ROYAL GOLD INC 10-Q

Table of Contents ​ ​ UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 ​ FORM 10-Q (Mark One) ​ ​ ​ ☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 ​ For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2023 ​ or ​ ​ ​ ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 ​ For the transition period from to ​ Commission File Number: 001-13357 Royal Gold, Inc . (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) ​ Delaware 84-0835164 (State or Other Jurisdiction of ​ (I.R.S. Employer Incorporation) ​ Identification No.) ​ ​ ​ 1144 15 th Street, Suite 2500 ​ ​ Denver , Colorado ​ 80202 (Address of Principal Executive Offices) ​ (Zip Code) ​ Registrant’s telephone number, including area code ( 303 ) 573-1660 ​ Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Trading Symbol Name of the Exchange on which Registered Common Stock, $0.01 par value ​ RGLD ​ Nasdaq Global Select Market ​ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ ​ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ ​ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. ​ Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ ​ ​ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ ​ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ ​ There were 65,692,012 shares of Royal Gold common stock outstanding as of October 26, 2023. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Table of Contents ​ INDEX ​ ​ ​ PAGE ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ PART I ​ FINANCIAL INFORMATION ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Item 1. ​ Financial Statements (Unaudited) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Consolidated Balance Sheets ​ 3 ​ ​ Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income ​ 4 ​ ​ Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity ​ 5 ​ ​ Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows ​ 6 ​ ​ Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ​ 7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Item 2. ​ Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ​ 17 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Item 3. ​ Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk ​ 27 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Item 4. ​ Controls and Procedures ​ 28 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ PART II ​ OTHER INFORMATION ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Item 1. ​ Legal Proceedings ​ 28 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Item 1A. ​ Risk Factors ​ 28 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Item 2. ​ Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds ​ 29 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Item 3. ​ Defaults Upon Senior Securities ​ 29 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Item 4. ​ Mine Safety Disclosure s ​ 29 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Item 5. ​ Other Information ​ 29 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Item 6. ​ Exhibits ​ 30 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ SIGNATURES ​ 31 ​ ​ ​ 2 Table of Contents ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ​ ROYAL GOLD, INC. Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited, amounts in thousands except share data) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, December 31, ​ 2023 2022 ASSETS ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash and equivalents ​ $ 102,901 ​ $ 118,586 Royalty receivables ​ ​ 34,727 ​ ​ 49,405 Income tax receivable ​ ​ 14,248 ​ ​ 3,066 Stream inventory ​ ​ 9,851 ​ ​ 12,656 Prepaid expenses and other ​ ​ 2,039 ​ ​ 2,120 Total current assets ​ ​ 163,766 ​ ​ 185,833 Stream and royalty interests, net (Note 2) ​ ​ 3,115,580 ​ ​ 3,237,402 Other assets ​ ​ 117,817 ​ ​ 111,287 Total assets ​ $ 3,397,163 ​ $ 3,534,522 LIABILITIES ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Accounts payable ​ $ 8,626 ​ $ 6,686 Dividends payable ​ ​ 24,649 ​ ​ 24,627 Income tax payable ​ ​ 22,493 ​ ​ 16,065 Other current liabilities ​ ​ 15,079 ​ ​ 16,209 Total current liabilities ​ ​ 70,847 ​ ​ 63,587 Debt (Note 3) ​ ​ 320,750 ​ ​ 571,572 Deferred tax liabilities ​ ​ 135,624 ​ ​ 138,156 Other liabilities ​ ​ 8,160 ​ ​ 7,738 Total liabilities ​ ​ 535,381 ​ ​ 781,053 Commitments and contingencies (Note 10) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ EQUITY ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Preferred stock, $ .01 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized; and 0 shares issued ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Common stock, $ .01 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized; and 65,631,760 and 65,592,597 shares outstanding, respectively ​ ​ 656 ​ ​ 656 Additional paid-in capital ​ ​ 2,218,695 ​ ​ 2,213,123 Accumulated earnings ​ ​ 630,035 ​ ​ 527,314 Total Royal Gold stockholders’ equity ​ ​ 2,849,386 ​ ​ 2,741,093 Non-controlling interests ​ ​ 12,396 ​ ​ 12,376 Total equity ​ ​ 2,861,782 ​ ​ 2,753,469 Total liabilities and equity ​ $ 3,397,163 ​ $ 3,534,522 ​ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. ​ 3 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Unaudited, amounts in thousands except share data) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 Revenue (Note 4) ​ $ 138,617 ​ $ 131,429 ​ $ 453,051 ​ $ 440,226 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Costs and expenses ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cost of sales (excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization) ​ ​ 21,351 ​ ​ 23,221 ​ ​ 69,738 ​ ​ 69,670 General and administrative ​ ​ 9,927 ​ ​ 7,554 ​ ​ 30,020 ​ ​ 25,797 Production taxes ​ ​ 1,671 ​ ​ 1,119 ​ ​ 4,934 ​ ​ 4,765 Depreciation, depletion and amortization ​ ​ 40,106 ​ ​ 37,761 ​ ​ 124,847 ​ ​ 129,739 Total costs and expenses ​ ​ 73,055 ​ ​ 69,655 ​ ​ 229,539 ​ ​ 229,971 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Operating income ​ ​ 65,562 ​ ​ 61,774 ​ ​ 223,512 ​ ​ 210,255 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fair value changes in equity securities ​ ​ ( 462 ) ​ ​ 356 ​ ​ ( 171 ) ​ ​ ( 1,221 ) Interest and other income ​ ​ 2,436 ​ ​ 3,571 ​ ​ 7,348 ​ ​ 5,665 Interest and other expense ​ ​ ( 7,285 ) ​ ​ ( 8,814 ) ​ ​ ( 24,867 ) ​ ​ ( 11,110 ) Income before income taxes ​ ​ 60,251 ​ ​ 56,887 ​ ​ 205,822 ​ ​ 203,589 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Income tax expense ​ ​ ( 10,752 ) ​ ​ ( 10,954 ) ​ ​ ( 28,652 ) ​ ​ ( 20,347 ) Net income and comprehensive income ​ ​ 49,499 ​ ​ 45,933 ​ ​ 177,170 ​ ​ 183,242 Net income and comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests ​ ​ ( 162 ) ​ ​ ( 141 ) ​ ​ ( 509 ) ​ ​ ( 633 ) Net income and comprehensive income attributable to Royal Gold common stockholders ​ $ 49,337 ​ $ 45,792 ​ $ 176,661 ​ $ 182,609 Net income per share attributable to Royal Gold common stockholders: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Basic earnings per share ​ $ 0.75 ​ $ 0.70 ​ $ 2.69 ​ $ 2.78 Basic weighted average shares outstanding ​ ​ 65,619,406 ​ ​ 65,579,834 ​ ​ 65,606,681 ​ ​ 65,571,737 Diluted earnings per share ​ $ 0.75 ​ $ 0.70 ​ $ 2.68 ​ $ 2.78 Diluted weighted average shares outstanding ​ ​ 65,757,076 ​ ​ 65,660,152 ​ ​ 65,743,114 ​ ​ 65,661,197 Cash dividends declared per common share ​ $ 0.375 ​ $ 0.35 ​ $ 1.125 ​ $ 1.05 ​ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. ​ ​ 4 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity Three months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022 (unaudited, amounts in thousands except share data) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Royal Gold Stockholders ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Additional ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Common Shares ​ Paid-In ​ Accumulated ​ Non-controlling ​ Total ​ ​ Shares ​ Amount ​ Capital ​ Earnings ​ Interests ​ Equity Balance at June 30, 2023 65,609,736 ​ $ 656 $ 2,217,559 ​ $ 605,347 ​ $ 12,331 ​ $ 2,835,893 Stock-based compensation and related share issuances 22,024 ​ — 1,136 ​ — ​ — ​ 1,136 Distributions to non-controlling interests ​ — ​ — — ​ — ​ ( 97 ) ​ ( 97 ) Net income and comprehensive income — ​ — — ​ ​ 49,337 ​ 162 ​ 49,499 Dividends declared — ​ — — ​ ( 24,649 ) ​ — ​ ( 24,649 ) Balance at September 30, 2023 65,631,760 ​ $ 656 $ 2,218,695 ​ $ 630,035 ​ $ 12,396 ​ $ 2,861,782 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Royal Gold Stockholders ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Additional ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Common Shares ​ Paid-In ​ Accumulated ​ Non-controlling ​ Total ​ ​ Shares ​ Amount ​ Capital ​ Earnings ​ Interests ​ Equity Balance at June 30, 2022 65,569,687 ​ $ 656 $ 2,210,809 ​ $ 472,764 ​ $ 12,429 ​ $ 2,696,658 Stock-based compensation and related share issuances 22,910 ​ — 544 ​ — ​ — ​ 544 Distributions to non-controlling interests ​ — ​ — — ​ — ​ ( 210 ) ​ ( 210 ) Net income and comprehensive income — ​ — — ​ 45,792 ​ 141 ​ 45,933 Dividends declared — ​ — — ​ ( 22,986 ) ​ — ​ ( 22,986 ) Balance at September 30, 2022 65,592,597 ​ $ 656 $ 2,211,353 ​ $ 495,570 ​ $ 12,360 ​ $ 2,719,939 ​ ROYAL GOLD, INC. Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity Nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022 (unaudited, amounts in thousands except share data) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Royal Gold Stockholders ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Additional ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Common Shares ​ Paid-In ​ Accumulated ​ Non-controlling ​ Total ​ ​ Shares ​ Amount ​ Capital ​ Earnings ​ Interests ​ Equity Balance at December 31, 2022 65,592,597 ​ $ 656 $ 2,213,123 ​ $ 527,314 ​ $ 12,376 ​ $ 2,753,469 Stock-based compensation and related share issuances 39,163 ​ — 5,572 ​ — ​ — ​ 5,572 Distributions to non-controlling interests ​ — ​ — — ​ — ​ ( 489 ) ​ ( 489 ) Net income and comprehensive income — ​ — — ​ 176,661 ​ 509 ​ 177,170 Dividends declared — ​ — — ​ ( 73,940 ) ​ — ​ ( 73,940 ) Balance at September 30, 2023 65,631,760 ​ $ 656 $ 2,218,695 ​ $ 630,035 ​ $ 12,396 ​ $ 2,861,782 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Royal Gold Stockholders ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Additional ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Common Shares ​ Paid-In ​ Accumulated ​ Non-controlling ​ Total ​ ​ Shares ​ Amount ​ Capital ​ Earnings ​ Interests ​ Equity Balance at December 31, 2021 65,564,364 ​ $ 656 $ 2,206,159 ​ $ 381,929 ​ $ 12,467 ​ $ 2,601,211 Stock-based compensation and related share issuances 28,233 ​ — 5,194 ​ — ​ — ​ 5,194 Distributions to non-controlling interests ​ — ​ — — ​ — ​ ( 740 ) ​ ( 740 ) Net income and comprehensive income — ​ — — ​ 182,609 ​ 633 ​ 183,242 Dividends declared — ​ — — ​ ( 68,968 ) ​ — ​ ( 68,968 ) Balance at September 30, 2022 65,592,597 ​ $ 656 $ 2,211,353 ​ $ 495,570 ​ $ 12,360 ​ $ 2,719,939 ​ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. ​ ​ 5 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited, amounts in thousands) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine Months Ended ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 Cash flows from operating activities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net income and comprehensive income $ 177,170 ​ $ 183,242 Adjustments to reconcile net income and comprehensive income to net cash provided by operating activities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Depreciation, depletion and amortization ​ 124,847 ​ ​ 129,739 Non-cash employee stock compensation expense ​ 7,342 ​ ​ 6,632 Fair value changes in equity securities ​ 171 ​ ​ 1,221 Deferred tax benefit ​ ( 6,011 ) ​ ​ ( 17,757 ) Other ​ 592 ​ ​ 734 Changes in assets and liabilities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Royalty receivables ​ 14,678 ​ ​ 25,612 Stream inventory ​ 2,805 ​ ​ ( 2,083 ) Income tax receivable ​ ( 