Propanc Biopharma, Inc. 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Information The following discussion and analysis of the results of operations and financial condition of Propanc Biopharma, Inc., and its wholly-owned Australian subsidiary, Propanc PTY LTD (collectively, “Propanc” or the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and for the six months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 should be read in conjunction with our unaudited financial statements and the notes to those unaudited financial statements that are included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended December 31, 2023 (this “Quarterly Report”). References in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section to “us”, “we”, “our” and similar terms refer to Propanc. This Quarterly Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The events described in forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report may not occur. Generally, these statements relate to business plans or strategies, projected or anticipated benefits or other consequences of our plans or strategies, projected or anticipated benefits from acquisitions to be made by us, or projections involving anticipated revenues, earnings or other aspects of our operating results. The words “aim”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “continue”, “could”, “estimate”, “expect”, “feel”, “forecast”, “intend”, “may,”, “outlook”, “plan”, “potential”, “predict”, “project,”, “seek”, “should”, “will”, “would” and their opposites and similar expressions, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We caution you that these statements are not guarantees of future performance or events and are subject to a number of uncertainties, risks and other influences, many of which are beyond our control, which may influence the accuracy of the statements and the projections upon which the statements are based. Our actual results, performance and achievements could differ materially from those expressed or implied in these forward-looking statements. Except as required by federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether from new information, future events or otherwise. U.S. Dollars are denoted herein by “USD,” “$” and “dollars”. Overview The Company was originally formed in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia on October 15, 2007 as Propanc PTY LTD. On November 23, 2010, Propanc Health Group Corporation was incorporated in the State of Delaware and in January 2011, to reorganize our Company, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of Propanc PTY LTD on a one-for-one basis, whereby Propanc PTY LTD became our wholly-owned subsidiary. Effective April 20, 2017, we changed our name to “Propanc Biopharma, Inc.” to better reflect our current stage of operations and development. We are a development-stage healthcare company that is currently focused on developing new cancer treatments for patients suffering from pancreatic, ovarian and colorectal cancer. Utilizing our scientific and oncology consultants, we have developed a rational, composite formulation of anti-cancer compounds, which together exert a number of effects designed to control or prevent tumors from recurring and spreading through the body. Our lead product candidate, PRP, is a variation upon our novel formulation and involves pro-enzymes, the inactive precursors of enzymes. Recent Developments November 7, 2023, POP1 Joint Research and Drug Discovery Program On November 7, 2023, results reported by the Company’s joint researcher, Mrs. Belén Toledo Cutillas, MSc, at the laboratory of Professor Macarena Perán, PhD, University of Jaén, Granada, Spain, showed that PRP enhances the sensitivity of resistant pancreatic tumor cells to standard chemotherapy treatment and alters the tumor microenvironment by decreasing the fibrotic tissue and its malignancy (ability to spread into surrounding tissues). Results from the experiments demonstrates the effects of PRP on reducing chemoresistance in pancreatic tumor cells, which is a significant issue among pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients who have a poor 5-year survival rate of less than eight percent. As a result, the Company plans to investigate the clinical effects of PRP where an opportunity for a combinatorial therapeutic strategy may be uncovered to treat these resistant tumors. January 16, 2024, PRP, Lead Product Candidate A certificate of grant for the Company’s foundation patent was received from the Canadian Intellectual Property Office. The foundation patent covers composition claims for the Company’s lead product candidate, PRP. In further news, the PRP dosing and method to treat cancer stem cells (CSCs) patents were validated in countries across Europe, resulting in the Company’s IP portfolio growing to a total of 87 patents filed in major global jurisdictions. 3 Results of Operations The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Company’s unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Report. The results discussed below are of the Company and its wholly-owned Australian subsidiary, Propanc PTY LTD. For the Three and Six months ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the Three and Six months ended December 31, 2022. Revenue For the three and six months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we generated no revenue because we are currently undertaking research and development activities for market approval and no sales were generated in this period. Administration Expense Administration expense decreased to $318,185 for the three months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $525,620 for the three months ended December 31, 2022. This decrease of approximately $207,000 is primarily attributable to a decrease of approximately $83,000 in general consulting, legal and investor relation fees and decrease in stock-based expenses of approximately $51,000, decrease in accounting fees of approximately $13,000, decrease of approximately $91,000 in employee remuneration expense offset by increase in marketing expenses of approximately $26,000, and increase in other general and administrative expenses of approximately $5,000. Administration expense decreased to $712,013 for the six months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $990,752 