2020 sale of Verdeca. In addition, BIOX agreed to pay a total of $ 750,000 to the Company. The Company agreed to transfer to BIOX all of the Company's granted patents, pending applications, related materials and documents related to the Company's reduced gluten and oxidative stability patents. In addition, the parties agreed to amend a previous agreement between the parties to eliminate any obligation to pay the Company future product royalties under the agreement. The Company recorded a gain of $ 750,000 on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss related to this transaction as the patents, pending applications and future product royalties have no carrying value. As of December 31, 2025, the Company has received full payment for the $ 750,000 . On December 4, 2024, Arcadia, Roosevelt Resources LP (“Roosevelt” or the “Partnership”) and Elliott Roosevelt, Jr. and David A. Roosevelt, in their capacities as representatives of the limited partners of the Partnership entered into a Securities Exchange Agreement (as it may be amended from time to time, the “Exchange Agreement”) providing for the combination of the two companies in an all-stock transaction. Subject to the terms of the Exchange Agreement and to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth in the Exchange Agreement, at the closing of the transactions Arcadia agreed to issue shares of its common stock to the limited partners and to the sole member of the general partner of Roosevelt (together, the “Limited Partners”) in exchange for all of the limited partnership and other equity interests of Roosevelt (the “Exchange”). The Exchange Agreement, as amended, provided that upon completion of the Exchange, the Limited Partners and the Arcadia stockholders prior to the closing were to own 90 % and 10 %, respectively, of the shares of common stock of Arcadia immediately after the closing. On February 14, 2025, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-4 with the Securities and Exchange Commission relating to the shares to be issued in the transaction. The registration statement also included a proxy statement/prospectus relating to a meeting of stockholders of the Company to be held to vote on proposals to approve the issuance of shares pursuant to the Exchange Agreement and related proposals. On April 30, 2025, the parties to the Exchange Agreement entered into a First Amendment to Securities Exchange Agreement (the “Amendment”). The Amendment amended certain provisions of the Exchange Agreement, including amending the “Termination Date” provided for in one of the closing conditions described in the Exchange Agreement, which allowed a party to terminate the Exchange Agreement if the closing had not occurred by May 15, 2025 , to be August 15, 2025 (the “Termination Provision”). On July 31, 2025, the Company filed with the SEC pre-effective Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Amendment No. 1 to the registration statement on Form S-4. On December 24, 2025, the Company received a notice from Roosevelt indicating that it was terminating the Exchange Agreement with immediate effect pursuant to the Termination Provision, as the closing of the Exchange had not occurred by the Termination Date specified in the Amendment. The Company does not believe that any break-up fee or similar payment is payable by either party in connection with termination of the Exchange Agreement. On May 16, 2024, Arcadia sold the GoodWheat™ brand to Above Food Corp. ("Above Food") for net consideration of $ 3.7 million. The strategic decision to sell GoodWheat enabled the Company to monetize its intellectual property early. The assets sold consisted primarily of grain and finished goods inventories, formulations and trademarks. The disposition of GoodWheat met the "held for sale" criteria per ASC 205-20-45-1B and represented a strategic shift that had a major effect on the Company's operations and financial results. As a result, the financial statements and related notes as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 reflect the GoodWheat disposition as a discontinued operation. The disposition of GoodWheat resulted in a loss of $ 1,500 during the second quarter of 2024. Refer to Notes 4 and 8 for further details of the transaction. On May 14, 2024, Arcadia sold its non-GMO Resistant Starch (“RS”) durum wheat trait to longtime partner Corteva Agriscience (“Corteva”) for total cash consideration of $ 4.0 million. Under the terms of the agreement, Arcadia retained certain rights to use the RS durum wheat trait. Refer to Note 11 for further details of the transaction. In August 2019, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement with Legacy Ventures Hawaii, LLC (“Legacy,” see Note 9) to grow, extract, and sell hemp products. The partnership Archipelago Ventures Hawaii, LLC (“Archipelago”), combined the Company’s genetic expertise and resources with Legacy’s experience in hemp extraction and sales. In October 2021, Arcadia and Legacy mutually agreed to wind down the cultivation activities of Archipelago, due to regulatory challenges and a saturated hemp market. Liquidity, Capital Resources, and Going Concern The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities during the normal course of business. Since inception, the Company has financed its operations primarily through equity and debt financings. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $ 281.2 million and cash and cash equivalents of $ 0.3 million. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had net losses of $ 2.3 million and $ 7.0 million, respectively, and net cash used in operations of $ 4.7 million and $ 9.6 million, respectively. With cash and cash equivalents of $ 0.3 million as of December 31, 2025, the Company believes that its existing cash and cash equivalents will not be sufficient to meet its anticipated cash requirements for at least the next 12 months from the issuance date of these financial statements, and thus raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. The Company may seek to raise additional funds through debt or equity financings or sales of assets. The sale of additional equity would result in dilution to the Company’s stockholders. The incurrence of debt would result in debt service obligations, and the instruments governing such debt could provide for additional operating and financing covenants that would restrict operations. In addition, the Company may seek to raise additional funds through the sale of shares of Above Food Ingredients, Inc. ("AFII") that are held by the Company, at such times as those shares may be sold. See Note 8. If the Company requires additional funds and is unable to secure adequate additional funding on terms acceptable to the Company, the Company may be forced to reduce spending, extend payment terms with suppliers, or liquidate assets. Any of these actions could materially harm the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition. 34 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and Archipelago. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP (“GAAP”), and with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company uses a qualitative approach in assessing the consolidation requirement for variable interest entities ("VIEs"). This approach focuses on determining whether the Company has the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance and whether the Company has the obligation to absorb losses, or the right to receive benefits, that could potentially be significant to the VIE. For all periods presented, the Company has determined that it is the primary beneficiary of Archipelago, a joint venture, as it has a controlling interest in Archipelago. Accordingly, the Company consolidates Archipelago in the consolidated financial statements after eliminating intercompany transactions. For consolidated joint ventures, the non-controlling partner’s share of the assets, liabilities and operations of the joint venture is included in non-controlling interest as equity of the Company. The non-controlling partner’s interest is generally computed as the joint venture partner’s ownership percentage of Archipelago. Non-controlling interest on the consolidated balance sheet was fully written-off as of December 31, 2024. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions in the Company’s consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. Significant estimates and assumptions made by management included the determination of revenue recognition, the provision for income taxes and allowance for credit losses. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other market-specific and relevant assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and cash equivalents The Company considers any liquid investment with a stated maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be a cash equivalent. Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on deposit with banks and money-market funds. The Company limits cash investments to financial institutions with high credit standings; therefore, management believes that there is no significant exposure to any credit risk in the Company’s cash and cash equivalents. 35 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Investments in debt and equity securities Investments in debt and equity securities are carried at fair value and classified as short-term investments. Unrealized gains and losses on debt securities are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), which is reflected as a separate component of stockholder’s equity in the consolidated balance sheets. Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities are recognized in other income, net on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Gains and losses for both debt and equity securities are recognized when realized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Investment securities are reported as cash and cash equivalent, short-term investments or long-term investments in the consolidated balance sheets based on the nature of the investments and maturity period. Short-term investments have maturities of less than a year and long-term investments have maturities of a year and greater from the balance sheet date. Other-than-temporary impairments on investments The Company regularly reviews each of its investments for impairment by determining if the investment has sustained an other-than-temporary decline in its value, in which case the investment is written down to its fair value by a charge to earnings. Factors that are considered by the Company in determining whether an other-than-temporary decline in value has occurred include (i) the market value of the investment in relation to its cost basis, (ii) the financial condition of the investment, and (iii) the Company’s intent and ability to retain the investment for a sufficient period of time to allow for recovery of the market value of the investment. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, there was no impairment of the Company’s investments. Accounts receivable and other receivables Accounts receivable represents amounts owed to the Company from product sales, licenses, and royalties. Other receivables represent amounts owed to the Company for miscellaneous non-trade activities including the sale of property and equipment. The carrying value of the Company’s receivables represents estimated net realizable values. The Company generally does not require collateral and estimates the allowance for credit losses based on historical collection trends, the age of outstanding receivables, and existing economic conditions. If events or changes in circumstances indicate that specific receivable balances may be impaired, further consideration is given to the collectability of those balances and the allowance for credit losses is recorded accordingly. Past-due receivable balances are written off when the Company’s internal collection efforts have been unsuccessful in collecting the amounts due. The Company had an allowance for credit losses of $ 559 and $ 0 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Inventory Inventory costs are tracked on a lot-identified basis and are included as cost of revenues when sold. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company makes adjustments to inventory when conditions indicate that the net realizable value may be less than cost due to physical deterioration, obsolescence, changes in price levels, or other factors. Additional adjustments to inventory are made for excess and slow-moving inventory on hand that is not expected to be sold within a reasonable timeframe to reduce the carrying amount to its estimated net realizable value . Inventories consist of coconut water imported from Thailand and freight costs. The inventories on the balance sheet represents inventory forecasted to be sold or used in production in the next 12 months, as of the balance sheet date, and consist of Zola Coconut water. Raw materials inventories consists of in-transit Zola Coconut Water. Finished goods inventories consist of Zola Coconut Water that are available for sale. 36 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Note receivable In connection with the sale of GoodWheat assets to Above Food, the Company received a $ 6.0 million promissory note dated May 14, 2024. The promissory note has a term of three years and accrues interest at the Wall Street Journal prime rate . On each of the first, second and third anniversaries of the promissory note, accrued interest and $ 2.0 million of principal are payable to Arcadia. The promissory note was assessed using the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model. As a result of the assessment, the Company recorded a reserve for the outstanding principal amount of $ 4.0 million, plus accrued interest, as of December 31, 2025. Refer to Note 8 for more information on the note receivable. Property and equipment Property and equipment acquisitions are recorded at cost. Provisions for depreciation are calculated using the straight-line method over the following average estimated useful lives of the assets: Years Software and computer equipment 3 Machinery and equipment 2 - 20 Furniture and fixtures 7 Leasehold improvements 2 - 10 * *Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the estimated life of the asset or the remaining life of the lease. The Company evaluates if events and circumstances have occurred that indicate the remaining estimated useful life of fixed assets may warrant revision or that the remaining balance of these assets may not be recoverable. In evaluating for recoverability, the Company estimates the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. In the event that the balance of any asset exceeds the future undiscounted cash flow estimate, impairment is recognized based on the excess of the carrying amounts of the asset above its estimated fair value. Fair value of financial instruments Fair value accounting is applied for all financial assets and liabilities and non-financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the consolidated financial statements are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Hierarchical levels, which are directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs to the valuation of these assets or liabilities, are as follows: • Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company can access at the measurement date. • Level 2 inputs are observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. • Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. 37 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Concentration of risk Cash and cash equivalents are maintained with several financial institutions. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. Generally, these deposits may be redeemed upon demand and are maintained with financial institutions with reputable credit and therefore bear minimal credit risk. The Company seeks to mitigate its credit risks by spreading such risks across multiple counterparties and monitoring the risk profiles of these counterparties. Customer concentration Significant customers are those that represent greater than 10% of the Company’s total revenues or gross accounts receivable balance at each respective balance sheet date. Customers representing greater than 10% of accounts receivable were as follows (in percentages): As of December 31, 2025 2024 Customer C 13 — Customer D 22 13 Customer E — 10 Customer G 12 — Customers representing greater than 10% of total revenues were as follows (in percentages): For Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Customer B — 10 Customer C 18 18 Customer E 18 — Customer F 13 10 Customer G 11 — Customer H 11 — Stock-based compensation The Company recognizes compensation expense related to its employee stock purchase plan and the cost of stock-based compensation awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, net of estimated forfeitures. Judgment is required in estimating the amount of stock-based awards that will be forfeited prior to vesting. Compensation expense could be revised in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The Company has selected the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and various inputs to estimate the fair value of its stock-based awards. See Note 13 for additional information. Amounts recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss were as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Research and development $ — $ 1 Selling, general and administrative 234 511 Total stock-based compensation $ 234 $ 512 38 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Income taxes The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Net loss per share Basic net loss per share, which excludes dilution, is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock, such as stock options, convertible promissory notes, convertible preferred stock, redeemable convertible preferred stock and warrants, result in the issuance of common stock which share in the losses of the Company. Certain potential shares of common stock have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as their effect would be anti-dilutive. Such potentially dilutive shares are excluded when the effect would be to reduce the loss per share. Due to net losses, there is no impact on earnings per share calculation in applying the two-class method since the participating securities have no legal requirement to share in any losses. Revenue recognition The Company derives its revenues from product sales, licensing agreements and royalty fees. Product revenues Product revenues consist primarily of sales of Zola and GLA products. GLA oil sales ceased as of the end of 2024. We recognize revenue from product sales when control of the product is transferred to third-party distributors and retailers, collectively “our customers,” which generally occurs upon delivery. Revenues fluctuate depending on the timing of shipments of product to our customers and are reported net of estimated chargebacks, returns and losses. License revenues License revenues consist of up-front, nonrefundable license fees, annual license fees, and subsequent milestone payments that the Company receives under the Company’s research and license agreements. The Company recognizes revenue generated from up-front, nonrefundable license fees upon execution of the agreement and recognizes annual license fees when it is probable that a material reversal will not occur. Licensed revenues ceased as of the end of 2024. Royalty revenues Royalty revenues consist of amounts earned from the sale of commercial products that incorporate the Company's traits by third parties. Royalty revenues consist of a minimum annual royalty, offset by amounts earned from the sale of products. The Company recognizes the minimum annual royalty on a straight-line basis over the year, and the Company recognizes royalty revenue resulting from the sale of products when the third parties transfer control of the product to their customers, which generally occurs upon shipment. Royalty revenues ceased as of the end of 2024. Unearned revenue The Company defers revenue to the extent that cash received in conjunction with a license agreement is not yet earned in accordance with the Company policies. 