Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc. 10-K

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The financial statements required to be filed pursuant to this Item 8 are appended to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. An index of those financial statements is found in Item 15, Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Page Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42 ) 101 Consolidated Balance Sheets 103 Consolidated Statements of Operations 104 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss 105 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity 106 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 109 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 110 100 Table of Contents REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 28, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. 101 Table of Contents Cerebrum Platform Accrued and Prepaid Research and Development Costs Description of the Matter The Company’s accrued costs for research and development expenses totaled $13.4 million at December 31, 2024, including accruals related to the Company’s Cerebrum Platform research and development costs. In addition, the Company’s prepaid expenses and other current assets were $11.8 million which included amounts that were paid in advance of services incurred pursuant to the Cerebrum Platform research and development costs. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company analyzes the progress of the studies or clinical trials, including the phase or completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates are made in determining the accrued and prepaid balances at the end of any reporting period for the Company’s Cerebrum Platform research and development costs. The Company is required to estimate such accruals and prepaids using judgment based on certain information, including actual costs incurred or level of effort expended, as provided by its vendors. Payments for such activities are based on the terms of the individual arrangements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and are reflected on the consolidated balance sheet within accrued or prepaid expenses and other current assets. Auditing the Company’s accrued and prepaid research and development costs for the Cerebrum Platform costs was complex, as accounting for the costs associated with these studies or clinical trials required subjective estimates of the level of services performed and the associated costs incurred by vendors. Furthermore, due to the duration of the Company’s Cerebrum Platform research and development costs, and the timing of information received from third parties, the actual amounts incurred are not typically known at the time the consolidated financial statements are issued. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls over accrued and prepaid research and development costs for the Cerebrum Platform, including assessing management’s controls over the significant judgments and estimates regarding costs incurred or level of effort expended by vendors. To evaluate the accrued and prepaid research and development costs for the Cerebrum Platform research and development costs, our audit procedures included, among others, testing the accuracy and completeness of the underlying data used in the estimates and evaluating the significant judgments and estimates made by management to determine the recorded accruals and prepayments. To test the significant judgments and estimates, we discussed the progress of research and development activities with the Company’s research and development personnel that oversee the research and development projects and inspected the Company’s contracts with vendors and pending change orders to assess the impact on amounts recorded. In addition, we inspected information obtained by the Company from vendors, which included the vendors’ estimate of costs incurred to date. We also obtained vendor confirmations, analyzed fluctuations in accruals by vendor and by trial throughout the period subject to audit, evaluated the costs incurred per trial, site and/or patient for reasonableness and tested subsequent invoices received from vendors. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2019. Boston, Massachusetts February 28, 2025 102 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data) December 31, 2024 2023 Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 215,372 $ 81,300 Marketable securities 177,195 — Prepaid expenses and other current assets 11,805 3,580 Total current assets 404,372 84,880 Long-term marketable securities 76,961 — Property and equipment, net 230 588 Operating lease right-of-use assets 1,131 2,064 Other non-current assets 416 416 Total assets $ 483,110 $ 87,948 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 12,528 $ 5,815 Accrued expenses 23,763 7,416 Operating lease liabilities 1,259 1,126 Current portion of deferred revenue — 1,392 Total current liabilities 37,550 15,749 Long-term liabilities: Non-current portion of operating lease liabilities 110 1,369 Non-current portion of deferred revenue — 1,161 Total liabilities 37,660 18,279 Commitments and contingencies (Note 8) Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock, $ 0.0001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized and no shares issued or outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 — — Common stock, $ 0.0001 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized; 19,422,358 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024, and 8,791,877 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 14 13 Additional paid-in capital 1,281,522 723,577 Accumulated other comprehensive gain 654 — Accumulated deficit ( 836,740 ) ( 653,921 ) Total stockholders’ equity 445,450 69,669 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 483,110 $ 87,948 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 103 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data) Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 Collaboration revenue $ 8,553 $ 2,447 Operating expenses: Research and development 152,413 86,766 General and administrative 56,305 42,054 Total operating expenses 208,718 128,820 Loss from operations ( 200,165 ) ( 126,373 ) Other income: Other income, net 17,346 3,096 Total other income 17,346 3,096 Net loss $ ( 182,819 ) $ ( 123,277 ) Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted $ ( 10.21 ) $ ( 18.69 ) Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted 17,906,794 6,594,316 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 104 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data) Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 Net loss $ ( 182,819 ) $ ( 123,277 ) Change in unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax 654 173 Comprehensive loss $ ( 182,165 ) $ ( 123,104 ) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 105 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Amounts in thousands, except share data) 106 Table of Contents Common Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Accumulated Deficit Accumulated Other Comprehensive Gain (Loss) Total Stockholders’ Equity Shares Amount Balance at December 31, 2023 8,791,877 $ 13 $ 723,577 $ ( 653,921 ) $ — $ 69,669 Stock-based compensation expense — — 14,475 — — 14,475 Issuance of common stock from follow-on public offering and accompanying pre-funded warrants, net of underwriting discounts, commissions and offering costs of $ 10,836 3,802,025 — 161,649 — — 161,649 Issuance of common stock from at-the-market public offerings, net of issuance and commission costs of $ 376 209,852 — 6,169 — — 6,169 Issuance of common stock from a collaboration and license agreement 443,253 — 17,265 — — 17,265 Vesting of restricted stock units 11,095 — — — — — Shares withheld for taxes for vesting of restricted stock units ( 3,689 ) — ( 137 ) — — ( 137 ) Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options 3,634 — 143 — — 143 Change in unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax — — — — 3 3 Net loss — — — ( 39,553 ) — ( 39,553 ) Balance at March 31, 2024 13,258,047 $ 13 $ 923,141 $ ( 693,474 ) $ 3 $ 229,683 Stock-based compensation expense — — 5,878 — — 5,878 Issuance of common stock from follow-on public offering and accompanying pre-funded warrants, net of underwriting discounts, commissions and offering costs of $ 14,013 3,849,558 1 215,987 — — 215,988 Issuance of common stock from exercise of pre-funded warrants 622,123 — — — — — Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan 25,146 — 311 — — 311 Vesting of restricted stock units 726 — — — — — Shares withheld for taxes for vesting of restricted stock units ( 242 ) — ( 13 ) — — ( 13 ) Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options 148 — 4 — — 4 Change in unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax — — — — ( 74 ) ( 74 ) Net loss — — — ( 32,677 ) — ( 32,677 ) Balance at June 30, 2024 17,755,506 $ 14 $ 1,145,308 $ ( 726,151 ) $ ( 71 ) $ 419,100 Stock-based compensation expense — — 12,432 — — 12,432 Issuance of common stock from at-the-market public offerings, net of issuance and commission costs of $ 70 25,189 — 1,442 — — 1,442 Issuance of common stock from exercise of stock options 4,971 — 201 — — 201 Vesting of restricted stock units 51 — — — — — Shares withheld for taxes for vesting of restricted stock units ( 20 ) — ( 1 ) — — ( 1 ) Change in unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax — — — — 1,402 1,402 Net loss — — — ( 51,910 ) — ( 51,910 ) Balance at September 30, 2024 17,785,697 $ 14 $ 1,159,382 $ ( 778,061 ) $ 1,331 $ 382,666 Stock-based compensation expense — — 8,575 — — 8,575 Issuance of common stock from at-the-market public offerings, net of issuance and commission costs of $ 2,812 1,588,611 — 111,748 — — 111,748 Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan 6,235 — 233 — — 233 Issuance of common stock from exercise of stock options 36,424 — 1,741 — — 1,741 Vesting of restricted stock units 7,603 — — — — — Shares withheld for taxes for vesting of restricted stock units ( 2,212 ) — ( 157 ) — — ( 157 ) Change in unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax — — — — ( 677 ) ( 677 ) Net loss — — — ( 58,679 ) — ( 58,679 ) Balance at December 31, 2024 19,422,358 $ 14 $ 1,281,522 $ ( 836,740 ) $ 654 $ 445,450 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 107 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (continued) (Amounts in thousands, except share data) Common Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Accumulated Deficit Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Total Stockholders’ Equity Shares Amount Balance at December 31, 2022 3,292,163 $ 5 $ 606,918 $ ( 530,644 ) $ ( 173 ) $ 76,106 Stock-based compensation expense — — 7,593 — — 7,593 Issuance of common stock from at-the-market public offerings net of commission costs of $ 560 560,253 1 18,095 — — 18,096 Vesting of restricted stock units 11,516 — — — — — Shares withheld for taxes for vesting of restricted stock units ( 2,875 ) — ( 127 ) — — ( 127 ) Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options 2,970 — 101 — — 101 Change in unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax — — — — 154 154 Net loss — — — ( 37,455 ) — ( 37,455 ) Balance at March 31, 2023 3,864,027 $ 6 $ 632,580 $ ( 568,099 ) $ ( 19 ) $ 64,468 Stock-based compensation expense — — 5,775 — — 5,775 Issuance of common stock from follow-on public offering and accompanying pre-funded warrants, net of underwriting discounts, commissions and offering costs of $ 4,484 4,296,646 6 63,433 — — 63,439 Issuance of common stock from at-the-market public offerings, net of issuance costs 392,541 1 6,031 — — 6,032 Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan 15,663 — 208 — — 208 Vesting of restricted stock units 720 — — — — — Shares withheld for taxes for vesting of restricted stock units ( 249 ) — ( 4 ) — — ( 4 ) Change in unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax — — — — 19 19 Net loss — — — ( 34,312 ) — ( 34,312 ) Balance at June 30, 2023 8,569,348 $ 13 $ 708,023 $ ( 602,411 ) $ — $ 105,625 Stock-based compensation expense — — 5,763 — — 5,763 Vesting of restricted stock units 233 — — — — — Shares withheld for taxes