NEWELL BRANDS INC. 10-K

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Newell Brands Inc. Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Newell Brands Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), of stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. Basis for Opinions The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. 44 Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Impairment Assessments –Baby and Commercial Reporting Units Goodwill and Certain Indefinite-Lived Tradenames As described in Notes 1 and 7 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill and indefinite-lived tradenames balances were $3.0 billion and $844 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2024. The goodwill associated with the Commercial and Baby reporting units was $747 million and $415 million, respectively; and certain indefinite-lived tradenames were $725 million. Goodwill and indefinite-lived tradenames are tested and reviewed for impairment annually on December 1, or more frequently if facts and circumstances warrant. Management performed quantitative assessments for the Baby and Commercial reporting units and certain indefinite-lived tradenames. In performing the quantitative assessments, management estimated the fair value of each reporting unit using the income approach, specifically the discounted cash flow method. Management also performed quantitative assessments for certain indefinite-lived tradenames, where fair value was determined using the relief from royalty or the excess earnings method depending on the individual tradename. Management’s impairment assessments require significant use of judgment and assumptions such as (i) the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, and the estimation of future cash flows, business growth rates, terminal values, discount rates, and total enterprise value for reporting units, (ii) the cash flow projections, royalty rate, terminal value and discount rate under the relief from royalty method for a certain indefinite-lived tradename, and (iii) the cash flow projections and discount rates under the excess earnings method for certain indefinite-lived tradenames. As a result of the assessments, no impairment charges were recorded related to goodwill for the Baby and Commercial reporting units, and non-cash impairment charges of $345 million were recorded for certain indefinite-lived tradenames. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the impairment assessments of goodwill for the Commercial and Baby reporting units and for certain indefinite-lived tradenames is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimates of the Commercial and Baby reporting units and certain indefinite-lived tradenames; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to (a) the estimation of future cash flows, business growth rates, and discount rates for the Commercial and Baby reporting units, (b) the cash flow projections, royalty rate, and discount rate under the relief from royalty method for a certain indefinite-lived tradename, and (c) the cash flow projections and discount rates under the excess earnings method for certain indefinite-lived tradenames; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge. As disclosed by management, material weaknesses existed during the year related to this matter. Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s impairment assessments of goodwill and indefinite-lived tradenames, including controls over the valuation of the Company’s Commercial and Baby reporting units and certain indefinite-lived tradenames. These procedures also included, among others, (i) evaluating and determining the nature and extent of audit procedures performed and evidence obtained that are responsive to the material weaknesses which existed during the year, (ii) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimates of the Commercial and Baby reporting units and certain indefinite-lived tradenames; (iii) evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow, relief from royalty, and excess earnings methods used by management; (iv) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the valuation methods; and (v) evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management related to the (a) estimation of future cash flows, business growth rates, and discount rates for the Commercial and Baby reporting units, (b) cash flow projections, royalty rate, and discount rate under the relief from royalty method for a certain indefinite-lived tradename, and (c) cash flow projections and discount rates under the excess earnings method for certain indefinite-lived tradenames. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to the estimation of future cash flows and business growth rates for the Commercial and Baby reporting units and the cash flow projections for certain indefinite-lived tradenames involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the Commercial and Baby reporting units and indefinite-lived tradenames; (ii) the consistency with external and industry data; and (iii) whether the assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the valuation methods and (ii) the reasonableness of the discount rate assumption for the Commercial and Baby reporting units, and the discount rate and royalty rate assumptions for certain indefinite-lived tradenames. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Atlanta, Georgia February 14, 2025 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016. 45 NEWELL BRANDS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (Amounts in millions, except per share data) Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Net sales $ 7,582 $ 8,133 $ 9,459 Cost of products sold 5,034 5,780 6,625 Gross profit 2,548 2,353 2,834 Selling, general and administrative expense 2,083 2,001 2,033 Restructuring costs, net 45 95 15 Impairment of goodwill, intangibles and other assets 353 342 474 Operating income (loss) 67 ( 85 ) 312 Non-operating expenses: Interest expense, net 295 283 235 Loss on extinguishment and modification of debt 14 — 1 Other (income) expense, net 18 175 ( 81 ) Income (loss) before income taxes ( 260 ) ( 543 ) 157 Income tax provision (benefit) ( 44 ) ( 155 ) ( 40 ) Net income (loss) $ ( 216 ) $ ( 388 ) $ 197 Weighted average common shares outstanding: Basic 415.5 414.1 415.7 Diluted 415.5 414.1 417.4 Earnings (loss) per share: Basic $ ( 0.52 ) $ ( 0.94 ) $ 0.47 Diluted $ ( 0.52 ) $ ( 0.94 ) $ 0.47 COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) Net income (loss) $ ( 216 ) $ ( 388 ) $ 197 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Foreign currency translation adjustments ( 99 ) 20 ( 113 ) Unrecognized pension and postretirement costs ( 16 ) 113 ( 17 ) Derivative financial instruments 24 ( 12 ) 1 Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax ( 91 ) 121 ( 129 ) Total comprehensive income (loss) $ ( 307 ) $ ( 267 ) $ 68 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 46 NEWELL BRANDS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Amounts in millions, except par values) December 31, 2024 2023 Assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 198 $ 332 Accounts receivable, net 878 1,195 Inventories 1,400 1,531 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 299 296 Total current assets 2,775 3,354 Property, plant and equipment, net 1,157 1,212 Operating lease assets 466 515 Goodwill 3,038 3,071 Other intangible assets, net 2,008 2,488 Deferred income taxes 806 806 Other assets 754 717 Total assets $ 11,004 $ 12,163 Liabilities: Accounts payable $ 891 $ 1,003 Other accrued liabilities 1,459 1,565 Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt 87 329 Total current liabilities 2,437 2,897 Long-term debt 4,508 4,575 Deferred income taxes 178 241 Operating lease liabilities 418 446 Other noncurrent liabilities 712 892 Total liabilities 8,253 9,051 Commitments and contingencies ( Footnote 18 ) Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock ( 10.0 authorized shares, $ 1.00 par value, no shares issued at December 31, 2024 and 2023) — — Common stock ( 800.0 authorized shares, $ 1.00 par value, 442.3 shares and 439.6 shares issued at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively) 442 440 Treasury stock, at cost ( 26.2 and 25.3 shares at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively) ( 634 ) ( 627 ) Additional paid-in capital 6,866 6,915 Retained deficit ( 2,942 ) ( 2,726 ) Accumulated other comprehensive loss ( 981 ) ( 890 ) Total stockholders’ equity 2,751 3,112 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 11,004 $ 12,163 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 47 NEWELL BRANDS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Amounts in millions) Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss) $ ( 216 ) $ ( 388 ) $ 197 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 323 334 296 Impairment of goodwill, intangibles and other assets 353 342 474 (Gain) loss from sale of businesses and investments 