OLIN Corp 10-K

Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK We are exposed to market risk in the normal course of our business operations due to our purchases of certain commodities, our ongoing investing and financing activities and our operations that use foreign currencies. The risk of loss can be assessed from the perspective of adverse changes in fair values, cash flows and future earnings. We have established policies and procedures governing our management of market risks and the use of financial instruments to manage exposure to such risks. Energy costs, including electricity and natural gas, and certain raw materials used in our production processes are subject to price volatility. Depending on market conditions, we may enter into futures contracts, forward contracts, commodity swaps and put and call option contracts in order to reduce the impact of commodity price fluctuations. As of December 31, 2022, we maintained open positions on commodity contracts with a notional value totaling $261.2 million ($224.3 million at December 31, 2021). Assuming a hypothetical 10% increase in commodity prices, which are currently hedged, as of December 31, 2022, we would experience a $26.1 million ($22.4 million at December 31, 2021) increase in our cost of inventory purchased, which would be substantially offset by a corresponding increase in the value of related hedging instruments. We transact business in various foreign currencies other than the USD which exposes us to movements in exchange rates which may impact revenue and expenses, assets and liabilities and cash flows. Our significant foreign currency exposure is denominated with European currencies, primarily the Euro, although exposures also exist in other currencies of Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa. For all derivative positions, we evaluated the effects of a 10% shift in exchange rates between those currencies and the USD, holding all other assumptions constant. Unfavorable currency movements of 10% would negatively affect the fair values of the derivatives held to hedge currency exposures by $38.6 million. These unfavorable changes would generally have been offset by favorable changes in the values of the underlying exposures. We are exposed to changes in interest rates primarily as a result of our investing and financing activities. Our current debt structure is used to fund business operations, and commitments from banks under our Senior Revolving Credit Facility, Receivables Financing Agreement and AR Facilities are sources of liquidity. As of December 31, 2022, we had long-term borrowings, including current installments of long-term debt and finance lease obligations, of $2,580.7 million ($2,779.3 million at December 31, 2021) of which $805.9 million ($805.9 million at December 31, 2021) was issued at variable rates. Included within long-term borrowings on the consolidated balance sheets were deferred debt issuance costs and unamortized bond original issue discount. Assuming no changes in the $805.9 million of variable-rate debt levels from December 31, 2022, we estimate that a hypothetical change of 100-basis points in the secured overnight financing rate (SOFR) from 2022 would impact annual interest expense by $8.1 million. If the actual changes in commodities, foreign currency or interest pricing is substantially different than expected, the net impact of commodity risk, foreign currency risk or interest rate risk on our cash flow may be materially different than that disclosed above. We do not enter into any derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. CAUTIONARY STATEMENT ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This report includes forward-looking statements. These statements relate to analyses and other information that are based on management’s beliefs, certain assumptions made by management, forecasts of future results and current expectations, estimates and projections about the markets and economy in which we and our various segments operate. The statements contained in this report that are not statements of historical fact may include forward-looking statements that involve a number of risks and uncertainties. We have used the words “anticipate,” “intend,” “may,” “expect,” “believe,” “outlook,” “should,” “plan,” “project,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “optimistic,” “target,” and variations of such words and similar expressions in this annual report to identify such forward-looking statements. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions, which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the Company’s intent to repurchase, from time to time, the Company’s common stock. Therefore, actual outcomes and results may differ materially from those matters expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of future events, new information or otherwise. The payment of cash dividends is subject to the discretion of our board of directors and will be determined in light of then-current conditions, including our earnings, our operations, our 47 Table of Contents financial conditions, our capital requirements and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. In the future, our board of directors may change our dividend policy, including the frequency or amount of any dividend, in light of then-existing conditions. The risks, uncertainties and assumptions involved in our forward-looking statements include those discussed under Item 1A—“Risk Factors.” You should consider all of our forward-looking statements in light of these factors. In addition, other risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we consider immaterial could affect the accuracy of our forward-looking statements. 48 Table of Contents Item 8. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA MANAGEMENT REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING The management of Olin Corporation is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Olin’s internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to the company’s management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation, and may not prevent or detect all misstatements. The management of Olin Corporation has assessed the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) to guide our analysis and assessment. Based on our assessment as of December 31, 2022, the company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria. Our independent registered public accountants, KPMG LLP, have audited and issued a report on our internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Form 10-K. /s/ Scott Sutton Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer /s/ Todd A. Slater Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 49 Table of Contents REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and Board of Directors Olin Corporation: Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Olin Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Basis for Opinions The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting . Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. 50 Table of Contents Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Evaluation of environmental obligations As discussed in Notes 2 and 20 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has recorded liabilities for future environmental expenditures of $146.6 million as of December 31, 2022. The Company accrues a liability for environmental matters when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated based upon current law and existing technologies. The liability is adjusted periodically as assessment and remediation efforts progress or as additional technical or legal information becomes available. We identified the evaluation of the environmental liabilities as a critical audit matter. This required challenging auditor judgment due to the nature of the estimate and assumptions, including judgments in determining required remediation activities designed to consider future events and uncertainties and the time period over which remediation activities will occur. The following are the primary procedures that we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s process to estimate environmental obligations, including controls related to the monitoring of the liability as compared to remedial activities required by regulatory authorities. We involved an environmental professional with specialized skills and knowledge who assisted in evaluating the Company’s planned remediation activities for certain sites, the time period over which remediation will occur, and changes in the liability and assumptions from those used in the prior period, including comparing the Company’s planned remediation activities to those communicated to regulatory authorities and to those commonly observed in conducting remediation. /s/ KPMG LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1954. St. Louis, Missouri February 23, 2023 51 Table of Contents CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS December 31 (In millions, except per share data) Assets 2022 2021 Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 194.0 $ 180.5 Receivables, net 924.6 1,106.5 Income taxes receivable 43.2 0.3 Inventories, net 941.9 868.3 Other current assets 52.7 92.7 Total current assets 2,156.4 2,248.3 Property, plant and equipment, net 2,674.1 2,913.6 Operating lease assets, net 356.0 372.4 Deferred income taxes 60.5 99.3 Other assets 1,102.5 1,131.8 Intangible assets, net 273.8 331.7 Goodwill 1,420.9 1,420.6 Total assets $ 8,044.2 $ 8,517.7 Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity Current liabilities: Current installments of long-term debt $ 9.7 $ 201.1 Accounts payable 837.7 847.7 Income taxes payable 133.4 98.4 Current operating lease liabilities 71.8 76.8 Accrued liabilities 508.8 458.1 Total current liabilities 1,561.4 1,682.1 Long-term debt 2,571.0 2,578.2 Operating lease liabilities 292.5 302.0 Accrued pension liability 234.5 381.9 Deferred income taxes 507.3 558.9 Other liabilities 333.9 362.4 Total liabilities 5,500.6 5,865.5 Commitments and contingencies Shareholders’ equity: Common stock, $1.00 par value per share: Authorized, 240.0 shares; issued and outstanding, 132.3 and 156.8 shares 132.3 156.8 Additional paid-in capital 682.7 1,969.6 Accumulated other comprehensive loss ( 495.9 ) ( 488.0 ) Retained earnings 2,224.5 1,013.8 Total shareholders’ equity 2,543.6 2,652.2 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 8,044.2 $ 8,517.7 The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 52 Table of Contents CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Years ended December 31 (In millions, except per share data) 2022 2021 2020 Sales $ 9,376.2 $ 8,910.6 $ 5,758.0 Operating expenses: Cost of goods sold 7,194.3 6,616.4 5,374.6 Selling and administration 393.9 416.9 422.0 Restructuring charges 25.3 27.9 9.0 Goodwill impairment — — 699.8 Other operating income 16.3 1.4 0.7 Operating income (loss) 1,779.0 1,850.8 ( 746.7 ) Interest expense 143.9 348.0 292.7 Interest income 2.2 0.2 0.5 Non-operating pension income 38.7 35.7 18.9 Income (loss) before taxes 1,676.0 1,538.7 ( 1,020.0 ) Income tax provision (benefit) 349.1 242.0 ( 50.1 ) Net income (loss) $ 1,326.9 $ 1,296.7 $ ( 969.9 ) Net income (loss) per common share: Basic $ 9.16 $ 8.15 $ ( 6.14 ) Diluted $ 8.94 $ 7.96 $ ( 6.14 ) Average common shares outstanding: Basic 144.9 159.1 157.9 Diluted 148.5 163.0 157.9 The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 53 Table of Contents CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) Years ended December 31 (In millions) 2022 2021 2020 Net income (loss) $ 1,326.9 $ 1,296.7 $ ( 969.9 ) Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax: Foreign currency translation adjustments ( 27.7 ) ( 30.3 ) 27.8 Unrealized (losses) gains on derivative contracts, net ( 55.3 ) 1.4 35.0 Pension and postretirement liability adjustments, net 46.8 188.5 14.8 Amortization of prior service costs and actuarial losses, net 28.3 42.3 35.9 Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax ( 7.9 ) 201.9 113.5 Comprehensive income (loss) $ 1,319.0 $ 1,498.6 $ ( 856.4 ) The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 54 Table of Contents CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Years ended December 31 (In millions, except per share data) 2022 2021 2020 Common Stock Balance at beginning of year $ 156.8 $ 158.0 $ 157.7 Common stock repurchased and retired ( 25.7 ) ( 4.7 ) — Common stock issued for: Stock options exercised 1.1 3.4 0.1 Other transactions 0.1 0.1 0.2 Balance at end of year $ 132.3 $ 156.8 $ 158.0 Additional Paid-In Capital Balance at beginning of year $ 1,969.6 $ 2,137.8 $ 2,122.1 Common stock repurchased and retired ( 1,325.0 ) ( 247.2 ) — Common stock issued for: Stock options exercised 24.6 69.0 1.8 Other transactions 3.0 3.3 3.6 Stock-based compensation 10.5 6.7 10.3 Balance at end of year $ 682.7 $ 1,969.6 $ 2,137.8 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Balance at beginning of year $ ( 488.0 ) $ ( 689.9 ) $ ( 803.4 ) Other comprehensive (loss) income ( 7.9 ) 201.9 113.5 Balance at end of year $ ( 495.9 ) $ ( 488.0 ) $ ( 689.9 ) Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) Balance at beginning of year $ 1,013.8 $ ( 155.1 ) $ 941.1 Net income (loss) 1,326.9 1,296.7 ( 969.9 ) Common stock dividends paid ( 116.2 ) ( 127.8 ) ( 126.3 ) Balance at end of year $ 2,224.5 $ 1,013.8 $ ( 155.1 ) Total Shareholders’ Equity $ 2,543.6 $ 2,652.2 $ 1,450.8 Dividends declared per share of common stock $ 0.80 $ 0.80 $ 0.80 The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 55 Table of Contents CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Years ended December 31 (In millions) 2022 2021 2020 Operating Activities Net income (loss) $ 1,326.9 $ 1,296.7 $ ( 969.9 ) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash and cash equivalents provided by (used for) operating activities: Goodwill impairment — — 699.8 Gains on disposition of property, plant and equipment ( 13.0 ) ( 1.4 ) — Stock-based compensation 14.1 8.3 13.6 Loss on debt extinguishment — 152.2 20.4 Depreciation and amortization 598.8 582.5 568.4 Deferred income taxes ( 32.4 ) ( 42.7 ) ( 18.4 ) Qualified pension plan contributions ( 1.3 ) ( 1.1 ) ( 2.1 ) Qualified pension plan income ( 33.1 ) ( 27.8 ) ( 11.4 ) Change in assets and liabilities: Receivables 160.8 ( 360.0 ) ( 0.3 ) Income taxes receivable/payable ( 2.9 ) 105.1 ( 11.2 ) Inventories ( 86.3 ) ( 206.0 ) 28.6 Other current assets 15.9 ( 22.3 ) ( 24.8 ) Accounts payable and accrued liabilities ( 22.3 ) 240.1 149.3 Other assets ( 2.6 ) ( 13.3 ) ( 20.2 ) Other noncurrent liabilities ( 0.7 ) 26.2 8.6 Other operating activities — 4.5 2.6 Net operating activities 1,921.9 1,741.0 433.0 Investing Activities Capital expenditures ( 236.9 ) ( 200.6 ) ( 298.9 ) Payments under ethylene long-term supply contracts — — ( 461.0 ) Payments under other long-term supply contracts ( 37.7 ) — ( 75.8 ) Proceeds from disposition of property, plant and equipment 14.9 3.2 — Net investing activities ( 259.7 ) ( 197.4 ) ( 835.7 ) Financing Activities Long-term debt: Borrowings 415.0 540.0 1,827.5 Repayments ( 616.1 ) ( 1,643.1 ) ( 1,307.2 ) Debt early redemption premiums — ( 137.7 ) ( 14.6 ) Common stock repurchased and retired ( 1,350.7 ) ( 251.9 ) — Stock options exercised 25.7 72.4 1.9 Dividends paid ( 116.2 ) ( 127.8 ) ( 126.3 ) Debt issuance costs ( 4.4 ) ( 3.9 ) ( 10.3 ) Net financing activities ( 1,646.7 ) ( 1,552.0 ) 371.0 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents ( 2.0 ) ( 0.8 ) 0.5 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 13.5 ( 9.2 ) ( 31.2 ) Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 180.5 189.7 220.9 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $ 194.0 $ 180.5 $ 189.7 Cash paid (received) for interest and income taxes: Interest, net $ 141.7 $ 345.2 $ 286.4 Income taxes, net of refunds $ 356.6 $ 169.6 $ ( 9.6 ) The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 56 Table of Contents NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTE 1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS Olin Corporation (Olin) is a Virginia corporation, incorporated in 1892, having its principal executive offices in Clayton, MO. We are a leading vertically-integrated global manufacturer and distributor of chemical products and a leading U.S. manufacturer of ammunition. Our operations are concentrated in three business segments: Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls, Epoxy and Winchester. All of our business segments are capital intensive manufacturing businesses. The Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls segment manufactures and sells chlorine and caustic soda, ethylene dichloride and vinyl chloride monomer, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, perchloroethylene, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen, bleach products and potassium hydroxide. The Epoxy segment produces and sells a full range of epoxy materials and precursors, including aromatics (acetone, bisphenol, cumene and phenol), allyl chloride, epichlorohydrin, liquid epoxy resins, solid epoxy resins and systems and growth products such as converted epoxy resins and additives. The Winchester segment produces and sells sporting ammunition, reloading components, small caliber military ammunition and components, and industrial cartridges. NOTE 2. ACCOUNTING POLICIES The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported and disclosed in the financial statements and related notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Olin and all majority-owned subsidiaries. Investment in our affiliates are accounted for on the equity method. Accordingly, we include only our share of earnings or losses of these affiliates in consolidated net income (loss). Revenue Recognition We derive our revenues primarily from the manufacturing and delivery of goods to customers. Revenues are recognized on sales of goods at the time when control of those goods is transferred to our customers at an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods. We primarily sell our goods directly to customers, and to a lesser extent, through distributors. Payment terms are typically 30 to 90 days from date of invoice. Our contracts do not typically have a significant financing component. Right to payment is determined at the point in time in which control has transferred to the customer. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good to the customer. At contract inception, we assess the goods promised in our contracts with customers and identify a performance obligation for each promise to transfer to the customer a good (or bundle of goods) that is distinct. A contract’s transaction price is based on the price stated in the contract and allocated to each distinct performance obligation and revenue is recognized when the performance obligation is satisfied. Substantially all of our contracts have a single distinct performance obligation or multiple performance obligations which are distinct and represent individual promises within the contract. Substantially all of our performance obligations are satisfied at a single point in time, when control is transferred, which is generally upon shipment or delivery as stated in the contract terms. All taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are both imposed on and concurrent with our revenue-producing transactions and collected from our customers are excluded from the measurement of the transaction price. Shipping and handling fees billed to customers are included in revenue and are considered activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the good. Allowances for estimated returns, discounts and rebates are considered variable consideration, which may be constrained, and are estimated and recognized when sales are recorded. The estimates are based on various market data, historical trends and information from customers. Actual returns, discounts and rebates have not been materially different from estimates. For all contracts that have a duration of one year or less at contract inception, we do not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component. Substantially all of our revenue is derived from contracts with an original expected length of time of one year or less and for which we recognize revenue for the amount in which we have the right to invoice at the point in time in which control has transferred to the customer. However, a portion of our revenue is derived from long-term contracts which have contract periods that vary between one to multi-year. Certain of these contracts represent contracts with minimum purchase obligations, which can be substantially different than the actual revenue recognized. Such contracts consist of varying types of products across our 57 Table of Contents chemical businesses. Certain contracts include variable volumes and/or variable pricing with pricing provisions tied to commodity, consumer price or other indices. The transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations related to our contracts was excluded from the disclosure of our remaining performance obligations based on the following practical expedients that we elected to apply: (i) contracts with index-based pricing or variable volume attributes in which such variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation; and (ii) contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less. Cost of Goods Sold and Selling and Administration Expenses Cost of goods sold includes the costs of inventory sold, related purchasing, distribution and warehousing costs, costs incurred for shipping and handling, depreciation and amortization expense related to these activities and environmental remediation costs and recoveries. Selling and administration expenses include personnel costs associated with sales, marketing and administration, research and development, legal and legal-related costs, consulting and professional services fees, advertising expenses, depreciation expense related to these activities, foreign currency translation and other similar costs. Acquisition-related Costs Acquisition-related costs include advisory, legal, accounting and other professional fees incurred in connection with the purchase and integration of our acquisitions. Acquisition-related costs also may include costs which arise as a result of acquisitions, including contractual change in control provisions, contract termination costs, compensation payments related to the acquisition or pension and other postretirement benefit plan settlements. Other Operating Income (Expense) Other operating income (expense) consists of miscellaneous operating income items, which are related to our business activities, and gains (losses) on disposition of property, plant and equipment. Other operating income for the year ended December 31, 2022 included $ 13.0 million of gains for the sale of two former manufacturing facilities. Other operating income for the year ended December 31, 2021 included an $ 1.4 million gain on the sale of a terminal facility. Other Income (Expense) Other income (expense) consists of non-operating income and expense items which are not related to our primary business activities. Foreign Currency Translation Our worldwide operations utilize the U.S. dollar (USD) or local currency as the functional currency, where applicable. For foreign entities where the USD is the functional currency, gains and losses resulting from balance sheet remeasurement are included in selling and administration. For foreign entities where the local currency is the functional currency, assets and liabilities denominated in local currencies are translated into USD at end-of-period exchange rates and the resultant translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Assets and liabilities denominated in other than the local currency are remeasured into the local currency prior to translation into USD and the resultant exchange gains or losses are included in income in the period in which they occur. Income and expenses are translated into USD using an approximation of the average rate prevailing during the period. We change the functional currency of our separate and distinct foreign entities only when significant changes in economic facts and circumstances indicate clearly that the functional currency has changed. Cash and Cash Equivalents All highly liquid investments, with a maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase, are considered to be cash equivalents. 58 Table of Contents Short-Term Investments We classify our marketable securities as available-for-sale, which are reported at fair market value with unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of applicable taxes. The fair value of marketable securities is determined by quoted market prices. Realized gains and losses on sales of investments, as determined on the specific identification method, and declines in value of securities judged to be other-than-temporary are included in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. Interest and dividends on all securities are included in interest income and other income (expense), respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had no short-term investments recorded on our consolidated balance sheets. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable We evaluate the collectibility of financial instruments based on our current estimate of credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the financial instrument. The only significant financial instrument which creates exposure to credit losses are customer accounts receivables. We measure credit losses on uncollected accounts receivable through an allowance for doubtful accounts receivable which is based on a combination of factors including both historical collection experience and reasonable estimates that affect the expected collectibility of the receivable. These factors include historical bad debt experience, industry conditions of the customer or group of customers, geographical region, credit ratings and general market conditions. We group receivables together for purposes of estimating credit losses when customers have similar risk characteristics; otherwise, the estimation is performed on the individual receivable. This estimate is periodically adjusted when we become aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations (e.g., bankruptcy filing) or as a result of changes in the overall aging of accounts receivable. While we have a large number of customers that operate in diverse businesses and are geographically dispersed, a general economic downturn in any of the industry segments in which we operate could result in higher than expected defaults, and, therefore, the need to revise estimates for the provision for doubtful accounts could occur. Inventories Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. For U.S. inventories, inventory costs are determined principally by the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method of inventory accounting while for international inventories, inventory costs are determined principally by the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method of inventory accounting. Costs for other inventories have been determined principally by the average-cost method (primarily operating supplies, spare parts and maintenance parts). Elements of costs in inventories include raw materials, direct labor and manufacturing overhead. See Note 7 “Inventories” for additional information. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Interest costs incurred to finance expenditures for major long-term construction projects are capitalized as part of the historical cost and included in property, plant and equipment and are depreciated over the useful lives of the related assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the term of the lease or the estimated useful life of the improvement, whichever is shorter. Start-up costs are expensed as incurred. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense when incurred while the costs of significant improvements, which extend the useful life of the underlying asset, are capitalized. Property, plant and equipment are reviewed for impairment when conditions indicate that the carrying values of the asset group may not be recoverable. Such impairment conditions include an extended period of idleness or a plan of disposal. If such impairment indicators are present or other factors exist that indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable, we determine whether impairment has occurred through the use of an undiscounted cash flow analysis at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows exist. For our Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls, Epoxy and Winchester segments, the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows exist is the operating facility level or an appropriate grouping of operating facilities level, which represents the asset group. The amount of impairment loss, if any, is measured by the difference between the net book value of the assets and the estimated fair value of the related asset group. See Note 8 “Property, Plant and Equipment” for additional information. 59 Table of Contents Leases We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception of the contract. Operating lease assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of fixed lease payments over the lease term. Our lease commitments are primarily for railcars, but also include logistics, manufacturing, storage, real estate and information technology assets. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; instead, we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We do not account for lease components (e.g., fixed payments to use the underlying lease asset) separately from the non-lease components (e.g., fixed payments for common-area maintenance costs and other items that transfer a good or service). Some of our leases include variable lease payments, which primarily result from changes in consumer price and other market-based indices, which are generally updated annually, and maintenance and usage charges. These variable payments are excluded from the calculation of our lease assets and liabilities. Most leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from one to many years. The exercise of lease renewal options is typically at our sole discretion. Certain leases also include options to purchase the leased asset. We do not include options to renew or purchase leased assets in the measurement of lease liabilities unless those options are highly certain of exercise. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. We have operating leases with terms that require us to guarantee a portion of the residual value of the leased assets upon termination of the lease as well as other guarantees. These residual value guarantees consist primarily of leases for railcars. Residual value guarantee payments that become probable and estimable are accrued as part of the lease liability and recognized over the remaining life of the applicable lease. Our current expectation is that the likelihood of material residual guarantee payments is remote. We utilize the interest rate implicit in the lease to determine the lease liability when the interest rate can be determined. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. We estimate the incremental borrowing rate based on the geographic region for which we would borrow, on a secured basis of the lease asset, at an amount equal to the lease payments over a similar time period as the lease term. We have no additional restrictions or covenants imposed by our lease contracts. See Note 21 “Leases” for additional information. Asset Retirement Obligations We record the fair value of an asset retirement obligation associated with the retirement of a tangible long-lived asset as a liability in the period incurred. The liability is measured at discounted fair value and is adjusted to its present value in subsequent periods as accretion expense is recorded. The corresponding asset retirement costs are capitalized as part of the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset and depreciated over the asset’s useful life. Asset retirement obligations are reviewed annually in the fourth quarter and/or when circumstances or other events indicate that changes underlying retirement assumptions may have occurred. The activities of our asset retirement obligations were as follows: December 31, 2022 2021 ($ in millions) Beginning balance $ 70.2 $ 65.0 Accretion 3.8 3.2 Spending ( 8.7 ) ( 8.1 ) Adjustments 1.0 10.1 Ending balance $ 66.3 $ 70.2 At December 31, 2022 and 2021, our consolidated balance sheets included an asset retirement obligation of $ 52.6 million and $ 56.8 million, respectively, which were classified as other noncurrent liabilities. In 2022 and 2021, we had net adjustments that increased the asset retirement obligation by $ 1.0 million and $ 10.1 million, respectively, which were primarily comprised of increases in estimated costs for certain assets. 60 Table of Contents Comprehensive Income (Loss) Accumulated other comprehensive loss consists of foreign currency translation adjustments, pension and postretirement liability adjustments, pension and postretirement amortization of prior service costs and actuarial losses and net unrealized gains (losses) on derivative contracts. Goodwill Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed for impairment annually in the fourth quarter and/or when circumstances or other events indicate that impairment may have occurred. Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 350 “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other” (ASC 350) permits entities to make a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount before applying the goodwill impairment test. Circumstances that are considered as part of the qualitative assessment and could trigger a quantitative impairment test include, but are not limited to: a significant adverse change in the business climate; a significant adverse legal judgment; adverse cash flow trends; an adverse action or assessment by a government agency; unanticipated competition; sustained decline in our stock price; and a significant restructuring charge within a reporting unit. We define reporting units at the business segment level or one level below the business segment level. For purposes of testing goodwill for impairment, goodwill has been allocated to our reporting units to the extent it relates to each reporting unit. It is our practice, at a minimum, to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test in the fourth quarter every three years. We use a discounted cash flow approach to develop the estimated fair value of a reporting unit when a quantitative test is performed. Management judgment is required in developing the assumptions for the discounted cash flow model. We also corroborate our discounted cash flow analysis by evaluating a market-based approach that considers earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) multiples from a representative sample of comparable public companies. As a further indicator that each reporting unit has been valued appropriately using a discounted cash flow model, the aggregate fair value of all reporting units is reconciled to the total market value of Olin. An impairment would be recorded if the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeded the estimated fair value. See Note 10 “Goodwill and Intangible Assets” for additional information. Intangible Assets In conjunction with our acquisitions, we have obtained access to the customer contracts and relationships, trade names, acquired technology and other intellectual property of the acquired companies. These relationships are expected to provide economic benefit for future periods. Amortization expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated lives of the related assets. The amortization period of customer contracts and relationships, trade names, acquired technology and other intellectual property represents our best estimate of the expected usage or consumption of the economic benefits of the acquired assets, which is based on the company’s historical experience. Intangible assets with finite lives are reviewed for impairment when conditions indicate that the carrying values of the assets may not be recoverable. Circumstances that are considered as part of the qualitative assessment and could trigger a quantitative impairment test include, but are not limited to: a significant adverse change in the business climate; a significant adverse legal judgment including asset specific factors; adverse cash flow trends; an adverse action or assessment by a government agency; unanticipated competition; sustained decline in our stock price; and a significant restructuring charge within a reporting unit. See Note 10 “Goodwill and Intangible Assets” for additional information. Environmental Liabilities and Expenditures Accruals (charges to income) for environmental matters are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated, based upon current law and existing technologies. These amounts, which are not discounted and are exclusive of claims against third parties, are adjusted periodically as assessment and remediation efforts progress or additional technical or legal information becomes available. Environmental costs are capitalized if the costs increase the value of the property and/or mitigate or prevent contamination from future operations. See Note 20 “Environmental” for additional information. Income Taxes Deferred taxes are provided for differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided to 61 Table of Contents offset deferred tax assets if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the value of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. See Note 14 “Income Taxes” for additional information. Derivative Financial Instruments We are exposed to market risk in the normal course of our business operations due to our purchases of certain commodities, our ongoing investing and financing activities and our operations that use foreign currencies. The risk of loss can be assessed from the perspective of adverse changes in fair values, cash flows and future earnings. We have established policies and procedures governing our management of market risks and the use of financial instruments to manage exposure to such risks. We use hedge accounting treatment for a significant amount of our business transactions whose risks are covered using derivative instruments. The hedge accounting treatment provides for the deferral of gains or losses on derivative instruments until such time as the related transactions occur. See Note 23 “Derivative Financial Instruments” for additional information. Concentration of Credit Risk Accounts receivable is the principal financial instrument which subjects us to a concentration of credit risk. Credit is extended based upon the evaluation of a customer’s financial condition and, generally, collateral is not required. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to receivables are somewhat limited due to our large number of customers, the diversity of these customers’ businesses and the geographic dispersion of such customers. Our accounts receivable are predominantly derived from sales denominated in USD or the Euro. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts based upon the expected collectibility of all trade receivables. Fair Value Fair value is defined as the price at which an asset could be exchanged in a current transaction between knowledgeable, willing parties or the amount that would be paid to transfer a liability to a new obligor, not the amount that would be paid to settle the liability with the creditor. Where available, fair value is based on observable market prices or parameters or derived from such prices or parameters. Where observable prices or inputs are not available, valuation models are applied. These valuation techniques involve some level of management estimation and judgment, the degree of which is dependent on the price transparency for the instruments or market and the instruments’ complexity. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Hierarchical levels, defined by ASC 820 “Fair Value Measurement” (ASC 820), and directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs to fair valuation of these assets and liabilities, are as follows: Level 1 — Inputs were unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date. Level 2 — Inputs (other than quoted prices included in Level 1) were either directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life. Level 3 — Inputs reflected management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration was given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model. See Note 24 “Fair Value Measurements” for additional information. Retirement-Related Benefits We account for our defined benefit pension plans and non-pension postretirement benefit plans using actuarial models required by ASC 715 “Compensation—Retirement Benefits” (ASC 715). These models use an attribution approach that generally spreads the financial impact of changes to the plan and actuarial assumptions over the average remaining service lives of the employees in the plan. Changes in liability due to changes in actuarial assumptions such as discount rate, rate of compensation increases and mortality, as well as annual deviations between what was assumed and what was experienced by the plan are treated as actuarial gains or losses. The principle underlying the required attribution approach is that employees render service over their average remaining service lives on a relatively smooth basis and, therefore, the accounting for benefits 62 Table of Contents earned under the pension or non-pension postretirement benefits plans should follow the same relatively smooth pattern. Substantially all domestic defined benefit pension plan participants are no longer accruing benefits; therefore, actuarial gains and losses are amortized based upon the remaining life expectancy of the inactive plan participants. For both the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the average remaining life expectancy of the inactive participants in the domestic defined benefit pension plan were 17 years. One of the key assumptions for the net periodic pension calculation is the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, used to determine the “market-related value of assets.” The “market-related value of assets” recognizes differences between the plan’s actual return and expected return over a five year period. The required use of an expected long-term rate of return on the market-related value of plan assets may result in recognized pension income that is greater or less than the actual returns of those plan assets in any given year. Over time, however, the expected long-term returns are designed to approximate the actual long-term returns and, therefore, result in a pattern of income and expense recognition that more closely matches the pattern of the services provided by the employees. As differences between actual and expected returns are recognized over five years, they subsequently generate gains and losses that are subject to amortization over the average remaining life expectancy of the inactive plan participants, as described in the preceding paragraph. We use long-term historical actual return information, the mix of investments that comprise plan assets, and future estimates of long-term investment returns and inflation by reference to external sources to develop the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets as of December 31. The discount rate assumptions used for pension and non-pension postretirement benefit plan accounting reflect the rates available on high-quality fixed-income debt instruments on December 31 of each year. The rate of compensation increase is based upon our long-term plans for such increases. For retiree medical plan accounting, we review external data and our own historical trends for healthcare costs to determine the healthcare cost trend rates. For our defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans, we measure service and interest costs by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve to the plans’ estimated cash flows. We believe this approach provides a more precise measurement of service and interest costs by aligning the timing of the plans’ liability cash flows to the corresponding spot rates on the yield curve. Stock-Based Compensation We measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments, such as stock options, performance shares and restricted stock, based on the grant-date fair value of the award. This cost is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, the requisite service period (usually the vesting period). An initial measurement is made of the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of liability instruments based on its current fair value and the value of that award is subsequently remeasured at each reporting date through the settlement date. Changes in fair value of liability awards during the requisite service period are recognized as compensation cost over that period. See Note 17 “Stock-based Compensation” for additional information. Share Repurchases Under our share repurchase programs, we may pursue various share repurchase strategies, which include open market transactions or through privately negotiated transactions, including under an accelerated share repurchase (ASR) agreement, or by other means, including through the use of trading plans intended to qualify under Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Under an ASR agreement, which is typically with a third-party financial institution to repurchase shares of Olin’s common stock, Olin pays a specified amount to the financial institution and receives an initial delivery of shares. This initial delivery of shares represents the minimum number of shares that Olin may receive under the agreement. Upon settlement of the ASR agreement, the financial institution delivers additional shares, with the final number of shares delivered determined with reference to the volume weighted-average price of Olin’s common stock over the term of the agreement, less an agreed-upon discount. The transactions are accounted for as liability or equity transactions and also as share retirements, similar to our other share repurchase activity, when the shares are received, at which time there is an immediate reduction in the weighted-average common shares calculation for basic and diluted earnings per share. NOTE 3. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS We do not believe that any recently issued effective pronouncements, or pronouncements issued but not yet effective, if adopted, would have a material effect on the accompanying consolidated financial statements. 63 Table of Contents NOTE 4. RESTRUCTURING CHARGES As a result of weak global resin demand and higher cost structures within the European region, we began a review of our global Epoxy asset footprint to optimize the most productive and cost effective assets to support our strategic operating model. We committed to and completed a plan during the fourth quarter of 2022 to close down one of our bisphenol (BisA) production lines at our Stade, Germany site (collectively, Stade Plan). For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded pretax restructuring charges of $ 8.0 million for employee severance and related benefit costs and the write-off of equipment and facility costs related to this action. We expect to incur additional restructuring charges through 2024 of approximately $ 10 million related to this action. Olin committed to a productivity initiative to align the organization with our strategic operating model and improve efficiencies (collectively, Productivity Plan). These actions and related activities were completed during the second quarter of 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded pretax restructuring charges of $ 10.3 million for employee severance and related benefit costs related to these actions. We do not expect to incur additional restructuring charges related to these actions. On March 15, 2021, we announced that we had made the decision to permanently close approximately 50 % of our diaphragm-grade chlor alkali capacity, representing 200,000 tons, at our McIntosh, AL facility. The closure was completed in the first quarter of 2021. On October 21, 2021, we announced that we had made a decision to permanently cease operations of the remaining 50 % of our diaphragm-grade chlor alkali capacity, representing an additional 200,000 tons, at our McIntosh, AL facility (collectively, McIntosh Plan). The closure was completed during third quarter of 2022. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded pretax restructuring charges of $ 8.3 million and $ 5.6 million, respectively, for write-off of equipment and facility costs, lease and other contract termination costs and for facility exit costs related to this action. We expect to incur additional restructuring charges through 2027 of approximately $ 30 million related to these actions. On January 18, 2021, we announced we had made the decision to permanently close our trichloroethylene and anhydrous hydrogen chloride liquefaction facilities in Freeport, TX (collectively, Freeport 2021 Plan), which were completed in the fourth quarter of 2021. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded pretax restructuring charges of $ 2.6 million and $ 6.5 million, respectively, for facility exit costs related to these actions. We expect to incur additional restructuring charges through 2024 of approximately $ 15 million related to these actions. On December 11, 2019, we announced that we had made the decision to permanently close a chlor alkali plant with a capacity of 230,000 tons and our VDC production facility, both in Freeport, TX (collectively, Freeport 2019 Plan). The VDC facility and related chlor alkali plant were closed during the fourth quarter of 2020 and second quarter of 2021, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded pretax restructuring charges of $ 6.0 million, $ 3.9 million and $3.8 million, respectively, for facility exit costs related to these actions. We expect to incur additional restructuring charges through 2026 of approximately $ 30 million related to these actions. On March 21, 2016, we announced that we had made the decision to close a combined total of 433,000 tons of chlor alkali capacity across three separate locations (collectively, Chlor Alkali 2016 Plan). Associated with this action, we have permanently closed our Henderson, NV chlor alkali plant with 153,000 tons of capacity and have reconfigured the site to manufacture bleach and distribute caustic soda and hydrochloric acid. Also, the capacity of our Niagara Falls, NY chlor alkali plant has been reduced from 300,000 tons to 240,000 tons and the chlor alkali capacity at our Freeport, TX facility was reduced by 220,000 tons. This 220,000 ton reduction was entirely from diaphragm cell capacity. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded pretax restructuring charges of $ 0.4 million, $ 1.6 million and $ 5.2 million, respectively, for the lease and other contract termination costs and facility exit costs related to these actions. We do not expect to incur additional restructuring charges related to these capacity reductions. The following table summarizes the 2022, 2021 and 2020 activities by major component of these restructuring actions and the remaining balances of accrued restructuring costs as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020: 64 Table of Contents Employee severance and related benefit costs Lease and other contract termination costs Facility exit costs Write-off of equipment and facility Total ($ in millions) Balance at January 1, 2020 $ — $ 3.1 $ — $ — $ 3.1 Restructuring charges 2.2 1.4 5.4 — 9.0 Amounts utilized ( 0.4 ) ( 2.8 ) ( 5.4 ) — ( 8.6 ) Balance at December 31, 2020 1.8 1.7 — — 3.5 Restructuring charges 10.3 6.0 11.6 — 27.9 Amounts utilized ( 5.2 ) ( 2.3 ) ( 11.6 ) — ( 19.1 ) Balance at December 31, 2021 6.9 5.4 — — 12.3 Restructuring charges 7.4 1.1 13.5 3.3 25.3 Amounts utilized ( 4.9 ) ( 2.3 ) ( 13.5 ) ( 3.3 ) ( 24.0 ) Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 9.4 $ 4.2 $ — $ — $ 13.6 The following table summarizes the cumulative restructuring charges of these restructuring actions by major component through December 31, 2022: Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls Epoxy Corporate/other Total McIntosh Plan Freeport 2021 Plan Freeport 2019 Plan Chlor Alkali 2016 Plan Stade Plan Productivity Plan ($ in millions) Write-off of equipment and facility $ 2.7 $ — $ 58.9 $ 78.1 $ 0.6 $ — $ 140.3 Employee severance and related benefit costs — — 2.1 6.7 7.4 10.3 26.5 Facility exit costs 4.8 9.1 11.6 53.2 — — 78.7 Employee relocation costs — — — 1.7 — — 1.7 Lease and other contract termination costs 6.4 — — 43.0 — — 49.4 Total cumulative restructuring charges $ 13.9 $ 9.1 $ 72.6 $ 182.7 $ 8.0 $ 10.3 $ 296.6 As of December 31, 2022, we have incurred cash expenditures of $ 142.7 million and non-cash charges of $ 140.3 million related to these restructuring actions. The remaining balance of $ 13.6 million is expected to be paid out through 2028. 65 Table of Contents NOTE 5. EARNINGS PER SHARE Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share are computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted net income (loss) per share reflects the dilutive effect of stock-based compensation. Years ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Computation of Net Income (Loss) per Share (In millions, except per share data) Net income (loss) $ 1,326.9 $ 1,296.7 $ ( 969.9 ) Basic shares 144.9 159.1 157.9 Basic net income (loss) per share $ 9.16 $ 8.15 $ ( 6.14 ) Diluted shares: Basic shares 144.9 159.1 157.9 Stock-based compensation 3.6 3.9 — Diluted shares 148.5 163.0 157.9 Diluted net income (loss) per share $ 8.94 $ 7.96 $ ( 6.14 ) The computation of dilutive shares from stock-based compensation does not include 0.8 million, 0.1 million and 10.0 million shares in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, as their effect would have been anti-dilutive. NOTE 6. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLES On October 11, 2022, we amended our existing $ 300.0 million Receivables Financing Agreement which increased the facility limit to $ 425.0 million and extended the maturity to October 14, 2025 (Receivables Financing Agreement). Under the Receivables Financing Agreement, our eligible trade receivables are used for collateralized borrowings and continue to be serviced by us. In addition, the Receivables Financing Agreement incorporates the net leverage ratio covenant that is contained in the $ 1,550.0 million senior credit facility. As of both December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $ 300.0 million drawn under the agreement. As of December 31, 2022, $ 654.0 million of our trade receivables were pledged as collateral and we had $ 125.0 million of additional borrowing capacity under the Receivables Financing Agreement. Olin also has trade accounts receivable factoring arrangements (AR Facilities) and pursuant to the terms of the AR Facilities, certain of our domestic subsidiaries may sell their accounts receivable up to a maximum of $ 207.7 million and certain of our foreign subsidiaries may sell their accounts receivable up to a maximum of € 42.9 million. We will continue to service the outstanding accounts sold. These receivables qualify for sales treatment under ASC 860 “Transfers and Servicing” and, accordingly, the proceeds are included in net cash provided by operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The following table summarizes the AR Facilities activity: December 31, 2022 2021 ($ in millions) Beginning Balance $ 83.3 $ 48.8 Gross receivables sold 1,049.7 876.4 Payments received from customers on sold accounts ( 1,021.2 ) ( 841.9 ) Ending Balance $ 111.8 $ 83.3 The factoring discount paid under the AR Facilities is recorded as interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations. The factoring discount for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $ 3.1 million, $ 1.1 million and $ 1.5 million, respectively. The agreements are without recourse and therefore no recourse liability has been recorded as of December 31, 2022. Our consolidated balance sheets included an allowance for doubtful accounts receivables of $ 12.6 million, $ 12.3 million and $ 12.3 million and other receivables of $ 71.6 million, $ 65.3 million and $ 62.4 million at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which were included in receivables, net. 66 Table of Contents NOTE 7. INVENTORIES December 31, 2022 2021 ($ in millions) Supplies $ 137.6 $ 115.6 Raw materials 201.2 180.7 Work in process 199.6 155.2 Finished goods 559.3 523.3 Inventories excluding LIFO reserve 1,097.7 974.8 LIFO reserve ( 155.8 ) ( 106.5 ) Inventories, net $ 941.9 $ 868.3 Inventories valued using the LIFO method comprised 59 % and 58 % of the total inventories at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The replacement cost of our inventories would have been approximately $ 155.8 million and $ 106.5 million higher than that reported at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. NOTE 8. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT December 31, Useful Lives 2022 2021 ($ in millions) Land and improvements to land 10-20 Years (1) $ 283.5 $ 284.3 Buildings and building equipment 10-30 Years 412.0 412.6 Machinery and equipment 3-20 Years 6,181.1 6,079.8 Leasehold improvements 3-11 Years 8.5 8.6 Construction in progress 202.1 204.8 Property, plant and equipment 7,087.2 6,990.1 Accumulated depreciation ( 4,413.1 ) ( 4,076.5 ) Property, plant and equipment, net $ 2,674.1 $ 2,913.6 (1) Useful life is exclusively related to improvements to land as land is not depreciated. The weighted-average useful life of machinery and equipment at December 31, 2022 was 11 years. Depreciation expense was $ 469.9 million, $ 443.3 million and $ 445.4 million for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Interest capitalized was $ 3.1 million, $ 3.2 million and $ 6.4 million for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, included a (decrease) increase of $( 4.2 ) million, $ 6.4 million and $ 31.0 million, respectively, to capital expenditures, with the corresponding change to accounts payable and accrued liabilities, related to purchases of property, plant and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. NOTE 9. OTHER ASSETS Included in other assets were the following: December 31, 2022 2021 ($ in millions) Supply contracts $ 1,048.0 $ 1,061.8 Other 54.5 70.0 Other assets $ 1,102.5 $ 1,131.8 67 Table of Contents We have entered into various arrangements for the long-term supply of ethylene and electricity. A payment of $ 461.0 million was made during 2020 associated with a previously executed option to reserve additional ethylene at producer economics. The original liability was discounted and recorded at present value as of March 31, 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2020, $ 4.0 million of interest expense was recorded for accretion of the 2020 payment liability discount. During the year ended December 31, 2020, a payment of $ 75.8 million was made associated with the resolution of a dispute over the allocation to Olin of certain capital costs incurred at our Plaquemine, LA site. The weighted-average useful life of long-term supply contracts at December 31, 2022 was 20 years. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, amortization expense of $ 70.4 million, $ 69.4 million and $ 56.0 million, respectively, was recognized within cost of goods sold related to our supply contracts and is reflected in depreciation and amortization on the consolidated statements of cash flows. We estimate that amortization expense will be approximately $ 70 million in 2023 and 2024 and $ 75 million in 2025, 2026 and 2027 related to our long-term supply contracts. The long-term supply contracts are monitored for impairment each reporting period. NOTE 10. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS Changes in the carrying value of goodwill were as follows: Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls Epoxy Total ($ in millions) Balance at January 1, 2021 $ 1,275.3 $ 144.9 $ 1,420.2 Foreign currency translation adjustment 0.3 0.1 0.4 Balance at December 31, 2021 1,275.6 145.0 1,420.6 Foreign currency translation adjustment 0.2 0.1 0.3 Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 1,275.8 $ 145.1 $ 1,420.9 During the fourth quarter of 2022, we performed our qualitative assessment of goodwill. Based upon our qualitative assessment, it was more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting units were greater than their carrying amounts as of December 31, 2022. No impairment charges were recorded for 2022 or 2021. During the first quarter of 2020, our market capitalization declined significantly compared to the fourth quarter of 2019. Over the same period, the equity value of our peer group companies and the overall U.S. stock market also declined significantly amid market volatility. These declines were driven by the uncertainty surrounding the outbreak of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) global pandemic and other macroeconomic events impacting the various industries in which Olin and our peers participate. Additionally, the various governmental, business and consumer responses to the pandemic were expected to have a negative impact on the near-term demand for several of the products produced by our Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls and Epoxy businesses. The full extent and duration of the impact of COVID-19 on our operations and financial performance was unknown at the time. As a result of these events, we identified triggering events associated with a significant overall decrease in our stock price, a significant adverse change in the business climate and a significant reduction in near-term cash flow projections and performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test during the first quarter of 2020. We used a discounted cash flow approach to develop the estimated fair value of our reporting units. Based on the aforementioned analysis, the estimated fair value of our reporting units exceeded the carrying value of the reporting units and no impairment charges were recorded. Throughout the second and third quarters of 2020, the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated response had caused significant disruptions in the U.S. and global economies, resulting in the disruption of the supply and demand fundamentals of our Chemicals businesses. The various governmental, business and consumer responses to the pandemic continued to negatively impact the demand for several of the products produced by our Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls and Epoxy businesses resulting in lower volumes and pricing during 2020 compared to 2019. Due to these factors, the triggering events identified in the first quarter associated with a significant adverse change in the business climate and a significant adverse reduction in near-term cash flow projections had persisted during 2020. Throughout the second and third quarters of 2020, the equity value of our peer group companies and the overall U.S. stock market improved significantly while Olin’s stock price remained low. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, we identified a triggering event associated with a sustained significant overall decrease in our stock price. As a result, we performed an updated quantitative goodwill 68 Table of Contents impairment test during the third quarter of 2020. We used a discounted cash flow approach to develop the estimated fair value of our reporting units. The fair value determinations required considerable judgment and were sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions, estimates and market factors. The discount rate, profitability assumptions and terminal growth rate of our reporting units and the supply and demand fundamentals of the chlor alkali industry were the material assumptions utilized in the discounted cash flow model used to estimate the fair value of each reporting unit. The discount rate reflected a weighted-average cost of capital, which was calculated, in part based on observable market data. Some of this data (such as the risk free or treasury rate and the pretax cost of debt) were based on the market data at a point in time. Other data (such as the equity risk premium) were based upon market data over time for a peer group of companies in the chemical manufacturing or distribution industries with a market capitalization premium added, as applicable. Also factoring into the discount rate was a market participant’s perceived risk (such as the company specific risk premium) in the valuation implied by the sustained reduction in our stock price. The discounted cash flow analysis required estimates, assumptions and judgments about future events. Our analysis used our internally generated long-range plan. Specifically, the assumptions in our long-range plan about terminal growth rates, forecasted capital expenditures and changes in future working capital requirements were used to determine the implied fair value of each reporting unit. The long-range plan reflected management judgment, supplemented by independent chemical industry analyses which provided multi-year industry operating and pricing forecasts. As a further indicator that each reporting unit had been valued appropriately using a discounted cash flow model, the aggregate fair value of all reporting units was reconciled to the total market value of Olin. Due to the sustained decline in our stock price, the decrease in the value of our reporting units reflected a market participant’s perceived risk in the valuation implied by the sustained reduction in our stock price. As a result of this assessment, the carrying values of our Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls and Epoxy reporting units exceeded the fair values which resulted in pre-tax goodwill impairment charges of $ 557.6 million and $ 142.2 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2020. The goodwill impairment charge was calculated as the amount that the carrying value of the reporting unit, including any goodwill, exceeded its fair value and therefore the carrying value of our reporting units equaled their fair value upon completion of the goodwill impairment test. We believe the assumptions used in our goodwill impairment analysis were appropriate and resulted in reasonable estimates of the implied fair value of each reporting unit. However, given the economic environment at the time and the uncertainties regarding the impact on our business, there can be no assurance that our estimates and assumptions, made for purposes of our goodwill impairment testing, will prove to be an accurate prediction of the future. If our assumptions regarding future performance are not achieved, or if our stock price experiences further sustained declines, we may be required to record additional goodwill impairment charges in future periods. It is not possible at this time to determine if any such future impairment charge would result or, if it does, whether such charge would be material. Intangible assets consisted of the following: December 31, 2022 2021 Useful Lives Gross Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Gross Amount Accumulated Amortization Net ($ in millions) Customers, customer contracts and relationships 10-15 Years $ 669.1 $ ( 401.2 ) $ 267.9 $ 674.4 $ ( 359.8 ) $ 314.6 Acquired technology 5-7 Years 93.1 ( 88.3 ) 4.8 93.9 ( 77.9 ) 16.0 Other 10 Years 1.8 ( 0.7 ) 1.1 1.8 ( 0.7 ) 1.1 Total intangible assets $ 764.0 $ ( 490.2 ) $ 273.8 $ 770.1 $ ( 438.4 ) $ 331.7 Amortization expense relating to intangible assets was $ 55.3 million, $ 63.1 million and $ 62.9 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We estimate that amortization expense will be approximately $ 37 million in both 2023 and 2024, approximately $ 36 million in 2025 and approximately $ 35 million in both 2026 and 2027. During the fourth quarter of 2022, we performed our qualitative assessment of our intangible assets. Based upon our qualitative impairment assessment, it is more likely than not that the fair value of our intangible assets are greater than the carrying amount as of December 31, 2022. No impairment of our intangible assets were recorded in 2022, 2021 or 2020. 69 Table of Contents NOTE 11. DEBT December 31, 2022 2021 Notes payable: ($ in millions) Variable-rate Senior Term Loans, due 2027 (5.923% and 1.604% at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively) $ 350.0 $ 350.0 Variable-rate Recovery Zone bonds, due 2024-2035 (5.198% and 1.100% at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively) 103.0 103.0 Variable-rate Go Zone bonds, due 2024 (5.198% and 1.100% at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively) 50.0 50.0 Variable-rate Industrial development and environmental improvement obligations, due 2025 (4.55% and 0.17% at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively) 2.9 2.9 9.50% senior notes, due 2025 108.6 108.6 5.625% senior notes, due 2029 669.3 669.3 5.50% senior notes, due 2022 — 200.0 5.125% senior notes, due 2027 500.0 500.0 5.00% senior notes, due 2030 515.3 515.3 Receivables Financing Agreement (See Note 6) 300.0 300.0 Finance lease obligations 1.9 3.0 Total notes payable 2,601.0 2,802.1 Deferred debt issuance costs ( 20.1 ) ( 22.5 ) Unamortized bond original issue discount ( 0.2 ) ( 0.3 ) Total debt 2,580.7 2,779.3 Amounts due within one year 9.7 201.1 Total long-term debt $ 2,571.0 $ 2,578.2 Senior Credit Facility On October 11, 2022, we entered into a $ 1,550.0 million senior credit facility (Senior Credit Facility) that replaced our 2021 Senior Credit Facility. The Senior Credit Facility includes a senior term loan facility with aggregate commitments of $ 350.0 million (Term Loan Facility) and a senior revolving credit facility with aggregate commitments of $ 1,200.0 million (Senior Revolving Credit Facility). The Term Loan Facility was fully drawn on the closing date with the proceeds of the Term Loan Facility used to refinance the loans and commitments outstanding under the 2021 Senior Credit Facility. The Term Loan Facility will require principal amortization amounts payable beginning March 31, 2023 at a rate of 0.625 % per quarter through the end of 2024, increasing to 1.250 % per quarter thereafter until maturity. The maturity date for the Senior Credit Facility is October 11, 2027. The Senior Revolving Credit Facility includes a $ 100.0 million letter of credit subfacility. At December 31, 2022, we had $ 1,199.6 million available under our $ 1,200.0 million Senior Revolving Credit Facility because we had issued $ 0.4 million of letters of credit. On February 24, 2021, we entered into a $ 1,615.0 million senior secured credit facility (2021 Senior Credit Facility) that amended our existing $ 1,300.0 million senior secured credit facility. On July 28, 2021, the liens on the collateral provided under the 2021 Senior Credit Facility were released based on the achievement of a net leverage ratio below 3.50 for the prior two consecutive fiscal quarters. The 2021 Senior Credit Facility included a senior delayed-draw term loan facility with aggregate commitments of $ 315.0 million (2021 Delayed Draw Term Loan), a senior term loan facility with aggregate commitments of $ 500.0 million (2020 Term Loan and together with the 2021 Delayed Draw Term Loan, the 2021 Senior Term Loans) and a senior revolving credit facility with aggregate commitments in an amount equal to $ 800.0 million (2021 Senior Revolving Credit Facility). The maturity date for the 2021 Senior Credit Facility was July 16, 2024. The amendment modified the pricing grid for the 2021 Senior Credit Facility by reducing applicable interest rates on the borrowings under the facility. On March 30, 2021, Olin drew the entire $ 315.0 million of the 2021 Delayed Draw Term Loan and used the proceeds to fund the redemption of the 10.00 % senior notes due October 15, 2025. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we repaid $ 465.0 million of the 2021 Senior Term Loans. 70 Table of Contents We were in compliance with all covenants and restrictions under all our outstanding credit agreements as of December 31, 2022, and no event of default had occurred that would permit the lenders under our outstanding credit agreements to accelerate the debt if not cured. In the future, our ability to generate sufficient operating cash flows, among other factors, will determine the amounts available to be borrowed under these facilities. As a result of our restrictive covenant related to the net leverage ratio, the maximum additional borrowings available to us could be limited in the future. The limitation, if an amendment or waiver from our lenders is not obtained, could restrict our ability to borrow the maximum amounts available under the Senior Revolving Credit Facility and the Receivables Financing Agreement. As of December 31, 2022, there were no covenants or other restrictions that limited our ability to borrow. Senior Notes and Other Financing During 2022 and 2021, activity of our outstanding debt included: Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 Long-term Debt Borrowings (Repayments) Long-term Debt Borrowings (Repayments) Loss on Debt Extinguishment (1) Debt Instrument ($ in millions) Borrowings: Senior Revolving Credit Facility $ 320.0 $ — Senior Term Loans — 315.0 Receivables Financing Agreement 95.0 225.0 Total borrowings $ 415.0 $ 540.0 Repayments: 10.00% senior notes, due 2025 (Blue Cube 2025 Notes) $ — $ ( 500.0 ) $ 30.9 9.50% senior notes, due 2025 (2025 Notes) — ( 391.4 ) 103.8 9.75% senior notes, due 2023 (2023 Notes) — ( 120.0 ) 3.7 5.625% senior notes, due 2029 (2029 Notes) — ( 80.7 ) 9.0 5.00% senior notes, due 2030 (2030 Notes) — ( 34.7 ) 2.8 5.50% senior notes, due 2022 (2022 Notes) ( 200.0 ) — — — Senior Revolving Credit Facility ( 320.0 ) — — Senior Term Loans — ( 465.0 ) 2.0 Receivables Financing Agreement ( 95.0 ) ( 50.0 ) — Finance leases ( 1.1 ) ( 1.3 ) — Total repayments $ ( 616.1 ) $ ( 1,643.1 ) $ 152.2 Long-term debt repayments, net $ ( 201.1 ) $ ( 1,103.1 ) (1) Loss on debt extinguishment is included as interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The loss includes the payment of bond redemption premiums of $ 137.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, as well as the write-off of deferred debt issuance costs, write-off of bond original issue discount and recognition of deferred fair value interest rate swap losses of $ 14.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, associated with the optional prepayment of existing debt. The cash payments related to the early redemption premiums for the debt extinguishments are classified as cash outflows from financing activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows for year ended December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Olin redeemed the full aggregate principal amount $ 200.0 million of the outstanding 2022 Notes which became due utilizing cash on hand. In the fourth quarter of 2021, we completed a cash tender offer to purchase a principal amount of $ 391.4 million of the outstanding 2025 Notes. This action resulted in total redemption premiums of $ 99.4 million. The 2025 Notes were redeemed by drawing $ 150.0 million of the Receivables Financing Agreement along with utilizing cash on hand. 71 Table of Contents During the year ended December 31, 2021, we repurchased, through open market transactions, a principal amount of $ 80.7 million of the outstanding aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes and $ 34.7 million of the outstanding aggregate principal amount of the 2030 Notes. These actions resulted in total redemption premiums of $ 10.4 million. On March 31, 2021, Olin redeemed $ 315.0 million of the outstanding Blue Cube 2025 Notes and on May 14, 2021, Olin redeemed the remaining $ 185.0 million of the outstanding Blue Cube 2025 Notes. The Blue Cube 2025 Notes were redeemed at 105.00 % of the principal amount of the Blue Cube 2025 Notes, resulting in a redemption premium of $ 25.0 million. The Blue Cube 2025 Notes were redeemed by drawing $ 315.0 million of the 2021 Delayed Draw Term Loan along with utilizing cash on hand. On January 15, 2021, Olin redeemed the remaining $ 120.0 million of the outstanding 2023 Notes. The 2023 Notes were redeemed at 102.438 % of the principal amount of the 2023 Notes, resulting in a redemption premium of $ 2.9 million. The remaining 2023 Notes were redeemed by utilizing $ 122.9 million of cash on hand. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized interest expense of $ 14.5 million and $ 5.8 million, respectively, for the write-off of deferred debt issuance costs, write-off of bond original issue discount and recognition of deferred fair value interest rate swap losses. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we paid debt issuance costs of $ 4.4 million, $ 3.9 million and $ 10.3 million, respectively, related to financing transactions. At December 31, 2022, we had total letters of credit of $ 89.8 million outstanding, of which $ 0.4 million were issued under our Senior Revolving Credit Facility. The letters of credit are used to support certain long-term debt, certain workers compensation insurance policies, certain plant closure and post-closure obligations, certain international payment obligations and certain international pension funding requirements. Annual maturities of long-term debt, including finance lease obligations, are $ 9.7 million in 2023, $ 79.5 million in 2024, $ 429.2 million in 2025, $ 100.5 million in 2026, $ 797.5 million in 2027 and a total of $ 1,184.6 million thereafter. NOTE 12. PENSION PLANS We sponsor domestic and foreign defined benefit pension plans for eligible employees and retirees. Most of our domestic employees participate in defined contribution plans. However, a portion of our bargaining hourly employees continue to participate in our domestic qualified defined benefit pension plans under a flat-benefit formula. Our funding policy for the qualified defined benefit pension plans is consistent with the requirements of federal laws and regulations. Our foreign subsidiaries maintain pension and other benefit plans, which are consistent with local statutory practices. Our domestic qualified defined benefit pension plan provides that if, within three years following a change of control of Olin, any corporate action is taken or filing made in contemplation of, among other things, a plan termination or merger or other transfer of assets or liabilities of the plan, and such termination, merger or transfer thereafter takes place, plan benefits would automatically be increased for affected participants (and retired participants) to absorb any plan surplus (subject to applicable collective bargaining requirements). Based on our plan assumptions and estimates, we will not be required to make any cash contributions to the domestic qualified defined benefit pension plan at least through 2023. We have international qualified defined benefit pension plans to which we made cash contributions of $ 1.3 million, $ 1.1 million and $ 2.1 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and we anticipate less than $ 5 million of cash contributions to international qualified defined benefit pension plans in 2023. 