11,182 ) ​ ​ ( 10,141 ) Prepaid expenses and other assets ​ ( 3,367 ) ​ ​ ( 3,073 ) Accounts payable ​ 1,940 ​ ​ 857 Income tax payable ​ 6,428 ​ ​ 2,646 Other liabilities ​ ( 709 ) ​ ​ ( 1,310 ) Net cash provided by operating activities $ 314,704 ​ $ 316,319 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash flows from investing activities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Acquisition of stream and royalty interests ​ ( 2,678 ) ​ ​ ( 715,829 ) Sale of equity securities ​ 107 ​ ​ — Other ​ ( 256 ) ​ ​ ( 676 ) Net cash used in investing activities $ ( 2,827 ) ​ $ ( 716,505 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash flows from financing activities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Repayment of debt ​ ( 250,000 ) ​ ​ ( 50,000 ) Borrowings from revolving credit facility ​ — ​ ​ 500,000 Debt issuance costs ​ ( 1,535 ) ​ ​ — Net payments from issuance of common stock ​ ( 1,373 ) ​ ​ ( 1,438 ) Common stock dividends ​ ( 73,918 ) ​ ​ ( 68,938 ) Other ​ ( 736 ) ​ ​ ( 751 ) Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities $ ( 327,562 ) ​ $ 378,873 Net decrease in cash and equivalents ​ ( 15,685 ) ​ ​ ( 21,313 ) Cash and equivalents at beginning of period ​ 118,586 ​ ​ 143,551 Cash and equivalents at end of period $ 102,901 ​ $ 122,238 ​ ​ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. ​ ​ 6 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) 1. OPERATIONS, SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND RECENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ​ Royal Gold, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (“Royal Gold,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”), is engaged in the business of acquiring and managing precious metals streams, royalties and similar interests. We seek to acquire existing stream and royalty interests or to finance projects that are in production or in the development stage in exchange for stream or royalty interests. A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more metals produced from a mine at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. Royalties are non-operating interests in a mining project that provide the right to revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting contractually specified costs, if any. ​ Summary of Significant Accounting Policies ​ The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for annual financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments which are of a normal recurring nature considered necessary for a fair presentation of our interim financial statements have been included in this Form 10-Q. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the calendar year ending December 31, 2023. These interim unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 16, 2023 (“2022 10-K”). ​ Recent Accounting Standards ​ We have evaluated all the recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other standards-setting bodies through the filing date of these unaudited consolidated financial statements and do not believe the future adoption of any such standards will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. ​ 7 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) ​ 2. STREAM AND ROYALTY INTERESTS, NET The following tables summarize our stream and royalty interests, net as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ As of September 30, 2023 (Amounts in thousands): Cost Accumulated Depletion Net Production stage stream interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Mount Milligan ​ $ 790,635 ​ $ ( 421,525 ) ​ $ 369,110 Pueblo Viejo ​ ​ 610,404 ​ ​ ( 297,599 ) ​ ​ 312,805 Andacollo ​ ​ 388,182 ​ ​ ( 161,816 ) ​ ​ 226,366 Khoemac a u ​ ​ 265,911 ​ ​ ( 35,996 ) ​ ​ 229,915 Rainy River ​ ​ 175,727 ​ ​ ( 71,438 ) ​ ​ 104,289 Other ​ ​ 232,703 ​ ​ ( 127,590 ) ​ ​ 105,113 Total production stage stream interests ​ ​ 2,463,562 ​ ​ ( 1,115,964 ) ​ ​ 1,347,598 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Production stage royalty interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cortez (Legacy Zone and CC Zone) ​ ​ 353,850 ​ ​ ( 53,953 ) ​ ​ 299,897 Voisey's Bay ​ ​ 205,724 ​ ​ ( 119,876 ) ​ ​ 85,848 Red Chris ​ ​ 116,187 ​ ​ ( 3,758 ) ​ ​ 112,429 Peñasquito ​ ​ 99,172 ​ ​ ( 59,407 ) ​ ​ 39,765 Other ​ ​ 448,419 ​ ​ ( 405,656 ) ​ ​ 42,763 Total production stage royalty interests ​ ​ 1,223,352 ​ ​ ( 642,650 ) ​ ​ 580,702 Total production stage stream and royalty interests ​ ​ 3,686,914 ​ ​ ( 1,758,614 ) ​ ​ 1,928,300 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Development stage stream interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other ​ ​ 12,038 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 12,038 Development stage royalty interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Côté ​ ​ 45,421 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 45,421 Other ​ ​ 81,507 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 81,507 Total development stage stream and royalty interests ​ ​ 138,966 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 138,966 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Exploration stage stream interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Xavantina ​ ​ 19,565 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 19,565 Exploration stage royalty interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cortez (Legacy Zone and CC Zone) ​ ​ 456,479 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 456,479 Great Bear ​ ​ 209,106 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 209,106 Pascua-Lama ​ ​ 177,690 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 177,690 Red Chris ​ ​ 48,895 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 48,895 Côté ​ ​ 29,610 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 29,610 Other ​ ​ 106,969 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 106,969 Total exploration stage stream and royalty interests ​ ​ 1,048,314 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,048,314 Total stream and royalty interests, net ​ $ 4,874,194 ​ $ ( 1,758,614 ) ​ $ 3,115,580 ​ 8 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ As of December 31, 2022 (Amounts in thousands): Cost Accumulated Depletion Impairments ​ Net Production stage stream interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Mount Milligan ​ $ 790,635 ​ $ ( 392,804 ) ​ $ — ​ $ 397,831 Pueblo Viejo ​ ​ 610,404 ​ ​ ( 289,537 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 320,867 Andacollo ​ ​ 388,182 ​ ​ ( 151,870 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 236,312 Khoemac a u ​ ​ 265,911 ​ ​ ( 15,905 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 250,006 Rainy River ​ ​ 175,727 ​ ​ ( 61,601 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 114,126 Other ​ ​ 215,576 ​ ​ ( 110,711 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 104,865 Total production stage stream interests ​ ​ 2,446,435 ​ ​ ( 1,022,428 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,424,007 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Production stage royalty interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cortez (Legacy Zone and CC Zone) ​ ​ 353,772 ​ ​ ( 35,276 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 318,496 Voisey's Bay ​ ​ 205,724 ​ ​ ( 118,327 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 87,397 Red Chris ​ ​ 116,187 ​ ​ ( 1,797 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 114,390 Peñasquito ​ ​ 99,172 ​ ​ ( 57,772 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 41,400 Other ​ ​ 447,535 ​ ​ ( 398,513 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 49,022 Total production stage royalty interests ​ ​ 1,222,390 ​ ​ ( 611,685 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 610,705 Total production stage stream and royalty interests ​ ​ 3,668,825 ​ ​ ( 1,634,113 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2,034,712 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Development stage stream interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other ​ ​ 12,038 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 12,038 Development stage royalty interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Côté ​ ​ 45,421 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 45,421 Other ​ ​ 74,225 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 74,225 Total development stage stream and royalty interests ​ ​ 131,684 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 131,684 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Exploration stage stream interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Xavantina ​ ​ 34,253 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 34,253 Exploration stage royalty interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cortez (Legacy Zone and CC Zone) ​ ​ 456,318 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 456,318 Great Bear ​ ​ 209,106 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 209,106 Pascua-Lama ​ ​ 177,690 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 177,690 Red Chris ​ ​ 48,895 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 48,895 Côté ​ ​ 29,610 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 29,610 Other ​ ​ 119,421 ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 4,287 ) ​ ​ 115,134 Total exploration stage royalty interests ​ ​ 1,075,293 ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 4,287 ) ​ ​ 1,071,006 Total stream and royalty interests, net ​ $ 4,875,802 ​ $ ( 1,634,113 ) ​ $ ( 4,287 ) ​ $ 3,237,402 ​ ​ ​ 3. DEBT ​ Our debt as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consists of the following (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ As of September 30, 2023 ​ As of December 31, 2022 ​ Principal Debt Issuance Costs Total Principal Debt Issuance Costs Total ​ ​ ​ (Amounts in thousands) ​ ​ (Amounts in thousands) Revolving credit facility ​ $ 325,000 ​ $ ( 4,250 ) ​ $ 320,750 ​ $ 575,000 ​ $ ( 3,428 ) ​ $ 571,572 Total debt ​ $ 325,000 ​ $ ( 4,250 ) ​ $ 320,750 ​ $ 575,000 ​ $ ( 3,428 ) ​ $ 571,572 ​ 9 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) ​ Revolving credit facility ​ On March 6, June 6, and September 6, 2023, we repaid $ 75 million, $ 100 million, and $ 75 million, respectively, on our revolving credit facility. ​ On June 28, 2023, we entered into a fifth amendment to our revolving credit facility dated as of June 2, 2017, as amended. The fifth amendment extended the scheduled maturity date from July 7, 2026 to June 28, 2028, replaced LIBOR with Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“Term SOFR”) as a benchmark interest rate and made certain other administrative changes to the existing revolving credit facility. ​ As of September 30, 2023, we had $ 325 million outstanding and $ 675 million available under our revolving credit facility. The interest rate on borrowings under our revolving credit facility as of September 30, 2023, was Term SOFR plus 1.20 % for an all-in rate of 6.7 %. Interest expense, which includes interest on outstanding borrowings and amortization of debt issuance costs, was $ 6.7 million and $ 23.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and $ 3.9 million and $ 4.