for the six months ended December 31, 2022. This decrease of approximately $279,000 is primarily attributable to a decrease of approximately $186,000 in general consulting, legal and investor relation fees and decrease in stock-based expenses of approximately $54,000, decrease in accounting fees of approximately $4,000, decrease of approximately $67,000 in employee remuneration expense offset by increase in marketing expenses of approximately $26,000, and increase in other general and administrative expenses of approximately $6,000. Occupancy Expense Occupancy expenses decreased to $5,857 for the three months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $7,506 for the three months ended December 31, 2022. This decrease of approximately $1,600 is primarily attributable to exchange rate movements over the period when compared to the same period in 2022. Occupancy expenses decreased to $13,006 for the six months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $13,879 for the six months ended December 31, 2022. This decrease of approximately $900 is primarily attributable to exchange rate movements over the period when compared to the same period in 2022. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses were increased to $114,022 for the three months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $74,878 for the three months ended December 31, 2022. Research and development expenses were decreased to $130,624 for the six months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $176,203 for the six months ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in research and development expenses of approximately $46,000 is primarily due to budgetary constraints as the Company prepares to advance PRP to a First-In-Human study in advanced cancer patients in 2024. Such research and development expenses are related to the two-year collaboration agreement with University of Jaén, which was executed in October 2020 to provide certain research services to the Company ending on October 2022, relating to the investigation of a fully synthetic recombinant version of PRP. Additionally, on July 27, 2022, the Company entered into another two-year research agreement with the University of Jaén to provide certain research and experiment services to the Company relating to the investigation of the effects of pancreatic proenzymes against the tumor microenvironment. Interest Expense Interest expense increased to $264,462 for the three months ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $98,619 for the three months ended December 31, 2022. Interest expense is primarily comprised of approximately $225,000 of debt discount amortization and accretion of put premium and $34,000 of interest expense from accrual of interest expense and other financing fees for the three months ended December 31, 2023. This increase in interest expense of $165,843 is primarily attributable to the increase in amortization of debt discount of approximately $43,000 and increase of approximately $117,000 in accretion of put premium. Interest expense increased to $442,696 for the six months ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $261,371 for the six months ended December 31, 2022. Interest expense is primarily comprised of approximately $400,000 of debt discount amortization and accretion of put premium and $37,000 of interest expense from accrual of interest expense and other financing fees for the six months ended December 31, 2023. This increase in interest expense of $181,325 is primarily attributable to the increase in amortization of debt discount of approximately $81,000 and increase of approximately $90,000 in accretion of put premium. 4 Derivative Expense Derivative expense were increased to $45,658 for the three months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a loss of $0 for the three months ended December 31, 2022. This increase is primarily attributable to the issuance of a convertible note in October 2023 to GS Capital which initial value was bifurcated from the embedded conversion option and was recorded as derivative expense. Derivative expense were increased to $123,379 for the six months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a loss of $0 for the six months ended December 31, 2022. This increase is primarily attributable to the issuance of convertible notes in August 2023 and October 2023 to GS Capital which initial value was bifurcated from the embedded conversion option and was recorded as derivative expense. Change in Fair Value of Derivative Liabilities Change in fair value of derivative liabilities were decreased to a (loss) of $1,771 for the three months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a gain of $62,335 for the three months ended December 31, 2022. This increase in loss of approximately $64,000 is primarily attributable to the increase in fair value of the principal amount of convertible notes with bifurcated embedded conversion option derivatives as a result of the issuance of a convertible note in October 2023 during the three months ended December 31, 2023. Change in fair value of derivative liabilities were decreased to a gain of $302,158 for the six months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a gain of $127,508 for the six months ended December 31, 2022. This increase in gain of approximately $175,000 is primarily attributable to the decrease in fair value of the principal amount of convertible notes with bifurcated embedded conversion option derivatives as a result of the decrease in stock prices during the six months ended December 31, 2023 Gain from Settlement of accounts payable Gain from settlement of accounts payable was $0 for the six months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $17,499 for the six months ended December 31, 2022. On August 16, 2022, the Company and a third-party investor relations consultant agreed to settle an outstanding payable of $23,050 in exchange for 2,305,000 warrants to purchase the Company’s common stock at $0.01 per share with an expiry date of August 16, 2025 and fair market value of $5,551. Accordingly, the Company recognized gain from settlement of accounts payable of $17,499 during the six months ended December 31, 2022. Gain (Loss) on Extinguishment of Debt, net During the