2 ( 1 ) ( 136 ) Deferred income taxes ( 114 ) ( 283 ) 97 Stock based compensation expense 74 50 12 Pension settlement ( 1 ) 126 — Loss on extinguishment and modification of debt 14 — 1 Other, net ( 18 ) ( 33 ) ( 24 ) Changes to operating accounts, excluding the effects of divestitures: Accounts receivable 241 67 130 Inventories 70 673 ( 276 ) Accounts payable ( 96 ) ( 50 ) ( 536 ) Accrued liabilities and other, net ( 136 ) 93 ( 507 ) Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 496 930 ( 272 ) Cash flows from investing activities: Capital expenditures ( 259 ) ( 284 ) ( 312 ) Proceeds from sale of divested businesses and investments 14 11 617 Proceeds from settlement of swaps 60 43 25 Other investing activities, net 34 31 13 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities ( 151 ) ( 199 ) 343 Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from (payments on) short-term debt, net ( 91 ) ( 488 ) 619 Payments on current portion of long-term debt ( 701 ) ( 2 ) ( 1,091 ) Proceeds from short-term debt with original maturities greater than 90 days 431 — — Payments on short-term debt with original maturities greater than 90 days ( 431 ) — — Net proceeds from issuance of long-term debt 1,237 — 989 Payments on long-term debt ( 750 ) — — Debt extinguishment and modification costs ( 14 ) ( 1 ) — Repurchase of shares of common stock — — ( 325 ) Cash dividends ( 118 ) ( 184 ) ( 385 ) Equity compensation activity and other, net ( 14 ) 11 ( 39 ) Net cash used in financing activities ( 451 ) ( 664 ) ( 232 ) Exchange rate effect on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash ( 36 ) ( 9 ) ( 13 ) Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash ( 142 ) 58 ( 174 ) Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period 361 303 477 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period $ 219 $ 361 $ 303 Supplemental disclosures: Restricted cash at beginning of period $ 29 $ 16 $ 37 Restricted cash at end of period 21 29 16 Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds 173 103 172 Cash paid for interest 319 298 244 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 48 NEWELL BRANDS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Amounts in millions) Common Stock Treasury Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Retained Earnings (Deficit) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Total Stockholders’ Equity Balance at December 31, 2021 $ 450 $ ( 609 ) $ 7,734 $ ( 2,535 ) $ ( 882 ) $ 4,158 Comprehensive income (loss) — — — 197 ( 129 ) 68 Dividends declared on common stock - $ 0.92 per share — — ( 380 ) — — ( 380 ) Equity compensation, net of tax 2 ( 14 ) 11 — — ( 1 ) Common stock purchased and retired ( 13 ) — ( 312 ) — — ( 325 ) Other — — ( 1 ) — — ( 1 ) Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 439 $ ( 623 ) $ 7,052 $ ( 2,338 ) $ ( 1,011 ) $ 3,519 Comprehensive income (loss) — — — ( 388 ) 121 ( 267 ) Dividends declared on common stock - $ 0.44 per share — — ( 185 ) — — ( 185 ) Equity compensation, net of tax 1 ( 4 ) 48 — — 45 Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 440 $ ( 627 ) $ 6,915 $ ( 2,726 ) $ ( 890 ) $ 3,112 Comprehensive loss — — — ( 216 ) ( 91 ) ( 307 ) Dividends declared on common stock - $ 0.28 per share — — ( 121 ) — — ( 121 ) Equity compensation, net of tax 2 ( 7 ) 72 — — 67 Balance at December 31, 2024 $ 442 $ ( 634 ) $ 6,866 $ ( 2,942 ) $ ( 981 ) $ 2,751 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 49 NEWELL BRANDS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Footnote 1 — Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies Description of Business Newell Brands is a leading global consumer goods company with a strong portfolio of well-known brands, including Rubbermaid, Sharpie, Graco, Coleman, Rubbermaid Commercial Products, Yankee Candle, Paper Mate, FoodSaver, Dymo, EXPO, Elmer’s, Oster, NUK, Spontex and Campingaz. Newell Brands is focused on delighting consumers by lighting up everyday moments. The Company sells its products in over 150 countries around the world and has operations on the ground in over 40 of these countries, excluding third-party distributors. The Company has three operating segments: Home and Commercial Solutions (“H&CS”), Learning and Development (“L&D”) and Outdoor and Recreation (“O&R”). Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the consolidated accounts of the Company and its majority-owned subsidiaries after elimination of intercompany transactions and balances. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires the use of certain estimates and assumptions by management in determining the Company’s assets, liabilities, sales and expenses, and related disclosures. Significant estimates in these Consolidated Financial Statements include restructuring charges, estimates of future cash flows associated with asset impairments, useful lives for depreciation and amortization, loss contingencies (including legal, environmental and product liability reserves), net realizable value of inventories, estimated contract revenue and related variable consideration, capitalized software costs, income taxes, uncertain tax provisions, tax valuation allowances, and pension and postretirement employee benefit liabilities and expenses. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. Use of Estimates and Risks Management’s application of U.S. GAAP in preparing the Company’s consolidated financial statements requires the pervasive use of estimates and assumptions. The Company continues to be impacted by inflationary pressures, soft global demand, major retailers’ focus on tight control over their inventory levels, fluctuating interest rates and indirect macroeconomic impacts from geopolitical conflicts. These collective macroeconomic trends, the duration or severity of which are highly uncertain, are still changing the retail and consumer landscape, negatively impacted the Company’s operating results, cash flows and financial condition in 2024, and are to some degree expected to persist into 2025. As consumers continue to face widespread increases in prices and fluctuating interest rates, their discretionary spending and purchase patterns may continue to be unfavorably impacted. The high level of uncertainty of these factors has resulted in estimates and assumptions that have the potential for more variability and are more subjective. In addition, some of the other inherent estimates and assumptions used in the Company’s forecasted results of operations and cash flows that form the basis of the determination of the fair value of the reporting units for goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment testing are outside the control of management, including interest rates, cost of capital, tax rates, tariffs, industry growth, credit ratings, foreign exchange rates and labor inflation. Although management has made its best estimates and assumptions based upon current information, actual results could materially differ given the uncertainty of these factors and may require future changes to such estimates and assumptions, including reserves, which may result in future expense or impairment charges. During the fourth quarter of 2024, in conjunction with the Company’s annual impairment testing, the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $ 85 million related to one tradename in the H&CS segment as the carrying value exceeded the fair value. The decline in the fair value of the tradename in the H&CS segment was the result of downward revision of forecasted revenue mainly due to a distribution loss, which the Company was informed of during the fourth quarter of 2024. An impairment test was also performed for the Company’s goodwill resulting in no impairment. During the third quarter of 2024, the Company concluded that triggering events had occurred for indefinite-lived tradenames in the H&CS and L&D segments, as a result of downward revisions of forecasted cash flows primarily due to lower volume and profitability expectations. The Company performed quantitative impairment tests and determined that indefinite-lived tradenames in the H&CS and L&D segments were partially impaired. During the third quarter of 2024, the Company recorded an aggregate non-cash impairment charge of $ 260 million for the indefinite-lived tradenames, as the carrying values exceeded their fair values. See Footnote 7 for further information. 50 Significant Accounting Policies Concentration of Credit Risk The Company’s forward exchange contracts generally do not subject the Company to risk due to foreign exchange rate movement, because gains and losses on these instruments generally offset gains and losses on the assets, liabilities and other transactions being hedged. The Company is exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to certain derivative financial instruments. The Company does not obtain collateral or other security to support derivative financial instruments subject to credit risk, but monitors the credit standing of its counterparties. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue when performance obligations under the terms of a contract with the customer are satisfied or at a point in time, which generally occurs either on shipment or on delivery based on contractual terms, which is also when control is transferred. The Company’s primary performance obligation is the distribution and sales of its consumer and commercial products to its customers. In the normal course of business, the Company offers warranties for a variety of its products. The specific terms and conditions of the warranties vary depending upon the specific product and markets in which the products were sold. The Company accrues for the estimated cost of product warranty at the time of sale based on historical experience. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration for which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Certain customers may receive cash and/or non-cash incentives such as cash discounts, returns, credits or reimbursements related to defective products, customer discounts (such as volume or trade discounts), cooperative advertising and other customer-related programs, which are accounted for as variable consideration. In some cases, the Company applies judgment, including contractual rates and historical payment trends, when estimating variable consideration. In addition, the Company participates in various programs and arrangements with customers designed to increase the sale of products by these customers. Among the programs negotiated are arrangements under which allowances are earned by customers for attaining agreed-upon sales levels or for participating in specific marketing programs. Coupon programs are also developed on a customer- and territory-specific basis. Under customer programs and arrangements that require sales incentives to be paid in advance, the Company amortizes the amount paid over the period of benefit or contractual sales volume. When incentives are paid in arrears, the Company accrues the estimated amount to be paid based on the program’s contractual terms, expected customer performance and/or estimated sales volume. These estimates are determined using historical customer experience and other factors, which sometimes require significant judgment. Due to the length of time necessary to obtain relevant data from customers, among other factors, actual amounts paid can differ from these estimates. Sales taxes and other similar taxes are excluded from revenue. The Company elected to account for shipping and handling activities as a fulfillment cost. The Company also elected not to disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which revenue is recognized at the amount to which the Company has the right to invoice for services performed. Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangibles Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles are tested and reviewed for impairment annually during the fourth quarter (on December 1), or more frequently if facts and circumstances warrant. Goodwill Goodwill is tested for impairment at a reporting unit level, and all of the Company’s goodwill is assigned to its reporting units. Reporting units are determined based upon the Company’s organizational structure in place at the date of the goodwill impairment testing and generally are one level below the operating segment level. The Company’s operations are comprised of six reporting units, within its three primary operating segments. The Company has the option of first analyzing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of any reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. However, the Company may elect to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test in lieu of the qualitative test. 51 When a qualitative goodwill test is performed, the Company analyzes factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than the carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. The evaluation of qualitative factors includes an assessment of relevant facts, events, and circumstances including but not limited to: macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, and the current and forecasted financial performance of the reporting unit. If the qualitative test indicates it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than the carrying amount the Company performs the quantitative test, which measures the amount of the goodwill impairment, if any. In performing a quantitative assessment, the Company estimates the fair value of each reporting unit by using the income approach. The quantitative goodwill impairment test requires significant use of judgment and assumptions, such as the identification of reporting units; assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units; and estimation of future cash flows, business growth rates, terminal values, discount rates and total enterprise value. The income approach used is the discounted cash flow methodology and is based on five-year cash flow projections reflecting the Company’s latest projections which included, among other things, the impact of current and projected financial performance of the reporting unit at the time the Company performed its impairment testing. The cash flows projected are analyzed on a debt-free basis (before cash payments to equity and interest-bearing debt investors) in order to develop an enterprise value from operations for the reporting unit. A provision is made, based on these projections, for the value of the reporting unit at the end of the forecast period, or terminal value. The present value of the finite-period cash flows and the terminal value are determined using a selected discount rate. Changes in forecasted operations and other assumptions could materially affect the estimated fair values. Changes in business conditions could potentially require adjustments to these asset valuations. Indefinite-lived intangibles As part of the Company’s annual indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment testing (primarily tradenames), the Company has the option to first analyze qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. The evaluation of qualitative factors includes an assessment of relevant facts, events, and circumstances including but not limited to: macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, and the current and forecasted financial performance. The Company performs a quantitative test when qualitative factors alone are not sufficient to conclude whether it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is not impaired. If the Company performs a quantitative test, an impairment loss will only be recognized for the amount by which the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the total carrying value of the asset. The quantitative testing of indefinite-lived intangibles (primarily tradenames) under established guidelines for impairment requires significant use of judgment and assumptions (such as cash flow projections, royalty rates, terminal values and discount rates). An indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired by the amount by which its carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. For impairment testing purposes, the fair value of indefinite-lived intangibles is determined using either the relief from royalty method or the excess earnings method. The relief from royalty method estimates the value of a tradename by discounting the hypothetical avoided royalty payments to their present value over the economic life of the asset. The excess earnings method estimates the value of the intangible asset by quantifying the residual (or excess) cash flows generated by the asset and discounts those cash flows to the present. The excess earnings methodology requires the application of contributory asset charges. Contributory asset charges typically include assumed payments for the use of working capital, tangible assets and other intangible assets. Changes in forecasted operations and other assumptions could materially affect the estimated fair values. Changes in business conditions could potentially require adjustments to these asset valuations. Other Long-Lived Assets The Company continuously evaluates whether impairment indicators related to its property, plant and equipment, operating leases and other long-lived assets are present. These impairment indicators may include a significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset or asset group, early termination of an operating lease, a significant adverse change to the extent or manner in which a long-lived asset or asset group is being used or in its physical condition, or a current-period operating or cash flow loss combined with a history of operating or cash flow losses or a forecast that demonstrates continuing losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset or asset group. If impairment indicators are present, the Company estimates the future cash flows for the asset or group of assets. The sum of the undiscounted future cash flows attributable to the asset or group of assets is compared to their carrying amount. The cash flows are estimated utilizing various assumptions regarding future sales and expenses, working capital and proceeds from asset disposals on a basis consistent with the Company’s forecasts. If the carrying amount exceeds the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows, the Company discounts the future cash flows using a discount rate required for a similar investment of like risk and records an impairment charge as the difference between the fair value and the carrying value of the asset group. The Company performs its testing of the asset group at the reporting unit level, as this is the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are available, with the exception of the Yankee Candle business, where testing is performed at the retail store level. 