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. We were in compliance with each financial covenant (leverage ratio and interest coverage ratio) under our revolving credit facility as of September 30, 2023. ​ We may repay any borrowings under our revolving credit facility at any time without premium or penalty. ​ 4. REVENUE ​ Revenue Recognition ​ A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer control of a distinct good or service (or integrated package of goods and/or services) to a customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied. In accordance with this guidance, revenue attributable to our stream interests and royalty interests is generally recognized at the point in time that control of the related metal production transfers to our customers. The amount of revenue we recognize further reflects the consideration to which we are entitled under the respective stream or royalty agreement. A more detailed summary of our revenue recognition policies for our stream and royalty interests is discussed below. ​ Stream Interests ​ A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more of the metals produced from a mine, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. Gold, silver and copper received under our metal streaming agreements are taken into inventory, and then sold primarily using average spot rate gold, silver and copper forward contracts. The sales price for these average spot rate forward contracts is determined by the average daily gold, silver or copper spot prices during the term of the contract, typically a consecutive number of trading days between ten days and three months (depending on the frequency of deliveries under the respective streaming agreement and our sales policy in effect at the time) commencing shortly after receipt and purchase of the metal. We settle our forward sales contracts via physical delivery of the metal to the purchaser (our customer) on the settlement date specified in the contract. Under our forward sales contracts, there is a single performance obligation to sell a contractually specified volume of metal to the purchaser, and we satisfy this obligation at the point in time of physical delivery. Accordingly, revenue from our metal sales is recognized on the date of settlement, which is the date that control, custody and title to the metal transfer to the purchaser. ​ Royalty Interests ​ Royalties are non-operating interests in mining projects that provide the right to a percentage of revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any. We are entitled to payment for our royalty interest in a mining project based on a contractually specified commodity price (for example, a monthly or quarterly average spot price) for the period in which metal production occurs. As a royalty holder, we act as a passive entity in the production and operations of the mining project, and the third-party operator of the mining project is responsible for all mining activities, including subsequent marketing and delivery of all metal production to their ultimate customer. In all of our material royalty interest arrangements, we have concluded that we transfer control of our interest in the metal production to the operator at the 10 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) ​ point at which production occurs, and thus, the operator is our customer. We have further determined that the transfer of each unit of metal production comprising our royalty interest to the operator represents a separate performance obligation under the contract, and each performance obligation is satisfied at the point in time of metal production by the operator. Accordingly, we recognize revenue attributable to our royalty interests in the period in which metal production occurs at the specified commodity price per the agreement, net of any contractually allowable costs. ​ Royalty Revenue Estimates ​ For a small number of our royalty interests, we may not receive, or be entitled to receive, payment information, including production information from the operator, for the period in which metal production occurred prior to issuance of our financial statements for that period. As a result, we may estimate revenue for these royalties based on available information, including public information, from the operator. If adequate information is not available from the operator or from other public sources before we issue our financial statements, we will recognize royalty revenue during the period in which the necessary payment information is received. Differences between estimates and actual amounts could differ significantly and are recorded in the period that the actual amounts are known. Please also refer to our “Use of Estimates” accounting policy discussed in our 2022 10-K. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, royalty revenue that was estimated or was attributable to metal production for a period prior to September 30, 2023, was not material. ​ Disaggregation of Revenue ​ We have identified two material revenue sources in our business: stream interests and royalty interests. These identified revenue sources are consistent with our reportable segments as discussed in Note 8. ​ Revenue by metal type attributable to each of our revenue sources is disaggregated as follows (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ September 30, September 30, September 30, September 30, ​ 2023 ​ 2022 ​ 2023 ​ 2022 Stream revenue: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gold $ 72,540 ​ $ 76,833 ​ $ 231,396 ​ $ 229,661 Silver ​ 14,419 ​ ​ 12,063 ​ ​ 51,958 ​ ​ 36,393 Copper ​ 12,019 ​ ​ 9,836 ​ ​ 36,628 ​ ​ 42,809 Total stream revenue $ 98,978 ​ $ 98,732 ​ $ 319,982 ​ $ 308,863 Royalty revenue: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gold $ 35,993 ​ $ 23,163 ​ $ 109,030 ​ $ 90,054 Silver ​ 441 ​ ​ 2,648 ​ ​ 6,108 ​ ​ 10,477 Copper ​ 1,524 ​ ​ 1,285 ​ ​ 8,154 ​ ​ 11,271 Other ​ 1,681 ​ ​ 5,601 ​ ​ 9,777 ​ ​ 19,561 Total royalty revenue $ 39,639 ​ $ 32,697 ​ $ 133,069 ​ $ 131,363 Total revenue $ 138,617 ​ $ 131,429 ​ $ 453,051 ​ $ 440,226 ​ 11 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) ​ Revenue attributable to our principal stream and royalty interests is disaggregated as follows (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, September 30, September 30, September 30, ​ ​ Metal(s) ​ 2023 ​ 2022 ​ 2023 ​ 2022 Stream revenue: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Mount Milligan ​ Gold & Copper ​ $ 33,876 ​ $ 41,553 ​ $ 121,739 ​ $ 129,596 Pueblo Viejo ​ Gold & Silver ​ ​ 16,688 ​ ​ 21,156 ​ ​ 62,586 ​ ​ 64,232 Andacollo ​ Gold ​ ​ 14,644 ​ ​ 12,170 ​ ​ 35,401 ​ ​ 39,565 Khoemac a u ​ Silver ​ ​ 9,047 ​ ​ 5,050 ​ ​ 27,082 ​ ​ 12,641 Other ​ Gold & Silver ​ ​ 24,723 ​ ​ 18,803 ​ ​ 73,174 ​ ​ 62,829 Total stream revenue ​ ​ ​ $ 98,978 ​ $ 98,732 ​ $ 319,982 ​ $ 308,863 Royalty revenue: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cortez Legacy Zone ​ Gold ​ $ 19,668 ​ $ 4,562 ​ $ 57,062 ​ $ 29,413 Cortez CC Zone ​ Gold ​ ​ 2,948 ​ ​ N/A ​ ​ 9,674 ​ ​ N/A Peñasquito ​ Gold, Silver, Lead & Zinc ​ ​ — ​ ​ 9,010 ​ ​ 13,538 ​ ​ 31,768 Other ​ Various ​ ​ 17,023 ​ ​ 19,125 ​ ​ 52,795 ​ ​ 70,182 Total royalty revenue ​ ​ ​ $ 39,639 ​ $ 32,697 ​ $ 133,069 ​ $ 131,363 Total revenue ​ ​ ​ $ 138,617 ​ $ 131,429 ​ $ 453,051 ​ $ 440,226 ​ Peñasquito Revenue ​ During the three months ended September 30, 2023, no royalty revenue from Peñasquito was recognized due to the suspension of operations resulting from a strike action on June 7, 2023, by the National Union of Mine and Metal Workers of the Mexican Republic ("the Union"). According to Newmont Corporation (“Newmont”), on October 13, 2023, a definitive agreement was reached between Newmont and the Union that also received approval from the Mexican Labor Court, ramp-up of operations has since commenced, and operations at Peñasquito are expected to reach full operating capacity by the end of the fourth quarter of 2023. ​ Please refer to Note 8 for the geographical distribution of our revenue by reportable segment. ​ 5. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION ​ We recognized stock-based compensation expense as follows (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 Restricted stock ​ $ 1,538 ​ $ 1,140 ​ $ 4,692 ​ $ 3,496 Performance stock ​ ​ 1,105 ​ ​ 658 ​ ​ 2,098 ​ ​ 2,136 Stock appreciation rights ​ ​ 116 ​ ​ 283 ​ ​ 533 ​ ​ 975 Stock options ​ ​ 4 ​ ​ 9 ​ ​ 19 ​ ​ 25 Total stock-based compensation expense ​ $ 2,763 ​ $ 2,090 ​ $ 7,342 ​ $ 6,632 ​ Stock-based compensation expense is included within General and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. ​ 12 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) ​ During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, we granted the following stock-based compensation awards: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ ​ September 30, ​ ​ September 30, ​ ​ September 30, ​ ​ September 30, ​ ​ 2023 2022 ​ 2023 2022 ​ ​ ​ (Number of shares) ​ ​ (Number of shares) Performance stock (at maximum 200 % attainment) ​ ​ 380 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 82,740 ​ ​ 39,380 Restricted Stock ​ ​ 180 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 56,710 ​ ​ 28,220 Total equity awards granted ​ ​ 560 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 139,450 ​ ​ 67,600 ​ As of September 30, 2023, unrecognized compensation expense (expressed in thousands below) and weighted-average vesting period for each of our stock-based compensation awards were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Unrecognized Weighted- ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ compensation ​ average vesting ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ expense period (years) Restricted stock ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 8,534 ​ ​ 1.9 Performance stock ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 6,743 ​ ​ 1.9 ​ ​ 6. EARNINGS PER SHARE (“EPS”) ​ Basic EPS was computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, considering the effect of participating securities. Unvested stock-based compensation awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents are considered participating securities and are included in the computation of EPS pursuant to the two-class method. Our unvested restricted stock awards contain non-forfeitable dividend rights and participate equally with common stock with respect to dividends issued or declared. Our unexercised stock option awards, unexercised stock-settled stock appreciation rights and unvested performance stock do not contain rights to dividends. Under the two-class method, the earnings used to determine basic EPS are reduced by an amount allocated to participating securities. Use of the two-class method has an immaterial impact on the calculation of basic and diluted EPS. ​ The following table summarizes the effects of dilutive securities on diluted EPS for the periods shown below (amounts in thousands, except share data): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 Net income attributable to Royal Gold common stockholders ​ $ 49,337 ​ $ 45,792 ​ $ 176,661 ​ $ 182,609 Weighted-average shares for basic EPS ​ ​ 65,619,406 ​ ​ 65,579,834 ​ ​ 65,606,681 ​ ​ 65,571,737 Effect of other dilutive securities ​ ​ 137,670 ​ ​ 80,318 ​ ​ 136,433 ​ ​ 89,460 Weighted-average shares for diluted EPS ​ ​ 65,757,076 ​ ​ 65,660,152 ​ ​ 65,743,114 ​ ​ 65,661,197 Basic EPS ​ $ 0.75 ​ $ 0.70 ​ $ 2.69 ​ $ 2.78 Diluted EPS ​ $ 0.75 ​ $ 0.70 ​ $ 2.68 ​ $ 2.78 ​ ​ 7. INCOME TAXES ​ The following table provides the income tax expense (amounts in thousands) and effective tax rates for the periods indicated: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 Income tax expense ​ $ 10,752 ​ $ 10,954 ​ $ 28,652 ​ $ 20,347 Effective tax rate ​ ​ 17.8 % ​ ​ 19.3 % ​ ​ 13.9 % ​ ​ 10.0 % 13 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) ​ ​ The effective tax rates for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, included discrete income tax benefits of $ 8.5 million and $ 18.8 million, respectively, attributable to the release of a valuation allowance on certain deferred tax assets. ​ 8. SEGMENT INFORMATION ​ We manage our business under two reportable segments, consisting of the acquisition and management of stream interests and the acquisition and management of royalty interests. Our long-lived assets (stream and royalty interests, net) are geographically distributed as shown in the following table (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ As of September 30, 2023 ​ As of