39 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) The opening and closing accounts and other receivables balances for the year ended December 31, 2025 were $ 1.2 million and $ 425,000 , respectively. The opening and closing accounts and other receivables balances for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $ 506,000 and $ 1.2 million, respectively. Cost of revenues Cost of revenues primarily relates to the sale of Zola products and consists primarily of product and freight costs. Adjustments or write-downs to inventory are also included in cost of revenues. Change in the estimated fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities Change in the estimated fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities is comprised of the fair value remeasurement of liability classified common stock warrants and options. See Note 7. Note 3. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) — Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in this update require additional income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The new guidance is effective either prospectively or retrospectively, for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted the new guidance retrospectively for its fiscal year 2025 annual reporting period. Refer to Note 16 for further details. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income — Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The amendments in this update, among other things, require quantitative disclosures for employee compensation, selling expenses and purchases of inventory. The new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this update on its financial statements and disclosures. In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-05, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326) — Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets. The amendments in this update provide all entities with a practical expedient and entities other than public business entities with an accounting policy election when estimating expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets arising from transactions accounted for under Topic 606. The amendments will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this update on its financial statements and disclosures. Note 4. Discontinued Operations On May 16, 2024, the Company sold the GoodWheat brand and related assets to Above Food. GoodWheat operations ceased during the second quarter of 2024. In accordance with the provisions of ASC 205-20, the Company has separately reported the assets and liabilities of the discontinued operation in the consolidated balance sheets and the results of the discontinued operation as a separate component on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for all periods presented. Major classes of line items constituting the balance sheet of discontinued operations: (In thousands) December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Assets Accounts receivable and other receivables $ — $ 96 Total assets $ — $ 96 40 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Major classes of line items constituting net loss from discontinued operations: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 (In thousands) Product revenue $ — $ 372 Cost of revenues — ( 691 ) Research and development — ( 400 ) Gain on sale of property and equipment — 65 Selling, general and administrative — ( 2,067 ) Net loss from discontinued operations $ — $ ( 2,721 ) The following table presents significant cash and non-cash items of discontinued operations: Year Ended December 31, (In thousands) 2025 2024 Depreciation $ — $ 45 Write-down of inventories $ — $ — Gain on disposal of property and equipment $ — $ ( 65 ) Accounts receivable and other receivables $ — $ ( 88 ) Inventories $ — $ ( 575 ) Prepaid expenses and other current assets $ — $ — Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ — $ ( 501 ) Proceeds from sale of property and equipment $ — $ 334 There were no other significant operating or investing cash or non-cash items for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. Note 5. Inventory Inventory costs are tracked on a lot-identified basis and are included as cost of revenues when sold. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company makes adjustments to inventory when conditions indicate that the net realizable value may be less than cost due to physical deterioration, obsolescence, changes in price levels, or other factors. Additional adjustments to inventory are made for excess and slow-moving inventory on hand that is not expected to be sold within a reasonable timeframe to reduce the carrying amount to its estimated net realizable value. The write-downs to inventory are included in cost of revenues and are based upon estimates about future demand from the Company’s customers and distributors and market conditions. The Company recorded a write-down of $ 154,000 related to hemp and GoodWheat seed during the year ended December 31, 2024. There was no such write-down of inventory during the year ended December 31, 2025. If there are significant changes in demand and market conditions, substantial future write-downs of inventory may be required, which would materially increase the Company’s expenses in the period the write down is taken and materially affect the Company’s operating results. Inventories consist of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Raw materials $ 257 $ 289 Finished goods 955 615 Inventories $ 1,212 $ 904 41 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Note 6. Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2025 2024 Software and computer equipment 291 291 Furniture and fixtures 32 32 Leasehold improvements 1,584 1,584 Property and equipment, gross 1,907 1,907 Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization ( 1,899 ) ( 1,866 ) Property and equipment, net $ 8 $ 41 Depreciation expense was $ 32,000 and $ 58,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. During the first quarter of 2024, the Company recorded an impairment of $ 36,000 related to Archipelago property and equipment held for sale. During the second quarter of 2024, all Archipelago property and equipment previously held for sale were sold. Note 7. Investments and Fair Value Instruments Investments The Company classified its investments in corporate securities of AFII as short-term investments. The investments were carried at fair value, based on quoted market prices. Unrealized and realized gains and losses are recognized as other income in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. As of December 31, 2025, the fair value of the AFII common stock was $ 4.3 million. The following table summarize the amortized cost and fair value of the investment securities portfolio at December 31, 2024: (Dollars in thousands) Amortized Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value December 31, 2024 Cash equivalents: Money market funds $ 2,757 $ — $ — $ 2,757 Total Assets at Fair Value $ 2,757 $ — $ — $ 2,757 The Company did no t have any investment categories that were in a continuous unrealized loss position for more than twelve months as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. Fair Value Measurement The fair value of the investment securities at December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows: Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2025 (Dollars in thousands) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets at Fair Value Short-term investments: Corporate securities $ 4,304 $ — $ — $ 4,304 Total Assets at Fair Value $ 4,304 $ — $ — $ 4,304 42 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets at Fair Value Cash equivalents: Money market funds $ 2,757 $ — $ — $ 2,757 Total Assets at Fair Value $ 2,757 $ — $ — $ 2,757 The Company uses the market approach technique to value its financial instruments and there were no changes in valuation techniques during 2025 or 2024. The Company’s financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable and other receivables, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. For short-term investments, accounts receivable and other receivables, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, the carrying amounts of these financial instruments as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 were considered representative of their fair values due to their short term to maturity or repayment. Cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates their fair value. The Company’s Level 3 liabilities consist of preferred investment options related to the March 2023 Private Placement and August 2022 Registered Direct offerings. The preferred investment option liabilities were measured and recorded on a recurring basis using the Black-Scholes Model with the following assumptions at December 31, 2025 and 2024: March 2023 Options - Series A & March 2023 Placement Agent Options August 2022 Options & August 2022 Placement Agent Options December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Remaining term (in years) 