52 Income Taxes The Company accounts for deferred income taxes using the asset and liability approach. Under this approach, deferred income taxes are recognized based on the tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities, as measured by current enacted tax rates. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce the deferred tax assets to an amount that will more likely than not be realized. The Company regularly reviews its deferred tax assets for recoverability considering historical profitability, projected future taxable income, the expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences and tax planning strategies. For uncertain tax positions, the Company applies the provisions of relevant authoritative guidance, which requires application of a “more likely than not” threshold to the recognition and derecognition of tax positions. The Company’s ongoing assessments of the more likely than not outcomes of tax authority examinations and related tax positions require significant judgment and can increase or decrease the Company’s effective tax rate, as well as impact operating results. See Footnote 12 for further information. Sales of Accounts Receivable The Company maintains a factoring agreement with a financial institution to sell certain customer receivables (the “Customer Receivables Purchase Agreement”) up to $ 700 million. Factored receivables under the Customer Receivables Purchase Agreement at December 31, 2024 were approximately $ 270 million, an increase of approximately $ 30 million from December 31, 2023. In addition, the Company, through a wholly-owned special purpose entity (“SPE”), has a three-year factoring agreement with a financial institution to sell up to $ 225 million, between February and April of each year and up to $ 275 million at all other times, of certain customer receivables without recourse on a revolving basis (the “Receivables Facility”). Under the Receivables Facility, certain of the Company’s subsidiaries continuously sell their accounts receivables, originated in the U.S., to the SPE and the SPE sells the receivables to the financial institution. The SPE is a variable interest entity for which the Company is considered to be the primary beneficiary. The SPE’s sole business consists of the purchase of receivables from certain subsidiaries of the Company and the subsequent transfer of such receivables to the financial institution. Although the SPE is included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements, it is a separate legal entity with separate creditors. The assets of the SPE are not available to pay creditors of the Company or its subsidiaries. The fair value of these servicing arrangements as well as the fees earned was immaterial. The balance of outstanding accounts receivables sold to the financial institution as of December 31, 2024 was approximately $ 145 million, an increase of approximately $ 100 million from December 31, 2023. The Company accounts for receivables sold under both factoring agreements as sale of financial assets and derecognizes the trade receivables from the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company classifies the proceeds received from the sales of accounts receivable as an operating cash flow and collections of accounts receivables not yet submitted to the financial institutions as financing cash flow in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company records the discounts as other (income) expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Supplier Finance Program Obligations In June 2024, the Company entered into an arrangement with a third-party vendor which provides a service for the Company’s suppliers, at their sole discretion, to sell their receivables due from the Company with various financial institutions who, at their sole discretion, contract with the third-party vendor to participate in the supplier finance program (the “New SCF Program”). The Company and its suppliers agree on contractual terms for the goods and services procured, including prices, quantities and payment terms, regardless of whether the supplier elects to participate in the New SCF Program. The suppliers sell goods or services, as applicable, to the Company and issue the associated invoices to the Company based on the agreed-upon contractual terms. Suppliers that participate in the New SCF Program, at their sole discretion, determine which invoices, if any, they want to sell to the third-party vendor. The suppliers’ voluntary inclusion of invoices in the New SCF Program does not change the Company’s existing contractual terms with its suppliers. The Company does not provide any guarantees or collateral under the New SCF Program, nor does it have any economic interest in a supplier’s decision to participate in the New SCF Program. Amounts due to suppliers participating in the New SCF Program are included in accounts payable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and amounts paid to suppliers participating in the New SCF Program are classified as operating cash flows in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Supplier payment terms for those participating in the program averaged approximately 130 days. Prior to the New SCF Program, a global financial institution offered a voluntary supply chain finance program (the “Former SCF Program”) which similarly enabled suppliers, at their sole discretion, to sell their receivables due from the Company to the financial institution on a non-recourse basis. Pursuant to the Second Amendment (defined hereafter), a lender under the Credit Revolver 53 (defined hereafter) that also participated in the Former SCF Program secured its related financing pursuant to the terms of the Credit Revolver. See Footnote 9 for further information. In April 2024, the Company exercised its right to terminate the Former SCF Program with the financial institution. The Former SCF Program was terminated in August 2024. The termination did not materially impact the Company’s operating results, financial condition or liquidity. There were no outstanding payment obligations relating to the Former SCF Program as of December 31, 2024. The following table sets forth the outstanding payment obligations due to the third-party vendor at December 31, 2024 and to the financial institution at December 31, 2023, and activities related to the suppliers who participated in the New SCF Program or the Former SCF Program (collectively, the “Supplier Finance Programs”), for the years ended December 31, (in millions): 2024 2023 Balance at beginning of period $ 96 $ 100 Invoices participating in the Supplier Finance Programs 137 336 Invoices paid to the applicable financial institution or third-party vendor ( 219 ) ( 340 ) Balance at end of period $ 14 $ 96 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and highly liquid investments that have an original maturity of three months or less when purchased. Restricted cash reflects cash received on previously sold customer receivables in connection with the factoring programs that are required to be remitted to a financial institution. Restricted cash is reported as prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accounts Receivable, Net Accounts receivable, net, include amounts billed and due from customers. Payment terms vary but generally are 90 days or less. An allowance for expected credit losses is based on the amount ultimately expected to be collected from the customer. The Company evaluates the collectability of accounts receivable based on a combination of factors including the length of time the receivables are past due, historical collection experience, current market conditions and forecasted direction of economic and business environment. Accounts deemed uncollectible are written off, net of expected recoveries. Capitalized Software Costs The Company capitalizes costs associated with internal-use software during the application development stage after both the preliminary project stage has been completed and the Company’s management has authorized and committed to funding for further project