December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Total stream ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Total stream ​ ​ Stream ​ Royalty ​ and royalty ​ Stream ​ Royalty ​ and royalty ​ interest interest interests, net interest interest interests, net Canada ​ $ 473,399 ​ $ 616,199 ​ $ 1,089,598 ​ $ 511,957 ​ $ 620,549 ​ $ 1,132,506 Dominican Republic ​ ​ 312,805 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 312,805 ​ ​ 320,867 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 320,867 Africa ​ ​ 270,812 ​ ​ 321 ​ ​ 271,133 ​ ​ 299,722 ​ ​ 321 ​ ​ 300,043 Chile ​ ​ 226,366 ​ ​ 224,116 ​ ​ 450,482 ​ ​ 236,312 ​ ​ 224,116 ​ ​ 460,428 United States ​ ​ — ​ ​ 803,523 ​ ​ 803,523 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 823,203 ​ ​ 823,203 Mexico ​ ​ — ​ ​ 44,035 ​ ​ 44,035 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 50,156 ​ ​ 50,156 Australia ​ ​ — ​ ​ 21,547 ​ ​ 21,547 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 22,120 ​ ​ 22,120 Rest of world ​ ​ 95,819 ​ ​ 26,638 ​ ​ 122,457 ​ ​ 101,440 ​ ​ 26,639 ​ ​ 128,079 Total ​ $ 1,379,201 ​ $ 1,736,379 ​ $ 3,115,580 ​ $ 1,470,298 ​ $ 1,767,104 ​ $ 3,237,402 ​ Our reportable segments for purposes of assessing performance are shown below (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 ​ Revenue Cost of sales (1) Production taxes Depletion (2) Segment gross profit Stream interests ​ $ 98,978 ​ $ 21,351 ​ $ — ​ $ 30,433 ​ $ 47,194 Royalty interests ​ ​ 39,639 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,671 ​ ​ 9,556 ​ ​ 28,412 Total ​ $ 138,617 ​ $ 21,351 ​ $ 1,671 ​ $ 39,989 ​ $ 75,606 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 ​ Revenue Cost of sales (1) Production taxes Depletion (2) Segment gross profit Stream interests ​ $ 98,732 ​ $ 23,221 ​ $ — ​ $ 32,576 ​ $ 42,935 Royalty interests ​ ​ 32,697 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,119 ​ ​ 5,063 ​ ​ 26,515 Total ​ $ 131,429 ​ $ 23,221 ​ $ 1,119 ​ $ 37,639 ​ $ 69,450 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 ​ Revenue Cost of sales (1) Production taxes Depletion (2) Segment gross profit Stream interests ​ $ 319,982 ​ $ 69,738 ​ $ — ​ $ 93,537 ​ $ 156,707 Royalty interests ​ ​ 133,069 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,934 ​ ​ 30,964 ​ ​ 97,171 Total ​ $ 453,051 ​ $ 69,738 ​ $ 4,934 ​ $ 124,501 ​ $ 253,878 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 ​ Revenue Cost of sales (1) Production taxes Depletion (2) Segment gross profit Stream interests ​ $ 308,863 ​ $ 69,670 ​ $ — ​ $ 106,745 ​ $ 132,448 Royalty interests ​ ​ 131,363 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,765 ​ ​ 22,623 ​ ​ 103,975 Total ​ $ 440,226 ​ $ 69,670 ​ $ 4,765 ​ $ 129,368 ​ $ 236,423 ​ (1) Excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization. ​ 14 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) ​ (2) Depletion amounts are included within Depreciation, depletion and amortization on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. ​ A reconciliation of total segment gross profit to the consolidated Income before income taxes is shown below (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ ​ 2023 ​ 2022 ​ 2023 ​ 2022 Total segment gross profit ​ $ 75,606 ​ $ 69,450 ​ $ 253,878 ​ $ 236,423 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Costs and expenses ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ General and administrative expenses ​ ​ 9,927 ​ ​ 7,554 ​ ​ 30,020 ​ ​ 25,797 Depreciation and amortization ​ ​ 117 ​ ​ 122 ​ ​ 346 ​ ​ 371 Operating income ​ ​ 65,562 ​ ​ 61,774 ​ ​ 223,512 ​ ​ 210,255 Fair value changes in equity securities ​ ​ ( 462 ) ​ ​ 356 ​ ​ ( 171 ) ​ ​ ( 1,221 ) Interest and other income ​ ​ 2,436 ​ ​ 3,571 ​ ​ 7,348 ​ ​ 5,665 Interest and other expense ​ ​ ( 7,285 ) ​ ​ ( 8,814 ) ​ ​ ( 24,867 ) ​ ​ ( 11,110 ) Income before income taxes ​ $ 60,251 ​ $ 56,887 ​ $ 205,822 ​ $ 203,589 ​ Our revenue by reportable segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 is geographically distributed as shown in the following table (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 Stream interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Canada ​ $ 42,577 ​ $ 46,861 ​ $ 150,405 ​ $ 152,938 Africa ​ ​ 18,092 ​ ​ 13,257 ​ ​ 54,394 ​ ​ 38,633 Dominican Republic ​ ​ 16,688 ​ ​ 21,156 ​ ​ 62,586 ​ ​ 64,232 Chile ​ ​ 14,644 ​ ​ 12,170 ​ ​ 35,401 ​ ​ 39,566 Rest of world ​ ​ 6,977 ​ ​ 5,288 ​ ​ 17,196 ​ ​ 13,494 Total stream interests ​ $ 98,978 ​ $ 98,732 ​ $ 319,982 ​ $ 308,863 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Royalty interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ United States ​ $ 28,237 ​ $ 11,413 ​ $ 85,082 ​ $ 52,616 Australia ​ ​ 4,696 ​ ​ 3,446 ​ ​ 13,874 ​ ​ 11,533 Canada ​ ​ 3,090 ​ ​ 4,826 ​ ​ 9,585 ​ ​ 21,377 Mexico ​ ​ 1,964 ​ ​ 11,095 ​ ​ 19,413 ​ ​ 38,915 Africa ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 430 Rest of world ​ ​ 1,652 ​ ​ 1,917 ​ ​ 5,115 ​ ​ 6,492 Total royalty interests ​ $ 39,639 ​ $ 32,697 ​ $ 133,069 ​ $ 131,363 Total revenue ​ $ 138,617 ​ $ 131,429 ​ $ 453,051 ​ $ 440,226 ​ ​ 9. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS ​ Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, we utilize a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows: ​ Level 1: Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets; ​ 15 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) ​ Level 2: Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and ​ Level 3: Prices or valuation techniques requiring inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (supported by little or no market activity). ​ As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had financial assets in the form of marketable securities which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis; however, the carrying value of such financial assets is not material. ​ The carrying value of our revolving credit facility (Note 3) approximates fair value as of September 30, 2023. ​ As of September 30, 2023, we had assets that, under certain conditions, are subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis like those associated with stream and royalty interests, intangible assets and other long-lived assets. For these assets, measurement at fair value in periods subsequent to their initial recognition is applicable if any of these assets are determined to be impaired. If recognition of these assets at their fair value becomes necessary, such measurements will be determined utilizing Level 3 inputs. ​ ​ 10. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES ​ Xavantina Exploration Payment ​ On April 20, 2023, we made a $ 2.4 million advance payment to a subsidiary of Ero Copper Corp. (“Ero”) as part of our commitment to support the achievement of success-based targets related to regional exploration and mineral resource additions. This payment was recorded to exploration stage stream interests within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets. Advance payments of $ 4.4 million remain if Ero meets certain success-based targets related to regional exploration and mineral resource additions through calendar 2024. Refer to Note 3 of our 2022 10-K for further information on the Xavantina (formerly referred to as NX Gold) Gold Stream Acquisition. ​ Ilovica Gold Stream Acquisition ​ As of September 30, 2023, our conditional funding schedule of $ 163.75 million, as part of the Ilovica gold stream acquisition entered into in October 2014, remains subject to certain conditions. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 16 Table of Contents ​ ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS ​ General Presentation ​ This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to provide information to assist you in better understanding and evaluating the financial condition and results of operations of Royal Gold. You should read this MD&A in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as the audited consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 16, 2023 (“2022 10-K”). ​ This MD&A contains forward-looking information. You should review our important note about forward-looking statements following this MD&A. ​ We do not own, develop, or mine the properties on which we hold stream or royalty interests. Certain information provided in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q about operating properties in which we hold interests, including information about mineral resources and reserves, historical production, production estimates, property descriptions, and property developments, was provided to us by the operators of those properties or is publicly available information filed by these operators with applicable securities regulatory bodies, including the SEC. We have not verified, and are not in a position to verify, and expressly disclaim any responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or fairness of, this third-party information and refer the reader to the public reports filed by the operators for information regarding those properties. ​ Unless the context otherwise requires, references to “Royal Gold,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Royal Gold, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. ​ Overview of Our Business ​ We acquire and manage precious metal streams, royalties, and similar interests. We seek to acquire existing stream and royalty interests or finance projects that are in production or in the development stage in exchange for stream or royalty interests. ​ We manage our business under two segments: ​ ● Acquisition and Management of Stream Interests — A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more metals produced from a mine, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. As of September 30, 2023, we owned nine stream interests, which are on eight producing properties and one development stage property. Stream interests accounted for approximately 71% of our total revenue for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 75% and 70% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. We expect stream interests to continue representing a significant portion of our total revenue. ​ ● Acquisition and Management of Royalty Interests — Royalties are non-operating interests in mining projects that provide the right to revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any. As of September 30, 2023, we owned royalty interests on 31 producing properties, 21 development stage properties and 120 exploration stage properties, of which we consider 51 to be evaluation stage projects. We use “evaluation stage” to describe exploration stage properties that contain mineral resources and on which operators are engaged in the search for mineral reserves. Royalty interests accounted for 29% of our total revenue for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 25% and 30% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. ​ We do not conduct mining operations on the properties in which we hold stream and royalty interests, and we generally are not required to contribute to capital costs, exploration costs, environmental costs or other operating costs on those properties. ​ 17 Table of Contents We are continually reviewing opportunities to grow our portfolio, whether through the creation or acquisition of new or existing stream or royalty interests or other acquisition activity. We generally have acquisition opportunities in various stages of review. Our review process may include, for example, engaging consultants and advisors to analyze an opportunity; analysis of technical, financial, legal, environmental, social, governance and other confidential information regarding an opportunity; submission of indications of interest and term sheets; participation in preliminary discussions and negotiations; and involvement as a bidder in competitive processes. ​ Business Trends and Uncertainties ​ Metal Prices ​ Our financial results are primarily