for vesting of restricted stock units ( 70 ) — ( 1 ) — — ( 1 ) Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options 311 — 1 — — 1 Net loss — — — ( 24,632 ) — ( 24,632 ) Balance at September 30, 2023 8,569,822 $ 13 $ 713,786 $ ( 627,043 ) $ — $ 86,756 Stock-based compensation expense — — 5,726 — — 5,726 Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan 9,027 — 106 — — 106 Issuance of common stock from at-the-market public offerings, net of issuance costs of $ 123 212,453 — 3,964 — — 3,964 Vesting of restricted stock units 824 — — — — — Shares withheld for taxes for vesting of restricted stock units ( 249 ) — ( 5 ) — — ( 5 ) Net loss — — — ( 26,878 ) — ( 26,878 ) Balance at December 31, 2023 8,791,877 $ 13 $ 723,577 $ ( 653,921 ) $ — $ 69,669 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 108 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Amounts in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss $ ( 182,819 ) $ ( 123,277 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation expense 358 432 Stock-based compensation expense 41,360 24,857 Non-cash operating lease expense 933 837 Amortization of premiums and discounts on marketable securities, net ( 5,010 ) 47 Non-cash collaboration and license agreement expense 2,500 — Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Prepaid expenses and other current assets ( 8,225 ) 6,772 Accounts payable 6,713 ( 8,855 ) Accrued expenses 16,110 ( 8,497 ) Operating lease liabilities ( 1,126 ) ( 1,005 ) Deferred revenue ( 2,553 ) ( 2,447 ) Other 2 — Net cash used in operating activities ( 131,757 ) ( 111,136 ) Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of property and equipment — ( 50 ) Purchases of marketable securities ( 371,519 ) — Maturities of marketable securities 123,025 39,000 Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities ( 248,494 ) 38,950 Cash flows from financing activities: Issuance of common stock from follow-on public offering and accompanying pre-funded warrants, net of underwriting discounts, commissions and offering costs 377,636 63,439 Issuance of common stock from collaboration and license agreement 14,765 — Proceeds from at-the-market offerings, net of issuance and commission costs 119,597 28,153 Payments of tax withholdings related to vesting of restricted stock units ( 308 ) ( 137 ) Proceeds from exercise of options and employee stock purchase plan purchases 2,633 416 Net cash provided by financing activities 514,323 91,871 Increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 134,072 19,685 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period 81,716 62,031 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period $ 215,788 $ 81,716 Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash: Cash and cash equivalents 215,372 81,300 Restricted cash 416 416 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 215,788 $ 81,716 Supplemental disclosures of non-cash activities: Issuance costs from at-the-market offerings included in accrued expenses $ 238 $ 63 Offering costs from follow-on public offering included in accounts payable $ — $ 184 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 109 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of the Business Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc. (“Praxis” or the “Company”) is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company translating insights from genetic epilepsies into the development of therapies for central nervous system ("CNS"), disorders characterized by neuronal excitation-inhibition imbalance. Normal brain function requires a delicate balance of excitation and inhibition in neuronal circuits, which, when dysregulated, can lead to abnormal function and both rare and more prevalent neurological disorders. The Company is applying genetic insights to the discovery and development of therapies for neurological disorders through two proprietary platforms, using its understanding of shared biological targets and circuits in the brain. Each platform has multiple programs currently, with significant potential for additional program and indication expansion: • Cerebrum ™, the Company's small molecule platform, utilizes deep understanding of neuronal excitability and neuronal networks and applies a series of computational and experimental tools to develop orally available precision therapies • Solidus ™, the Company's antisense oligonucleotide ("ASO"), platform, is an efficient, targeted precision medicine discovery and development engine anchored on a proprietary, computational methodology The Company's platforms utilize a deliberate, pragmatic and patient-guided approach, leveraging a suite of translational tools, including novel transgenic and predictive translational animal models and electrophysiology markers, to enable an efficient path to proof-of-concept in patients. Through this approach, the Company has established a diversified, multimodal CNS portfolio with four clinical-stage product candidates across movement disorders and epilepsy. Praxis was incorporated in 2015 and commenced operations in 2016. The Company has funded its operations primarily with proceeds from the issuance of redeemable convertible preferred stock, from the sale of common stock through an initial public offering ("IPO"), at-the-market offerings under its shelf registration statement, and follow-on public offerings of common stock and pre-funded warrants to purchase common stock. From inception through December 31, 2024, the Company raised $ 1.1 billion in aggregate cash proceeds from these transactions, net of issuance costs. The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties common to clinical-stage companies in the biotechnology industry, including but not limited to, risks associated with completing preclinical studies and clinical trials, receiving regulatory approvals for product candidates, development by competitors of new biopharmaceutical products, dependence on key personnel, protection of proprietary technology, compliance with government regulations and the ability to secure additional capital to fund operations. Programs currently under development will require significant additional research and development efforts, including preclinical and clinical testing and regulatory approval, prior to commercialization. These efforts require significant amounts of additional capital, adequate personnel and infrastructure and extensive compliance-reporting capabilities. Even if the Company’s product development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will realize revenue from product sales. Liquidity In accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40) , the Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued. The Company has incurred recurring losses since its inception, including a net loss of $ 182.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. In addition, as of December 31, 2024, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $ 836.7 million. The Company expects to continue to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future. 110 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The Company expects that its cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of December 31, 2024 of $ 469.5 million will be sufficient to fund its operating expenditures and capital expenditure requirements necessary to advance its research efforts and clinical trials for at least one year from the date of the issuance of these consolidated financial statements. The future viability of the Company is dependent on its ability to raise additional capital to finance its operations. The Company's inability to raise capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on its financial condition and ability to pursue its business strategies. There can be no assurance that the current operating plan will be achieved or that additional funding will be available on terms acceptable to the Company, or at all. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and ASUs of the FASB. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Praxis Security Corporation. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, accrued and prepaid research and development expense, collaboration revenue, stock-based compensation expense and the recoverability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance. Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of 90 days or less at acquisition to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include cash held in banks and amounts held in interest-bearing insured liquid deposit funds and interest-bearing money market funds. Cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates their fair market value. Restricted cash comprises letters of credit for the benefit of the landlord in connection with the Company’s lease facilities. Restricted cash is classified as either current or non-current based on the terms of the underlying lease arrangement. The following table presents cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash as reported on the consolidated balance sheets that equal the total amounts on the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands): December 31, 2024 2023 Cash and cash equivalents $ 215,372 $ 81,300 Restricted cash 416 416 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as shown on the consolidated statements of cash flows $ 215,788 $ 81,716 Marketable Securities 111 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The Company may invest its excess cash in money market funds and debt instruments of the U.S. Treasury, financial institutions, corporations and U.S. government agencies with strong credit ratings and an investment grade rating at or above A-1 or P-1 by two of the three nationally recognized statistical rating organizations. The Company does not believe that it is exposed to more than a nominal amount of credit risk related to any marketable securities it may invest in. The Company has established guidelines relative to diversification and maturities that maintain safety and liquidity, and periodically reviews and modifies these guidelines to maximize trends in yields and interest rates without compromising safety and liquidity. The Company classifies its investments in debt instruments as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale investments are reported at fair value at each balance sheet date, and include any unrealized holding gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive loss, a component of stockholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses are included in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. All of the Company's available-for-sale securities are available for use in its current operations. The Company classifies marketable securities as either cash equivalents, short-term or long-term based on their stated maturity dates as it is more-likely-than-not that the Company will hold these assets through to their maturity dates. The Company held $ 254.2 million of marketable securities as of December 31, 2024. The Company did not hold any marketable securities as of December 31, 2023. The Company evaluates securities for impairment at the end of each reporting period. Impairment is evaluated considering numerous factors, and their relative significance varies depending on the situation. Factors considered include whether a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis is due to credit-related factors or non-credit-related factors, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the Company, and the Company's intent and ability to hold the investment to allow for an anticipated recovery in fair value. A credit-related impairment is recognized as an allowance on the balance sheet with a corresponding adjustment to earnings. Any impairment that is not credit-related is recognized in other comprehensive loss, net of applicable taxes unless deemed other than temporary. Concentrations of Credit Risk and Significant Suppliers and License Agreements Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketable securities. The Company's investment portfolio may include money market funds, marketable debt securities, including debt securities issued by U.S. government agencies and corporations, and commercial paper. The Company's investments are limited to investment-grade securities with strong credit ratings with the objective of maintaining safety and liquidity. The Company also maintains deposits in accredited financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. Bank accounts in the United States are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) up to $250,000. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s primary operating accounts significantly exceeded the FDIC limits. The Company deposits its cash in financial institutions that it believes have high credit quality, and has not experienced any losses on such accounts and does not believe it is exposed to any unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships. The Company is dependent on third-party manufacturers to supply materials for research and development activities of its programs, including preclinical and clinical testing. In particular, the Company relies, and expects to continue to rely, on a small number of third-party manufacturers to produce and process its current and potential product candidates and to manufacture supply of its current and potential product candidates for preclinical and clinical activities. These programs could be adversely affected by a significant interruption in the supply of the necessary materials. The Company is also dependent on third parties who provide license rights used in the development of certain programs. The Company could experience delays in the development of its programs if any of these license agreements are terminated, if the Company fails to meet the obligations required under its arrangements, or if the Company is unable to successfully secure new strategic alliances or licensing agreements. Off-Balance Sheet Risk As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no off-balance sheet risk such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts or other hedging arrangements. 112 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Fair Value Measurements Certain assets and liabilities of the Company are carried at fair value under GAAP. The fair values of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities reflect the Company’s estimate of the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable: • Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2: Observable inputs (other than Level 1 quoted prices), such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. • Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity that are significant to determining the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques. To the extent the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. An entity may choose to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value at specified election dates. Subsequent unrealized gains and losses on items for which the fair value option has been elected will be reported in earnings. Items measured at fair value on a recurring basis include cash equivalents and marketable securities (Note 4 and Note 5). The carrying amounts reflected in the consolidated balance sheets for cash, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these assets and liabilities. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives of the assets: Estimated Useful Life Office furniture and equipment 5 years Laboratory equipment 3 years Computer equipment 3 years Upon disposal, retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in the results of operations. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance that do not improve or extend the lives of the respective assets are charged to expense as incurred. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets consist of property and equipment. Long-lived assets to be held and used are tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. Factors that the Company considers in deciding when to perform an impairment review include significant underperformance of the business in relation to expectations, significant 113 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) negative industry or economic trends and significant changes or planned changes in the use of the assets. If an impairment review is performed to evaluate a long-lived asset group for recoverability, the Company compares forecasts of undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the long-lived asset group to its carrying value. An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of an asset group are less than its carrying amount. The impairment loss would be based on the excess of the carrying value of the impaired asset group over its fair value, determined based on discounted cash flows. The Company did no t record any impairment losses on long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Leases The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASC 842. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at contract inception. Operating lease right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based upon the present value of lease payments over the lease term. When determining the lease term, the Company includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised. The Company uses the implicit rate when readily determinable and uses its incremental borrowing rate when the implicit rate is not readily determinable, based upon the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of the lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is determined using a secured borrowing rate for the same currency and term as the associated lease. The lease payments used to determine operating lease right-of-use assets may include lease incentives and stated rent increases. The Company’s lease agreements may include both lease and non-lease components, which the Company accounts for as a single lease component when the payments are fixed, for all classes of underlying assets. Variable payments included in the lease agreement are expensed as incurred. The Company’s operating leases are reflected in operating lease right-of-use assets and in current operating lease liabilities and long-term operating lease liabilities in its consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s operating lease right-of-use asset as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 did not include any lease incentives. Lease expense for future lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Collaboration Agreements The Company analyzes its collaboration arrangements to assess whether they are within the scope of ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (" ASC 808"), to determine whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards that are dependent on the commercial success of such activities. To the extent the arrangement is within the scope of ASC 808, the Company assesses whether aspects of the arrangement between the Company and its collaboration partner are within the scope of other accounting literature, including ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (" ASC 606"). If it is concluded that some or all aspects of the arrangement represent a transaction with a customer, the Company will account for those aspects of the arrangement within the scope of ASC 606. ASC 808 provides guidance for the presentation and disclosure of transactions in collaborative arrangements, but it does not provide recognition or measurement guidance. Therefore, if the Company concludes a counterparty to a transaction is not a customer or otherwise not within the scope of ASC 606, the Company considers the guidance in other accounting literature as applicable or by analogy to account for such transaction. The classification of transactions under the Company’s arrangements is determined based on the nature and contractual terms of the arrangement along with the nature of the operations of the participants. Revenue Recognition The Company enters into collaboration agreements which are within the scope of ASC 606 under which the Company may license or provide options to license certain development or product candidates and, in certain 114 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) cases, may perform research and development services. The terms of these agreements may include payment of non-refundable, upfront fees, option exercise fees, development and commercial milestone payments and royalties on net sales of licensed products. Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized for agreements determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when or as the Company satisfies each performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations. The Company then assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. When the Company offers options for additional goods or services, such as an option to obtain a license, it evaluates whether such options are material rights that should be treated as separate performance obligations. The Company estimates the transaction price based on the amount expected to be received for transferring the promised goods or services in the contract. The consideration may include fixed consideration or variable consideration. At the inception of each agreement that includes variable consideration, the Company evaluates the amount of potential payments and the likelihood that the payments will be received to estimate the amount expected to be received. The amount of variable consideration included in the transaction price may be constrained and is included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of the cumulative revenue recognized will not occur in a future period. The Company recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that it allocated to the respective performance obligation when or as each performance obligation is satisfied, either at a point in time or over time. If the performance obligation is satisfied over time, the Company recognizes revenue based on the use of an output or input method. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition. For example, f or research and development services that are recognized over time, the Company measures its progress using an input method. The input methods used are based on the effort the Company expends or costs it incurs toward the satisfaction of its performance obligation. The Company estimates the amount of effort it expends, including the time it estimates it will take to complete the activities, or costs it incurs in a given period, relative to the estimated total effort or costs to satisfy the performance obligation. This results in a percentage that is multiplied by the transaction price to determine the amount of revenue recognized each period. If the estimates or judgements change over the course of the collaboration, they may affect the timing and amount of revenue that is recognized in the current and future periods. Upfront payments are recorded as contract liabilities within deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheets until the Company performs its obligations under these agreements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when the Company’s right to consideration is unconditional. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had an option and license agreement with UCB Biopharma SRL ("UCB"), which it entered into in December 2022. Additionally, it had a collaboration and license agreement with Tenacia Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd ("Tenacia"), which it entered into in January 2024. The accounting related to these agreements is outlined in Note 9, Collaboration and License Agreements. Research and Development Costs Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including salaries, stock-based compensation and benefits, facilities costs, depreciation, third-party license fees and external costs of outside vendors engaged to conduct preclinical development activities and clinical trials as well as to manufacture research and development 115 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) materials. Non-refundable prepayments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are deferred and capitalized. Such amounts are recognized as an expense as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed or until it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered or the services rendered. Costs incurred to obtain licenses are recognized as research and development expense as incurred if the technology licensed has no alternative future uses. The Company has entered into various research and development related contracts with parties both inside and outside of the United States. These agreements are cancellable, and related fees are recorded as research and development expenses as incurred. The Company records accrued liabilities and prepaid expenses for estimated ongoing research costs. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities and prepaid expenses, the Company analyzes progress of the studies or clinical trials, including the phase or completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates are made in determining the accrued and prepaid balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates. The Company’s historical estimates have not been materially different from the actual costs. Patent-Related Costs Patent-related costs incurred in connection with patent applications are expensed as incurred due to the uncertainty about the recovery of the expenditure. Amounts incurred are classified as general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. Stock-Based Compensation The Company accounts for all stock-based awards granted to employees and non-employees as stock-based compensation expense at fair value in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation ("ASC 718"). For stock-based awards issued to employees, non-employees and members of the Company’s board of directors (the “Board”) for their services on the Board, the Company measures the estimated fair value of the stock-based award on the date of the grant. The Company recognizes compensation expense for those awards granted to employees and members of the Board over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. For non-employee awards, compensation expense is recognized as the services are provided, which is generally ratably over the vesting period. The Company issues stock-based awards with service-based vesting conditions and records the expense for these awards on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. To date, the Company has not issued any stock-based awards with performance or market-based vesting conditions. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. The Company classifies stock-based compensation expense in its consolidated statement of operations in the same manner in which the award recipient’s salary or service payments are classified. The fair value of each stock option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires inputs of subjective assumptions, including: (i) the expected volatility of the Company’s stock; (ii) the expected term of the award; (iii) the risk-free interest rate; (iv) expected dividends; and (v) the fair value of common stock. Due to the lack of Company-specific historical and implied volatility data, the Company determines the volatility for awards granted based on an analysis of reported data for a group of guideline publicly-traded companies that issued options with substantially similar terms. For this analysis, the Company selects companies with comparable characteristics including enterprise value, risk profiles, and with historical share price information sufficient to meet the expected life of the stock-based awards. The Company determines expected volatility using a weighted average of the historical volatilities of the guideline group of companies. The Company expects to continue to apply this process until such time as it has adequate historical data regarding the volatility of its own traded stock price. As permitted under ASC 718, the Company has elected to use the contractual term as the expected term for certain non-employee awards, on an award-by-award basis. For all other awards, the expected term of the Company’s stock options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method whereby the expected term equals the average of the vesting term and the original contractual term of the option, on a weighted basis based on the vesting of each tranche. The Company utilizes this method as it has insufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for instruments with a term commensurate with the expected term assumption. The expected dividend yield is assumed to be zero 116 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) as the Company has never paid dividends, and does not have current plans to pay any dividends on its common stock. Subsequent to the IPO, the fair value of the common stock underlying the Company's stock-based awards is the closing price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. The grant date fair value of restricted stock units is estimated based on the fair value of the Company's underlying common stock on the date of grant. Foreign Currency Monetary assets and liabilities resulting from transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency at exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are measured using historical exchange rates prevailing at the date of the transaction and are not subsequently remeasured. Exchange gains or losses arising from foreign currency transactions are included in the determination of net loss. There were no material foreign currency gains or losses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Income Taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between the consolidated financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded in the provision for income taxes. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent that it believes based upon the weight of available evidence it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established. The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions recognized in the consolidated financial statements by prescribing a more-likely-than-not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The provision for income taxes includes the effects of any resulting tax reserves, or unrecognized tax benefits, that are considered appropriate as well as the related net interest and penalties. Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss includes net loss and certain changes in stockholders’ equity that are excluded from net loss. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, comprehensive loss consists of net loss and changes in unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities. Common Stock Warrants The Company accounts for warrants to purchase shares of its common stock in accordance with the guidance in FASB ASC No. 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity ("ASC 480") and ASC No. 815, Derivatives and Hedging ("ASC 815"). The Company classifies warrants issued for the purchase of shares of its common stock as either equity or liability instruments based on an assessment of the specific terms and conditions of each respective contract. Such assessment includes determining whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments or embedded in a host instrument, whether the warrants are liabilities within the scope of ASC 480, whether the warrants meet the definition of a derivative in ASC 815 and whether the warrants meet the requirements for equity classification pursuant to the indexation and equity classification criteria in ASC 815. The Company determines the classification for its warrants at the time of issuance and updates its assessment, as necessary. Warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification are recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital. Equity classified warrants are accounted for at fair value on the issuance date with no changes in fair value recognized after the issuance date. Net Loss per Share Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. The calculation of weighted average number of common shares outstanding excludes shares of restricted common stock that are not vested but includes shares of common stock underlying pre-funded warrants. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common 117 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) shares outstanding for the period, after giving consideration to the dilutive effect of potentially dilutive common shares. For purposes of this calculation, outstanding options to purchase shares of common stock, unvested shares of restricted common stock and potential shares issuable under the 2020 ESPP are considered potentially dilutive common shares. The Company has generated a net loss in all periods presented so the basic and diluted net loss per share are the same, as the inclusion of the potentially dilutive securities would be anti-dilutive. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"). ASU 2023-07 improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments included in this ASU apply to all public entities that are required to report segment information in accordance with Topic 280, including those with a single reportable segment. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 as of December 31, 2024. The amendments were applied retroactively to all prior periods presented in the consolidated financial statements and are reflected within Note 17. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09"). ASU 2023-09 provides more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and incomes taxes paid information. For public companies, the amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 and should be applied prospectively. The Company has determined that the effects of adopting the amendments in ASU 2023-09 will only impact its disclosures and not have a material impact on its consolidated financial position and the results of its operations when such amendment is adopted. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses ("ASU 2024-03"), requiring public entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the financial statements on an interim and annual basis. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this update, or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2024-03 on its consolidated financial statements. 3. Restricted Cash As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had restricted cash of $ 0.4 million and $ 0.4 million, respectively, held as letters of credit for the benefit of its current landlord. The Company's Boston, Massachusetts sublease expires on January 31, 2026, and the related letter of credit of $ 0.4 million was classified within other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. 4. Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities The following is a summary of the Company's investment portfolio as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands). The Company did not hold any cash equivalents or marketable securities as of December 31, 2023. 118 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) As of December 31, 2024 Gross Unrealized Estimated Cost Gains Losses Fair Value Cash equivalents: Money market funds $ 128,652 $ — $ — $ 128,652 Debt securities issued by U.S. government agencies 15,953 2 — 15,955 Available-for-sale securities: Debt securities issued by U.S. government agencies 128,215 475 — 128,690 Corporate debt securities 107,695 157 — 107,852 Commercial paper 8,775 19 — 8,794 Other debt securities 8,819 1 — 8,820 Total cash equivalents and marketable securities $ 398,109 $ 654 $ — $ 398,763 Contractual maturities of the marketable securities at each balance sheet are as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Within one year $ 177,195 $ — After one year through five years 76,961 — Total $ 254,156 $ — Securities are evaluated for impairment at the end of each reporting period. The Company did not record any impairment related to its available-for-sale securities during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. 