72 Table of Contents Pension Obligations and Funded Status Changes in the benefit obligation and plan assets were as follows: December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 U.S. Foreign Total U.S. Foreign Total Change in Benefit Obligation ($ in millions) Benefit obligation at beginning of year $ 2,506.0 $ 382.3 $ 2,888.3 $ 2,758.9 $ 446.4 $ 3,205.3 Service cost 0.5 7.9 8.4 0.9 10.5 11.4 Interest cost 57.3 4.1 61.4 48.4 2.9 51.3 Actuarial gain ( 556.1 ) ( 113.7 ) ( 669.8 ) ( 163.7 ) ( 41.7 ) ( 205.4 ) Benefits paid ( 139.3 ) ( 6.1 ) ( 145.4 ) ( 138.5 ) ( 11.4 ) ( 149.9 ) Plan participant’s contributions — 0.3 0.3 — 0.9 0.9 Plan amendments — — — — ( 0.7 ) ( 0.7 ) Foreign currency translation adjustments — ( 23.7 ) ( 23.7 ) — ( 24.6 ) ( 24.6 ) Benefit obligation at end of year $ 1,868.4 $ 251.1 $ 2,119.5 $ 2,506.0 $ 382.3 $ 2,888.3 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 U.S. Foreign Total U.S. Foreign Total Change in Plan Assets ($ in millions) Fair value of plans’ assets at beginning of year $ 2,429.6 $ 76.1 $ 2,505.7 $ 2,383.8 $ 85.3 $ 2,469.1 Actual return on plans’ assets ( 465.6 ) ( 7.6 ) ( 473.2 ) 184.0 ( 1.1 ) 182.9 Employer contributions 0.2 1.4 1.6 0.3 1.5 1.8 Benefits paid ( 139.3 ) ( 3.1 ) ( 142.4 ) ( 138.5 ) ( 9.1 ) ( 147.6 ) Foreign currency translation adjustments — ( 3.5 ) ( 3.5 ) — ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 ) Fair value of plans’ assets at end of year $ 1,824.9 $ 63.3 $ 1,888.2 $ 2,429.6 $ 76.1 $ 2,505.7 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 U.S. Foreign Total U.S. Foreign Total Funded Status ($ in millions) Qualified plans $ ( 41.4 ) $ ( 185.7 ) $ ( 227.1 ) $ ( 73.7 ) $ ( 303.6 ) $ ( 377.3 ) Non-qualified plans ( 2.1 ) ( 2.1 ) ( 4.2 ) ( 2.7 ) ( 2.6 ) ( 5.3 ) Total funded status $ ( 43.5 ) $ ( 187.8 ) $ ( 231.3 ) $ ( 76.4 ) $ ( 306.2 ) $ ( 382.6 ) We recorded a $ 37.2 million after-tax benefit ($ 59.9 million pretax) to shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2022 for our pension plans. This benefit primarily reflected a 260 -basis point increase in the domestic pension plans’ discount rate and a 230 -basis point increase in the international defined benefit pension plans’ discount rate, partially offset by unfavorable performance on plan assets during 2022. In 2021, we recorded a $ 185.6 million after-tax benefit ($ 245.9 million pretax) to shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2021 for our pension plans. This benefit primarily reflected a 50 -basis point decrease in the domestic pension plans’ discount rate and favorable performance on plan assets during 2021. The $ 669.8 million actuarial gain for 2022 was primarily due to a 260 -basis point increase in the domestic pension plans’ discount rate and a 230 -basis point increase in the international defined benefit pension plans’ discount rate. The $ 205.4 million actuarial loss for 2021 was primarily due to an 50 -basis point increase in the domestic pension plans’ discount rate. 73 Table of Contents Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets consisted of: December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 U.S. Foreign Total U.S. Foreign Total ($ in millions) Prepaid benefit cost in noncurrent assets $ — $ 3.9 $ 3.9 $ — $ — $ — Accrued benefit in current liabilities ( 0.5 ) ( 0.2 ) ( 0.7 ) ( 0.6 ) ( 0.1 ) ( 0.7 ) Accrued benefit in noncurrent liabilities ( 43.0 ) ( 191.5 ) ( 234.5 ) ( 75.8 ) ( 306.1 ) ( 381.9 ) Accumulated other comprehensive loss 558.1 ( 21.4 ) 536.7 545.4 85.1 630.5 Net balance sheet impact $ 514.6 $ ( 209.2 ) $ 305.4 $ 469.0 $ ( 221.1 ) $ 247.9 At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the benefit obligation of non-qualified pension plans was $ 4.2 million and $ 5.3 million, respectively, and was included in the above pension benefit obligation. There were no plan assets for these non-qualified pension plans. Benefit payments for the non-qualified pension plans are expected to be as follows: 2023—$ 0.7 million; 2024—$ 0.3 million; 2025—$ 0.3 million; 2026—$ 0.4 million; and 2027—$ 1.0 million. Benefit payments for the qualified plans are projected to be as follows: 2023—$ 149.3 million; 2024—$ 141.5 million; 2025—$ 136.2 million; 2026—$ 130.5 million; and 2027—$ 125.2 million. December 31, 2022 2021 ($ in millions) Projected benefit obligation $ 2,119.5 $ 2,888.3 Accumulated benefit obligation 2,107.5 2,862.7 Fair value of plans’ assets 1,888.2 2,505.7 Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Components of Net Periodic Benefit Income ($ in millions) Service cost $ 8.4 $ 11.4 $ 10.9 Interest cost 61.4 51.3 75.1 Expected return on plans’ assets ( 136.7 ) ( 142.3 ) ( 141.7 ) Amortization of prior service cost ( 0.7 ) ( 0.6 ) ( 0.4 ) Recognized actuarial loss 34.6 52.7 44.4 Net periodic benefit income $ ( 33.0 ) $ ( 27.5 ) $ ( 11.7 ) Included in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Pretax) Liability adjustment $ ( 59.9 ) $ ( 245.9 ) $ ( 30.7 ) Amortization of prior service costs and actuarial losses ( 33.9 ) ( 52.1 ) ( 44.0 ) The service cost component of net periodic benefit (income) cost related to the employees of the operating segments are allocated to the operating segments based on their respective estimated census data. 74 Table of Contents Pension Plan Assumptions Certain actuarial assumptions, such as discount rate and long-term rate of return on plan assets, have a significant effect on the amounts reported for net periodic benefit cost and accrued benefit obligation amounts. We use a measurement date of December 31 for our pension plans. U.S. Pension Benefits Foreign Pension Benefits Weighted-Average Assumptions 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 Discount rate—periodic benefit cost 2.9 % (1) 2.4 % 3.2 % 1.4 % 0.8 % 1.4 % Expected return on assets 6.75 % 7.25 % 7.75 % 3.8 % 4.2 % 4.4 % Rate of compensation increase 3.0 % 3.0 % 3.0 % 3.0 % 3.0 % 2.7 % Discount rate—benefit obligation 5.5 % 2.9 % 2.4 % 3.7 % 1.4 % 0.8 % (1) The discount rate—periodic benefit cost for our domestic qualified pension plan is comprised of the discount rate used to determine interest costs of 2.3 % and the discount rate used to determine service costs of 3.0 %. The discount rate is based on a hypothetical yield curve represented by a series of annualized individual zero-coupon bond spot rates for maturities ranging from one-half to thirty years. The bonds used in the yield curve must have a rating of AA or better per Standard & Poor’s, be non-callable, and have at least $ 250 million par outstanding. The yield curve is then applied to the projected benefit payments from the plan. Based on these bonds and the projected benefit payment streams, the single rate that produces the same yield as the matching bond portfolio is used as the discount rate. The long-term expected rate of return on plan assets represents an estimate of the long-term rate of returns on the investment portfolio consisting of equities, fixed income and alternative investments. We use long-term historical actual return information, the allocation mix of investments that comprise plan assets and forecast estimates of long-term investment returns, including inflation rates, by reference to external sources. The historic rates of return on plan assets have been 3.5 % for the last 5 years, 5.7 % for the last 10 years and 7.0 % for the last 15 years. The following rates of return by asset class were considered in setting the long-term rate of return assumption: U.S. equities 7 % to 11 % Non-U.S. equities 8 % to 12 % Fixed income/cash 3 % to 7 % Alternative investments 5 % to 15 % Plan Assets Our pension plan asset allocations at December 31, 2022 and 2021 by asset class were as follows: Percentage of Plan Assets Asset Class 2022 2021 U.S. equities 4 % 6 % Non-U.S. equities 11 % 11 % Fixed income/cash 38 % 44 % Alternative investments 47 % 39 % Total 100 % 100 % The Alternative Investments asset class includes hedge funds, real estate and private equity investments. The Alternative Investments class is intended to help diversify risk and increase returns by utilizing a broader group of assets. A master trust was established by our pension plan to accumulate funds required to meet benefit payments of our plan and is administered solely in the interest of our plan’s participants and their beneficiaries. The master trust’s investment horizon is long term. Its assets are managed by professional investment managers or invested in professionally managed investment vehicles. Our pension plan maintains a portfolio of assets designed to achieve an appropriate risk adjusted return. The portfolio of assets is also structured to manage risk by diversifying assets across asset classes whose return patterns are not highly 75 Table of Contents correlated, investing in passively and actively managed strategies and in value and growth styles, and by periodic rebalancing of asset classes, strategies and investment styles to objectively set targets. As of December 31, 2022, the following target allocation and ranges have been set for each asset class: Asset Class Target Allocation Target Range U.S. equities (1) 21 % 10-30 Non-U.S. equities (1) 14 % 0-35 Fixed income/cash (1) 58 % 25-90 Alternative investments 7 % 0-40 (1) The target allocation for these asset classes include alternative investments, primarily hedge funds, based on the underlying investments in each hedge fund. Determining which hierarchical level an asset or liability falls within requires significant judgment. The following table summarizes our domestic and foreign defined benefit pension plan assets measured at fair value as of December 31, 2022: Asset Class Investments Measured at Net Asset Value Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Equity securities ($ in millions) U.S. equities $ 19.2 $ 54.4 $ — $ — $ 73.6 Non-U.S. equities 206.4 0.2 0.1 — 206.7 Fixed income/cash Cash — 102.2 — — 102.2 Government treasuries — — 171.2 — 171.2 Corporate debt instruments 345.2 — 0.5 — 345.7 Asset-backed securities 90.1 — 19.0 — 109.1 Alternative investments Hedge fund of funds 685.1 — — — 685.1 Real estate funds 25.2 — — — 25.2 Private equity funds 169.4 — — — 169.4 Total assets $ 1,540.6 $ 156.8 $ 190.8 $ — $ 1,888.2 76 Table of Contents The following table summarizes our domestic and foreign defined benefit pension plan assets measured at fair value as of December 31, 2021: Asset Class Investments Measured at Net Asset Value Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Equity securities ($ in millions) U.S. equities $ 59.7 $ 86.7 $ — $ — $ 146.4 Non-U.S. equities 287.7 1.3 0.6 — 289.6 Fixed income/cash Cash — 129.3 — — 129.3 Government treasuries — — 363.8 — 363.8 Corporate debt instruments 433.9 — 40.3 — 474.2 Asset-backed securities 107.2 — 18.5 — 125.7 Alternative investments Hedge fund of funds 820.9 — — — 820.9 Real estate funds 17.0 — — — 17.0 Private equity funds 138.8 — — — 138.8 Total assets $ 1,865.2 $ 217.3 $ 423.2 $ — $ 2,505.7 U.S. equities —This class included actively and passively managed equity investments in common stock and commingled funds comprised primarily of large-capitalization stocks with value, core and growth strategies. Non-U.S. equities —This class included actively managed equity investments in commingled funds comprised primarily of international large-capitalization stocks from both developed and emerging markets. Fixed income and cash— This class included commingled funds comprised of debt instruments issued by the U.S. and Canadian Treasuries, U.S. Agencies, corporate debt instruments, asset- and mortgage-backed securities and cash. Hedge fund of funds— This class included a hedge fund which invests in the following types of hedge funds: Event driven hedge funds— This class included hedge funds that invest in securities to capture excess returns that are driven by market or specific company events including activist investment philosophies and the arbitrage of equity and private and public debt securities. Market neutral hedge funds —This class included investments in U.S. and international equities and fixed income securities while maintaining a market neutral position in those markets. Other hedge funds —This class primarily included long-short equity strategies and a global macro fund which invested in fixed income, equity, currency, commodity and related derivative markets. Real estate funds —This class included several funds that invest primarily in U.S. commercial real estate. Private equity funds —This class included several private equity funds that invest primarily in infrastructure and U.S. power generation and transmission assets. U.S. equities and non-U.S. equities are primarily valued at the net asset value provided by the independent administrator or custodian of the commingled fund. The net asset value is based on the value of the underlying equities, which are traded on an active market. U.S. equities are also valued at the closing price reported in an active market on which the individual securities are traded. A portion of our fixed income investments are valued at the net asset value provided by the independent administrator or custodian of the fund. The net asset value is based on the underlying assets, which are valued using inputs such as the closing price reported, if traded on an active market, values derived from comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings, or under a discounted cash flow approach that utilizes observable inputs, such as current yields of similar instruments, but includes adjustments for risks that may not be observable such as certain credit and liquidity risks. Alternative 77 Table of Contents investments are valued at the net asset value as determined by the independent administrator or custodian of the fund. The net asset value is based on the underlying investments, which are valued using inputs such as quoted market prices of identical instruments, discounted future cash flows, independent appraisals and market-based comparable data. NOTE 13. POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS We provide certain postretirement healthcare (medical) and life insurance benefits for eligible active and retired domestic employees. The healthcare plans are contributory with participants’ contributions adjusted annually based on medical rates of inflation and plan experience. We use a measurement date of December 31 for our postretirement plans. Other Postretirement Benefits Obligations and Funded Status Changes in the benefit obligation were as follows: December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 U.S. Foreign Total U.S. Foreign Total Change in Benefit Obligation ($ in millions) Benefit obligation at beginning of year $ 39.3 $ 11.2 $ 50.5 $ 44.2 $ 11.9 $ 56.1 Service cost 0.8 0.3 1.1 0.9 0.4 1.3 Interest cost 0.8 0.3 1.1 0.7 0.3 1.0 Actuarial gain ( 8.0 ) ( 4.2 ) ( 12.2 ) ( 2.7 ) ( 1.1 ) ( 3.8 ) Benefits paid ( 4.4 ) ( 0.4 ) ( 4.8 ) ( 3.8 ) ( 0.3 ) ( 4.1 ) Foreign currency translation adjustments — ( 0.8 ) ( 0.8 ) — — — Benefit obligation at end of year $ 28.5 $ 6.4 $ 34.9 $ 39.3 $ 11.2 $ 50.5 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 U.S. Foreign Total U.S. Foreign Total ($ in millions) Funded status $ ( 28.5 ) $ ( 6.4 ) $ ( 34.9 ) $ ( 39.3 ) $ ( 11.2 ) $ ( 50.5 ) We recorded a $ 9.6 million after-tax benefit ($ 12.2 million pretax) to shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2022 for our other postretirement plans. In 2021, we recorded an after-tax benefit of $ 2.9 million ($ 3.8 million pretax) to shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2021 for our other postretirement plans. Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets consisted of: December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 U.S. Foreign Total U.S. Foreign Total ($ in millions) Accrued benefit in current liabilities $ ( 2.6 ) $ ( 0.3 ) $ ( 2.9 ) $ ( 3.0 ) $ ( 0.4 ) $ ( 3.4 ) Accrued benefit in noncurrent liabilities ( 25.9 ) ( 6.1 ) ( 32.0 ) ( 36.3 ) ( 10.8 ) ( 47.1 ) Accumulated other comprehensive loss 10.3 ( 3.1 ) 7.2 20.0 1.0 21.0 Net balance sheet impact $ ( 18.2 ) $ ( 9.5 ) $ ( 27.7 ) $ ( 19.3 ) $ ( 10.2 ) $ ( 29.5 ) 78 Table of Contents Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost ($ in millions) Service cost $ 1.1 $ 1.3 $ 1.2 Interest cost 1.1 1.0 1.4 Amortization of prior service cost 0.1 0.1 0.1 Recognized actuarial loss 1.5 2.1 2.2 Net periodic benefit cost $ 3.8 $ 4.5 $ 4.9 Included in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Pretax) Liability adjustment $ ( 12.2 ) $ ( 3.8 ) $ 4.1 Amortization of prior service costs and actuarial losses ( 1.6 ) ( 2.2 ) ( 2.3 ) The service cost component of net periodic postretirement benefit cost related to the employees of the operating segments are allocated to the operating segments based on their respective estimated census data. Other Postretirement Benefits Plan Assumptions Certain actuarial assumptions, such as discount rate, have a significant effect on the amounts reported for net periodic benefit cost and accrued benefit obligation amounts. December 31, Weighted-Average Assumptions 2022 2021 2020 Discount rate—periodic benefit cost 2.8 % 2.3 % 3.1 % Discount rate—benefit obligation 5.5 % 2.8 % 2.3 % The discount rate is based on a hypothetical yield curve represented by a series of annualized individual zero-coupon bond spot rates for maturities ranging from one-half to thirty years. The bonds used in the yield curve must have a rating of AA or better per Standard & Poor’s, be non-callable, and have at least $ 250 million par outstanding. The yield curve is then applied to the projected benefit payments from the plan. Based on these bonds and the projected benefit payment streams, the single rate that produces the same yield as the matching bond portfolio is used as the discount rate. We review external data and our own internal trends for healthcare costs to determine the healthcare cost for the post retirement benefit obligation. The assumed healthcare cost trend rates for pre-65 retirees were as follows: December 31, 2022 2021 Healthcare cost trend rate assumed for next year 7.0 % 7.3 % Rate that the cost trend rate gradually declines to 4.5 % 4.5 % Year that the rate reaches the ultimate rate 2032 2032 For post-65 retirees, we provide a fixed dollar benefit, which is not subject to escalation. We expect to make payments of approximately $ 3 million for each of the next five years under the provisions of our other postretirement benefit plans. 