development. Capitalized internal-use software costs include: (i) external direct costs of materials and services consumed in developing or obtaining the software; (ii) payroll and payroll-related costs for employees who are directly associated with and who devote time directly to the project; and (iii) interest costs incurred while developing the software. Capitalization of these costs ceases no later than the point at which the project is substantially complete and ready for its intended purpose. The Company expenses as incurred research and development, general and administrative, and indirect costs associated with internal-use software. In addition, the Company expenses as incurred training, maintenance and other internal-use software costs incurred during the post-implementation stage. Costs associated with upgrades and enhancements of internal-use software are capitalized only if such modifications result in additional functionality of the software. The Company amortizes internal-use software costs using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software. Capitalized software costs are evaluated annually for indicators of impairment, including but not limited to a significant change in available technology or the manner in which the software is being used. Impaired items are written down to their estimated fair values. Capitalized software are included in other intangible assets, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Footnote 7 for further information. Capitalized implementation costs for certain qualified Software-as-a-Service (“SaaS”) arrangements are also subject to the same accounting criteria described above, when the Company does not own the intellectual property for the software license used in the arrangement. SaaS arrangements are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The straight-line amortization of these costs is presented along with the fees related to the hosted cloud computing service in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. 54 Product Liability Reserves The Company has a self-insurance program for product liability that includes reserves for self-retained losses and certain excess and aggregate risk transfer insurance. The Company uses historical loss experience combined with actuarial evaluation methods, review of significant individual files and the application of risk transfer programs in determining required product liability reserves. The Company’s actuarial evaluation methods take into account claims incurred but not reported when determining the Company’s product liability reserve. While the Company believes that it has adequately reserved for these claims, the ultimate outcome of these matters may exceed the amounts recorded by the Company, and such additional losses may be material to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Product Warranties In the normal course of business, the Company offers warranties for a variety of its products. The specific terms and conditions of the warranties vary depending upon the specific product and markets in which the products were sold. The Company accrues for the estimated cost of product warranty at the time of sale based on historical experience. Advertising Costs The Company expenses production costs of print, radio, television and other advertisements as of the first date the advertisements take place, and the Company expenses all other advertising and marketing costs when incurred. Advertising and promotion costs are recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”) and totaled $ 417 million, $ 371 million and $ 387 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Research and Development Costs Research and development costs relating to both future and current products are charged to SG&A as incurred. These costs totaled $ 123 million, $ 117 million and $ 140 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Other Significant Accounting Policies Other significant accounting policies are disclosed as follows: • Restructuring – Footnote 4 • Inventory – Footnote 5 • Property, Plant and Equipment – Footnote 6 • Derivative Instruments – Footnote 10 • Foreign Currency Operations – Footnote 10 • Pensions and Postretirement Benefits – Footnote 11 • Leases – Footnote 13 • Share-Based Compensation – Footnote 15 Recent Accounting Pronouncements Changes to U.S. GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the form of accounting standards updates (“ASUs”) to the FASB’s Accounting Standards Codification. The Company considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” The standard requires all entities subject to income taxes to disclose disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The new requirement will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The guidance will be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-09 to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, “ Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures .” This ASU requires that each interim and annual reporting period, an entity disclose more information about the components of certain expense captions that is currently disclosed in the financial statements. This update is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026. Early adoption is permitted. Management is currently evaluating the effects this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements. 55 Adoption of New Accounting Guidance In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “ Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. ” In January 2021, the FASB clarified the scope of this guidance with the issuance of ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform: Scope. ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions to account for contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or another reference rate if certain criteria are met. This ASU was further updated with the issuance of ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform: Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 84 8, which extends the sunset date of the guidance. ASU 2020-04 may be applied prospectively to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated on or before December 31, 2024. The Company adopted ASU 2020-04 and it did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In October 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-04, “ Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations. ” This ASU requires that a buyer in a supplier finance program disclose sufficient information about the program to allow a user of financial statements to better consider the effect of the programs on an entity’s working capital, liquidity and cash flows. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, except for the amendment on roll forward information which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. The Company adopted ASU 2022-04 and it did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. See preceding disclosure for further information. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “ Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” The amendments in this update require that a public entity disclose on an annual and interim basis significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (the “CODM”), amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition, segment profit and loss and assets, additional measures of segment profit used by the CODM in assessing segment performance and the title and position of the CODM, as well as an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures in assessing segment performance and deciding allocation of resources. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 and it did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. See Footnote 17 for further information. Footnote 2 — Divestiture Activity 2023 On November 30, 2023, the Company sold its Millefiori business, based in Italy, in the Home and Commercial Solutions segment to a third party for purchase price that is not material to the Company. As a result, the Company recorded an immaterial , pretax gain which is included in other (income) expense, net in Consolidated Statements of Operations. 2022 On March 31, 2022, the Company sold its Connected Home and Security (“CH&S”) business unit to Resideo Technologies, Inc., for approximately $ 593 million. As a result, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded a pretax gain of $ 136 million, which was included in other (income) expense, net in Consolidated Statements of Operations. 