2.13 3.14 1.67 2.67 Expected volatility 100.6 % 101.7 % 107.2 % 95.9 % Risk-free interest rate 3.5 % 4.3 % 3.5 % 4.3 % Expected dividend yield — — — — The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s Level 3 warrant liabilities is volatility. A significant increase (decrease) in volatility could result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. The following table sets forth the establishment of the Company’s Level 3 liabilities, as well as a summary of the changes in the fair value and other adjustments (in thousands): (Dollars in thousands) March 2023 Options - Series A March 2023 Placement Agent Options August 2022 Options August 2022 Placement Agent Options Note Receivable Bifurcated Derivatives Contingent Liabilities Total Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ 2,285 $ 90 $ 349 $ 7 $ 250 $ 2,000 $ 4,981 Change in fair value and other adjustments ( 1,994 ) ( 78 ) ( 306 ) ( 6 ) ( 250 ) ( 2,000 ) ( 4,634 ) Balance as of December 31, 2025 $ 291 $ 12 $ 43 $ 1 $ — $ — $ 347 43 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Note 8. Note Receivable and Embedded Derivatives On May 16, 2024, the Company sold the GoodWheat brand and related assets to Above Food for net consideration of $ 3.7 million, pursuant to an Asset Purchase Agreement ("Purchase Agreement") and a related Security Agreement ("Security Agreement"). The assets sold consisted primarily of grain and finished goods inventories, formulations and trademarks. A loss of $ 1,500 was recognized in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss during the second quarter of 2024, related to the sale. In connection with the transaction, Arcadia received a $ 6.0 million promissory note dated May 14, 2024 (the "Promissory Note"). The Promissory Note has a term of three years and accrues interest at the Wall Street Journal prime rate . On each of the first, second and third anniversaries of the Promissory Note, accrued interest and $ 2.0 million of principal are payable to Arcadia. The Promissory Note contains contingent features, including an option that, if exercised, requires Above Food to issue, or if Above Food became a wholly-owned subsidiary of a company with shares listed on a national securities exchange, then to cause such parent public company to issue and register shares of such company ("Parent Shares") as a prepayment of the final installment payment of the Promissory Note, as well as default provisions. In June 2024, Above Food became a wholly-owned subsidiary of AFII, a Canadian company and foreign private issuer whose shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. The Company accounted for the Promissory Note as a note receivable in accordance with ASC 310. The Company did not elect the fair value option and since the Company intended to and had the ability to hold the Promissory Note to maturity, it was previously classified as held for investment and was reported on the consolidated balance sheets at amortized cost. The Promissory Note was recorded at a discount of $ 545,000 , which was to be amortized over the term of the Promissory Note using the effective interest method. The Company recognized discount amortization and accrued interest of $ 69,000 and $ 111,000 , respectively, in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss during the year ended December 31, 2025. The Company recognized discount amortization and accrued interest of $ 157,000 and $ 310,000 , respectively, in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss during the year ended December 31, 2024. On May 1, 2025, Arcadia delivered a notice (the "Notice") to Above Food pursuant to the provisions of the Promissory Note, to require Above Food to cause AFII to issue Parent Shares to Arcadia. Pursuant to the provisions of the Promissory Note regarding the calculation and determination of the number of Parent Shares that are issuable in connection with delivery of a notice, the number of Parent Shares issuable are approximately 3.5 million shares (the "Prepayment Shares"). In June 2025, AFII issued approximately 2.7 million Prepayment Shares to the Company. Pursuant to the provisions of the Promissory Note, approximately 800,000 additional Prepayment Shares are issuable pursuant to the Notice, although there are no assurances that such shares will be issued. The issued Prepayment Shares are restricted securities subject to restrictions on resale under U.S. SEC Rule 144. 44 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) The first payment of $ 2.0 million of principal and accrued interest, calculated by the Company as approximately $ 421,000 of interest, under the Promissory Note was due on May 14, 2025. As Above Food failed to make the required first payment under the Promissory Note on such due date, the Company inquired with Above Food. In response to such inquiry, Above Food responded that it was named as a guarantor party relating to an affiliated corporation that is the subject of a bankruptcy and receivership proceeding in Canada and that a receiver was in control of Above Food's assets and activities, and as a result that it was not able to make any payments under the Promissory Note. The Company believes in light of the guarantor obligations of Above Food under the receivership proceedings, it is unlikely that Above Food will be able to make any cash payments with respect to the Promissory Note or that proceedings against Above Food would be successful in recovering such amounts. Failure to pay principal and interest when due is an event of default under the Promissory Note and the Security Agreement. Under the terms of the Promissory Note, upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default, the Company may declare the entire unpaid principal amount of the Promissory Note and accrued interest, and all other amounts owing or payable under the Promissory Note or the Security Agreement, to be immediately due and payable. The Company has delivered a notice of default to Above Food and declared the entire unpaid amounts to be due and payable. In addition, pursuant to the Security Agreement, following an event of default, the Company may, by notice to Above Food, elect to require Above Food to cause AFII to issue a number of additional Parent Shares in order to satisfy Above Food's remaining indebtedness and liability to Arcadia under the Promissory Note. As of the date that these financial statements were available to be issued, substantial doubt exists regarding whether additional Parent Shares may be issued in satisfaction of Above Food's other obligations under the Promissory Note. In light of the above uncertainties, the Company recorded a credit loss for the full $ 4.0 million principal amount remaining after issuance of shares pursuant to the Notice, plus accrued interest, as of December 31, 2025. Embedded Derivatives The contingent features of the Promissory Note were evaluated for bifurcation in accordance with ASC 815. The contingent features requiring bifurcation had an estimated fair value of $ 250,000 as of the transaction date and $ 0 as of December 31, 2025. The estimated fair value of the contingent features was reported in note receivable – noncurrent on the consolidated balance sheets. Note 9. Consolidated Joint Venture In 2019, the Company and Legacy Ventures Hawaii, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company (“Legacy”), formed Archipelago Ventures Hawaii, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and entered into a Limited Liability Company Operating Agreement. The Company and Legacy formed Archipelago to develop, extract and commercialize hemp-derived products from industrial hemp grown in Hawaii. In October 2021, Arcadia and Legacy mutually agreed to wind down the cultivation activities of Archipelago, due to regulatory challenges and a saturated hemp market. Note 10. Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses Accounts payable and accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2025 2024 Accounts payable - trade $ 1,453 $ 703 Payroll and benefits 107 962 Royalty fees due to unrelated parties — 5 Audit and tax fees 179 225 Legal 50 41 Other — 172 Total accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 1,789 $ 2,108 45 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Note 11. Collaborative Arrangements In August 2017 , the Company entered into a collaborative arrangement for the research, development and commercialization of our non-GMO RS durum wheat trait in North America. This collaborative arrangement was a contractual agreement with Corteva and involved joint operating activities where both Arcadia and Corteva were active participants in the activities of the collaboration. Arcadia and Corteva participated in the research and development, and Arcadia had the primary responsibility for the intellectual property strategy while Corteva generally led the marketing and commercialization efforts. Both parties were exposed to significant risks and rewards of the collaboration and the agreement included both cost sharing and profit sharing. The activities were performed with no guarantee of either technological or commercial success. The Company accounted for research and development (“R&D”) costs in accordance ASC 730, Research and Development , which states R&D costs must be charged to expense as incurred. Accordingly, internal R&D costs are expensed as incurred. Third-party R&D costs are expensed when the contracted work has been performed or as milestone results are achieved. On May 14, 2024, the Company sold its RS durum wheat trait to Corteva. Under the terms of the agreement, Arcadia retained certain rights to use the RS durum wheat trait. The Company received a $ 4.0 million cash payment from Corteva during the year ended December 31, 2024 and recorded a gain of the same amount as the trait had no carrying value on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss related to the transaction. 