79 Table of Contents NOTE 14. INCOME TAXES Years ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Components of Income (Loss) Before Taxes ($ in millions) Domestic $ 1,231.2 $ 977.3 $ ( 1,025.2 ) Foreign 444.8 561.4 5.2 Income (loss) before taxes $ 1,676.0 $ 1,538.7 $ ( 1,020.0 ) Components of Income Tax Provision (Benefit) Current provision (benefit): Federal $ 225.0 $ 139.6 $ ( 42.9 ) State 31.1 24.5 0.5 Foreign 121.7 131.3 12.5 377.8 295.4 ( 29.9 ) Deferred (benefit) provision: Federal ( 32.1 ) 39.1 ( 36.0 ) State ( 4.3 ) 6.2 ( 13.2 ) Foreign 7.7 ( 98.7 ) 29.0 ( 28.7 ) ( 53.4 ) ( 20.2 ) Income tax provision (benefit) $ 349.1 $ 242.0 $ ( 50.1 ) The following table accounts for the difference between the actual tax provision and the amounts obtained by applying the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to the income (loss) before taxes. Years ended December 31, Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation (Percent) 2022 2021 2020 Statutory federal tax rate 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 % State income taxes, net 2.3 1.9 1.1 Foreign rate differential 1.5 2.9 ( 0.2 ) U.S. tax on foreign earnings ( 0.8 ) 0.3 ( 1.8 ) Salt depletion ( 0.5 ) ( 0.6 ) 1.0 Change in valuation allowance 0.4 ( 10.4 ) ( 3.5 ) Remeasurement of U.S. state deferred taxes ( 0.8 ) 0.1 ( 0.1 ) Change in tax contingencies 0.5 1.5 0.2 Share-based payments ( 0.3 ) ( 0.7 ) — Return to provision ( 0.6 ) ( 0.5 ) 0.3 U.S. federal tax credits ( 0.1 ) — 0.2 Legal entity liquidation ( 2.0 ) — — Goodwill impairment charge — — ( 13.3 ) Other, net 0.2 0.2 — Effective tax rate 20.8 % 15.7 % 4.9 % The effective tax rate for 2022 included a benefit associated with a legal entity liquidation, a benefit associated with prior year tax positions, a benefit associated with stock-based compensation, a benefit from remeasurement of deferred taxes due to a decrease in our state effective tax rates, an expense associated with a net increase in the valuation allowance related to state tax credits and an expense from a change in tax contingencies. These factors resulted in a net $ 60.2 million tax benefit. After giving consideration to these items, the effective tax rate for 2022 of 24.4 % was higher than the 21.0 % U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to state taxes, an increase in the valuation allowance related to losses in foreign jurisdictions and foreign income taxes, partially offset by foreign income exclusions and favorable permanent salt depletion deductions. 80 Table of Contents The effective tax rate for 2021 included benefits from a net decrease in the valuation allowance related to deferred tax assets in foreign jurisdictions and domestic tax credits, a benefit associated with prior year tax positions, a benefit associated with stock-based compensation, an expense from remeasurement of deferred taxes due to an increase in our state effective tax rates and an expense from a change in tax contingencies. These factors resulted in a net $ 103.6 million tax benefit. After giving consideration to these items, the effective tax rate for 2021 of 22.5 % was higher than the 21.0 % U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to state taxes, foreign income inclusions and foreign income taxes, partially offset by a net decrease in the valuation allowance related to utilization of losses in foreign jurisdictions and favorable permanent salt depletion deductions. The effective tax rate for 2020 included expenses associated with a net increase in the valuation allowance related to foreign and domestic tax credits and deferred tax assets in foreign jurisdictions, a remeasurement of deferred taxes due to an increase in our state effective tax rates and a change in tax contingencies, and stock-based compensation, partially offset by a benefit associated with prior year tax positions. These factors resulted in a net $ 27.9 million tax expense. For 2020, a tax benefit of $ 10.8 million was recognized associated with the $ 699.8 million goodwill impairment charge. After giving consideration to these items, including the goodwill impairment charge on Olin’s loss before taxes, the effective tax rate for 2020 of 21.0 % was equal to the 21.0 % U.S. federal statutory rate as foreign income taxes, foreign income inclusions and a net increase in the valuation allowance related to losses in foreign jurisdictions were offset by state taxes and favorable permanent salt depletion deductions. December 31, Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities 2022 2021 Deferred tax assets: ($ in millions) Pension and postretirement benefits $ 42.9 $ 92.4 Environmental reserves 37.4 36.4 Asset retirement obligations 13.9 14.7 Accrued liabilities 47.4 49.4 Lease liabilities 91.4 89.7 Tax credits 37.4 40.8 Net operating losses 23.2 22.6 Capital loss carryforward 0.2 0.5 Other miscellaneous items 2.5 — Total deferred tax assets 296.3 346.5 Valuation allowance ( 76.4 ) ( 70.1 ) Net deferred tax assets 219.9 276.4 Deferred tax liabilities: Property, plant and equipment 481.7 496.7 Right-of-use lease assets 89.8 88.2 Intangible amortization 68.7 41.2 Inventory and prepaids 12.1 7.9 Partnerships 2.4 87.0 Taxes on unremitted earnings 12.0 8.7 Other miscellaneous items — 6.3 Total deferred tax liabilities 666.7 736.0 Net deferred tax liability $ ( 446.8 ) $ ( 459.6 ) Realization of the net deferred tax assets, irrespective of indefinite-lived deferred tax liabilities, is dependent on future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and adequate future taxable income, exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards. Although realization is not assured, we believe that it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will be realized. At December 31, 2022, we had deferred state tax assets of $ 9.6 million relating to state NOLs, which will expire in years 2023 through 2042, if not utilized. 81 Table of Contents At December 31, 2022, we had deferred state tax assets of $ 18.8 million relating to state tax credits, which will expire in years 2023 through 2037, if not utilized. At December 31, 2022, we had foreign tax credits of $ 12.6 million, that will expire in years 2027 through 2031, if not utilized. At December 31, 2022, we had NOLs of approximately $ 58.6 million (representing $ 13.5 million of deferred tax assets) in various foreign jurisdictions. Of these, $ 47.3 million (representing $ 11.5 million of deferred tax assets) expire in various years from 2023 to 2032. The remaining $ 11.3 million (representing $ 2.0 million of deferred tax assets) do not expire. As of December 31, 2022, we had recorded a valuation allowance of $ 76.4 million, compared to $ 70.1 million as of December 31, 2021 and $ 239.6 million as of December 31, 2020. The decrease of $169.5 million in 2021 is primarily due to a release of the $ 156.9 million valuation allowance related to deferred tax assets of our German operations, of which $ 103.8 million was released in the second quarter of 2021. As a result of significant taxable income during the first six months of 2021, our German operations reported cumulative income before tax (adjusted for permanent items) over the previous twelve quarters. Additionally, we projected taxable income in our German operations for the remainder of 2021 and we expected that net operating loss carryovers and other deductible amounts in Germany would ultimately be realizable against future income. We concluded, based upon the preponderance of positive evidence over negative evidence and the anticipated ability to use the deferred tax assets, that it was more likely than not that the deferred tax assets in Germany would be realizable due to U.S. GAAP forecasted income. If there are unfavorable changes to actual operating results or to projections of future income, we may determine that it is more likely than not such deferred tax assets may not be realizable. All German net operating loss carryovers were realized in 2021. We continue to have net deferred tax assets in several jurisdictions which we expect to realize, assuming sufficient taxable income can be generated to utilize these deferred tax benefits, which is based on certain estimates and assumptions. If these estimates and related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to reduce the value of the deferred tax assets resulting in additional tax expense. The activity of our deferred income tax valuation allowance was as follows: December 31, 2022 2021 ($ in millions) Beginning balance $ 70.1 $ 239.6 Increases to valuation allowances 14.6 3.2 Decreases to valuation allowances ( 6.6 ) ( 169.6 ) Foreign currency translation adjustments ( 1.7 ) ( 3.1 ) Ending balance $ 76.4 $ 70.1 82 Table of Contents As of December 31, 2022, we had $ 51.6 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits, which would have a net $ 50.6 million impact on the effective tax rate, if recognized. As of December 31, 2021, we had $ 43.4 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits, which would have a net $ 43.6 million impact on the effective tax rate, if recognized. The change for both 2022 and 2021 primarily relates to additional gross unrecognized benefits for current and prior year tax positions, as well as decreases for prior year tax positions. The amounts of unrecognized tax benefits were as follows: December 31, 2022 2021 ($ in millions) Beginning balance $ 43.4 $ 21.3 Increase for current year tax positions 10.3 5.8 Increase for prior year tax positions 0.3 24.4 Decrease for prior year tax positions ( 0.8 ) ( 4.1 ) Reduction due to lapse in statute of limitations — ( 3.0 ) Foreign currency translation adjustments ( 1.6 ) ( 1.0 ) Ending balance $ 51.6 $ 43.4 We recognize interest and penalty expense related to unrecognized tax positions as a component of the income tax provision. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, interest and penalties accrued were $ 1.2 million and $ 0.5 million, respectively. For 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded expense (benefit) related to interest and penalties of $ 0.7 million, $ 0.5 million and $( 0.1 ) million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we believe it is reasonably possible that our total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will decrease by approximately $ 18.3 million over the next twelve months. The anticipated reduction primarily relates to settlements with tax authorities and the expiration of federal, state and foreign statutes of limitation. We operate globally and file income tax returns in numerous jurisdictions. Our tax returns are subject to examination by various federal, state and local tax authorities. Additionally, examinations are ongoing in various states and foreign jurisdictions. We believe we have adequately provided for all tax positions; however, amounts asserted by taxing authorities could be greater than our accrued position. For our primary tax jurisdictions, the tax years that remain subject to examination are as follows: Tax Years U.S. federal income tax 2018 - 2021 U.S. state income tax 2012 - 2021 Canadian federal income tax 2015 - 2021 Brazil 2015 - 2021 Germany 2015 - 2021 China 2014 - 2021 The Netherlands 2015 - 2021 83 Table of Contents NOTE 15. ACCRUED LIABILITIES Included in accrued liabilities were the following: December 31, 2022 2021 ($ in millions) Accrued compensation and payroll taxes $ 111.9 $ 112.0 Tax-related accruals 51.4 58.0 Accrued interest 35.6 39.1 Legal and professional costs 41.6 35.8 Accrued employee benefits 64.6 48.3 Manufacturing related accruals 47.1 52.8 Environmental (current portion only) 25.0 25.0 Asset retirement obligation (current portion only) 13.7 13.4 Restructuring reserves (current portion only) 13.6 12.2 Derivative contracts 42.5 3.5 Other 61.8 58.0 Accrued liabilities $ 508.8 $ 458.1 NOTE 16. CONTRIBUTING EMPLOYEE OWNERSHIP PLAN The Contributing Employee Ownership Plan (CEOP) is a defined contribution plan available to essentially all domestic employees. We provide a contribution to an individual retirement contribution account maintained with the CEOP equal to an amount of between 5.0 % and 7.5 % of the employee’s eligible compensation. The defined contribution plan expense was $ 37.4 million, $ 35.4 million and $ 30.6 million for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Company matching contributions are invested in the same investment allocation as the employee’s contribution. Our matching contributions for eligible employees amounted to $ 14.4 million, $ 14.2 million and $ 3.7 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Effective January 1, 2020, we suspended the match on all salaried and non-bargaining hourly employees’ contributions, and moved to a discretionary contribution model with contributions contingent upon company-wide financial performance. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we did not make a discretionary matching contribution. Effective January 1, 2021, we reinstated the match on all salaried and non-bargaining hourly employees’ contributions, which provides for a maximum 3 % matching contribution based on the level of participant contributions. Employees generally become vested in the value of the contributions we make to the CEOP according to a schedule based on service. After 2 years of service, participants are 25 % vested. They vest in increments of 25 % for each additional year and after 5 years of service, they are 100 % vested in the value of the contributions that we have made to their accounts. Effective in February 2023, employees will immediately vest in matching contributions. Additionally, after 2 years of service, participants will be 50 % vested and after 3 years of service, participants will be 100 % vested in the value of the Company matching contributions made to the CEOP. 84 Table of Contents NOTE 17. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION Stock-based compensation expense was allocated to the operating segments for the portion related to employees whose compensation would be included in cost of goods sold with the remainder recognized in corporate/other. There were no significant capitalized stock-based compensation costs. Stock-based compensation granted includes stock options, performance share awards, restricted stock awards and deferred directors’ compensation. Stock-based compensation expense was as follows: Years ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 ($ in millions) Stock-based compensation $ 25.6 $ 28.4 $ 17.5 Mark-to-market adjustments ( 2.5 ) 24.7 4.8 Total expense $ 23.1 $ 53.1 $ 22.3 Stock Plans Under the stock option and long-term incentive plans, options may be granted to purchase shares of our common stock at an exercise price not less than fair market value at the date of grant, and are exercisable for a period not exceeding ten years from that date. Stock options, restricted stock and performance shares typically vest over three years . We issue shares to settle stock options, restricted stock and share-based performance awards. In 2022, 2021 and 2020, long-term incentive awards included stock options, performance share awards and restricted stock. The stock option exercise price was set at the fair market value of common stock on the date of the grant, and the options have a ten-year term. The fair value of each stock option granted, which typically vests ratably over three years , but not less than one year , was estimated on the date of grant, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions: Grant date 2022 2021 2020 Dividend yield 1.60 % 2.76 % 4.60 % Risk-free interest rate 1.93 % 0.94 % 1.44 % Expected volatility 48 % 44 % 36 % Expected life (years) 7.0 6.0 6.0 Weighted-average grant fair value (per option) $ 21.18 $ 9.91 $ 3.64 Weighted-average exercise price $ 49.71 $ 28.99 $ 17.33 Stock options granted 752,100 1,154,700 2,663,100 Dividend yield was based on our current dividend yield as of the option grant date. Risk-free interest rate was based on zero coupon U.S. Treasury securities rates for the expected life of the options. Expected volatility was based on our historical stock price movements, as we believe that historical experience is the best available indicator of the expected volatility. Expected life of the option grant was based on historical exercise and cancellation patterns, as we believe that historical experience is the best estimate for future exercise patterns Stock option transactions were as follows: Exercisable Shares Option Price Weighted-Average Option Price Options Weighted-Average Exercise Price Outstanding at January 1, 2022 5,980,236 13.14-58.59 $ 25.88 3,736,639 $ 26.60 Granted 752,100 43.91-65.77 49.88 Exercised ( 1,057,723 ) 13.14-50.08 24.25 Canceled ( 235,893 ) 17.33-49.71 29.56 Outstanding at December 31, 2022 5,438,720 13.14-65.77 $ 29.36 3,740,936 $ 26.50 85 Table of Contents At December 31, 2022, the average exercise period for all outstanding and exercisable options was 74 months and 62 months, respectively. At December 31, 2022, the aggregate intrinsic value (the difference between the exercise price and market value) for outstanding options was $ 128.7 million, which includes exercisable options of $ 99.0 million. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $ 36.9 million, $ 73.1 million and $ 0.6 million, respectively. The total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options at December 31, 2022 was $ 14.3 million and was expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.3 years. The following table provides certain information with respect to stock options exercisable at December 31, 2022: Range of Exercise Prices Options Exercisable Weighted-Average Exercise Price Options Outstanding Weighted-Average Exercise Price Under $22.00 799,201 $ 15.86 1,172,870 $ 16.33 $22.00 - $28.00 1,063,453 26.50 1,063,453 26.50 Over $28.00 1,878,282 31.02 3,202,397 35.08 3,740,936 5,438,720 At December 31, 2022, common shares reserved for issuance and available for grant or purchase under the following plans consisted of: Number of Shares Stock Option Plans Reserved for Issuance Available for Grant or Purchase (1) 2000 long term incentive plan 6,000 — 2003 long term incentive plan 60,167 — 2006 long term incentive plan 26,697 — 2009 long term incentive plan 129,617 — 2014 long term incentive plan 521,734 — 2016 long term incentive plan 1,425,333 — 2018 long term incentive plan 8,685,620 4,228,662 2021 long term incentive plan 2,750,000 2,750,000 Total under stock option plans 13,605,168 6,978,662 Number of Shares Stock Purchase Plans Reserved for Issuance Available for Grant or Purchase 1997 stock plan for non-employee directors 373,322 130,293 (1) All available to be issued as stock options, but includes a sub-limit for all types of stock awards of 2,767,130 shares. Under the stock purchase plans, our non-employee directors may defer certain elements of their compensation into shares of our common stock based on fair market value of the shares at the time of deferral. Non-employee directors annually receive stock grants as a portion of their director compensation. Of the shares reserved under the stock purchase plans at December 31, 2022, 243,029 shares were committed. 