six months ended December 31, 2023 there were principal aggregate amount of convertible notes of $75,300, accrued interest of $5,570 and conversion fees of $1,597 containing bifurcated embedded conversion option derivatives were converted into common stock. Accordingly, the fair market value of the shares issued upon conversion was $198,753, resulting in a loss on extinguishment at the time of conversion of $116,285 and $150,384 of derivative liability fair value was recorded as a gain on extinguishment at the time of conversion, resulting in a net gain of $34,099 during the six months ended December 31, 2023. During the six months ended December 31, 2022, notes with principal amounts totaling $79,000 and accrued interest of $9,543 contained bifurcated embedded conversion option derivatives. Accordingly, the fair market value of the shares issued was $195,952, resulting in a loss on extinguishment at the time of conversion of $107,409 and $106,799 of derivative fair value liability was recorded as a gain on extinguishment at the time of conversion, resulting in a net loss of $610. Additionally, during the six months ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized the remaining put premium of $43,520 related to a convertible note into gain on extinguishment of debt during the six months ended December 31, 2022. The lender of such convertible note agreed to surrender all conversion rights in its currently held convertible notes due to violation of Section 15(a)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Foreign Currency Transaction Gain (Loss) Foreign currency transaction gain (loss) increased to a gain of $37,146 for the three months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a loss of ($13,988) for the three months ended December 31, 2022. This increase of approximately $51,000 is partially attributable to the increase in exchange rates during the three months ended December 31, 2023. Foreign currency transaction gain (loss) decreased to a gain of $21,198 for the six months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a gain of $22,235 for the six months ended December 31, 2022. This decrease of approximately $1,000 is partially attributable to the decrease in exchange rates during the six months ended December 31, 2023. Net loss Net loss increased to $584,384 for the three months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a net loss of $485,418 for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The change relates to the factors discussed above. Net loss decreased to $935,250 for the six months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a net loss of $1,102,713 for the six months ended December 31, 2022. The change relates to the factors discussed above. 5 Deemed dividend The Company recognized the value of the effect of a down round feature related to our Series A warrants when triggered. Upon the occurrence of the triggering event that resulted in a reduction of the strike price, the Company measured the value of the effect of the feature as the difference between the fair value of the warrants without the down round feature or before the strike price reduction and the fair value of the warrants with a strike price corresponding to the reduced strike price upon the down round feature being triggered. Accordingly, the Company recognized deemed dividend of $34,585 and $19,322 during the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and deemed dividend of $177,160 and $408,557 during the six months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, with a corresponding reduction of income available to common stockholders upon the alternate cashless exercise of these warrants during the three and six months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Net loss available to common stockholders Net loss available to common stockholders increased to $618,969 for the three months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a net loss available to common stockholders of $504,740 for the three months ended December 31, 2022. This increase of approximately $114,000 is primarily attributable to the change relates to the factors discussed above. Net loss available to common stockholder decreased to $1,112,410 for the six months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a net loss available to common stockholders of $1,511,270 for the six months ended December 31, 2022. This decrease of approximately $399,000 is primarily attributable to the change relates to the factors discussed above. Liquidity and Capital Resources Current Financial Condition As of December 31, 2023, we had total assets of $241,907, comprised primarily of cash of $71,650, GST tax receivable of $3,908, prepaid expenses and other current assets of $12,139, refundable advance deposit of $123,127, security deposit of $2,044, operating lease ROU asset, net of $28,989, and property and equipment, net of $50. As compared to June 30, 2023, we had total assets of $60,328, comprised primarily of cash of $10,047, GST tax receivable of $2,867, prepaid expenses and other current assets of $6,125, property and equipment, net, of $302, operating lease ROU asset, net of $38,988, and security deposit of $1,999. We had current liabilities of $3,762,251, primarily comprised of net convertible debt of $687,650, accounts payable and accrued expenses of $1,913,604, employee benefit liability of $624,654, loan payable of $65,280, loan payable – related party of $16,429, note payable, net of $132,000 and embedded conversion option liabilities of $219,045 as of December 31, 2023. As compared to June 30, 2022, we had current liabilities of $3,158,229, primarily comprised of net convertible debt of $390,539, loan payable of $65,280, accounts payable and accrued expenses of $1,546,425, employee benefit liability of $587,618, and embedded conversion option liabilities of $423,209. We have funded our operations primarily through the issuance of equity and/or convertible securities for cash. The cash was used primarily for payments for research and development, administration expenses, occupancy expenses, professional fees, consultants and travel. During the six months ended December 31, 2023 we received proceeds from issuance of note of $120,000, proceeds from issuance of convertible notes of $477,500, and total