56 Footnote 3 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) The following tables display the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCL”), net of tax, as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in millions): Cumulative Translation Adjustment Pension and Postretirement Costs Derivative Financial Instruments AOCL Balance at December 31, 2022 $ ( 688 ) $ ( 309 ) $ ( 14 ) $ ( 1,011 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 9 18 ( 16 ) 11 Amounts reclassified to earnings 11 95 4 110 Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) 20 113 ( 12 ) 121 Balance at December 31, 2023 $ ( 668 ) $ ( 196 ) $ ( 26 ) $ ( 890 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications ( 100 ) ( 14 ) 14 ( 100 ) Amounts reclassified to earnings 1 ( 2 ) 10 9 Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) ( 99 ) ( 16 ) 24 ( 91 ) Balance at December 31, 2024 $ ( 767 ) $ ( 212 ) $ ( 2 ) $ ( 981 ) Reclassifications from AOCL to the results of operations for the years ended December 31, were pretax (income) expense of (in millions): 2024 2023 2022 Cumulative translation adjustment $ 1 $ 11 $ 6 Pension and postretirement costs (1) ( 2 ) 130 13 Derivative financial instruments (2) 13 5 ( 21 ) (1) See Footnote 11 for further information. (2) See Footnote 10 for further information. The income tax provision (benefit) allocated to the components of AOCL for the years ended December 31, are as follows (in millions): 2024 2023 2022 Foreign currency translation adjustments $ 33 $ ( 20 ) $ 2 Pension and postretirement costs ( 5 ) 36 ( 10 ) Derivative financial instruments 8 ( 4 ) 1 Income tax provision (benefit) related to AOCL $ 36 $ 12 $ ( 7 ) Footnote 4 — Restructuring The Company has engaged and expects to continue to engage in restructuring activities, which requires management to utilize significant estimates related to the timing and amount of severance and other employee separation costs for workforce reductions and other separation programs and other exit costs associated with restructuring activities. The Company’s accrual for severance and other employee separation costs depends on whether the costs result from an ongoing severance plan or are one-time costs. The Company accounts for relevant expenses as severance costs when we have an established severance policy, statutory requirements dictate the severance amounts, or if our historical experience is to routinely provide certain benefits to impacted employees. The Company recognizes severance costs when it is probable that benefits will be paid and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The Company estimates one-time severance and other employee costs related to exit and disposal activities not resulting from an ongoing severance plan based on the benefits available to the employees being terminated. The Company recognizes these costs when it identifies the specific classification or functions of the employees being terminated, notifies the employees who might be included in the termination, and expects to terminate employees within the legally required notification period. When employees are receiving incentives to stay beyond the legally required notification period, the Company records the cost of their severance over the remaining service period. All cash payments are expected to be paid within one year of charges being incurred. 57 To better align its resources with its strategy and operating model and to reduce the cost structure of its global operations, the Company commits to restructuring plans as necessary and as follows: Organizational Realignment Plan In January 2024, the Company announced an organizational realignment (the “Realignment Plan”), which is expected to strengthen the Company’s front-end commercial capabilities, such as consumer understanding and brand communication, in support of the “where to play” and “how to win” strategy choices the Company unveiled in June of 2023. In addition to improving accountability, the Realignment Plan was designed to unlock operational efficiencies and cost savings, reduce complexity and free up funds for reinvestment. As part of the Realignment Plan, the Company has made several operating model changes, which entailed: standing up a cross-functional brand management organization, realigning business unit finance to fully support the new global brand management model, further simplifying and standardizing regional go-to-market organizations, and centralizing domestic retail sales teams, the digital technology team, business-aligned accounting personnel, the Manufacturing Quality team, and the Human Resources functions into the appropriate center-led teams to drive standardization, efficiency and scale with a One Newell approach. The Company has also further optimized the Company’s real estate footprint and pursued other cost reduction initiatives. These actions were primarily implemented by the end of 2024. Remaining actions, subject to applicable local law and consultation requirements, are expected to be implemented by the end of fiscal year 2025. Restructuring and restructuring-related charges associated with these actions were estimated to be in the range of $ 75 million to $ 90 million. This estimate of charges consists primarily of $ 60 million to $ 70 million related to cash severance payments and other termination benefits, $ 11 million to $ 16 million associated with office space reduction and consolidation and approximately $ 4 million of other charges. The Company expects the majority of the aggregate charges to be cash expenditures. The Company commenced organizational realignment activities during the first quarter of 2024. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded restructuring and restructuring-related charges of $ 37 million and $ 15 million, respectively. The Company has incurred aggregate charges of $ 52 million since inception in connection with the Realignment Plan. In June 2024, as part of optimizing the Company’s real estate footprint, the Company entered into a lease agreement for a new location of its corporate headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, which will allow it to consolidate five different facilities and bring together employees in the area into a single location. Also in June 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with an unrelated third party to sell and leaseback its current headquarters facility. The transaction closed during the fourth quarter of 2024 and the Company received cash proceeds for the sale, for a purchase price that is not material to the Company. The Company intends to occupy the current facility while waiting to build-out the new facility, which is anticipated to be completed during the first half of fiscal year 2025. The Company wrote down the carrying value of the assets to their fair value less cost to sell and recorded a net charge of $ 8 million inclusive of a fair market value adjustment related to the below market rental payments associated with the sale leaseback transaction, which was recorded within impairment of goodwill, intangibles and other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024. The net charge of $ 8 million was included in the $ 15 million restructuring-related charges mentioned above. See Footnote 13 for further information. Network Optimization Project In May 2023, the Company announced a restructuring and cost savings initiative that is intended to simplify and streamline its North American distribution network (the “Network Optimization Project”) in order to improve the Company’s cost structure and operating margins while maintaining focus on customer and consumer fulfillment. The Network Optimization Project incorporated a variety of initiatives, including a reduction in the overall number of distribution centers, an optimization of distribution by location, and completion of select automation investments intended to further streamline the Company’s cost structure and to maximize operating performance. These actions were substantially implemented by the end of 2024. The Company estimated that it will incur approximately $ 37 million to $ 49 million in restructuring and restructuring-related charges associated with execution of the Network Optimization Project. This estimate of charges consists primarily of $ 8 million to $ 11 million related to cash severance payments and other termination benefits and approximately $ 29 million to $ 38 million associated with industrial site reductions. The Company expects that approximately $ 35 million to $ 44 million of the aggregate charges will be cash expenditures. In connection with the Network Optimization Project, the Company recorded restructuring charges of $ 3 million and $ 7 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company also recorded restructuring-related charges of $ 18 million and $ 16 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company has incurred aggregate charges of $ 44 million since inception of the Network Optimization Project. 