46 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Note 12. Warrants and Options Equity Classified Common Stock Warrants The Company issued the following warrants to purchase shares of its common stock, which are outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These warrants are exercisable any time at the option of the holder until their expiration date. Issuance Date Term Exercise Price Per Share Exercised during the Year Ended December 31, 2024 Outstanding at December 31, 2024 Exercised during the Year Ended December 31, 2025 Outstanding at December 31, 2025 March 2023 Pre-Funded Warrants March 2023 perpetual $ — ( 75,000 ) — — — December 2022 Service and Performance Warrants (1) December 2022 5 years $ 11.20 — 1,000 — 1,000 October 2022 Service and Performance Warrants (1) October 2022 5 years $ 16.00 — 1,000 — 1,000 January 2021 Placement Agent Warrants January 2021 5.5 years $ 159.60 — 9,846 — 9,846 December 2020 Warrants (2) December 2020 5.5 years $ 9.0 0 — 16,367 — 16,367 December 2020 Warrants December 2020 5.5 years $ 120.00 — 49,100 — 49,100 December 2020 Placement Agent Warrants (3) December 2020 5 years $ 152.80 — 3,274 — — July 2020 Warrants (2) July 2020 5.5 years $ 9.00 — 16,036 — 16,036 July 2020 Placement Agent Warrants July 2020 5.5 years $ 198.80 — 802 — 802 May 2020 Warrants (2) (3) May 2020 5 years $ 9.00 — 9,946 — — May 2020 Warrants (3) May 2020 5 years $ 191.20 — 24,863 — — May 2020 Placement Agent Warrants (3) May 2020 5 years $ 245.20 — 1,741 — — January 2021 Warrants (2) January 2021 5.5 years $ 9.00 — 7,831 — 7,831 January 2021 Warrants January 2021 5.5 years $ 125.20 — 90,629 — 90,629 September 2019 Warrants (2) (3) September 2019 5.5 years $ 9.00 — 9,892 — — September 2019 Warrants (3) September 2019 5.5 years $ 300.80 — 6,594 — — June 2019 Warrants (3) June 2019 5.5 years $ 200.00 — 10,896 — — Total ( 75,000 ) 259,817 — 192,611 (1) The Company issued service and performance warrants (“Service and Performance Warrants”) in connection with professional services agreements with non-affiliated third party entities. (2) These warrants were repriced as part of the March 2023 Private Placement offering. (3) These warrants expired during the year ended December 31, 2025. 47 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Liability Classified Preferred Investment Options The preferred investment options issued in connection with the March 2023 Private Placement and August 2022 Registered Direct offerings contain certain early settlement provisions that preclude them from equity classification and therefore were accounted for as liabilities at the date of issuance and are adjusted to fair value at each balance sheet date. The change in fair value of the options liabilities is recorded as change in fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The key terms and activity of the liability classified preferred investment options are summarized as follows: Issuance Date Term Exercise Price Per Share Exercised during the Year Ended December 31, 2024 Outstanding at December 31, 2024 Exercised during the Year Ended December 31, 2025 Outstanding at December 31, 2025 March 2023 Options - Series A March 2023 5 years $ 9.00 — 666,334 — 666,334 March 2023 Placement Agent Options March 2023 5 years $ 11.25 — 33,317 — 33,317 August 2022 Options (1) August 2022 5 years $ 9.00 — 118,063 — 118,063 August 2022 Placement Agent Options August 2022 5 years $ 52.80 — 5,904 — 5,904 Total — 823,618 — 823,618 (1) These options were repriced as part of the March 2023 Private Placement offering. See Note 7 for the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and weighted-average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the preferred investment options liabilities. Note 13. Stock-Based Compensation and Employee Stock Purchase Program Stock Incentive Plans The Company had two equity incentive plans: the 2006 Stock Plan (“2006 Plan”) and the 2015 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (“2015 Plan”). In 2006, the Company adopted the 2006 Plan, which provided for the granting of stock options to executives, employees, and other service providers under terms and provisions established by the Board of Directors. The Company granted non-statutory stock options (“NSOs”) under the 2006 Plan until May 2015, when it was terminated as to future awards, although it continues to govern the terms of options that remain outstanding and were issued under the 2006 Plan. The 2015 Plan became effective upon the Company’s IPO in May 2015 and all shares that were reserved, but not issued, under the 2006 Plan were assumed by the 2015 Plan. Upon effectiveness, the 2015 Plan had 3,860 shares of common stock reserved for future issuance, which included 259 that were transferred to and assumed by the 2015 Plan. The 2015 Plan provided for automatic annual increases in shares available for grant. In addition, shares subject to awards under the 2006 Plan that are forfeited or canceled were added to the 2015 Plan. The maximum number of shares that may be awarded to any individual employee, including our directors and officers, during any calendar year was 9,375 shares. The 2015 Plan provided for the grant of incentive stock options (“ISOs”), NSOs, restricted stock awards, stock units, stock appreciation rights, and other forms of equity compensation, all of which may be granted to employees, officers, non-employee directors, and consultants. The exercise price for ISOs and NSOs were granted at a price per share not less than the fair value of our common stock at the date of grant. Options granted generally vest over a four-year period; however, there might be alternative vesting schedules, as approved by the Board. Options granted, once vested, are generally exercisable for up to 10 years, after grant to the extent vested. 48 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) On June 25, 2024, the shareholders approved an amendment to the Company’s 2015 Plan that increased the number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2015 Plan by 200,000 shares and increased the maximum number of shares of common stock issuable to employees, including our officers and directors, in any fiscal year from 9,375 shares to 50,000 shares. In May 2025, the 2015 Plan terminated as to future awards. On February 2, 2022, former president and chief executive officer of the Company, Stanley Jacot Jr. was hired. The Company granted Mr. Jacot an inducement stock option to purchase 7,902 shares of the Company’s common stock pursuant to Rule 5635(c)(4) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules. The Company filed a registration statement on Form S-8 to register the issuance of shares upon exercise of this inducement stock option. The inducement options grants were issued outside of the 2015 Plan, but were subject to the terms and conditions of the 2015 Plan. As of December 31, 2025, a total of 332,650 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2015 Plan pursuant to the exercise of outstanding options, and no further options or other awards may be granted pursuant to the 2015 Plan. As of December 31, 2025, a total of 9 and 179,755 options were outstanding under the 2006 and 2015 Plans, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, a total of 40 and 205,236 options were outstanding under the 2006 and 2015 Plans, respectively. A total of 199 inducement options were outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The following is a summary of stock option information and weighted average exercise prices under the Company’s stock incentive plans (in thousands, except share data and price per share): Shares Subject to Outstanding Options Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share Aggregate Intrinsic Value Outstanding — Balance at December 31, 2023 80,078 $ 85.00 $ — Options granted 158,000 3.00 — Options exercised — — — Options forfeited ( 11,197 ) 24.00 397 Options expired ( 21,406 ) 129.00 — Outstanding — Balance at December 31, 2024 205,475 21.00 516,378 Options granted 25,000 3.88 — Options exercised ( 5,691 ) 2.81 12,434 Options forfeited ( 27,446 ) 3.39 11,230 Options expired ( 17,375 ) 90.98 — Outstanding — Balance at December 31, 2025 179,963 14.65 — Vested and expected to vest — December 31, 2025 170,562 15.29 — Exercisable —December 31, 2025 127,131 $ 19.37 $ — Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the exercise price of the options and the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock determined by its Board of Directors for each of the respective periods. As of December 31, 2025, there was $ 113,000 of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock-based compensation grants that will be recognized over the weighted-average remaining recognition period of 1.4 years. In determining the fair value of the stock-based awards, the Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and assumptions discussed below. Each of these inputs is subjective and generally requires significant judgment to determine. Expected Term— The expected term is the estimated period of time outstanding for stock options granted and was estimated based on a simplified method allowed by the SEC, and defines the term as the average of the contractual term of the options and the weighted-average vesting period for all open employee awards. Expected Volatility— The historical volatility data was computed using the daily closing prices for the Company’s shares during the equivalent period of the calculated expected term of the stock-based awards. Risk-Free Interest Rate— The risk-free interest rate is based on the interest rate of U.S. Treasuries of comparable maturities on the date the options were granted. 