tied to the price of gold, silver, copper, and other metals. Metal prices have fluctuated widely in recent years and we expect this volatility to continue. The marketability and price of metals are influenced by numerous factors beyond our control, and significant changes in metal prices can have a material effect on our revenue. ​ For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, average metal prices and percentages of revenue by metal were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ September 30, 2022 ​ September 30, 2023 ​ September 30, 2022 Metal Average Price Percentage of Revenue Average Price Percentage of Revenue Average Price Percentage of Revenue Average Price Percentage of Revenue Gold ($/ounce) (1) ​ $ 1,928 ​ 78% ​ $ 1,729 ​ 76% ​ $ 1,931 ​ 75% ​ $ 1,824 ​ 73% Silver ($/ounce) (1) ​ $ 23.57 ​ 11% ​ $ 19.23 ​ 11% ​ $ 23.40 ​ 13% ​ $ 21.92 ​ 11% Copper ($/pound) (2) ​ $ 3.79 ​ 10% ​ $ 3.51 ​ 8% ​ $ 3.89 ​ 10% ​ $ 4.11 ​ 12% Other ​ ​ N/A ​ 1% ​ ​ N/A ​ 5% ​ ​ N/A ​ 2% ​ ​ N/A ​ 4% ​ (1) Based on the average U.S. dollars London Bullion Market Association PM fixing price for gold and daily fixing price for silver, as applicable. (2) Based on the average U.S. dollars London Metals Exchange settlement price for copper. ​ Agreement to Acquire Royalty Interests on the Producing Serrote and Santa Rita Mines ​ On September 28, 2023, ACG Acquisition Company Ltd. (“ACG”) announced that the transaction for the acquisition by ACG of the entities that own the Serrote and Santa Rita mines in Brazil from funds advised by Appian Capital Advisory LLP (“Appian”) was terminated. Completion of the now terminated transaction between ACG and Appian was a condition to our earlier announced acquisition of royalty interests on the Serrote and Santa Rita mines and the acquisition of royalty interests will not proceed. ​ Xavantina Exploration Payment ​ On April 20, 2023, we made a $2.4 million advance payment to a subsidiary of Ero Gold Corporation (“Ero”) as part of our commitment to support the achievement of success-based targets related to regional exploration and mineral resource additions. Advance payments of $4.4 million remain if Ero meets certain success-based targets related to regional exploration and mineral resource additions through calendar 2024. Refer to Note 3 of our 2022 10-K for further information on the Xavantina (formerly referred to as NX Gold) Gold Stream Acquisition. ​ Operators’ Production Estimates by Stream and Royalty Interest for Calendar 2023 ​ We generally receive annual production estimates from many of the operators of the producing mines in which we own a stream or royalty interest during the first quarter of each calendar year. In some instances, an operator may revise its original calendar year guidance throughout the year. The following table shows current production estimates for calendar 2023, as well as actual production through September 30, 2023 (except as otherwise noted), for our principal properties as reported to us by the operators. ​ 18 Table of Contents Operators’ Estimated and Actual Production by Stream and Royalty Interest for Calendar 2023 Principal Producing Properties ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Calendar Year 2023 Operator’s Production ​ Calendar Year 2023 Operator’s Production ​ ​ Estimate (1) ​ Actual (2) ​ ​ Gold ​ Silver ​ Base Metals ​ Gold ​ Silver ​ Base Metals Stream/Royalty (oz.) (oz.) (lbs.) (oz.) (oz.) (lbs.) Stream: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Andacollo (3) 22,000 - 27,000 ​ ​ 17,500 ​ ​ Mount Milligan (4) 150,000 - 160,000 ​ ​ 114,000 ​ ​ Copper ​ ​ ​ 60 - 70 Million ​ ​ 42 Million Pueblo Viejo (5) ​ 470,000 - 520,000 ​ N/A ​ ​ ​ 245,000 ​ N/A ​ ​ Khoemac a u (6) ​ ​ ​ 1.5 - 1.7 Million ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1.1 Million ​ ​ Royalty: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cortez (7) ​ 940,000 - 1,060,000 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 629,000 ​ ​ ​ ​ Peñasquito (8) N/A ​ N/A ​ ​ 123,000 ​ 13.8 Million ​ Lead N/A ​ ​ ​ ​ 86 Million Zinc N/A ​ ​ ​ ​ 180 Million (1) Production estimates received from our operators are for calendar 2023. There can be no assurance that production estimates received from the operators will be achieved. Our stream interests can be affected by several factors that make it difficult to calculate our revenue for a period from the operator’s actual or estimated production for that same period. These factors include the timing of the operator’s concentrate shipments, the delivery of metal to us and the subsequent sale of the delivered metal. These factors do not typically affect our stream interests on operations that produce doré or our royalty interests. Refer to our cautionary language regarding forward-looking statements included herein, as well as the Risk Factors identified in Part I, Item 1A, of our 2022 10-K for information regarding factors that could affect actual results. ​ (2) Actual production figures shown are from the operators and cover the period from January 1, 2023, through September 30, 2023, unless otherwise noted in footnotes to this table. Such amounts may differ from our reported revenue and production and are not reduced to show the production attributable to our interests. ​ (3) The estimated and actual production figures shown for Andacollo are contained gold in concentrate. Deliveries to us are determined using a fixed gold payability factor of 89%. ​ (4) The estimated and actual production figures shown for Mount Milligan are payable gold and copper in concentrate. Deliveries to us are determined using a fixed payability factor of 97% for gold and a minimum payability factor of 95% for copper. ​ (5) The estimated and actual production figures shown for Pueblo Viejo are payable gold in doré and represent the 60% interest in Pueblo Viejo held by Barrick Gold Corporation (“Barrick”). Barrick did not provide estimated or actual silver production. Deliveries to us are determined using fixed payability factors of 99.9% for gold and 99% for silver. ​ ​ (6) The estimated and actual production figures for Khoemac a u are payable silver in concentrate. Deliveries to us are determined using a fixed silver payability factor of 90%. ​ (7) The estimated and actual production figures for Cortez include the entirety of the Cortez Complex. Barrick reports production from the entirety of the Cortez Complex and does not report production separately for the Legacy Zone and CC Zone. Production estimates for the Legacy Zone are provided to us by Barrick and production estimates for 100% of the Cortez Complex are publicly disclosed by Barrick. ​ (8) The estimated and actual gold and silver production figures shown for Peñasquito are payable gold and silver in concentrate and doré. The estimated and actual lead and zinc production figures shown are payable lead and zinc in concentrate. Actual figures are for the period January 1, 2023 through September 30, 2023, and no production occurred during the third quarter of 2023 due to the suspension of operations resulting from a strike action on June 7, 2023. Estimated production figures are not available as 2023 production guidance was withdrawn by Newmont Corporation (“Newmont”) on July 20, 2023 due to the suspension of operations. ​ Property Developments ​ This section provides recent updates for our principal properties as reported by the operators, either directly to us or in their publicly available documents. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 19 Table of Contents ​ ​ Stream Interests ​ Andacollo ​ Gold stream deliveries from Andacollo were approximately 9,300 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to approximately 3,200 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in deliveries resulted primarily from the timing of shipments and settlements during the periods. ​ Teck Resources Limited (“Teck”) reported that production at Andacollo in the quarter ended September 30, 2023, was impacted by a 14-day unplanned shutdown in August 2023, due to a conveyor belt failure. Any impact to Royal Gold on gold stream deliveries and sales is expected to be realized in the quarter ended March 31, 2024, as a result of the typical lag at Andacollo between production at the mine, and stream deliveries and sales. ​ Gold production at Andacollo has trended lower since the beginning of 2021 due to lower ore grades, as anticipated in the mine plan. According to Teck, the period of lower grades is expected to last through the remainder of 2023, and the mine plan then anticipates a transition to higher grade ore as the next phase of mining is developed over the following years. Teck has reported that the current life of mine for Andacollo is expected to continue until 2035 and that additional permits or permit amendments will be required to execute the life of mine plan. ​ Khoemac a u ​ Silver stream deliveries from Khoemac a u were approximately 315,000 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to approximately 290,700 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2022. Increased stream deliveries resulted from operations running at full capacity in the current period compared to the prior year period. Deliveries in the prior year period were lower due to the ramp-up of mining and processing operations throughout 2022 after completion of project construction in 2021. ​ According to Khoemac a u Copper Mining (Pty.) Limited (“KCM”), operations at Khoemac a u continued at nameplate capacity through the quarter ended September 30, 2023, after the target production rate of 3.7 million tonnes per year (10,000 tonnes per day) was achieved in December 2022. As projected in the mine plan, KCM expects payable silver production in 2023 to range between 1.5 to 1.7 million ounces, which is slightly below the life of mine average due to lower silver grades in the upper portion of the Zone 5 deposit and the top-down mining sequence. ​ Mount Milligan ​ Gold stream deliveries from Mount Milligan were approximately 13,000 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to approximately 18,400 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2022. Copper stream deliveries from Mount Milligan were approximately 2.4 million pounds during the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to approximately 4.5 million pounds during the three months ended September 30, 2022. Gold and copper stream deliveries for the three months ended September 30, 2023, relate to mine production during the approximate period February 2023 to April 2023. ​ On October 31, 2023, Centerra Gold Inc. (“Centerra”) reported that a full asset optimization review of the Mount Milligan mine has been launched, which includes assessments of productivity and cost efficiency opportunities in concert with mine plan optimization. Centerra expects this review to identify and drive incremental operational improvements and is expected to be completed in 2024. ​ Centerra also reported that production during the third quarter was impacted by mine sequencing and lower recoveries caused by blending of ores mined from different phases of the pit. Centerra expects that medium-term recoveries for gold and copper will be similar to those achieved in 2023, and metallurgical reviews to increase recoveries from current levels are underway. ​ Centerra now expects full year 2023 gold production at Mount Milligan to be 150,000 to 160,000 ounces, down from the previous guidance range of 160,000 to 170,000 ounces, and copper production to be near the low end of the previously 20 Table of Contents provided guidance range of 60 to 70 million pounds. Centerra also expects higher levels of gold production and similar levels of copper production in 2024 compared to 2023 production guidance levels. ​ Pueblo Viejo ​ Gold stream deliveries from Pueblo Viejo were approximately 5,000 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to approximately 