58 Project Phoenix In January 2023, the Company announced a restructuring and savings initiative (“Project Phoenix”) that was intended to strengthen the Company by leveraging its scale to further reduce complexity, streamline its operating model and drive operational efficiencies. Project Phoenix was substantially implemented by the end of 2023 and incorporated a variety of initiatives designed to simplify the organizational structure, streamline the Company’s real estate portfolio, centralize the Company’s supply chain functions, transition to a unified One Newell go-to-market model in key international geographies, and reduce overhead costs. The Company estimated that it will incur approximately $ 100 million to $ 130 million in restructuring and restructuring-related charges in connection with Project Phoenix. These charges consist primarily of $ 80 million to $ 105 million in charges related to severance payments and other termination benefits; $ 15 million to $ 20 million in charges associated with office space reductions; and approximately $ 5 million of other charges, including those associated with employee transition and legal costs. The Company expects approximately $ 95 million to $ 120 million of the aggregate charges will be cash expenditures. While the program was mostly complete by the end of 2023, charges were recognized during 2024, as the Company completed remaining actions in accordance with local regulations and consultation requirements. In connection with Project Phoenix, the Company recorded restructuring charges of $ 2 million and $ 78 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company also recorded restructuring-related charges of $ 8 million and $ 19 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company has incurred aggregate charges of $ 107 million since inception of Project Phoenix. Restructuring charges, net and restructuring-related charges incurred from inception for the Realignment Plan, Network Optimization Project and Project Phoenix (collectively, the “Plans”) were as follows (in millions): Severance and termination costs Contract termination and other costs Total restructuring costs Restructuring-related costs Total costs Realignment Plan $ 35 $ 2 $ 37 $ 15 $ 52 Network Optimization Project 6 4 10 34 44 Project Phoenix 78 2 80 27 107 $ 119 $ 8 $ 127 $ 76 $ 203 Restructuring charges, net and restructuring-related charges incurred by reportable business segment in connection with the Plans, since inceptions were as follows (in millions): Total restructuring costs Restructuring-related costs Total costs Home and Commercial Solutions $ 51 $ 38 $ 89 Learning and Development 27 1 28 Outdoor and Recreation 15 10 25 Corporate 34 27 61 $ 127 $ 76 $ 203 Other Restructuring and Restructuring-Related Charges The Company also incurs other restructuring and restructuring-related charges in connection with various discrete initiatives. The Company recorded $ 3 million, $ 10 million and $ 15 million of other restructuring costs during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Restructuring-related charges are recorded in cost of products sold, SG&A and impairment of other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Operations based on the nature of the underlying charges incurred. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded other restructuring-related charges of $ 16 million, $ 64 million and $ 24 million, respectively. 59 Restructuring costs incurred by reportable business segment for all restructuring activities for the years ended December 31, are as follows (in millions): 2024 2023 2022 Home and Commercial Solutions $ 9 $ 50 $ 5 Learning and Development 14 18 4 Outdoor and Recreation 4 11 5 Corporate 18 16 1 $ 45 $ 95 $ 15 Accrued restructuring costs activity for the year ended December 31, 2024 are as follows (in millions): Balance at December 31, 2023 Restructuring Costs, Net Payments Balance at December 31, 2024 Severance and termination costs $ 30 $ 40 $ ( 58 ) $ 12 Contract termination and other costs — 5 ( 5 ) — $ 30 $ 45 $ ( 63 ) $ 12 Accrued restructuring costs activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 are as follows (in millions): Balance at December 31, 2022 Restructuring Costs, Net Payments Foreign Currency and Other Balance at December 31, 2023 Severance and termination costs $ 7 $ 89 $ ( 66 ) $ — $ 30 Contract termination and other costs — 6 ( 5 ) ( 1 ) — $ 7 $ 95 $ ( 71 ) $ ( 1 ) $ 30 Footnote 5 — Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost generally determined using first-in, first-out method. The Company reduces its inventory value for estimated obsolete and slow-moving inventory in an amount equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the net realizable value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventory write-downs may be required. Inventory costs include direct materials, direct labor and manufacturing overhead, or when finished goods are sourced, the cost is the amount paid to the third party. The components of inventories were as follows at December 31, (in millions): 2024 2023 Raw materials and supplies $ 183 $ 214 Work-in-process 155 173 Finished products 1,062 1,144 $ 1,400 $ 1,531 60 Footnote 6 — Property, Plant and Equipment, Net Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation expense is calculated principally on the straight-line basis. Useful lives determined by the Company are as follows: buildings and improvements ( 20 - 40 years) and machinery and equipment ( 3 - 15 years). Property, plant and equipment, net, consisted of the following at December 31, (in millions): 2024 2023 Land $ 65 $ 75 Buildings and improvements 522 678 Machinery and equipment 2,392 2,517 2,979 3,270 Less: Accumulated depreciation ( 1,822 ) ( 2,058 ) $ 1,157 $ 1,212 Depreciation expense was $ 188 million, $ 225 million and $ 196 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Footnote 7 — Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net A summary of changes in the Company’s goodwill by reportable business segment is as follows for 2024 and 2023 (in millions): December 31, 2024 Segments: Net Book Value at December 31, 2023 Foreign Currency Exchange Net Book Value Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Impairment Charges Home and Commercial Solutions $ 747 $ — $ 747 $ 4,052 $ ( 3,305 ) Learning and Development 2,324 ( 33 ) 2,291 3,378 ( 1,087 ) Outdoor and Recreation — — — 788 ( 788 ) $ 3,071 $ ( 33 ) $ 3,038 $ 8,218 $ ( 5,180 ) December 31, 2023 Segments: Net Book Value at December 31, 2022 Impairment Charges Foreign Currency Exchange Net Book Value Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Impairment Charges Home and Commercial Solutions $ 747 $ — $ — $ 747 $ 4,052 $ ( 3,305 ) Learning and Development 2,551 ( 241 ) 14 2,324 3,411 ( 1,087 ) Outdoor and Recreation — — — — 788 ( 788 ) $ 3,298 $ ( 241 ) $ 14 $ 3,071 $ 8,251 $ ( 5,180 ) 61 The table below summarizes the balance of other intangible assets, net and the related amortization periods using the straight-line method and attribution method at December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in millions): December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Book Value Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Book Value Amortization Periods (In years) Tradenames - indefinite life (1) $ 844 $ — $ 844 $ 1,535 $ — $ 1,535 N/A Tradenames - other (1) 531 ( 135 ) 396 232 ( 105 ) 127 2 - 15 Capitalized software 661 ( 543 ) 118 628 ( 512 ) 116 3 - 12 Patents and intellectual property 13 ( 13 ) — 22 ( 20 ) 2 3 - 14 Customer relationships and distributor channels 1,025 ( 375 ) 650 1,078 ( 370 ) 708 3 - 30 $ 3,074 $ ( 1,066 ) $ 2,008 $ 3,495 $ ( 1,007 ) $ 2,488 (1) In alignment with the Company’s strategy, the Company determined that certain tradenames with aggregate carrying values of $ 322 million no longer met the criteria to be classified as indefinite-lived tradenames effective January 1, 2024. The estimated useful lives range from 10 to 15 years, which increased the Company’s annual amortization expense by approximately $ 25 million. Amortization expense for intangible assets was $ 135 million, $ 109 million and $ 100 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2024, the aggregate estimated intangible amortization amounts for the succeeding five years are as follows (in millions): Years ending December 31, Amount 2025 $ 122 2026 110 2027 104 2028 93 2029 87 Thereafter 648 During 2024, the Company elected to perform a qualitative assessment for the Writing reporting unit, with goodwill of $ 1.9 billion and concluded that there were no events or circumstances that rise to a level that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below the carrying value; therefore, a quantitative goodwill impairment analysis was not required for the Writing reporting unit. The Company elected to perform quantitative assessments for the Commercial and Baby reporting units with goodwill of $ 747 million and $ 415 million, respectively. Based on the Company’s quantitative assessments, no impairment charges were recorded for the Commercial and Baby reporting units. During 2024, the Company elected to perform qualitative assessments for two indefinite-lived tradenames in the L&D segment, with total carrying values of $ 119 million. Based on the qualitative assessments, the Company concluded there were no events or circumstances that rise to a level that would more likely that not reduce