49 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Expected Dividend— The expected dividend yield is based on the Company’s expectation of future dividend payouts to common stockholders. The fair value of stock option awards was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumption: Year Ended December 31, Assumptions 2025 2024 Expected term (years) 6.07 8.04 Expected volatility 104 % 101 % Risk-free interest rate 4.10 % 3.77 % Expected dividend yield — — The weighted-average, estimated grant date fair value of employee stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $ 3.20 and $ 2.33 , respectively. The Company recognized $ 234,000 and $ 512,000 of compensation expense for stock options awards for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Employee Stock Purchase Plan The Company’s 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) became effective on May 14, 2015. The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a discount of up to 15 % of their eligible compensation through payroll deductions, subject to any plan limitations. After the first offering period, which began on May 14, 2015 and ended on February 1, 2016 , the ESPP provides for six-month offering periods, and at the end of each offering period, employees are able to purchase shares at 85 % of the lower of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the first trading day of the offering period or on the last day of the offering period. The ESPP provides for automatic annual increases in the shares available for purchase beginning on January 1, 2016. As of December 31, 2025 , 10,560 shares had been issued under the ESPP. The Company recorded $ 7,000 of ESPP related compensation expense for each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 . 50 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies Leases The Company leases office space under an operating lease agreement with an initial lease term of one year . See Note 15. Legal Matters From time to time, the Company may be subject to legal proceedings, actions, claims, suits, or investigations arising from the ordinary course of our business, including actions with respect to intellectual property claims, breach of contract claims, claims relating to our products, labor and employment claims and other matters. Any litigation or other proceedings could divert management time and attention, could involve significant amounts of legal fees and other fees and expenses, or could result in an adverse outcome having a material adverse effect on our financial condition, cash flows or results of operations. Actions, claims, suits, investigations and proceedings are inherently uncertain and their results cannot be predicted with certainty. Except as described below, the Company is not currently involved in any legal proceedings that the Company believes are, individually or in the aggregate, material to the Company's business, results of operations or financial condition. However, regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of associated cost and diversion of management time. On March 6, 2025 , a complaint was filed in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of San Francisco by the Center for Environmental Health, a non-profit corporation (the "plaintiff"), against approximately 28 named companies, including several major retailers and manufacturers such as Walmart, Whole Foods Market, Smart & Final Stores, and Raleys, as well as many companies that manufacture and market coconut water products, including the Company, alleging violations of the California Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, known as Proposition 65. Proposition 65 requires, among things, that a specific warning appear on any product sold in California containing a substance listed by that state as having been found to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. The complaint contends that the defendants violated Proposition 65 by knowingly and intentionally exposing individuals in California to Bisphenol A ("BPA") in coconut water containers. The complaint states that the plaintiff's claims against the Company are limited to the Company's coconut water products packaged in cans, but the complaint also alleges that exposure to BPA occurs when individuals consume coconut water in cartons and other containers. On May 23, 2025, the plaintiff amended the complaint to name additional retailers, manufacturers and/or companies that market coconut water products. The complaint seeks injunctive relief, including an injunction prohibiting defendants from offering coconut water products sold in California without either reducing the BPA level in the product such that no Proposition 65 warnings are required or providing prior clear and reasonable warnings, and civil penalties. On July 22, 2025, the Company filed an answer to the complaint, denying liability and asserting a number of affirmative defenses. The parties have commenced discovery. The Company intends to vigorously defend itself against the claims. Due in part to the early stage of the proceedings, the Company cannot predict the outcome of this matter at this time. 51 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) As disclosed above, on December 4, 2024, the Company entered into the Exchange Agreement with Roosevelt providing for a business combination pursuant to the Exchange. The Exchange Agreement was terminated effective December 29, 2025. On February 14, 2025, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-4 with the SEC, including a preliminary proxy statement/prospectus, relating to shares to be issued in the transaction and a meeting of stockholders of the Company to be held to approve the issuance of shares in the transaction and related proposals. After the date of filing of the registration statement, the Company received several letters (the "Demand Letters") from counsel to purported stockholders of the Company. Each letter asserted that the preliminary proxy statement included in the registration statement was deficient and demanded that the alleged deficiencies be rectified. The Demand Letters allege, among other matters, that corrective disclosures are required to be included in the registration statement to address alleged material misstatements and omissions in the registration statement and that the proxy statement/prospectus contains materially incomplete and misleading information concerning, among other matters, financial projections, financial analysis performed by the entity that provided a fairness opinion to the Company's board of directors in connection with the transaction, potential conflicts of interest involving the Company's financial advisor in connection with the transaction and the Company's insiders, and possible breach of fiduciary duties by the directors of executive officers of the Company in connection with the transaction. Certain of the Demand Letters included a request for inspection of certain books and records of the Company pursuant to Delaware corporate law. The Company has not received any communications relating to the Demand Letters after the announcement of the termination of the Exchange Agreement. In light of the termination of the Exchange Agreement with Roosevelt, as disclosed above, the Company believes that the matters contained in the Demand Letters should be regarded as having effectively been mooted. However, if any of the Demand Letters continue to be pursued, the Company believes that the allegations in the Demand Letters are without merit and intends to vigorously defend itself against any complaint that may be filed. The matters described in this section could divert management time and attention from the Company, and could involve significant amounts of legal fees and other fees and expenses. An adverse outcome in any such proceedings could have a material adverse effect on the Company. Contingent Liability Related to the Anawah Acquisition In Ju ne 2005 , the Company completed its agreement and plan of merger and reorganization with Anawah, to purchase Anawah’s food and agricultural research company through a non-cash stock purchase. Pursuant to the merger with Anawah, and in accordance with ASC 805 - Business Combinations, the Company incurred a contingent liability not to exceed $ 5.0 million. This liability represents amounts to be paid to Anawah’s previous stockholders for cash collected on revenue recognized by the Company upon commercial sale of certain specific products developed using technology acquired in the purchase. During 2010, the Company ceased activities relating to three of the six Anawah product programs thus, the contingent liability was reduced to $ 3.0 million. During 2016, one of the programs previously accrued for was abandoned and another program previously abandoned was reactivated. During 2019, the Company determined that one of the technologies was no longer active and decided to abandon the previously accrued program. During the first half of 2025, the Company decided to abandon one of the remaining two technologies and transferred the other to Bioseed as disclosed in Note 1. As a result, the remaining related $ 2.0 million contingent liability was eliminated from the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of the end of the second quarter of 2025. Contracts The Company has exited all contract research agreements and has no additional funding commitments previously associated with these agreements. The Company licenses certain technologies via executed agreements (“In-Licensing Agreements”) that were used to develop and advance the Company’s own technologies. These technologies have subsequently been sublicensed to unrelated parties. 