proceeds from issuance of loans payable from a related party of $169,685. We have substantial capital resource requirements and have incurred significant losses since inception. As of December 31, 2023, we had $71,650 in cash. We depend upon debt and/or equity financing to fund our ongoing operations and to execute our current business plan. Such capital requirements are in excess of what we have in available cash and for which we currently have commitments. Therefore, we presently do not have enough available cash to meet our obligations over the next 12 months. If continued funding and capital resources are unavailable at reasonable terms, we may curtail our plan of operations. We will be required to obtain alternative or additional financing from financial institutions, investors or otherwise, in order to maintain and expand our existing operations. The failure by us to obtain such financing would have a material adverse effect upon our business, financial condition and results of operations, and adversely affecting our ability to complete ongoing activities in connection with our research and development programs. Sources and Uses of Cash For the six months ended December 31, 2023 2022 Net cash used in operating activities $ (572,342 ) $ (734,542 ) Net cash provided by financing activities $ 624,276 $ 744,219 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash $ 9,669 $ 10,732 6 Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities Net cash used in operating activities was $572,342 for the six months ended December 31, 2023, due to our net loss of $935,250 offset primarily by non-cash charges of amortization of debt discount of $164,904, non-cash interest expense of $1,597, accretion of put premium of $234,615, derivative expense of $123,379, foreign currency transaction gain of $21,198, addback change in fair value of derivatives of $302,158 and gain from extinguishment of debt of $34,099. Net changes in operating assets and liabilities totaled $184,749, which is primarily attributable to increase in prepaid expense of $5,877, increase in refundable advance deposit of $123,127, increase accrued interest of $35,323, increase in accounts payable of $169,359, and increase in accrued expenses and other payables of $96,924. Net cash used in operating activities was $734,542 for the six months ended December 31, 2022, due to our net loss of $1,102,713, offset primarily by non-cash charges of amortization of debt discount of $83,903, stock-based compensation of $59,219, accretion of put premium of $144,711, change in fair value of derivatives of $127,508, gain on extinguishment of debt of $42,910 and gain from settlement of accounts payable of $17,499. Net changes in operating assets and liabilities totaled $278,737, which are primarily attributable to increase in prepaid expenses and other assets $16,724, employee benefit liability of $169,268, increase accrued interest of $31,433, increase in accrued expenses and other payables of $97,414, and increase in accounts payable of $9,520. Net Cash Flow from Financing Activities Net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended December 31, 2023 were $624,276 as compared to $744,219 for the six months ended December 31, 2022. During the six months ended December 31, 2023 we received net proceeds from issuance of convertible notes of $477,500, proceeds from issuance of note of $120,000, proceeds from issuance of loans from a related party of $169,685 offset by repayment of convertible note of $142,909. Net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended December 31, 2022 was $744,219. During the six months ended December 31, 2022, we received proceeds from the exercise of warrants of $200,000, proceeds from sale of shares of our Common Stock of $24,711, collections of subscription receivable of $23,758, and net proceeds from issuance of convertible notes and a note payable of $495,750. Effect of Exchange Rate The effect of the exchange rate on cash resulted in a $9,669 negative adjustment to cash flows in the six months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a $10,732 positive adjustment to cash flows in the six months ended December 31, 2022. The reason for the fluctuation is due to the application of currency translation rates throughout the cash flow statement, the volume of transactions within each period and the daily fluctuation in exchange rates. Critical Accounting Estimates Below is a discussion of our more subjective accounting estimation processes for purposes of explaining (i) the methodology used in calculating the estimates, (ii) the inherent uncertainties pertaining to such estimates, and (iii) the possible effects of a significant variance in actual experience, from that of the estimate, on our financial condition. Estimates involve numerous assumptions that, if incorrect, could create a material adverse impact on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. Reference is frequently made herein to the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). This is the source of authoritative US GAAP recognized by the FASB to be applied to non-governmental entities. Each ASC reference in this filing is presented with a three-digit number, which represents its Topic. As necessary for explanation and as applicable, an ASC topic may be followed with a two-digit subtopic, a two-digit section or a two-or-three-digit paragraph. 7 Foreign Currency Translation and Comprehensive Income (Loss) : The Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary’s functional currency is the AUD. For financial reporting purposes, the Australian Dollar (“AUD”) has been translated into USD as the Company’s reporting currency. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated at the average rate of exchange prevailing during the reporting period. Equity transactions are translated at each historical transaction date spot rate. Translation adjustments arising from the use of different exchange rates from period to period are included as a component of stockholders’ equity (deficit) as “accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).” Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss as other income (expense). Effective fiscal year 2021, the Company determined that intercompany loans will not be repaid in the foreseeable future and thus, per ASC 830-20-35-3, gains and losses from measuring the intercompany balances are recorded within cumulative translation adjustment, a component of other comprehensive income. Accounting for Income Taxes: We are governed by Australian income tax laws and United States income tax laws, which are administered by the Australian Taxation Office and the United States Internal Revenue Service, respectively. We follow ASC 740, “ Accounting for Income Taxes,” which requires an asset and liability approach to financial accounting and reporting for income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are computed annually for temporary differences between the financial statements and tax bases of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Income tax expense is the tax payable or refundable for the period plus or minus the change during the period in deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company adopted provisions of ASC 740, Sections 25 through 60, “ Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes .” These sections provide detailed guidance for the financial statement recognition, measurement and disclosure of uncertain tax positions recognized in the financial statements. Tax positions must meet a “more-likely-than-not” recognition threshold at the effective date to be recognized upon the adoption of ASC 740 and in subsequent periods. Accounting for Stock Based Compensation : We record stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, “ Stock Compensation ” and Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107 issued by the SEC in March 2005 regarding its interpretation of ASC 718. ASC 718 requires the fair value of all stock-based employee compensation awarded to employees to be recorded as an expense over the related requisite service period. The statement also requires the recognition of compensation expense for the fair value of any unvested stock option awards outstanding at the date of adoption. We value any employee or non-employee stock-based compensation at fair value using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model. We account for non-employee share-based awards in accordance with the measurement and recognition criteria of ASC 718. Derivative Instruments: ASC 815, “ Derivatives and Hedging, ” establishes accounting and reporting standards for derivative instruments and for hedging activities by requiring that all derivatives be recognized in the balance sheet and measured at fair value. Gains or losses resulting from changes in the fair value of derivatives are recognized in earnings. On the date of conversion, or payoff, of debt, we record the fair value of the conversion shares, remove the fair value of the related derivative liability, remove any discounts and record a net gain or loss on debt extinguishment. Convertible Notes with Variable Conversion Options : We have entered into convertible notes, some of which contain variable conversion options, whereby the outstanding principal and accrued interest may be converted, by the holder, into shares of Common Stock at or around a fixed discount to the price of the Common Stock at the time of conversion. We treat these convertible notes as stock settled debt under ASC 480 and measure the fair value of the notes at the time of issuance, which is the result of the share price discount at the time of conversion and record the put premium as accretion to interest expense. Research and Development Tax Credits : We may apply for research and development tax concessions with the Australian Taxation Office on an annual basis. Although the amount is possible to estimate at year end, the Australian Taxation Office may reject or materially alter the claim amount. Accordingly, we do not recognize the benefit of the claim amount until cash receipt since collectability is not certain until such time. The tax concession is a refundable credit. If we have net income then we can receive the credit which reduces its income tax liability. If we have net losses, then we may still receive a cash payment for the credit, however, our net operating loss carry forwards are reduced by the gross equivalent loss that would produce the credit amount when the income tax rate is applied to that gross amount. The concession is recognized as an income tax benefit, in operations, upon receipt. 8 Recent Accounting Pronouncements Please see section captioned “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” in Note 1 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report for a discussion of recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements. Going Concern Qualification We did not generate any revenue for the six months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and have incurred significant losses and cash used in operations, and such losses and use of cash are expected to continue. Our independent registered public accounting firm has included a “Going Concern Qualification” in their audit report for each of the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. In addition, we have negative working capital and convertible debt that is past maturity that we are currently negotiating with lenders in order to amend the maturity dates. The foregoing raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for a period of 12 months from the issue date of this report. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on our ability to execute our strategy and on our ability to raise additional funds and/or to consummate a public offering. Management is currently seeking additional funds, primarily through the issuance of equity and/or debt securities for cash to operate our business. No assurance can be given that any future financing will be available or, if available, that it will be on terms that are satisfactory to us. Even if we are able to obtain additional financing, it may contain undue restrictions on our operations, in the case of debt financing or cause substantial dilution for our stockholders, in case of equity and/or convertible debt financing. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. The “Going Concern Qualification” might make it substantially more difficult to raise capital. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Not applicable to smaller reporting companies.