8,900 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2022. On October 12, 2023, Barrick provided a brief update on production at Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic. According to Barrick, ramp-up of the expansion project was delayed due to equipment design deficiencies, and Barrick’s share of gold production at Pueblo Viejo was approximately 79,000 ounces in the third quarter. Gold production in the third quarter was impacted by lower ore grades processed due to mine sequencing, as well as lower mill throughput and lower mill recovery associated with the commissioning of the mill expansion. ​ Silver stream deliveries were approximately 171,100 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 319,100 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and an additional 80,600 ounces of silver were deferred. As of September 30, 2023, approximately 688,300 ounces remain deferred, and the timing for the delivery of the entire deferred amount is uncertain. We expect that silver recoveries could remain highly variable and material deliveries of deferred silver ounces are not expected until the plant expansion is complete and is running at full production levels. ​ Royalty Interests ​ Cortez ​ Production attributable to our royalty interests at Cortez was approximately 218,800 ounces of gold for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to approximately 36,600 ounces of gold for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the addition of new royalties in 2022 that increased royalty coverage over producing areas within the Cortez Complex. ​ On October 12, 2023, Barrick reported that production in the September quarter was higher at Cortez as a result of higher oxide production from the Crossroads open pit and Cortez Hills underground. ​ Additionally, on September 12, 2023, Barrick provided an update on its 100%-owned Fourmile Project within the Cortez Complex, which is covered by royalty interests held by Royal Gold. According to Barrick, ongoing drilling demonstrates the significant potential to increase the grade and size of the Fourmile Project, and work is underway to assess options for an independent exploration decline access in support of a pre-feasibility study. Barrick expects this decline would also be used for development and production complementing the current development at the Goldrush Project. Barrick’s preliminary economic assessment indicates that the Fourmile Project could support a potential gold production profile of 300,000 to 400,000 ounces per year in addition to the existing Cortez Complex production profile of 950,000 to 1,200,000 ounces per year over 10 years. ​ Peñasquito ​ During the three months ended September 30, 2023, no royalty production from Peñasquito was reported due to the suspension of operations resulting from a strike action on June 7, 2023 by the National Union of Mine and Metal Workers of the Mexican Republic ("the Union"). According to Newmont, on October 13, 2023, a definitive agreement was reached between Newmont and the Union that also received approval from the Mexican Labor Court, ramp-up of operations has since commenced, and operations at Peñasquito are expected to reach full operating capacity by the end of the fourth quarter of 2023. ​ Results of Operations ​ Quarter Ended September 30, 2023, Compared to Quarter Ended September 30, 2022 ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded net income and comprehensive income attributable to Royal Gold stockholders (“net income”) of $49.3 million, or $0.75 per basic and diluted share, as compared to net income of $45.8 million, or $0.70 per basic and diluted share, for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in net income was primarily attributable to higher revenue, as discussed below. 21 Table of Contents ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized total revenue of $138.6 million, comprised of stream revenue of $99.0 million and royalty revenue of $39.6 million at an average gold price of $1,928 per ounce, an average silver price of $23.57 per ounce and an average copper price of $3.79 per pound. This is compared to total revenue of $131.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, comprised of stream revenue of $98.7 million and royalty revenue of $32.7 million, at an average gold price of $1,729 per ounce, an average silver price of $19.23 per ounce and an average copper price of $3.51 per pound. Revenue and the corresponding production attributable to our stream and royalty interests for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, are as follows: Revenue and Reported Production Subject to Our Stream and Royalty Interests (Amounts in thousands, except reported production oz. and lbs.) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Three Months Ended ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ September 30, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Reported ​ ​ ​ Reported Stream/Royalty Metal(s) Revenue Production (1) Revenue Production (1) Stream (2) : ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Mount Milligan ​ ​ ​ $ 33,876 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 41,553 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gold ​ ​ ​ ​ 11,300 oz. ​ ​ ​ ​ 18,200 oz. ​ ​ Copper ​ ​ ​ ​ 3.2 Mlbs. ​ ​ ​ ​ 2.7 Mlbs. Pueblo Viejo ​ ​ ​ $ 16,688 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 21,156 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gold ​ ​ ​ ​ 6,800 oz. ​ ​ ​ ​ 8,600 oz. ​ ​ Silver ​ ​ ​ ​ 150,700 oz. ​ ​ ​ ​ 307,100 oz. Andacollo ​ Gold ​ $ 14,644 ​ 7,500 oz. ​ $ 12,170 ​ 6,800 oz. Khoemac a u ​ Silver ​ $ 9,047 ​ 386,100 oz. ​ $ 5,050 ​ 255,900 oz. Other (3) ​ ​ ​ $ 24,723 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 18,803 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gold ​ ​ ​ ​ 11,900 oz. ​ ​ ​ ​ 10,100 oz. ​ ​ Silver ​ ​ ​ ​ 76,900 oz. ​ ​ ​ ​ 51,100 oz. Total stream revenue ​ ​ ​ $ 98,978 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 98,732 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ . ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Royalty (2) : ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cortez Legacy Zone ​ Gold ​ $ 19,668 ​ 98,800 oz. ​ $ 4,562 ​ 36,600 oz. Cortez CC Zone ​ Gold ​ $ 2,948 ​ 120,000 oz. ​ ​ N/A ​ ​ ​ Peñasquito ​ ​ ​ $ - ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 9,010 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gold ​ ​ ​ ​ - oz. ​ ​ ​ ​ 144,300 oz. ​ ​ Silver ​ ​ ​ ​ - Moz. ​ ​ ​ ​ 6.8 Moz. ​ ​ Lead ​ ​ ​ ​ - Mlbs. ​ ​ ​ ​ 29.6 Mlbs. ​ ​ Zinc ​ ​ ​ ​ - Mlbs. ​ ​ ​ ​ 84.6 Mlbs. Other (3) ​ Various ​ $ 17,023 ​ N/A ​ ​ $ 19,125 ​ N/A ​ Total royalty revenue ​ ​ ​ $ 39,639 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 32,697 ​ ​ ​ Total Revenue ​ ​ ​ $ 138,617 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 131,429 ​ ​ ​ ​ (1) Reported production relates to the amount of stream metal sales and the metal sales attributable to our royalty interests for the three months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022, and may differ from the operators’ public reporting due to a number of factors, including the timing of the operator’s concentrate shipments, the delivery of metal to us and our subsequent sale of the delivered metal. Refer to Note 4 to the notes to consolidated financial statements. ​ (2) Refer to “Property Developments” above for a discussion of recent developments at principal properties. ​ (3) Individually, except for our stream interest at Wassa, which contributed 6% of total revenue for each of the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and our stream interest at Rainy River which contributed 6% of total revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2023, no stream or royalty included within the “Other” category contributed greater than 5% of our total revenue for either period. ​ The increase in our total revenue resulted primarily from higher gold production at the Cortez Legacy Zone, the new Cortez royalties acquired in 2022 and higher gold, silver and copper prices when compared to the prior year period. This increase was partially offset by the suspension of operations at Peñasquito on June 7, 2023 due to a strike by the Union which resulted in no royalty revenue recognized for the three months ended September 30, 2023. ​ 22 Table of Contents Gold and silver ounces and copper pounds purchased and sold during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and gold and silver ounces and copper pounds in inventory as of September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, for our streaming interests were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Three Months Ended ​ As of ​ As of ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ September 30, 2022 ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 Gold Stream Purchases (oz.) Sales (oz.) Purchases (oz.) Sales (oz.) Inventory (oz.) Inventory (oz.) Mount Milligan ​ 13,000 ​ 11,300 ​ 18,400 ​ 18,200 ​ 5,500 ​ 5,200 Andacollo ​ 9,300 ​ 7,500 ​ 3,200 ​ 6,800 ​ 3,500 ​ 3,800 Pueblo Viejo ​ 5,000 ​ 6,800 ​ 8,900 ​ 8,600 ​ 5,000 ​ 7,900 Other ​ 11,700 ​ 11,900 ​ 11,900 ​ 10,100 ​ 4,600 ​ 4,100 Total ​ 39,000 ​ 37,500 ​ 42,400 ​ 43,700 ​ 18,600 ​ 21,000 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Three Months Ended ​ As of ​ As of ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ September 30, 2022 ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 Silver Stream Purchases (oz.) Sales (oz.) Purchases (oz.) Sales (oz.) Inventory (oz.) Inventory (oz.) Khoemac a u ​ 315,000 ​ 386,100 ​ 290,700 ​ 255,900 ​ 84,100 ​ 105,900 Pueblo Viejo ​ 171,100 ​ 150,700 ​ 319,100 ​ 307,100 ​ 171,100 ​ 337,800 Other ​ 65,800 ​ 76,900 ​ 64,300 ​ 51,100 ​ 14,400 ​ 17,500 Total ​ 551,900 ​ 613,700 ​ 674,100 ​ 614,100 ​ 269,600 ​ 461,200 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Three Months Ended ​ As of ​ As of ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ September 30, 2022 ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 Copper Stream Purchases (Mlbs.) Sales (Mlbs.) Purchases (Mlbs.) Sales (Mlbs.) Inventory (Mlbs.) Inventory (Mlbs.) Mount Milligan ​ 2.4 ​ 3.2 ​ 4.5 ​ 2.7 ​ - ​ 0.9 ​ Cost of sales, which excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization, decreased to $21.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, from $23.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease, when compared to the prior year quarter, was primarily due to lower gold sales at Mount Milligan and lower gold and silver sales at Pueblo Viejo, partially offset by higher silver sales at Khoemac a u. Cost of sales is specific to our stream agreements and is the result of our purchase of gold, silver and copper for a cash payment. The cash payment for gold from Mount Milligan is the lesser of $435 per ounce or the prevailing market price of gold when purchased, while the cash payment for our other streams is a set contractual percentage of the gold, silver or copper (Mount Milligan) spot price near the date of metal delivery. ​ General and administrative costs increased to $9.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, from $7.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher corporate costs and an increase in non-cash stock compensation expense. ​ Depreciation, depletion and amortization increased to $40.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, from $37.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher depletion expense at Khoemac a u due to the ramp-up of production and additional depletion expense from the new royalties acquired at Cortez in 2022, when compared to the prior year quarter. The increase was partially offset by lower depletion expense at Mount Milligan and Pueblo Viejo, which was due to lower depletion rates as a result of proven and probable mineral reserve increases when compared to the prior year period. ​ Interest and other expense decreased to $7.