86 Table of Contents Performance share awards are denominated in shares of our stock and are paid half in cash and half in stock. Payouts for performance share awards are based on two criteria: (1) 50 % of the award is based on Olin’s total shareholder returns (TSR) over the applicable three -year performance cycle in relation to the TSR over the same period among a portfolio of public companies which are selected in concert with outside compensation consultants and (2) 50 % of the award is based on Olin’s net income over the applicable three -year performance cycle in relation to the net income goal for such period as set by the compensation committee of Olin’s board of directors. The expense associated with performance shares is recorded based on our estimate of our performance relative to the respective target. If an employee leaves the company before the end of the performance cycle, the performance shares may be prorated based on the number of months of the performance cycle worked and are settled in cash instead of half in cash and half in stock when the three-year performance cycle is completed. Granted shares reflects changes in assumptions associated with the expected achievement of the aforementioned criteria. The fair value of each performance share award based on net income was estimated on the date of grant, using the current stock price. The fair value of each performance share award based on TSR was estimated on the date of grant, using a Monte Carlo simulation model with the following weighted average assumptions: Grant date 2022 2021 Risk-free interest rate 1.74 % 0.23 % Expected volatility of Olin common stock 59 % 55 % Expected average volatility of peer companies 47 % 50 % Average correlation coefficient of peer companies 0.51 0.50 Expected life (years) 3 3 Grant date fair value (TSR based award) $ 64.13 $ 39.96 Grant date fair value (net income based award) $ 49.71 $ 28.99 Performance share awards granted 184,000 248,700 Risk-free interest rate was based on zero coupon U.S. Treasury securities rates for the expected life of the performance share awards. Expected volatility of Olin common stock and peer companies was based on historical stock price movements, as we believe that historical experience is the best available indicator of the expected volatility. The average correlation coefficient of peer companies was determined based on historical trends of Olin’s common stock price compared to the peer companies. Expected life of the performance share award grant was based on historical exercise and cancellation patterns, as we believe that historical experience is the best estimate of future exercise patterns. Performance share transactions were as follows: To Settle in Cash To Settle in Shares Shares Weighted-Average Fair Value per Share Shares Weighted-Average Fair Value per Share Outstanding at January 1, 2022 783,274 $ 57.57 436,757 $ 23.75 Granted 108,660 49.68 105,706 49.63 Paid/Issued ( 228,009 ) 57.57 ( 81,844 ) 26.26 Converted from shares to cash 41,767 21.02 ( 41,767 ) 21.02 Canceled ( 30,676 ) 54.22 ( 30,044 ) 31.65 Outstanding at December 31, 2022 675,016 $ 52.90 388,808 $ 29.94 Total vested at December 31, 2022 549,266 $ 52.90 273,406 $ 25.51 87 Table of Contents The summary of the status of our unvested performance shares to be settled in cash were as follows: Shares Weighted-Average Fair Value per Share Unvested at January 1, 2022 190,360 $ 57.57 Granted 108,660 49.68 Vested ( 142,594 ) 52.90 Canceled ( 30,676 ) 54.22 Unvested at December 31, 2022 125,750 $ 52.90 At December 31, 2022, the liability recorded for performance shares to be settled in cash totaled $ 29.1 million. The total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested performance shares at December 31, 2022 was $ 11.3 million and was expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.6 years. NOTE 18. SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY On July 28, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program for the purchase of shares of common stock at an aggregate price of up to $ 2.0 billion (the 2022 Repurchase Authorization). This program will terminate upon the purchase of $ 2.0 billion of common stock. On November 1, 2021, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program for the purchase of shares of common stock at an aggregate price of up to $ 1.0 billion. This program terminated upon the purchase of $ 1.0 billion of our common stock during the third quarter of 2022. On April 26, 2018, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program for the purchase of shares of common stock at an aggregate price of up to $ 500.0 million. This program terminated upon the purchase of $ 500.0 million of our common stock during the first quarter of 2022. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, 25.7 million and 4.7 million shares, respectively, of common stock have been repurchased and retired at a total value of $ 1,350.7 million and $ 251.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, a cumulative total of 5.9 million shares were repurchased and retired at a cost of $ 298.5 million and $ 1,701.5 million of common stock remained authorized to be repurchased under the 2022 Repurchase Authorization program. During 2022, 2021 and 2020, we issued 1.1 million, 3.4 million and 0.1 million shares, respectively, with a total value of $ 25.7 million, $ 72.4 million and $ 1.9 million, respectively, representing stock options exercised. We have registered an undetermined amount of securities with the SEC, so that, from time-to-time, we may issue debt securities, preferred stock and/or common stock and associated warrants in the public market under that registration statement. 88 Table of Contents The following table represents the activity included in accumulated other comprehensive loss: Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivative Contracts (net of taxes) Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits (net of taxes) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss ($ in millions) Balance at January 1, 2020 $ ( 8.4 ) $ ( 13.6 ) $ ( 781.4 ) $ ( 803.4 ) Unrealized losses 27.8 31.1 26.6 85.5 Reclassification adjustments of losses into income — 14.9 46.3 61.2 Tax provision — ( 11.0 ) ( 22.2 ) ( 33.2 ) Net change 27.8 35.0 50.7 113.5 Balance at December 31, 2020 19.4 21.4 ( 730.7 ) ( 689.9 ) Unrealized gains ( 30.3 ) 182.0 249.7 401.4 Reclassification adjustments of (gains) losses into income — ( 180.1 ) 54.3 ( 125.8 ) Tax provision — ( 0.5 ) ( 73.2 ) ( 73.7 ) Net change ( 30.3 ) 1.4 230.8 201.9 Balance at December 31, 2021 ( 10.9 ) 22.8 ( 499.9 ) ( 488.0 ) Unrealized (losses) gains ( 27.7 ) ( 15.6 ) 72.1 28.8 Reclassification adjustments of (gains) losses into income — ( 58.2 ) 35.5 ( 22.7 ) Tax benefit (provision) — 18.5 ( 32.5 ) ( 14.0 ) Net change ( 27.7 ) ( 55.3 ) 75.1 ( 7.9 ) Balance at December 31, 2022 $ ( 38.6 ) $ ( 32.5 ) $ ( 424.8 ) $ ( 495.9 ) Net income (loss), interest expense and cost of goods sold included reclassification adjustments for realized gains and losses on derivative contracts from accumulated other comprehensive loss. Net income (loss) and non-operating pension income included the amortization of prior service costs and actuarial losses from accumulated other comprehensive loss. 89 Table of Contents NOTE 19. SEGMENT INFORMATION We define segment results as income (loss) before interest expense, interest income, goodwill impairment charges, other operating income (expense), non-operating pension income, other income and income taxes, and includes the operating results of non-consolidated affiliates. Consistent with the guidance in ASC 280 “Segment Reporting,” we have determined it is appropriate to include the operating results of non-consolidated affiliates in the relevant segment financial results. We have three operating segments: Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls, Epoxy and Winchester. The three operating segments reflect the organization used by our management for purposes of allocating resources and assessing performance. Chlorine and caustic soda used in our Epoxy segment is transferred at cost from the Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls segment. Years ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Sales: ($ in millions) Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls $ 5,085.0 $ 4,140.8 $ 2,959.9 Epoxy 2,690.5 3,186.0 1,870.5 Winchester 1,600.7 1,583.8 927.6 Total sales $ 9,376.2 $ 8,910.6 $ 5,758.0 Income (loss) before taxes: Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls $ 1,181.3 $ 997.8 $ 3.5 Epoxy 388.5 616.5 40.8 Winchester 372.9 412.1 92.3 Corporate/Other: Environmental expense ( 23.2 ) ( 14.0 ) ( 20.9 ) Other corporate and unallocated costs ( 131.5 ) ( 135.1 ) ( 154.3 ) Restructuring charges ( 25.3 ) ( 27.9 ) ( 9.0 ) Goodwill impairment — — ( 699.8 ) Other operating income 16.3 1.4 0.7 Interest expense ( 143.9 ) ( 348.0 ) ( 292.7 ) Interest income 2.2 0.2 0.5 Non-operating pension income 38.7 35.7 18.9 Income (loss) before taxes $ 1,676.0 $ 1,538.7 $ ( 1,020.0 ) Depreciation and amortization expense: Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls $ 482.2 $ 466.4 $ 451.4 Epoxy 83.3 86.1 90.7 Winchester 24.6 23.3 20.1 Corporate/Other 8.7 6.7 6.2 Total depreciation and amortization expense $ 598.8 $ 582.5 $ 568.4 Capital spending: Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls $ 151.4 $ 130.2 $ 180.4 Epoxy 27.2 31.0 33.7 Winchester 31.0 28.5 24.5 Corporate/Other 27.3 10.9 60.3 Total capital spending $ 236.9 $ 200.6 $ 298.9 90 Table of Contents Segment assets include only those assets which are directly identifiable to an operating segment. Assets of the corporate/other segment include primarily such items as cash and cash equivalents, deferred taxes and other assets. December 31, 2022 2021 Assets: ($ in millions) Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls $ 5,782.2 $ 6,184.9 Epoxy 1,201.9 1,307.3 Winchester 595.0 540.6 Corporate/Other 465.1 484.9 Total assets $ 8,044.2 $ 8,517.7 Property, plant and equipment is attributed to geographic areas based on asset location and sales are attributed to geographic areas based on customer location. December 31, 2022 2021 Property, plant and equipment: ($ in millions) United States $ 2,434.4 $ 2,639.6 Foreign 239.7 274.0 Total property, plant and equipment $ 2,674.1 $ 2,913.6 Years ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Sales by geography: ($ in millions) Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls United States $ 3,400.0 $ 2,839.1 $ 2,092.5 Europe 331.9 203.5 106.7 Other foreign 1,353.1 1,098.2 760.7 Total Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls 5,085.0 4,140.8 2,959.9 Epoxy United States 855.1 926.7 578.1 Europe 1,181.8 1,457.9 684.9 Other foreign 653.6 801.4 607.5 Total Epoxy 2,690.5 3,186.0 1,870.5 Winchester United States 1,467.0 1,502.2 865.9 Europe 34.1 19.4 9.3 Other foreign 99.6 62.2 52.4 Total Winchester 1,600.7 1,583.8 927.6 Total United States 5,722.1 5,268.0 3,536.5 Europe 1,547.8 1,680.8 800.9 Other foreign 2,106.3 1,961.8 1,420.6 Total sales $ 9,376.2 $ 8,910.6 $ 5,758.0 91 Table of Contents Years ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Sales by product line: ($ in millions) Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls Caustic soda $ 2,389.1 $ 1,869.3 $ 1,408.3 Chlorine, chlorine derivatives and other products 2,695.9 2,271.5 1,551.6 Total Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls 5,085.0 4,140.8 2,959.9 Epoxy Aromatics and allylics 1,338.6 1,450.5 821.0 Epoxy resins 1,351.9 1,735.5 1,049.5 Total Epoxy 2,690.5 3,186.0 1,870.5 Winchester Commercial 1,079.1 1,104.1 640.5 Military and law enforcement 521.6 479.7 287.1 Total Winchester 1,600.7 1,583.8 927.6 Total sales $ 9,376.2 $ 8,910.6 $ 5,758.0 NOTE 20. ENVIRONMENTAL As is common in our industry, we are subject to environmental laws and regulations related to the use, storage, handling, generation, transportation, emission, discharge, disposal and remediation of, and exposure to, hazardous and non-hazardous substances and wastes in all of the countries in which we do business. The establishment and implementation of national, state or provincial and local standards to regulate air, water and land quality affect substantially all of our manufacturing locations around the world. Laws providing for regulation of the manufacture, transportation, use and disposal of hazardous and toxic substances, and remediation of contaminated sites, have imposed additional regulatory requirements on industry, particularly the chemicals industry. In addition, implementation of environmental laws has required and will continue to require new capital expenditures and will increase plant operating costs. We employ waste minimization and pollution prevention programs at our manufacturing sites. We are party to various government and private environmental actions associated with past manufacturing facilities and former waste disposal sites. Associated costs of investigatory and remedial activities are provided for in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles governing probability and the ability to reasonably estimate future costs. Our ability to estimate future costs depends on whether our investigatory and remedial activities are in preliminary or advanced stages. With respect to unasserted claims, we accrue liabilities for costs that, in our experience, we expect to incur to protect our interests against those unasserted claims. Our accrued liabilities for unasserted claims amounted to $ 9.0 million at December 31, 2022. With respect to asserted claims, we accrue liabilities based on remedial investigation, feasibility study, remedial action and operation, maintenance and monitoring (OM&M) expenses that, in our experience, we expect to incur in connection with the asserted claims. Required site OM&M expenses are estimated and accrued in their entirety for required periods not exceeding 30 years, which reasonably approximates the typical duration of long-term site OM&M. Our liabilities for future environmental expenditures were as follows: December 31, 2022 2021 ($ in millions) Beginning balance $ 147.3 $ 147.2 Charges to income 24.2 16.2 Remedial and investigatory spending ( 24.6 ) ( 16.4 ) Foreign currency translation adjustments ( 0.3 ) 0.3 Ending balance $ 146.6 $ 147.3 92 Table of Contents At December 31, 2022 and 2021, our consolidated balance sheets included environmental liabilities of $ 121.6 million and $ 122.3 million, respectively, which were classified as other noncurrent liabilities. Our environmental liability amounts do not take into account any discounting of future expenditures or any consideration of insurance recoveries or advances in technology. These liabilities are reassessed periodically to determine if environmental circumstances have changed and/or remediation efforts and our estimate of related costs have changed. As a result of these reassessments, future charges to income may be made for additional liabilities. Of the $ 146.6 million included on our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022 for future environmental expenditures, we currently expect to utilize $ 56.5 million of the reserve for future environmental expenditures over the next 5 years, $ 49.0 million for expenditures 6 to 10 years in the future, and $ 41.1 million for expenditures beyond 10 years in the future. Our total estimated environmental liability at December 31, 2022 was attributable to 57 sites, 14 of which were United States Environmental Protection Agency National Priority List sites. Nine sites accounted for 82 % of our environmental liability and, of the remaining 48 sites, no one site accounted for more than 2 % of our environmental liability. At seven of the nine sites, part of the site is in the long-term OM&M stage. At seven of the nine sites, a remedial action plan is being developed for part of the site. At five of the nine sites, a remedial design is being developed at part of the site and at four of the nine sites, part of the site is subject to a remedial investigation. All nine sites are either associated with past manufacturing operations or former waste disposal sites. None of the nine largest sites represents more than 25 % of the liabilities reserved on our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022 for future environmental expenditures. Environmental provisions charged to income, which are included in cost of goods sold, were as follows: Years ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 ($ in millions) Provisions charged to income $ 24.2 $ 16.2 $ 20.9 Insurance recoveries for costs incurred and expensed ( 1.0 ) ( 2.2 ) — Environmental expense $ 23.2 $ 14.0 $ 20.9 Environmental expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 included $ 1.0 million and $ 2.2 million, respectively, of insurance recoveries for environmental costs incurred and expensed in prior periods. These charges relate primarily to remedial and investigatory activities associated with past manufacturing operations and former waste disposal sites and may be material to operating results in future years. Annual environmental-related cash outlays for site investigation and remediation are expected to range between approximately $ 20 million to $ 30 million over the next several years, which are expected to be charged against reserves recorded on our consolidated balance sheet. While we do not anticipate a material increase in the projected annual level of our environmental-related cash outlays for site investigation and remediation, there is always the possibility that such an increase may occur in the future in view of the uncertainties associated with environmental exposures. Environmental exposures are difficult to assess for numerous reasons, including the identification of new sites, developments at sites resulting from investigatory studies, advances in technology, changes in environmental laws and regulations and their application, changes in regulatory authorities, the scarcity of reliable data pertaining to identified sites, the difficulty in assessing the involvement and financial capability of other Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs), our ability to obtain contributions from other parties and the lengthy time periods over which site remediation occurs. It is possible that some of these matters (the outcomes of which are subject to various uncertainties) may be resolved unfavorably to us, which could materially adversely affect our financial position or results of operations. At December 31, 2022, we estimate that it is reasonably possible that we may have additional contingent environmental liabilities of $ 70 million in addition to the amounts for which we have already recorded as a reserve. NOTE 21. LEASES Our lease commitments are primarily for railcars, but also include logistics, manufacturing, storage, real estate and information technology assets. Our leases have remaining lease terms of up to 92 years ( 15 years excluding land leases), some of which may include options to extend the leases for up to five years , and some of which may include options to terminate the leases within one year . 93 Table of Contents The amounts for leases included in our consolidated balance sheets include: December 31, 2022 2021 Lease assets: Balance sheet location: ($ in millions) Operating Operating lease assets, net $ 356.0 $ 372.4 Finance Property, plant and equipment, less accumulated depreciation (1) 2.4 3.4 Total lease assets $ 358.4 $ 375.8 Lease liabilities: Current Operating Current operating lease liabilities $ 71.8 $ 76.8 Finance Current installments of long-term debt 1.0 1.1 Long-term Operating Operating lease liabilities 292.5 302.0 Finance Long-term debt 0.9 1.9 Total lease liabilities $ 366.2 $ 381.8 (1) As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, assets recorded under finance leases were $ 7.6 million for both years and accumulated depreciation associated with finance leases was $ 5.2 million and $ 4.3 million, respectively. The components of lease expense are recorded to cost of goods sold and selling and administration expenses in the consolidated statement of operations, excluding interest on finance lease liabilities which is recorded to interest expense. The components of lease expense were as follows: Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Lease expense: ($ in millions) Operating $ 93.4 $ 97.1 $ 96.0 Other operating lease expense (1) 32.5 28.7 24.3 Finance: Depreciation of leased assets 1.0 1.1 1.3 Interest on lease liabilities 0.1 0.1 0.2 Total lease expense $ 127.0 $ 127.0 $ 121.8 (1) Includes costs associated with short-term leases and variable lease expenses. 