52 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) The Company could be adversely affected by certain actions by the government as it relates to government contract revenue received in prior years. Government agencies, such as the Defense Contract Audit Agency routinely audit and investigate government contractors. These agencies review a contractor’s performance under its agreements; cost structure; and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and standards. The agencies also review the adequacy of, and a contractor’s compliance with, its internal control systems and policies, including the contractor’s purchasing, property, estimating, compensation and management information systems. While the Company’s management anticipates no adverse result from an audit, should any costs be found to be improperly allocated to a government agreement, such costs will not be reimbursed, or if already reimbursed, may need to be refunded. If an audit uncovers improper or illegal activities, civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments or fines, and suspension or prohibition from doing business with the government could occur. In addition, serious reputational harm or significant adverse financial effects could occur if allegations of impropriety were made against the Company. Note 15. Leases Operating Leases As of December 31, 2025, the Company leases office space in Dallas, TX. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; the Company recognizes lease expense for these short-term leases on a straight-line basis. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material variable lease payments, material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Leases consisted of the following (in thousands): Leases Classification December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Assets Operating lease assets Right of use asset $ — $ 137 Total leased assets $ — $ 137 Liabilities Current - Operating Operating lease liability - current $ — $ 155 Total leased liabilities $ — $ 155 Lease Cost Classification For the Year Ended December 31, 2025 For the Year Ended December 31, 2024 Operating lease cost SG&A and R&D Expenses $ 139 $ 850 Short term lease cost SG&A and R&D Expenses 4 13 Sublease income (1) SG&A and R&D Expenses ( 143 ) ( 547 ) Net lease cost $ — $ 316 (1) Sublease income is recorded as a reduction to lease expense. Lease Term and Discount Rate December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) — 0.6 Weighted-average discount rate 0.0 % 6.5 % 53 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Note 16. Income Taxes The components of loss before income taxes are as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Domestic $ ( 2,331 ) $ ( 7,030 ) Foreign — — Loss before income taxes $ ( 2,331 ) $ ( 7,030 ) The total income tax provision for each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was expense of $ 8,000 and is comprised of state minimum taxes, as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Current: Federal $ — $ — State ( 8 ) ( 8 ) Foreign — — Total current tax (expense) ( 8 ) ( 8 ) Deferred: Federal — — State — — Foreign — — Total deferred tax (expense) — — Total tax (expense) $ ( 8 ) $ ( 8 ) 54 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) We adopted ASU 2023-09 "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures" on a retroactive basis beginning with the year ended December 31, 2024. The following table presents required disclosures pursuant to ASU 2023-09 and reconciles the U.S. federal statutory income tax amount and rate to our total provision for income taxes amount and rate for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousand, except for percentages): Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Amount Percent Amount Percent US Federal Statutory Tax Rate ( 491 ) 21.0 % ( 1,476 ) 21.0 % State and Local Income Taxes, Net of Federal Income Tax Effect * 8 - 0.3 % 8 - 0.1 % Changes in Valuation Allowances 1,769 - 75.8 % ( 2,042 ) 29.1 % Nontaxable or Nondeductible Items Contingent Liability Write-offs ( 420 ) 18.0 % — — Mark-to-Market Adjustments ( 984 ) 42.1 % 309 - 4.4 % Other ( 6 ) 0.3 % 1 0.0 % Other Adjustments Stock-based Compensation Cancellations 319 - 13.6 % 3,154 - 44.9 % Adjustments to Net Operating Losses ( 71 ) 3.0 % — — Return-to-Provision Adjustments ( 94 ) 4.0 % — — Other ( 22 ) 1.0 % 54 - 0.8 % Effective Tax Rate 8 - 0.3 % 8 ( 0.1 )% * State taxes in California made up the majority (greater than 50%) of the tax effect in this category. 55 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) and other tax credits. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands): As of December 31, 2025 2024 Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carryforwards $ 27,293 $ 25,336 Stock-based compensation 572 932 Accrued payroll and benefits 30 47 Research and development credits 16 16 Fixed asset basis difference 102 106 Inventory reserve — 3 Charitable contributions — 3 Income from partnerships 213 217 Lease liability — 42 Other accounts receivable reserve 1,290 101 Amortized intangibles 650 725 Goodwill 309 344 Section 174 Capitalization — 566 Total deferred tax assets 30,475 28,438 Deferred tax liabilities: Right of use asset — ( 68 ) Total deferred tax liabilities — ( 68 ) Less valuation allowance ( 30,475 ) ( 28,370 ) Net deferred tax assets $ — $ — Realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon future taxable income, if any, the amount and timing of which are uncertain. Accordingly, the net deferred tax assets have been offset by a valuation allowance. The net valuation allowance increased by $ 2.1 million and decreased by $ 2.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. At December 31, 2025, the Company had federal and state NOLs aggregating approximately $ 109.2 million (of which, $ 101.7 million won't expire) and $ 74.8 million, respectively. At December 31, 2025, the utilization of a portion of the federal NOLs is subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). Of the $ 239.5 million of federal NOLs available, approximately $ 130.9 million are unavailable due to ownership changes as defined in IRC Section 382. If not utilized, the federal and state NOLs will continue to expire in 2026 and 2027, respectively. IRC Section 382 may also limit NOLs generated after 2022 and in future years. The Company evaluates deferred tax assets, including the benefit from NOLs, to determine if a valuation allowance is required. Such evaluation is based on consideration of all available evidence using a “more likely than not” standard with significant weight being given to evidence that can be objectively verified. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency, and severity of current and cumulative losses; forecasts of future profitability; the length of statutory carryforward periods; the Company’s experience with operating losses; and tax-planning alternatives. The significant piece of objective negative evidence evaluated was the cumulative loss incurred through the year ended December 31, 2025. Given this evidence and the expectation to incur operating losses in the foreseeable future, a full valuation allowance has been recorded against the net deferred tax asset balance. The Company will continue to maintain a full valuation allowance against the entire amount of its net deferred tax asset, until such time as the Company has determined that the weight of the objectively verifiable positive evidence exceeds that of the negative evidence. Although the Company has established a full valuation allowance on its net deferred tax asset, for Federal tax losses before 2018 and for all state tax losses, it has not forfeited the right to carryforward tax losses and apply such tax losses against future taxable income, thereby 56 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) reducing its future tax obligations. Federal tax losses generated in 2018 and later do not expire. The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and various state jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s tax years for 2006 through 2024 are generally subject to examination by the tax authorities. The years are open back to 2006 to the extent the NOLs being carried forward were generated then. The Company had the following unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands), none of which, if recognized, would impact the Company’s effective tax rate: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Unrecognized tax benefit beginning balance $ 16 $ 16 Increases for tax positions taken in prior years — — Decreases for tax positions taken in prior years — — Increases for tax positions taken in current years — — Settlements — — Unrecognized tax benefit ending balance $ 16 $ 16 The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in the provision for income taxes. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company has no t recognized any interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions. There were no material tax payments made during the periods ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company is currently not under an income tax audit for federal or state purposes. In July 2025, the United States enacted tax legislation commonly referred to as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the "OBBB Act"). The OBBB Act, among other things, permanently reverted to pre-Tax Cuts and Jobs Act rules allowing the immediate deduction of domestic research and experimental expenses effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2024, and provided transition relief permitting acceleration of previously capitalized domestic R&D costs from 2022-2024 under Section 174. While these provisions resulted in a favorable tax adjustment in the Company's 2025 tax provision, they did not have a material effect on the Company's financial statements due to the Company's taxable loss and full valuation allowance positions. The Company will continue to monitor future developments, including regulatory guidance and interpretations. 