5. Fair Value of Financial Assets The following table presents information about the Company's financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicates the level of the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine such fair values as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands). The Company did not hold any financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets: Money market funds $ 128,652 $ — $ — $ 128,652 Debt securities issued by U.S. government agencies 144,644 — — 144,644 Corporate debt securities — 107,852 — 107,852 Commercial paper — 8,794 — 8,794 Other debt securities — 8,821 — 8,821 $ 273,296 $ 125,467 $ — $ 398,763 The Company estimates the fair value of its marketable securities classified as Level 2 by taking into consideration valuations obtained from third-party pricing sources. These pricing sources utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market-based approaches, for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, to estimate fair value. These inputs include market pricing based on real-time trade data for the same or similar securities, issuer credit spreads, benchmark yields, and other observable inputs. The Company validates the prices provided by its third-party pricing sources by understanding the models used, obtaining market values from other pricing sources and analyzing pricing data in certain instances. 119 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 6. Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2024 2023 Computer equipment $ 689 $ 689 Office furniture and equipment 545 545 Laboratory equipment 359 359 Total property and equipment 1,593 1,593 Less: Accumulated depreciation ( 1,363 ) ( 1,005 ) Property and equipment, net $ 230 $ 588 Depreciation expense was $ 0.4 million and $ 0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. 7. Accrued Expenses Accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2024 2023 Accrued external research and development expenses $ 13,363 $ 2,957 Accrued personnel-related expenses 9,365 3,716 Accrued other expenses 1,035 743 Total accrued expenses $ 23,763 $ 7,416 8. Commitments and Contingencies Leases In May 2021, the Company entered into a sublease agreement for office space located in Boston, Massachusetts. The sublease expires on January 31, 2026, with no option to renew or terminate early. The base rent increases by approximately 2 % annually. The Company issued a letter of credit to the landlord related to the security deposit, secured by restricted cash (Note 3). This lease qualifies as an operating lease. At inception, the Company recorded an operating lease right-of-use asset and operating lease liability of $ 4.1 million. The following table summarizes the presentation of the operating lease in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (in thousands): As of December 31, 2024 2023 Assets: Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 1,131 $ 2,064 Liabilities: Current operating lease liabilities $ 1,259 $ 1,126 Non-current portion of operating lease liabilities 110 1,369 Total lease liabilities $ 1,369 $ 2,495 120 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The following table summarizes total lease costs recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations (in thousands): For the year ended December 31, 2024 2023 Operating lease cost $ 1,102 $ 1,102 Variable lease costs 33 14 Total lease costs $ 1,135 $ 1,116 Variable lease costs were primarily related to operating expenses, taxes and insurance associated with the operating leases, which were assessed based on the Company’s proportionate share of such costs for the leased premises. As these costs are generally variable in nature, they were not included in the measurement of the operating lease right-of-use asset and related lease liability. Total lease costs are included as operating expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Future lease payments under non-cancelable lease agreements as of December 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Future Lease Payments 2025 $ 1,321 2026 110 Total future lease payments 1,431 Less: interest ( 62 ) Present value of operating lease liabilities $ 1,369 The weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average incremental borrowing rate of the Company’s operating lease were as follows: As of December 31, 2024 2023 Weighted average remaining lease term (in years) 1.1 2.1 Weighted average incremental borrowing rate 9.0 % 9.0 % Legal Proceedings The Company, from time to time, may be party to litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company was not subject to any material legal proceedings during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and no material legal proceedings are currently pending or threatened. Purchase Orders The Company has agreements with third parties for various services, including services related to research, preclinical and clinical operations and support, for which the Company is not contractually able to terminate for convenience to avoid future obligations to the vendors. Certain agreements provide for termination rights subject to termination fees or wind down costs. Under such agreements, the Company is contractually obligated to make certain payments to vendors, primarily to reimburse them for their unrecoverable outlays incurred prior to cancellation. The actual amounts the Company could pay in the future to the vendors under such agreements may differ from the purchase order amounts due to cancellation provisions. Indemnification Agreements The Company enters into indemnification agreements and agreements containing indemnification provisions in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company agrees to indemnify, hold 121 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) harmless, and to reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, generally the Company’s business partners, in connection with any U.S. patent or any copyright or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to the Company’s products. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual upon execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited. The Company has never incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. Agreements The Company has entered into multiple agreements with third parties under which it may be obligated to make future development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments and royalty payments on future sales of specified product candidates. Payments under these agreements generally become due and payable upon achievement of such milestones and sales. When the achievement of these milestones or sales have not occurred, such contingencies are not recorded in the Company's financial statements. 9. Collaboration and License Agreements UCB Option and License Agreement In December 2022, the Company entered into an Option and License Agreement (“the Collaboration Agreement”) with UCB for the discovery of small molecule therapeutics as potential treatments of KCNT1-related epilepsies. Under the terms of the Collaboration Agreement, the Company has agreed to perform general biology-related research services as part of a mutually agreed upon research plan in exchange for a $ 5.0 million upfront payment. In addition, the Company provided UCB an exclusive option to in-license global development and commercialization rights to any resulting KCNT1 small molecule development candidate identified as part of the research plan. If UCB exercises its option to in-license global development and commercialization rights, the Collaboration Agreement stipulates that UCB will assume research, development, manufacturing and commercialization responsibilities and costs. Under the terms of the Collaboration Agreement, the Company will be eligible to receive an option fee and future success-based development and commercialization milestone payments, totaling up to $ 98.5 million, in addition to tiered royalties on net sales of any resulting products from the Collaboration Agreement. The Company concluded that UCB is a customer, and as such, the arrangement falls within the scope of Topic 606. At the commencement of the Collaboration Agreement, the Company identified one performance obligation, which was to perform the research services for UCB. The Company determined the transaction price to be $ 5.0 million, comprised of the upfront payment it received. The option provided to UCB was determined not to be a material right. The Company recognizes revenue for its research services performance obligation over time using an input method over the duration of the research services. In December 2024, UCB exercised its option to in-license global development and commercialization rights for a KCNT1 development candidate as part of the Collaboration Agreement. Upon notice of the exercise, the Company recognized the $ 6.0 million option exercise fee as collaboration revenue within the consolidated statement of operations. The Company also recognized the $ 2.6 million of remaining collaboration revenue associated with the $ 5.0 million up front payment, as the Company will have no further research service obligations under the terms of the Collaboration Agreement. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $ 8.6 million and $ 2.4 million respectively, in collaboration revenue related to the Collaboration Agreement in the consolidated statement of operations. As of December 31, 2024, there was no deferred revenue included in the consolidated balance sheet. 122 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Tenacia Collaboration and License Agreement On January 4, 2024, the Company entered into an exclusive collaboration and license Agreement (“the License Agreement”) with Tenacia, a China-based portfolio company of Bain Capital, which provides Tenacia an exclusive license to use certain intellectual property for the development and commercialization of ulixacaltamide and products containing ulixacaltamide in China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. Tenacia is solely responsible for the development and commercialization under the arrangement, with the exception of the associated manufacturing. The Company also entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (“the Stock Purchase Agreement”) with BCPE Tenet Holdings Cayman, Ltd. (“BCPE”), a related party of Tenacia. Pursuant to the terms of the License Agreement, the Company was entitled to an up-front, non-refundable and non-creditable cash payment of $ 5.0 million, net of certain tax withholdings. In addition, the Company is eligible to receive $ 264.0 million in success-based development and commercialization milestone payments as well as tiered royalties on net sales. Pursuant to the terms of the Stock Purchase Agreement, the Company issued and sold 443,253 shares of its common stock to BCPE at a price per share of $ 22.5605 for aggregate gross proceeds of $ 10.0 million. The per share price was based on a 20 % premium over the 30-day volume-weighted average price. Under the terms of the License Agreement, the Company granted to Tenacia an exclusive license to use certain intellectual property for the development and commercialization of ulixacaltamide and products containing ulixacaltamide in China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. Tenacia is solely responsible for the development and commercialization under the arrangement, with the exception of the associated manufacturing. The Company concluded that the License Agreement and the Stock Purchase Agreement is a combined arrangement since they were executed at the same time and in contemplation of each other with the same counterparty or a related party thereof and the combined arrangement falls within the scope of Topic 606. The Company’s obligations under the arrangement comprise a single promise, or one performance obligation, related to the exclusive development and commercialization license granted to Tenacia. Total proceeds associated with the combined arrangement at inception were $ 14.8 million consisting of the following: (i) $ 10.0 million gross proceeds from the sale of common stock under the Stock Purchase Agreement and (ii) $ 4.8 million, net of tax, related to the up-front payment under the License Agreement, both of which were received in January 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company had not achieved any development or sales milestones or earned any royalties under the License Agreement. The Company recorded the common stock sold to BCPE at its issuance date fair value of $ 38.95 per share, or $ 17.3 million in the aggregate, which exceeded the proceeds received which were calculated based on the 20 % premium over the prior 30-day volume-weighted average price. Accordingly, there is no transaction price allocable to the performance obligation. The Company accounted for the excess of the fair value of the equity securities issued over the total proceeds received as consideration paid to a customer for which no distinct good or service was transferred in exchange. As a result, the transaction gives rise to negative revenue on a cumulative basis in the amount of $ 2.5 million, which was recorded at the inception of the collaboration and license agreement in research and development expense in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. For agreements where the licenses are considered separate performance obligations or represent the only performance obligation, the Company recognizes revenue at the point in time that the Company effectively grants the license, as the licenses or assignments represent functional intellectual property. As of December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any receivables or deferred revenue related to the arrangement with Tenacia. The Company did not recognize any contract assets related to costs to obtain a contract with a customer or costs to fulfill a contract with a customer through December 31, 2024 because no qualifying costs were incurred. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company did not recognize any revenue associated with the combined arrangement. 10. Common Stock and Preferred Stock Common Stock 123 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) In November 2021, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement (the "2021 Sales Agreement") with Jefferies LLC ("Jefferies"), to provide for the offering, issuance and sale of up to an aggregate amount of $ 125.0 million of common stock from time to time in at-the-market offerings for which Jefferies acted as sales agent. The Company terminated the 2021 Sales Agreement in June 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 952,794 shares under the 2021 Sales Agreement for aggregate net proceeds of $ 24.1 million, after deducting commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company. In December 2023, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement (the "2023 Sales Agreement"), with Jefferies, to provide for the offering, issuance and sale of up to an aggregate amount of $ 75.0 million of common stock from time to time in at-the-market offerings. The 2023 Sales Agreement was terminated in January 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 192,190 shares under the 2023 Sales Agreement for aggregate net proceeds of $ 5.3 million, after deducting commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company. In March 2024, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement (the "March 2024 Sales Agreement"), with Jefferies, to provide for the offering, issuance, and sale of up to an aggregate amount of $ 150.0 million of common stock from time to time in at-the-market offerings. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 1,614,975 shares under the March 2024 Sales Agreement for aggregate net proceeds of $ 113.1 million, after deducting commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company. In December 2024, the Company entered into an amendment to the March Sales Agreement with Jefferies, to provide for the offering, issuance, and sale of up to an aggregate amount of $ 250.0 million of common stock from time to time in at-the-market offerings. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 16,487 shares under the amended March 2024 Sales Agreement for aggregate net proceeds of $ 1.0 million, after deducting commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the authorized capital stock of the Company included 150,000,000 shares of common stock, $ 0.0001 par value, pursuant to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation effective upon the completion of the IPO. Holders of such shares of common stock have the exclusive right to vote for the election of the Company's directors and are entitled to one vote per share. In the event of the voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the holders of common stock are entitled to a pro rata distribution of the Company's net assets. Dividends may be declared and paid to such holders only when, as, and if declared by the Board or an authorized committee thereof. A s of December 31, 2024, the Company did no t hold any treasury shares. Follow-On Public Offerings June 2023 Public Offering On June 21, 2023, the Company completed a public offering of: (i) an aggregate of 4,296,646 shares of its common stock at a public offering price of $ 14.25 per share, including the underwriters’ full exercise of their option to purchase 619,979 additional shares of common stock, and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase 470,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $ 14.2485 per share of common stock underlying the warrants. The purchase price per share for each pre-funded warrant represents the per share offering price for the common stock, less the $ 0.0015 per share exercise price for each underlying share. Total net proceeds generated from the offering were approximately $ 63.4 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses payable by the Company. During the year ended December 31, 2024, all pre-funded warrants associated with this offering were exercised via a cashless exercise, resulting in 469,981 shares of common stock issued. No cash proceeds associated with the exercise were received by the Company. As of December 31, 2024, there were no pre-funded warrants associated with this offering outstanding. January 2024 Public Offering 124 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) On January 16, 2024, the Company completed a public offering of: (i) an aggregate of 3,802,025 shares of its common stock at a public offering price of $ 35.50 per share, including the underwriters' full exercise of their option to purchase 633,750 additional shares of common stock, and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase 1,056,725 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $ 35.4999 per share of common stock underlying the warrants. The purchase price per share of each pre-funded warrant represents the per share offering price for the common stock, less the $ 0.0001 per share exercise price of each underlying share. Total net proceeds generated from the offering were approximately $ 161.6 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses payable by the Company. The pre-funded warrants are exercisable at any time on or after the date of issuance at the option of the holder, subject to a beneficial ownership blocker that may limit exercisability. No holder may exercise any portion of the warrants that would cause the aggregate number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by such holder, together with its affiliates, to exceed 4.99 % (or 9.99 % ) of the issued and outstanding common stock. A holder of a pre-funded warrant may increase or decrease this percentage up to 19.99 % by providing at least 61 days’ prior notice to the Company. The pre-funded warrants do not expire. The pre-funded warrants may be settled through either physical or net share settlement. Following the occurrence of certain fundamental transactions, the holders of the pre-funded warrants have the right to receive upon exercise of the warrants the same amount and kind of securities, cash, or property as they would have been entitled to receive if they had been holders of the common shares issuable under the warrants immediately prior to such transaction. During the year ended December 31, 2024, 152,145 pre-funded warrants were exercised via a cashless exercise, resulting in 152,142 shares of common stock issued. No cash proceeds associated with the exercise were received by the Company. As of December 31, 2024, a total of 904,580 pre-funded warrants associated with this offering remained outstanding. April 2024 Public Offering On April 2, 2024 the Company completed a public offering of: (i) an aggregate of 3,849,558 shares of its common stock at a public offering price of $ 56.50 per share, including the underwriters' full exercise of their option to purchase 530,973 additional shares of common stock, and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase 221,238 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $ 56.4999 per share of common stock underlying the warrants. The purchase price per share for each pre-funded warrant represents the per share offering price for the common stock, less the $ 0.0001 per share exercise price of each underlying share. Total net proceeds generated from the offering were approximately $ 216.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses payable by the Company. The pre-funded warrants are exercisable at any time on or after the date of issuance at the option of the holder, subject to a beneficial ownership blocker that may limit exercisability. No holder may exercise any portion of the warrants that would cause the aggregate number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by such holder, together with its affiliates, to exceed 4.99 % (or 9.99 % ) of the issued and outstanding common stock. A holder of a pre-funded warrant may increase or decrease this percentage up to 19.99 % by providing at least 61 days’ prior notice to the Company. The pre-funded warrants do not expire. The pre-funded warrants may be settled through either physical or net share settlement. Following the occurrence of certain fundamental transactions, the holders of the pre-funded warrants have the right to receive upon exercise of the warrants the same amount and kind of securities, cash, or property as they would have been entitled to receive if they had been holders of the common shares issuable under the warrants immediately prior to such transaction. As of December 31, 2024, none of the pre-funded warrants had been exercised and all remained outstanding. The Company determined that the pre-funded warrants related to the June 2023, January 2024, and April 2024 public offerings are freestanding financial instruments because they are both legally detachable and separately exercisable from the common stock sold in the offering. As such, the Company evaluated the pre-funded warrants to determine whether they represent instruments that require liability classification pursuant to the guidance in ASC 480. However, the Company concluded that the pre-funded warrants are not a liability within the scope of ASC 480 due to their characteristics. Further, the Company determined that the pre-funded warrants do not meet the definition of a derivative under ASC 815 because they do not meet the criteria regarding no or little initial net investment. Accordingly, the Company assessed the pre-funded warrants relative to the guidance in ASC No. 815-40, Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity , to determine the appropriate treatment. The Company concluded that 125 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) the pre-funded warrants are both indexed to its own stock and meet all other conditions for equity classification. Accordingly, the Company has classified the pre-funded warrants as permanent equity. Shares Reserved for Future Issuance The Company had reserved the following shares of common stock for future issuance: December 31, 2024 2023 Shares reserved for exercise of outstanding stock options 1,809,343 666,163 Shares reserved for exercise of pre-funded warrants related to the June 2023 Financing — 470,000 Shares reserved for exercise of pre-funded warrants related to the January 2024 Financing 904,580 — Shares reserved for exercise of pre-funded warrants related to the April 2024 Financing 221,238 — Shares reserved for future awards under the 2020 Stock Option and Incentive Plan 91,343 148,264 Shares reserved for future awards under the 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan 109,648 53,111 Shares reserved for future awards under the 2024 Inducement Plan 112,774 — Shares reserved for vesting of restricted stock units 224,473 47,145 Total shares of authorized common stock reserved for future issuance 3,473,399 1,384,683 Preferred Stock As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company was authorized to issue 10,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock, $ 0.0001 par value, in one or more series, and is authorized to fix the powers, designations, preferences and relative participating option or other rights thereof, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, redemption rights, liquidation preferences and the number of shares constituting any series, without any further vote or action by the Company's shareholders. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no shares of undesignated preferred stock issued or outstanding. 11. Stock-Based Compensation Equity Incentive Plans In January 2024, the Board of Directors ("the Board") adopted the 2024 Inducement Plan (the "Inducement Plan") without stockholder approval pursuant to Rule 5635(c)(4) of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC listing rules ("Rule 5635(c)(4)"). In accordance with Rule 5635(c)(4), the Inducement Plan allows the Company to grant awards only to a newly hired employee who was not previously an employee or non-employee director or to an employee who is being rehired following a bona fide period of non-employment if such award is a material inducement to such employee entering into employment. The total shares of common stock initially authorized for issuance under the Inducement Plan was 1,000,000 . In June 2024, the shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the Inducement Plan was reduced by 870,000 shares following stockholder approval of an amendment and restatement of the 2020 Stock Option and Incentive Plan ("the 2020 Plan"). The total number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the Inducement Plan as of December 31, 2024 was 130,000 shares. The total number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2020 Plan as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 wa s 1,970,833 sh ares and 661,240 shares, respectively. The total number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2017 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2017 Plan") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 395,850 shares. Any authorization to issue new options under the 2017 Plan was cancelled upon the effectiveness of the 2020 Plan and no further awards will be granted under the 2017 Plan. Stock options issued under the 2024 Inducement, 2020 Plan and 2017 Plan expire ten years from the date of grant. Shares that expire, are terminated, surrendered or canceled under the 2024 Inducement, 2020 Plan and 2017 Plan without having been fully exercised will be available for future awards. In addition, shares of common stock that are tendered to the Company by a participant to exercise an award are added to the number of shares of 126 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) common stock available for future awards. Upon stock option exercise, the Company issues new shares and delivers them to the participant. Th e total s hares authorized for issuance under the 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "2020 ESPP") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 175,145 shares and 87,227 shares, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company issued 31,381 and 24,690 shares, respectively, under the 2020 ESPP. Restricted Stock Units The following table summarizes the Company’s restricted stock unit activity: Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Unvested as of December 31, 2023 47,145 $ 202.27 Issued 208,997 53.35 Vested ( 19,576 ) 201.07 Forfeited ( 12,093 ) 53.90 Unvested as of December 31, 2024 224,473 $ 71.71 As of December 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock units was $ 10.6 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.72 years. The total fair value of restricted stock units that vested during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 1.0 million and $ 0.5 million, respectively. Stock Options The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity: Number of Shares Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In years) (In thousands) Outstanding as of December 31, 2023 666,163 $ 160.19 7.79 $ 254 Granted 1,221,746 51.59 Exercised ( 45,177 ) 46.24 $ 1,231 Cancelled or Forfeited ( 33,389 ) 108.85 Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 1,809,343 $ 90.84 8.47 $ 39,989 Exercisable as of December 31, 2024 933,936 $ 120.30 7.77 $ 19,033 Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2024 1,809,343 $ 90.84 8.47 $ 39,989 The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 1.2 million and $ 0.1 million, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options outstanding, exercisable, and vested and expected to vest is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying stock options and the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock for those stock options that had exercise prices lower than the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock at December 31, 2024. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying stock options and the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of exercise for those stock options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the exercise date. 127 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Valuation of Stock Options The weighted-average assumptions that the Company used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the grant-date fair value of stock options granted to employees, members of the Board, and non-employees on the date of grant were as follows for the for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023: Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 Risk-free interest rate 4.01 % 3.60 % Expected term (in years) 6.03 6.00 Expected volatility 96.60 % 88.40 % Expected dividend yield — % — % Weighted average grant-date fair value per share $ 41.25 $ 29.73 As of December 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options was $ 38.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.49 years. Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation expense was allocated as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 Research and development $ 15,620 $ 8,055 General and administrative 25,740 16,802 Total stock-based compensation expense $ 41,360 $ 24,857 12. Significant Agreements RogCon and Ionis Agreements On September 11, 2019, the Company entered into both a Cooperation and License Agreement (the “License Agreement”) with RogCon, Inc. ("RogCon"), and a Research, Collaboration, Option and License Agreement (the “Ionis Collaboration Agreement”) with Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ("Ionis"). The agreements were entered into contemporaneously to enable the parties to advance their collective efforts related to SCN2A. RogCon Agreement Under the License Agreement, RogCon granted to the Company an exclusive, worldwide license under RogCon’s intellectual property to research, develop and commercialize products for the treatment of all forms of epilepsy and/or neurodevelopmental disorders in each case caused by any mutation of the SCN2A gene. Under the License Agreement, the Company will conduct, at its own cost and expense, the research and development activities assigned to it under the research plan. In addition, the Company is responsible for reimbursing RogCon for any costs associated with research and development activities RogCon performs at the request of the Company. As part of the agreement, the Company agreed to provide up-front consideration of $ 2.1 million. Subsequent to September 11, 2019, the Company will reimburse RogCon for its out-of-pocket costs incurred for activities performed under the License Agreement. The Company expenses these costs as incurred as research and development. Expenses incurred for all periods presented were not material. Additionally, the Company may pay RogCon a milestone payment of $ 3.0 million and profit share payments. The $ 3.0 million milestone payment will become due when the first profit share payment has become due and certain contingent payments have become payable to Ionis under the Ionis Collaboration Agreement, which are subject to the Company exercising its option to obtain license rights to a development candidate, as well as other 128 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) contingent events. The profit share payments will be based on a low-double-digit percentage of net profits, depending on sales volume. The License Agreement, unless earlier terminated, will continue until the latest of: (i) expiration of all patent rights within RogCon patents, (ii) the Company and its affiliates certify they have abandoned the research, development and commercialization of product with no intention to re-establish such activities, and (iii) no third party is obligated to pay the Company or its affiliates any amounts that comprise net sublicense revenue. Either party may terminate the License Agreement for material breach or insolvency of the other party. Additionally, the Company may terminate for convenience with prior written notice to RogCon. Upon termination by either party, all rights and licenses granted by RogCon to the Company will revert back to RogCon. Ionis Collaboration Agreement Under the Ionis Collaboration Agreement, both parties participated in research activities related to the downregulation of SCN2A gene products associated with the treatment of any and all forms of epilepsy and/or neurodevelopmental disorders in each case caused by any mutation of the SCN2A gene, other than one severe type of epilepsy. Ionis was also responsible for identifying a development candidate and conducting an IND-enabling toxicology study. The Company reimbursed Ionis for out-of-pocket costs incurred related to the research activities, identification of a development candidate and conducting an IND-enabling toxicology study. The reimbursement of out-of-pocket costs was recognized as research and development expense as incurred. Expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was immaterial . Ionis granted the Company an exclusive option to obtain the rights and license to further develop and commercialize a development candidate in the field of epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders, other than Dravet Syndrome, following the results of the investigational new drug application-enabling toxicology study. The Company exercised this exclusive option in January 2022, paid a $ 2.0 million license fee and recognized the license fee in research and development expenses in the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2022. After option exercise, the Company is responsible for clinical development and commercialization of the development candidate. Additionally, in July 2023, the Company paid a milestone payment of $ 6.9 million to Ionis, which was earned in the second quarter of 2023 upon initiation of the Company's elsunersen EMBRAVE study, and was recognized in research and development expenses in the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2023. Ionis may be entitled to additional development milestone payments, additional milestone payments, and sales royalties or sublicense fees. The Ionis Collaboration Agreement will continue until the expiration of all payment obligations to Ionis, unless earlier terminated. Either party may terminate the Ionis Collaboration Agreement upon material breach or insolvency of the other party. Ionis may terminate if the Company fails to achieve a performance milestone. The Company may terminate for convenience with prior written notice to Ionis. Upon termination by the Company for convenience, the Company will stop selling all products, subject to certain wind-down provisions, and all products will revert back to Ionis. 