94 Table of Contents The maturities of lease liabilities were as follows: December 31, 2022 Operating leases Finance leases Total ($ in millions) 2023 $ 81.8 $ 1.0 $ 82.8 2024 68.1 0.8 68.9 2025 58.4 0.2 58.6 2026 45.4 — 45.4 2027 35.3 — 35.3 Thereafter 138.3 — 138.3 Total lease payments 427.3 2.0 429.3 Less: Imputed interest (1) ( 63.0 ) ( 0.1 ) ( 63.1 ) Present value of lease liabilities $ 364.3 $ 1.9 $ 366.2 (1) Calculated using the discount rate for each lease. Other information related to leases was as follows: Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Supplemental cash flows information: ($ in millions) Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 93.1 $ 97.4 $ 95.9 Operating cash flows from finance leases 0.1 0.1 0.2 Financing cash flows from finance leases 1.1 1.1 2.1 Non-cash increase in lease assets and lease liabilities: Operating leases $ 71.8 $ 56.7 $ 70.5 Finance leases — 0.1 1.1 December 31, Weighted-average remaining lease term: 2022 2021 2020 Operating leases 9.1 years 9.3 years 9.5 years Finance leases 1.6 years 2.4 years 3.1 years Weighted-average discount rate: Operating leases 3.4 % 3.1 % 3.0 % Finance leases 3.6 % 3.4 % 3.3 % As of December 31, 2022, we have additional operating leases that have not yet commenced of approximately $ 2 million which are expected to commence during 2023 with lease terms between 2 years and 5 years. 95 Table of Contents NOTE 22. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES The following table summarizes our contractual commitments under purchase contracts as of December 31, 2022: Purchase Commitments ($ in millions) 2023 $ 1,044.7 2024 1,031.6 2025 844.6 2026 321.6 2027 321.7 Thereafter 3,097.4 Total commitments $ 6,661.6 The above purchase commitments include raw material, capital expenditure, long-term energy supply contracts and utility purchasing commitments utilized in our normal course of business for our projected needs. Legal Matters Olin, K.A. Steel Chemicals (a wholly owned subsidiary of Olin) and other caustic soda producers were named as defendants in six purported class action civil lawsuits filed March 22, 25 and 26, 2019 and April 12, 2019 in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York. Those cases were consolidated on May 22, 2019; the claims in the consolidated “Direct Purchaser” lawsuit, as modified, are on behalf of the respective named plaintiffs and a putative class comprised of all persons and entities who purchased certain types of caustic soda in the U.S. directly from one or more of the defendants, their parents, predecessors, subsidiaries or affiliates at any time on or after October 1, 2015 through December 31, 2018. Olin, K.A. Steel Chemicals and other caustic soda producers were also named as defendants in two purported class action civil lawsuits filed July 25 and 29, 2019 in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York on behalf of the respective named plaintiffs and a putative class comprised of all persons and entities who purchased caustic soda in the U.S. indirectly from distributors at any time on or after October 1, 2015. Those cases were consolidated and a consolidated, amended complaint in the “Indirect Purchaser” lawsuit was filed on August 23, 2021. The other current defendants in the Direct Purchaser and Indirect Purchaser lawsuits are Occidental Chemical Corporation d/b/a OxyChem, Westlake Chemical Corporation, Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., and Formosa Plastics Corporation, U.S.A. The Direct Purchaser and Indirect Purchaser lawsuits allege the defendants conspired to fix, raise, maintain and stabilize the price of caustic soda, restrict domestic (U.S.) supply of caustic soda and allocate caustic soda customers. Plaintiffs seek damages and injunctive relief. Olin, K.A. Steel Chemical, Olin Canada ULC, 3229897 Nova Scotia Co. (wholly owned subsidiaries of Olin) and other alleged caustic soda producers were named as defendants in a proposed class action civil lawsuit filed on October 7, 2020 in the Quebec Superior Court (Province of Quebec) on behalf of the respective named plaintiff and a putative class comprised of all Canadian persons and entities who, between October 1, 2015 and the date of the eventual class action certification, directly or indirectly purchased caustic soda or products containing caustic soda, produced by one or more of the defendants. Olin, K.A. Steel Chemical, Olin Canada ULC, 3229897 Nova Scotia Co. and other alleged caustic soda producers were also named as defendants in a proposed class action civil lawsuit filed November 13, 2020 in the Federal Court of Canada on behalf of the respective named plaintiff and a putative class comprised of all legal persons in Canada who, at any time on or after October 1, 2015 to the present, directly or indirectly purchased caustic soda. The other defendants named in the two Canadian lawsuits are Occidental Petroleum Corporation, Occidental Chemical Corporation, Oxy Canada Sales, Inc., Westlake Chemical Corporation, Axiall Canada, Inc., Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., Shintech Incorporated, Formosa Plastics Corporation, and Formosa Plastics Corporation, U.S.A. The lawsuits allege the defendants conspired to fix, raise, maintain control, and stabilize the price of caustic soda, divide and allocate markets, sales, customers and territories, fix, maintain, control, prevent, restrict, lessen or eliminate production and supply of caustic soda, and agree to idle capacity of production and/or refrain from increasing their production capacity. Plaintiffs seek damages, including punitive damages. We believe we have meritorious legal positions and will continue to represent our interests vigorously in the above matters. Any losses related to these matters are not currently estimable because of unresolved questions of fact and law, but if resolved unfavorably to Olin, could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, cash flows or results of operations. 96 Table of Contents We, and our subsidiaries, are defendants in various other legal actions (including proceedings based on alleged exposures to asbestos) incidental to our past and current business activities. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, our consolidated balance sheets included accrued liabilities for these other legal actions of $ 14.4 million and $ 14.2 million, respectively. These liabilities do not include costs associated with legal representation. Based on our analysis, and considering the inherent uncertainties associated with litigation, we do not believe that it is reasonably possible that these other legal actions will materially adversely affect our financial position, cash flows or results of operations. During the ordinary course of our business, contingencies arise resulting from an existing condition, situation or set of circumstances involving an uncertainty as to the realization of a possible gain contingency. In certain instances, such as environmental projects, we are responsible for managing the cleanup and remediation of an environmental site. There exists the possibility of recovering a portion of these costs from other parties. We account for gain contingencies in accordance with the provisions of ASC 450 “Contingencies” and, therefore, do not record gain contingencies and recognize income until it is earned and realizable. NOTE 23. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS We are exposed to market risk in the normal course of our business operations due to our purchases of certain commodities, our ongoing investing and financing activities and our operations that use foreign currencies. The risk of loss can be assessed from the perspective of adverse changes in fair values, cash flows and future earnings. We have established policies and procedures governing our management of market risks and the use of financial instruments to manage exposure to such risks. ASC 815 “Derivatives and Hedging” (ASC 815) requires an entity to recognize all derivatives as either assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets and measure those instruments at fair value. In accordance with ASC 815, we designate derivative contracts as cash flow hedges of forecasted purchases of commodities and forecasted interest payments related to variable-rate borrowings and designate certain interest rate swaps as fair value hedges of fixed-rate borrowings. We do not enter into any derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Energy costs, including electricity and natural gas, and certain raw materials used in our production processes are subject to price volatility. Depending on market conditions, we may enter into futures contracts, forward contracts, commodity swaps and put and call option contracts in order to reduce the impact of commodity price fluctuations. The majority of our commodity derivatives expire within one year. We actively manage currency exposures that are associated with net monetary asset positions, currency purchases and sales commitments denominated in foreign currencies and foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities created in the normal course of business. We enter into forward sales and purchase contracts to manage currency risk to offset our net exposures, by currency, related to the foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities of our operations. At December 31, 2022, we had outstanding forward contracts to buy foreign currency with a notional value of $ 275.8 million and to sell foreign currency with a notional value of $ 110.7 million. All of the currency derivatives expire within one year and are for USD equivalents. The counterparties to the forward contracts are large financial institutions; however, the risk of loss to us in the event of nonperformance by a counterparty could impact our financial position or results of operations. At December 31, 2021, we had outstanding forward contracts to buy foreign currency with a notional value of $ 199.0 million and to sell foreign currency with a notional value of $ 124.4 million. Cash Flow Hedges For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge, the change in fair value of the derivative is recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. 97 Table of Contents We had the following notional amounts of outstanding commodity contracts that were entered into to hedge forecasted purchases: December 31, 2022 2021 ($ in millions) Natural gas $ 107.6 $ 37.7 Ethane 46.0 60.3 Metals 107.6 126.3 Total notional $ 261.2 $ 224.3 As of December 31, 2022, the counterparties to these commodity contracts were Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Citibank, N.A., JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, and Bank of America Corporation, all of which are major financial institutions. We use cash flow hedges for certain raw material and energy costs such as copper, zinc, lead, ethane, electricity and natural gas to provide a measure of stability in managing our exposure to price fluctuations associated with forecasted purchases of raw materials and energy used in our manufacturing process. At December 31, 2022, we had open derivative contract positions through 2028. If all open futures contracts had been settled on December 31, 2022, we would have recognized a pretax loss of $ 43.5 million. If commodity prices were to remain at December 31, 2022 levels, approximately $ 30.5 million of deferred losses, net of tax, would be reclassified into earnings during the next twelve months. The actual effect on earnings will be dependent on actual commodity prices when the forecasted transactions occur. Fair Value Hedges We use interest rate swaps as a means of managing interest expense and floating interest rate exposure to optimal levels. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in current earnings. We include the gain or loss on the hedged items (fixed-rate borrowings) in the same line item, interest expense, as the offsetting loss or gain on the related interest rate swaps. In August 2019, we terminated the interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges which resulted in a loss of $2.3 million that was deferred as an offset to the carrying value of the related debt and was subsequently recognized to interest expense. In 2021, we redeemed the 2025 Notes, which resulted in recognition of the outstanding deferred swap loss. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, $ 1.8 million and $ 0.4 million, respectively, of expense was recorded to interest expense on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations related to these swap agreements. 98 Table of Contents Financial Statement Impacts We present our derivative assets and liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets on a net basis whenever we have a legally enforceable master netting agreement with the counterparty to our derivative contracts. We use these agreements to manage and substantially reduce our potential counterparty credit risk. The following table summarizes the location and fair value of the derivative instruments on our consolidated balance sheets. The table disaggregates our net derivative assets and liabilities into gross components on a contract-by-contract basis before giving effect to master netting arrangements: December 31, 2022 2021 Asset Derivatives: ($ in millions) Other current assets Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: Commodity contracts - gains $ 2.4 $ 31.8 Commodity contracts - losses ( 0.9 ) ( 6.2 ) Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Foreign exchange contracts - gains 0.3 2.0 Foreign exchange contracts - losses — ( 0.8 ) Total other current assets 1.8 26.8 Other assets Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: Commodity contracts - gains 4.0 7.9 Total other assets 4.0 7.9 Total Asset Derivatives (1) $ 5.8 $ 34.7 Liability Derivatives: Accrued liabilities Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: Commodity contracts - losses $ 43.3 $ 3.6 Commodity contracts - gains ( 1.7 ) ( 0.7 ) Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Foreign exchange contracts - losses 1.7 0.7 Foreign exchange contracts - gains ( 0.8 ) ( 0.1 ) Total accrued liabilities 42.5 3.5 Other liabilities Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: Commodity contract - losses 8.0 0.3 Commodity contract - gains ( 0.6 ) — Total other liabilities 7.4 0.3 Total Liability Derivatives (1) $ 49.9 $ 3.8 (1) Does not include the impact of cash collateral received from or provided to counterparties. 99 Table of Contents The following table summarizes the effects of derivative instruments on our consolidated statements of operations: Amount of Gain (Loss) Years Ended December 31, Location of Gain (Loss) 2022 2021 2020 Derivatives – Cash Flow Hedges ($ in millions) Recognized in other comprehensive (loss) income: Commodity contracts ——— $ ( 15.6 ) $ 182.0 $ 31.1 Reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into income: Commodity contracts Cost of goods sold $ 58.2 $ 180.1 $ ( 14.9 ) Derivatives – Fair Value Hedges Interest rate contracts Interest expense $ — $ ( 1.8 ) $ ( 0.4 ) Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Commodity Contracts Cost of goods sold $ 0.5 $ — $ — Foreign exchange contracts Selling and administration $ ( 27.8 ) $ ( 22.0 ) $ 17.7 Credit Risk and Collateral By using derivative instruments, we are exposed to credit and market risk. If a counterparty fails to fulfill its performance obligations under a derivative contract, our credit risk will equal the fair value gain in a derivative. Generally, when the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, this indicates that the counterparty owes us, thus creating a repayment risk for us. When the fair value of a derivative contract is negative, we owe the counterparty and, therefore, assume no repayment risk. We minimize the credit (or repayment) risk in derivative instruments by entering into transactions with high-quality counterparties. We monitor our positions and the credit ratings of our counterparties, and we do not anticipate non-performance by the counterparties. Based on the agreements with our various counterparties, cash collateral is required to be provided when the net fair value of the derivatives, with the counterparty, exceeds a specific threshold. If the threshold is exceeded, cash is either provided by the counterparty to us if the value of the derivatives is our asset, or cash is provided by us to the counterparty if the value of the derivatives is our liability. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, this threshold was not exceeded. In all instances where we are party to a master netting agreement, we offset the receivable or payable recognized upon payment of cash collateral against the fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments that have also been offset under such master netting agreements. 100 Table of Contents NOTE 24. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Hierarchical levels are directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs to fair valuation of these assets and liabilities. We are required to separately disclose assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, from those measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Nonfinancial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis are intangible assets and goodwill, which are reviewed for impairment annually in the fourth quarter and/or when circumstances or other events indicate that impairment may have occurred. Determining which hierarchical level an asset or liability falls within requires significant judgment. The following table summarizes the assets and liabilities measured at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets: Balance at December 31, 2022 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Assets ($ in millions) Commodity contracts $ — $ 5.5 $ — $ 5.5 Foreign exchange contracts — 0.3 — 0.3 Total Assets $ — $ 5.8 $ — $ 5.8 Liabilities Commodity contracts $ — $ 49.0 $ — $ 49.0 Foreign exchange contracts — 0.9 — 0.9 Total Liabilities $ — $ 49.9 $ — $ 49.9 Balance at December 31, 2021 Assets Commodity contracts $ — $ 33.5 $ — $ 33.5 Foreign exchange contracts — 1.2 — 1.2 Total Assets $ — $ 34.7 $ — $ 34.7 Liabilities Commodity contracts $ — $ 3.2 $ — $ 3.2 Foreign exchange contracts — 0.6 — 0.6 Total Liabilities $ — $ 3.8 $ — $ 3.8 Commodity Contracts Commodity contract financial instruments were valued primarily based on prices and other relevant information observable in market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities including both forward and spot prices for commodities. We use commodity derivative contracts for certain raw materials and energy costs such as copper, zinc, lead, ethane, electricity and natural gas to provide a measure of stability in managing our exposure to price fluctuations. Foreign Currency Contracts Foreign currency contract financial instruments were valued primarily based on relevant information observable in market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities including both forward and spot prices for currencies. We enter into forward sales and purchase contracts to manage currency risk resulting from purchase and sale commitments denominated in foreign currencies. Financial Instruments The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximated fair values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments. Since our long-term debt instruments may not be actively traded, the inputs used to measure the fair value of our long-term debt are based on current market rates for debt of similar risk and maturities and is classified as Level 2 in the fair value measurement hierarchy. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the fair value measurements of debt were $ 2,517.7 million and $ 2,921.0 million, respectively. 101 Table of Contents Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements In addition to assets and liabilities that are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis, we record assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as required by ASC 820. There were no assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Not applicable.