57 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Note 17. Retirement Benefits The Company has a 401(k) retirement plan (the “Plan”) available for participation by all regular full-time employees who have completed three months of service with the Company. The Company established the Plan in 2008. The Plan provides for a discretionary matching contribution equal to 50 % of the amount of the employee’s salary deduction, not to exceed 3 % of the salary per employee. Highly compensated employees are excluded from receiving any discretionary matching contribution. Employees’ rights to employer contributions vest on the one-year anniversary of their date of employment. The Company has the option to make discretionary matching contributions. The Company did no t make discretionary matching contributions during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 . Note 18. Segment Reporting The Company has one operating and reportable segment, which derives revenue primarily from the sale of Zola coconut water. The Company's Chief Executive Officer is the Company’s chief operating decision maker ("CODM"). T he CODM uses net loss for purposes of evaluating performance, forecasting future period financial results, allocating resources and setting incentive targets. The CODM evaluates segment business performance based primarily on consolidated net loss (from continuing operations) as reported on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss . The CODM considers budget-to-actual variances on a monthly basis for net loss when making decisions. Segment assets provided to the CODM are consistent with those reported on the consolidated balance sheets. Information about the Company’s segment operations as of and for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, are as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Total revenues $ 4,858 $ 5,045 Product COGS ( 3,090 ) ( 2,484 ) Other Adjustments ( 8 ) ( 479 ) Human capital & technology ( 1,879 ) ( 4,222 ) Corporate expenses ( 1,503 ) ( 1,323 ) Advertising & marketing ( 53 ) ( 51 ) Outside services ( 2,304 ) ( 3,133 ) Depreciation ( 32 ) ( 113 ) Other SG&A ( 1,230 ) ( 799 ) Interest income 221 782 Credit loss ( 4,745 ) — Income tax expense ( 8 ) ( 8 ) Change in fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities 2,384 ( 1,474 ) Other segment items 5,050 3,942 Net loss from continuing operations $ ( 2,339 ) $ ( 4,317 ) 58 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Other segment items consist of research and development expenses, gain on sale of intangible assets, gain on sale of property and equipment, credit losses, other income. Geographic Data Revenues based on the location of the customers, are as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 United States $ 4,858 $ 4,903 Argentina — 26 India — 7 Canada — 109 Total $ 4,858 $ 5,045 Note 19. Net Loss per Share Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period and excludes any dilutive effects of stock-based awards, warrants and options. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed giving effect to all potentially dilutive common shares, including common stock issuable upon exercise of stock options and warrants. Dilutive securities are not included in the computation of net loss per share when the impact would be anti-dilutive. Securities that were not included in the diluted per share calculations because they would be anti-dilutive were as follows (in shares): Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Options to purchase common stock 179,963 205,475 Warrants to purchase common stock 192,611 259,817 Preferred investment options 823,618 823,618 Total 1,196,192 1,288,910 Note 20. Related Party Transactions The Company’s related parties include Moral Compass Corporation (“MCC”) and the John Sperling Foundation (“JSF”). The rights to the intellectual property owned by Blue Horse Labs, Inc. (“BHL”) were assigned to its sole shareholder, the John Sperling Revocable Trust (“JSRT”) due to BHL’s dissolution and then subsequently to the JSF. The JSF is deemed a related party of the Company because MCC, one of the Company’s largest stockholders, and the JSF share common officers and directors. JSF received a single digit royalty from the Company when revenue has been collected on product sales or for license payments from third parties that involve certain intellectual property developed under research funding originally from BHL. Royalty fees due to JSF were $ 0 and $ 29,000 as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and are included in the consolidated balance sheets as amounts due to related parties. Product sales related to intellectual property developed under research funding from BHL ceased as of December 31, 2024. The royalty fees due to JSF for sales in 2024 were paid in April 2025 and no future royalty fees are expected. 59 Table of Contents Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Continued) Note 21. Subsequent Events On January 9, 2026, Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. (the “Company”) entered into inducement offer letter agreements (the “Inducement Letters”) with certain investors (the “Participating Holders”) pursuant to which such Participating Holders agreed to exercise certain outstanding preferred investment options covering an aggregate of 808,595 shares of the Company’s common stock ("Common Stock") and/or Abeyance Shares (as defined below). The preferred investment options subject to the Inducement Letters had an exercise price of $ 9.00 per share and were originally issued in December 2020, January 2021, August 2022, and March 2023 (the “Existing Options”). Pursuant to the terms of the Existing Options, if exercise of the Existing Options would have otherwise caused a Participating Holder to exceed the beneficial ownership limitations set forth in the Participating Holder's Existing Options ( 4.99 % or 9.99 %, as applicable), as determined by the holder, the Company agreed to hold such holder's balance of exercised shares in abeyance (the "Abeyance Shares") until the Company received notice from the holder that the balance of shares may be issued in compliance with such beneficial ownership limitations (with such Abeyance Shares evidenced through the holder's existing investment options, and deemed prepaid). Pursuant to the Inducement Letters, the Participating Holders agreed to exercise for cash the Existing Options at a reduced exercise price of $ 2.575 per share, in consideration for the Company’s agreement to issue new unregistered preferred investment options (the “New Options”) to purchase up to 1,617,190 shares of Common Stock. The New Options have an exercise price of $ 2.325 per share, are exercisable immediately upon issuance, and expire on the date that is 30 months following the effective date of the Resale Registration Statement described below (the “Option Termination Date”). The closing of the transactions contemplated by the Inducement Letters occurred on January 12, 2026 (the "Closing Date"). The Company received aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $ 2.1 million from the exercise of the Existing Options by the Participating Holders, before deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company intends to use the net proceeds for working capital and general corporate purposes. The Company engaged H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”) to act as its exclusive placement agent in connection with the transactions described above. In consideration for its services, the Company paid Wainwright a cash fee equal to 7.0 % of the aggregate gross proceeds received from the exercise of the Existing Options. In addition, the Company paid Wainwright a management fee equal to 1.0 % of the aggregate gross exercise price paid in cash and reimbursed Wainwright for certain expenses, including but not limited to $ 50,000 for legal expenses and $ 25,000 for non-accountable expenses. The Company also issued to Wainwright or its designees placement agent preferred investment options (the “Placement Agent Options”) to purchase that number of shares of Common Stock ("Placement Agent Option Shares") equal to 7.0 % of the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock underlying the Existing Options exercised in the transaction, or 56,602 shares. The Placement Agent Options have substantially the same terms as the New Options with the exception of an exercise price of $ 3.2188 per share, and have a term expiring on the Option Termination Date. The Company agreed to file a registration statement covering the resale of the New Option Shares and Placement Agent Option Shares (the “Resale Registration Statement”) within 30 days after the Closing Date and to use commercially reasonable efforts to cause such Resale Registration Statement to be declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") within 60 days following the date of the Inducement Letter (or within 90 days in certain circumstances). If, at the time a holder exercises its New Option or Placement Agent Option (as applicable), the Resale Registration Statement is not then effective or available, then in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to make a cashless net exercise and receive upon such exercise the net number of shares of Common Stock determined according to a formula set forth in the New Options and Placement Agent Options. The Resale Registration Statement was declared effective by the SEC on February 10, 2026. 60 Table of Contents Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accou ntants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. None. 61 Table of Contents