13. Net Loss per Share The following potential common shares, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods indicated because including them would have been anti-dilutive: Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 Outstanding stock options 1,809,343 666,163 Unvested restricted stock units 224,473 47,145 Potential shares issuable under the ESPP 7,315 24,972 2,041,131 738,280 129 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Common shares issuable upon exercise of the pre-funded warrants that were sold and remain outstanding in connection with the January 2024 and April 2024 underwritten public offerings are included in the calculation of weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the year ended December 31, 2024. Consistent with the guidance in ASC 260-10-45-13, the underlying common shares are issuable for little to no consideration and there are no vesting conditions or contingencies associated with the warrants. Accordingly, the aggregate number of common shares underlying the pre-funded warrants have been considered outstanding for purposes of the calculation of net loss per share from the date of issuance. 14. Income Taxes The Company maintains a full valuation allowance on its U.S. net deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty of future taxable income. The Company did not recognize an income tax benefit in the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023 related to its U.S. operations due to the uncertainty regarding future taxable income. In the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the difference between the statutory tax rate in the U.S. and the Company’s effective tax rate was due primarily to the valuation allowance recorded to offset any potential tax benefit. The income tax benefit (provision) recognized for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was not material. The reconciliation of the U.S. statutory income tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate is as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 Federal statutory income tax rate 21.0 % 21.0 % Federal and state research and development credits 3.9 % 3.5 % State taxes, net of federal benefit 3.5 % 4.3 % Changes in tax rates ( 3.2 ) % 2.9 % Non-deductible executive compensation ( 2.6 ) % ( 1.4 ) % Non-deductible items ( 0.8 ) % — % Stock-based compensation ( 0.9 ) % ( 1.3 ) % Change in valuation allowance ( 20.7 ) % ( 29.7 ) % Other ( 0.2 ) % 0.7 % Effective income tax rate — % — % 130 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Net deferred tax assets consisted of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2024 2023 Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carryforwards $ 90,108 $ 74,528 Capitalized research expenditures 65,836 48,954 Research and development credits 30,582 23,451 Amortization 20,600 23,929 Stock-based compensation 8,784 7,697 Accrued expenses 2,333 1,147 Leases 344 676 Deferred revenue — 692 Total gross deferred tax assets 218,587 181,074 Less: Valuation allowance ( 218,303 ) ( 180,515 ) Net deferred tax assets $ 284 $ 559 Deferred tax liabilities: Operating lease right-of-use asset ( 284 ) ( 559 ) Total gross deferred tax liabilities ( 284 ) ( 559 ) Net deferred tax assets $ — $ — As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards which may be able to offset future income tax liabilities of approximately $ 342.4 million and $ 282.8 million, respectively. Federal net operating loss carryforwards of $ 7.7 million will expire at various dates from 2035 through 2037 and approximately $ 334.7 million may be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company also had state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $ 289.7 million and $ 239.4 million, respectively, which may be available to offset future income tax liabilities and expire at various dates from 2036 through 2044. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had federal research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $ 27.3 million and $ 20.4 million, respectively, available to reduce future tax liabilities which expire at various dates from 2039 through 2044. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had state research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $ 4.1 million and $ 3.8 million, respectively, available to reduce future tax liabilities which expire at various dates from 2032 through 2039. The Company has generated research credits but has not conducted a study to document the qualified activity. This study may result in an adjustment to the Company’s research and development credit carryforwards; however, until a study is completed, and any adjustment is known, no amounts are being presented as an uncertain tax position. A full valuation allowance has been provided against the Company’s research and development credits and, if an adjustment is required, this adjustment would be offset by an adjustment to the deferred tax asset established for the research and development credit carryforwards and the valuation allowance. Under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, the net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards are subject to review and possible adjustment by the Internal Revenue Service and state tax authorities. Net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards may become subject to an annual limitation in the event of certain cumulative changes in the ownership interest of significant shareholders over a three-year period in excess of 50%, as defined under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code, respectively, as well as similar state provisions. This could limit the amount of tax attributes that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities. The amount of the annual limitation is determined based on the value of the Company immediately prior to the ownership change. Subsequent ownership changes may further affect the limitation in future years. The Company has not conducted a study to assess whether a change of control has occurred or whether there have been multiple changes of control since inception due to the significant complexity and cost associated with such a study. If the Company has experienced a change of control, as defined by Section 382, at any time since inception, utilization of 131 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) the net operating loss carryforwards or research and development tax credit carryforwards would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382, which is determined by first multiplying the value of the Company’s stock at the time of the ownership change by the applicable long-term tax-exempt rate, and then could be subject to additional adjustments, as required. Any limitation may result in expiration of a portion of the net operating loss carryforwards or research and development tax credit carryforwards before utilization. Further, until a study is completed by the Company and any limitation is known, no amounts are being presented as an uncertain tax position. ASC 740 requires a valuation allowance to reduce the deferred tax assets reported if, based on the weight of the evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. After consideration of all of the evidence, both positive and negative, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023 because management has determined that it is more likely than not that the Company will not recognize the benefits of its federal and state deferred tax assets, primarily due to its history of cumulative net losses incurred since inception and its lack of commercialization of any products or generation of any revenue from product sales since inception. As a result, a valuation allowance of $ 218.3 million and $ 180.5 million has been established at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Management reevaluates the positive and negative evidence at each reporting period. The valuation allowance increased by approximately $ 37.8 million and $ 36.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, due primarily to the generation of net operating losses. The Company has not recorded any amounts for unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of its income tax provision. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions and no such amounts have been recognized in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for either year ended December 31, 2024 or 2023. The statute of limitations for federal and the majority of state tax authorities is open for tax years ended December 31, 2021 through December 31, 2024. The statute of limitation for the remaining state tax authorities is open for tax years ended December 31, 2020 through December 31, 2024. Since the Company is in a net loss carryforward position, the Company is generally subject to examination by the U.S. federal, state and local income tax authorities for all tax years in which a loss carryforward is available. 15. Related Party Transactions One of the founders of RogCon is the Company's General Counsel. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company reimbursed RogCon for its out-of-pocket costs incurred for activities performed under the License Agreement (Note 12). 16. Employee Benefit Plan The Company has a defined contribution savings plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code for eligible employees. The plan covers substantially all employees who meet a minimum age requirement and allows participants to defer a portion of their annual compensation on a pre-tax basis. Under the plan, the Company is not obligated to match any participant contributions. The Company made contributions of $ 1.2 million and $ 1.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively . 17. Segment Information The Company has one operating segment. The Company's operating segment discovers and develops therapies for CNS disorders. The Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), its Chief Executive Officer, manages the Company's operations on a consolidated basis for the purposes of assessing performance and allocating resources based on net loss that also is reported on the consolidated statement of operations as consolidated net loss. Net loss is used by the CODM to make key strategic and operational decisions. The operating segment's revenue is derived from a single domestic collaboration agreement from which the segment licenses certain development or product candidates and has performed research and development services. The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as total consolidated assets. The majority of the Company's long-lived assets are held in the United States. 132 Table of Contents PRAXIS PRECISION MEDICINES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The following table presents selected financial information about the Company's single operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2024 (in thousands): December 31, 2024 2023 Collaboration revenue $ 8,553 $ 2,447 Program-specific expenses: Ulixacaltamide (a) 69,172 19,464 Vormatrigine 18,360 6,275 Relutrigine 6,273 3,996 Elsunersen 2,135 14,595 Other early stage assets 4,634 7,055 Personnel-related expenses 42,853 33,160 Stock-based compensation expense 41,361 24,857 Depreciation expense 358 432 Other segment expenses (b) 23,572 18,986 Interest income 17,346 3,096 Consolidated net loss $ ( 182,819 ) $ ( 123,277 ) (a) Includes non-cash research and development of $ 2.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 associated with the Company's collaboration with Tenacia (b) Other segment expenses includes research and development and general and administrative costs not attributable to a specific program . 18. Subsequent Events The Company considers events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date but prior to the issuance of the consolidated financial statements to provide additional evidence for certain estimates or to identify matters that require additional disclosure. The Company has concluded that no subsequent events have occurred that require disclosure other than those noted below. At-the-Market Offerings Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Company issued and sold a total of 694,212 shares under the amended March 2024 Sales Agreement for aggregate net proceeds of $ 54.9 million after deducting commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company. 133 Table of Contents Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures None.