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, from $8.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to lower interest expense as a result of lower average amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility compared to the prior year quarter. We had $325 million outstanding under our revolving credit facility as of September 30, 2023, compared to $450 million outstanding as of September 30, 2022. The current all-in borrowing rate under our revolving credit facility was 6.7% as of September 30, 2023, compared to 4.2% in the prior year period. ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded income tax expense of $10.8 million, compared with income tax expense of $11.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The income tax expense resulted in an effective tax rate of 17.8% in the current period, compared with 19.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2022. ​ ​ ​ ​ 23 Table of Contents Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023, Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded net income of $176.7 million, or $2.69 per basic and $2.68 per diluted share, as compared to net income of $182.6 million, or $2.78 per basic and diluted share, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease in net income was primarily attributable to higher debt-related interest expense, which was partially offset by an increase in revenue, each as discussed below. ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized total revenue of $453.1 million, comprised of stream revenue of $320.0 million and royalty revenue of $133.1 million at an average gold price of $1,931 per ounce, an average silver price of $23.40 per ounce and an average copper price of $3.89 per pound. This is compared to total revenue of $440.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, comprised of stream revenue of $308.9 million and royalty revenue of $131.3 million, at an average gold price of $1,824 per ounce, an average silver price of $21.92 per ounce and an average copper price of $4.11 per pound. Revenue and the corresponding production attributable to our stream and royalty interests for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, are as follows: Revenue and Reported Production Subject to Our Stream and Royalty Interests (Amounts in thousands, except reported production oz. and lbs.) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ September 30, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Reported ​ ​ ​ ​ Reported Stream/Royalty Metal(s) Revenue Production (1) Revenue Production (1) Stream (2) : ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Mount Milligan ​ ​ ​ $ 121,739 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 129,596 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gold ​ ​ ​ ​ 44,000 oz. ​ ​ ​ ​ 47,600 oz. ​ ​ Copper ​ ​ ​ ​ 9.4 Mlbs. ​ ​ ​ ​ 10.3 Mlbs. Pueblo Viejo ​ ​ ​ $ 62,586 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 64,232 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gold ​ ​ ​ ​ 22,100 oz. ​ ​ ​ ​ 24,300 oz. ​ ​ Silver ​ ​ ​ ​ 850,800 oz. ​ ​ ​ ​ 0.9 Moz. Andacollo ​ Gold ​ $ 35,401 ​ 18,500 oz. ​ $ 39,565 ​ 21,500 oz. Khoemac a u ​ Silver ​ $ 27,082 ​ 1.2 Moz. ​ $ 12,641 ​ 580,400 oz. Other (3) ​ ​ ​ $ 73,174 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 62,829 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gold ​ ​ ​ ​ 35,400 oz. ​ ​ ​ ​ 32,100 oz. ​ ​ Silver ​ ​ ​ ​ 208,800 oz. ​ ​ ​ ​ 175,300 oz. Total stream revenue ​ ​ ​ $ 319,982 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 308,863 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Royalty (2) : ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cortez Legacy Zone ​ Gold ​ $ 57,062 ​ 284,100 oz. ​ $ 29,413 ​ 190,600 oz. Cortez CC Zone ​ Gold ​ ​ 9,674 ​ 338,100 ​ ​ ​ N/A ​ ​ ​ Peñasquito ​ ​ ​ $ 13,538 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 31,768 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gold ​ ​ ​ ​ 103,700 oz. ​ ​ ​ ​ 408,300 oz. ​ ​ Silver ​ ​ ​ ​ 12.0 Moz. ​ ​ ​ ​ 22.6 Moz. ​ ​ Lead ​ ​ ​ ​ 72.1 Mlbs. ​ ​ ​ ​ 106.6 Mlbs. ​ ​ Zinc ​ ​ ​ ​ 188.9 Mlbs. ​ ​ ​ ​ 289.6 Mlbs. Other (3) ​ Various ​ $ 52,795 ​ N/A ​ ​ $ 70,182 ​ N/A ​ Total royalty revenue ​ ​ ​ $ 133,069 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 131,363 ​ ​ ​ Total revenue ​ $ 453,051 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 440,226 ​ ​ ​ ​ (1) Reported production relates to the amount of stream metal sales and the metal sales attributable to our royalty interests for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022, and may differ from the operators’ public reporting due to a number of factors, including the timing of the operator’s concentrate shipments, the delivery of metal to us and our subsequent sale of the delivered metal. Refer to Note 4 to the notes to consolidated financial statements. ​ (2) Refer to “Property Developments” above for a discussion of recent developments at principal properties. ​ (3) Individually, except for our stream interest at Wassa, which contributed 5% and 6% of the total revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and our stream interest at Rainy River, which contributed 6% of the total revenue for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, no stream or royalty included within the “Other” category contributed greater than 5% of our total revenue for either period. ​ 24 Table of Contents The increase in our total revenue resulted primarily from higher silver sales at Khoemac a u due to the ramp-up, higher gold production from the Cortez Legacy Zone and additional revenue from the Cortez royalties acquired in 2022. The increase was partially offset by lower gold sales at Mount Milligan and Andacollo and lower gold production at Peñasquito when compared to the prior year period. Peñasquito gold production was lower for the current year period primarily due to the suspension of operations on June 7, 2023 due to a strike by the Union. ​ Gold and silver ounces and copper pounds purchased and sold during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022, and gold and silver ounces and copper pounds in inventory as of September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, for our streaming interests were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ As of ​ As of ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ September 30, 2022 ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 Gold Stream Purchases (oz.) Sales (oz.) Purchases (oz.) Sales (oz.) Inventory (oz.) Inventory (oz.) Mount Milligan ​ 44,200 ​ 44,000 ​ 52,200 ​ 47,600 ​ 5,500 ​ 5,200 Pueblo Viejo ​ 19,200 ​ 22,100 ​ 24,600 ​ 24,300 ​ 5,000 ​ 7,900 Andacollo ​ 18,300 ​ 18,500 ​ 19,300 ​ 21,500 ​ 3,500 ​ 3,800 Other ​ 35,900 ​ 35,400 ​ 33,300 ​ 32,100 ​ 4,600 ​ 4,100 Total ​ 117,600 ​ 120,000 ​ 129,400 ​ 125,500 ​ 18,600 ​ 21,000 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ As of ​ As of ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ September 30, 2022 ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 Silver Stream Purchases (oz.) Sales (oz.) Purchases (oz.) Sales (oz.) Inventory (oz.) Inventory (oz.) Khoemac a u ​ 1,141,200 ​ 1,163,100 ​ 652,800 ​ 580,400 ​ 84,100 ​ 105,900 Pueblo Viejo ​ 684,100 ​ 850,800 ​ 900,700 ​ 897,600 ​ 171,100 ​ 337,800 Other ​ 205,800 ​ 208,800 ​ 170,600 ​ 175,300 ​ 14,400 ​ 17,500 Total ​ 2,031,100 ​ 2,222,700 ​ 1,724,100 ​ 1,653,300 ​ 269,600 ​ 461,200 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ As of ​ As of ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ September 30, 2022 ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 Copper Stream Purchases (Mlbs.) Sales (Mlbs.) Purchases (Mlbs.) Sales (Mlbs.) Inventory (Mlbs.) Inventory (Mlbs.) Mount Milligan ​ 8.4 ​ 9.4 ​ 11.2 ​ 10.3 ​ — ​ 0.9 ​ Cost of sales, which excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization, remained flat at $69.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022. Cost of sales is specific to our stream agreements and is the result of our purchase of gold, silver and copper for a cash payment. The cash payment for gold from Mount Milligan is the lesser of $435 per ounce or the prevailing market price of gold when purchased, while the cash payment for our other streams is a set contractual percentage of the gold, silver or copper (Mount Milligan) spot price near the date of metal delivery. ​ General and administrative costs increased to $30.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, from $25.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher corporate costs and an increase in non-cash stock compensation expense. ​ Depreciation, depletion and amortization decreased to $124.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, from $129.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to lower depletion rates at Mount Milligan and Pueblo Viejo as a result of proven and probable mineral reserve increases when compared to the prior year period. The decrease was partially offset by higher depletion expense at Khoemac a u due to the ramp-up of production and additional depletion from the newly acquired royalties at Cortez when compared to the prior year period. ​ Interest and other expense increased to $24.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, from $11.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher interest expense as a result of higher average amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility compared to the prior year period. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility averaged $421 million at an average all-in borrowing rate of 5.1%, compared to average amounts outstanding of $165 million at an average all-in borrowing rate of 3.0% for the prior year period. ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded income tax expense of $28.7 million, compared with income tax expense of $20.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The income tax expense resulted in an effective tax rate of 13.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared with 10.0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, included discrete tax benefits attributable to the release of a valuation allowance on certain deferred tax assets. 25 Table of Contents ​ Liquidity and Capital Resources ​ Overview ​ At September 30, 2023, we had current assets of $163.8 million compared to current liabilities of $70.9 million, which resulted in working capital of $92.9 million and a current ratio of 2 to 1. This compares to current assets of $185.8 million and current liabilities of $63.6 million at December 31, 2022, resulting in working capital of $122.2 million and a current ratio of approximately 3 to 1. The decrease in working capital was primarily due to a decrease in our available cash, which resulted from increased debt repayments during the current period. ​ During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, liquidity needs were met from $314.7 million in net cash provided by operating activities and our available cash resources. As of September 30, 2023, we had $675 million available and $325 million outstanding under our revolving credit facility. ​ Working capital, combined with available capacity under our revolving credit facility, resulted in approximately $768 million of total liquidity at September 30, 2023. We were in compliance with each financial covenant under the revolving credit facility as of September 30, 2023. Refer to Note 3 of our notes to consolidated financial statements and below under Recent Liquidity Developments for further discussion on our debt. ​ We believe that our current financial resources and funds generated from operations will be adequate to cover anticipated expenditures for debt service and general and administrative expense costs for the foreseeable future. Our current financial resources are also available to fund dividends and for acquisitions of stream and royalty interests, including any conditional funding schedules. Our long-term capital requirements are primarily affected by our ongoing acquisition activities. We currently, and generally at any time, have acquisition opportunities in various stages of active review. In the event of one or more substantial stream or royalty interest or other acquisitions, we may seek additional debt or equity financing as necessary. We occasionally borrow and repay amounts under our revolving credit facility and may do so in the future. ​ Please refer to our risk factors included in Part 1, Item 1A of our 2022 10-K for a discussion of certain risks that may impact our liquidity and capital resources. ​ Recent Liquidity Developments ​ Revolving Credit Facility Repayment ​ On September 6, 2023, we made a $75 million principal payment towards the outstanding balance on the revolving credit facility leaving $675 million available as of September 30, 2023. ​ Cash Flows ​ Operating Activities ​ Net cash provided by operating activities totaled $314.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $316.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to higher interest payments on amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility during the current period. The decrease was partially offset by an increase in cash proceeds received from our stream interests, net of cost of sales, when compared to the prior year period. ​ Investing Activities ​ Net cash used in investing activities totaled $2.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $716.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to fewer acquisitions of royalty and stream interests compared to the prior year period. ​ 26 Table of Contents Financing Activities ​ Net cash used in financing activities totaled $327.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $378.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to repayments of $250 million on our revolving credit facility during the current year period. ​ Recently Adopted Accounting Standards and Critical Accounting Policies ​ Refer to Note 1 of our notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion on any recently adopted accounting standards. Refer to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2022 10-K for discussion on our critical accounting policies. ​ Forward-Looking Statements ​ This report and our other public communications include “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of U.S. federal securities laws. Forward-looking statements are any statements other than statements of historical fact. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, and actual results may differ materially from these statements. ​ Forward-looking statements are often identified by words like “will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “forecast,” “potential,” “intend,” “continue,” “project,” or negatives of these words or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements include, among others, statements regarding the following: our acquisition strategy; our due diligence process; our expected financial performance and outlook, including sales volume, revenue, expenses, and tax rates; operators’ expected operating and financial performance, including production, deliveries, mine plans, environmental and feasibility studies, technical reports, mine facilities, estimates of mineral resources and mineral reserves, development, and asset assessments (including Centerra’s full asset optimization review of Mount Milligan and Barrick’s preliminary economic assessment at the Fourmile Project), and permitting activities; receipt of metal deliveries, including deferred amounts at Pueblo Viejo; anticipated liquidity, capital resources, financing and stockholder returns; and prices for gold, silver, copper, and other metals. ​ Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements include, among others, the following: a lower-price environment for gold, silver, copper, or other metals; operating activities or financial performance of properties on which we hold stream or royalty interests, including inaccuracies in operators’ disclosures, variations between actual and forecasted performance, operators’ ability to complete projects on schedule and as planned, operators’ changes to mine plans and mineral reserves and mineral resources (including updated mineral reserve and mineral resource information), liquidity needs, mining and environmental hazards and risks (including from climate change), labor disputes, distribution and supply chain disruptions, permitting and licensing issues, or operational disruptions; contractual issues involving our stream or royalty agreements; delays in the completion of the plant expansion at Pueblo Viejo; adverse results of Centerra’s Mount Milligan asset optimization studies and Barrick’s assessment of the Four Mile project; contractual issues involving our stream or royalty agreements; the timing of deliveries of metals from operators and our subsequent sales of metal; risks associated with doing business in foreign countries; increased competition for stream and royalty interests; potential cyber-attacks, including ransomware; our ability to identify, finance, and complete acquisitions; adverse economic and market conditions, including as a result of government policies, war, natural disasters, and public health issues; changes in laws or regulations governing us, operators or operating properties; changes in management and key employees; pandemics and epidemics, and any related government policies and actions; and other risk factors described in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including our 2022 10-K. Most of these factors are beyond our ability to predict or control. ​ Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. We disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Readers are cautioned not to put undue reliance on forward-looking statements. ​ ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK ​ Our earnings and cash flows are significantly impacted by changes in the market price of gold and other metals. Gold, silver, copper, and other metal prices can fluctuate significantly and are affected by numerous factors, such as demand, production levels, economic policies of central banks, producer hedging, world political and economic events, inflation and the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies. Please see the risk factor entitled “ Our revenue is subject to 27 Table of Contents volatility in metal prices, which could negatively affect our results of operations or cash flow ,” under Part I, Item 1A of our 2022 10-K, for more information about risks associated with metal price volatility. ​ During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we reported revenue of $453.1 million, with an average gold price for the period of $1,931 per ounce, an average silver price of $23.40 per ounce, and an average copper price of $3.89 per pound. The table below shows the impact that a 10% increase or decrease in the average price of the specified metal would have had on our total reported revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2023: ​ ​ ​ ​ Metal Percentage of Total Reported Revenue Associated with Specified Metal Amount by Which Total Reported Revenue Would Have Increased or Decreased If Price of Specified Metal Had Averaged 10% Higher or Lower in Period Gold 75% $34.6 million Silver 13% $3.3 million Copper 10% $8.1 million ​ ​ ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES ​ Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures ​ Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (the principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (the principal financial and accounting officer), we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2023. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2023, at the reasonable assurance level. ​ Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting ​ There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended September 30, 2023, that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. ​ Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls ​ Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within Royal Gold have been detected. ​ PART II. OTHER INFORMATION ​ ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS ​ None. ​ ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS ​ There have been no material changes to the risk factors included in the section entitled “Risk Factors” of our 2022 10-K. ​ ​ ​ 28 Table of Contents ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS ​ Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period (a) Total Number of Shares Purchased (b) Average Price Paid Per Share (c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (d) Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan or Programs July 2023 — — N/A N/A August 2023 — — N/A N/A September 2023 — — N/A N/A Total — — N/A N/A ​ ​ ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES ​ None. ​ ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE ​ Not applicable. ​ ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION ​ During the three months ended September 30, 2023, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a Rule 10 b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10 b 5 -1 trading arrangement, as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K. ​ ​ ​ 29 Table of Contents ​ ITEM 6. EXHIBITS ​ Exhibit Number Description ​ ​ ​ 3.1* ​ Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended through May 26, 2023. ​ ​ ​ 10.1 ▲˄ ​ Retirement Letter Agreement, by and between Royal Gold Corporation and Mark Isto, effective as of September 14, 2023 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K on September 18, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference). ​ ​ ​ 10.2 ▲˄ ​ Consulting and Confidentiality Agreement, by and between Royal Gold Corporation and Mark Isto, effective as of September 14, 2023 (filed as Exhibit 10.2 of the Current Report on Form 8-K on September 18, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference). ​ ​ ​ 10.3 ​ Fifth Amendment to Revolving Credit Facility Credit Agreement, dated as of June 28, 2023, together with Annex A (filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K on June 30, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference) . ​ ​ ​ 31.1* ​ Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. ​ ​ ​ 31.2* ​ Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. ​ ​ ​ 32.1‡ ​ Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. ​ ​ ​ 32.2‡ ​ Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. ​ ​ ​ 101* ​ The following financial statements from Royal Gold, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL: (a) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (b) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (c) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (d) Consolidated Balance Sheets, and (e) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags. ​ ​ ​ 104* ​ The cover page from Royal Gold, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL (included as Exhibit 101). ​ * Filed herewith. ‡ Furnished herewith. ▲ Identifies a management contract or compensation plan or arrangement. ˄ Certain portions of this exhibit have been redacted pursuant to Item 601(a)(6) of Regulation S-K. ​ ​ ​ ​ 30 Table of Contents ​ SIGNATURES ​ Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. ​ ​ ROYAL GOLD, INC. ​ ​ ​ Date: November 2, 2023 ​ ​ ​ By: / s/ William Heissenbuttel ​ ​ William Heissenbuttel ​ ​ President and Chief Executive Officer ​ ​ (Principal Executive Officer) ​ ​ ​ Date: November 2, 2023 By: /s/ Paul Libner ​ ​ Paul Libner ​ ​ Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer ​ ​ (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 31