the fair value of those indefinite-lived tradenames below the carrying value; therefore, a quantitative impairment analysis was not required for two indefinite-lived tradenames in the L&D segment. The Company elected to perform quantitative assessments for indefinite-lived tradenames in the H&CS and L&D segments with total carrying values of $ 725 million. Refer to the following table for the results of the quantitative assessments. The impairment charges for goodwill and indefinite-lived tradenames were recorded in the Company’s reporting segments as follows for the years ended December 31, (in millions): 2024 (1) 2023 (2) 2022 (3) Home and Commercial Solutions $ 275 $ 76 $ 444 Learning and Development 70 241 30 Outdoor and Recreation — 22 — $ 345 $ 339 $ 474 62 (1) During the fourth quarter of 2024, in conjunction with its annual impairment testing, the Company recorded non-cash impairment charge of $ 85 million associated with one tradename in the H&CS segment, as the carrying value exceeded the fair value. The decline in the fair value of the tradename in the H&CS segment was the result of downward revision of forecasted revenue mainly due to a distribution loss, which the Company was informed of during the fourth quarter of 2024. A hypothetical 10% reduction in the forecasted revenue and residual (excess) cash flows used in the excess earnings method applied in determining the fair value of the tradename would have resulted in an incremental impairment charge on the H&CS segment of $ 22 million. During the third quarter of 2024, the Company concluded that triggering events had occurred for indefinite-lived tradenames in the H&CS and L&D segments, as a result of downward revisions of forecasted cash flows primarily due to lower volume and profitability expectations. The Company performed quantitative impairment tests and determined that the indefinite-lived tradenames in the H&CS and L&D segments, were impaired. During the third quarter of 2024, the Company recorded non-cash impairment charges of $ 190 million and $ 70 million for the indefinite-lived tradenames in the H&CS and in the L&D segments, respectively, as the carrying values exceeded their fair values. (2) During the fourth quarter of 2023, in conjunction with its annual impairment testing, the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $ 68 million associated with two tradenames in the H&CS segment, as the carrying values exceeded the fair values. The decline in the fair values of the tradenames in the H&CS segment were due to current market contraction, reflecting a reset of demand levels. During the third quarter of 2023, the Company concluded that a triggering event had occurred for an indefinite-lived tradename in the O&R segment, as a result of a downward revision of forecasted cash flows due to market conditions, as well as rising interest rates. The Company performed a quantitative impairment test and determined that the indefinite-lived tradename in the O&R segment was impaired and recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $ 22 million for the indefinite-lived tradename in the O&R segment, as the carrying value of the tradename exceeded its fair value. Also, during the third quarter of 2023, the Company concluded that a triggering event had occurred for the goodwill associated with the Baby reporting unit in the L&D segment as a result of a downward revision of forecasted cash flows due to lower volume and profitability expectations, as well as rising interest rates. The Company performed a quantitative impairment test and determined that the Baby reporting unit goodwill was impaired and recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $ 241 million as the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeded its fair value. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company concluded that a triggering event had occurred for an indefinite-lived tradename in the H&CS segment as a result of a downward revision of forecasted cash flows due to softening global demand, primarily caused by continued inflationary pressure that is impacting discretionary spending behavior of consumers, as well as rising interest rates. The Company performed a quantitative impairment test and determined that the indefinite-lived tradename in the H&CS segment was impaired. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $ 8 million, as the carrying value of the tradename exceeded its fair value. (3) During the fourth quarter of 2022, in conjunction with its annual impairment testing, the Company recorded aggregate non-cash impairment charges of $ 270 million associated with two tradenames in the H&CS segment and one tradename in the L&D segment, as the carrying values exceeded their fair values. The decline in fair values for one tradename in the H&CS segment and the tradename in the L&D segment reflected a further downward revision to the forecasted cash flows used in connection with the third quarter triggering event assessment, driven by inflationary pressures which are impacting discretionary spending behavior of consumers at higher rates than previously expected, including higher than expected overhead costs. The decline in fair value for the remaining tradename in the H&CS segment reflected a change in management’s assumptions, including the timing of a labor shortage recovery in a certain international market, which negatively impacted the long-term profitability estimates used to develop the forecasted cash flow projections for the annual impairment test. During the third quarter of 2022, the Company concluded that a triggering event had occurred for two indefinite-lived tradenames in the H&CS segment, as a result of a downward revision of forecasted cash flows due to softening global demand, as retailers significantly pulled back on orders in an effort to rebalance inventory and rising interest rates. The decline in global demand is driven primarily by inflationary pressures which are impacting the discretionary spending behavior of consumers. The Company also concluded that a triggering event had occurred for two indefinite-lived tradenames in the L&D segment, as a result of rising interest rates and inflationary pressures. The Company performed a quantitative impairment test and determined that the indefinite-lived tradenames in the H&CS segment and two indefinite-lived tradenames in the L&D segment were impaired. During the third quarter of 2022, the Company recorded an aggregate non-cash impairment charge of $ 40 million, as the carrying values of these tradenames exceeded their fair values. The Company continues to evaluate its brand strategy including the assessment of indefinite-lived criteria which may impact the future estimated intangible amortization. Footnote 8 — Other Accrued Liabilities Other accrued liabilities included the following at December 31, (in millions): 2024 2023 Customer accruals $ 601 $ 659 Accrued compensation 249 190 Operating lease liabilities 110 122 Accrued income taxes 88 89 Accrued marketing and freight expenses 73 71 Accrued interest expense 72 74 Accrued self-insurance liabilities, contingencies and warranty 68 92 Other 198 268 $ 1,459 $ 1,565 Customer accruals are promotional allowances and rebates, including cooperative advertising, given to customers in exchange for their selling efforts and volume purchased, as well as allowances for returns. Payments for annual rebates and other customer programs are generally made in the first quarter of the year. Self-insurance liabilities relate to casualty liabilities such as workers’ compensation, general and product liability and auto liability and are estimated based upon historical loss experience combined with actuarial evaluation methods, review of significant individual files and the application of risk transfer programs. 63 Footnote 9 — Debt The following is a summary of outstanding debt, net of unamortized issuance costs and original issue discount, at December 31, (in millions): 2024 2023 4.000 % senior notes due 2024 (1) $ — $ 198 4.875 % senior notes due 2025 — 498 3.900 % senior notes due 2025 (2) 47 47 4.200 % senior notes due 2026 1,233 1,980 6.375 % senior notes due 2027 486 488 6.625 % senior notes due 2029 477 486 6.375 % senior notes due 2030 741 — 6.625 % senior notes due 2032 494 — 5.375 % senior notes due 2036 417 417 5.500 % senior notes due 2046 658 658 Revolving credit facility (1) (2) 40 131 Other debt 2 1 Total debt 4,595 4,904 Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt ( 87 ) ( 329 ) Long-term debt $ 4,508 $ 4,575 (1) Included in short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt at December 31, 2023. (2) Included in short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt at December 31, 2024. Senior Notes In November 2024, the Company completed a registered public offering and sale of $ 750 million of aggregate principal amount of 6.375 % senior notes due 2030 (the “2030 Notes”) and $ 500 million of aggregate principal amount of 6.625 % senior notes due 2032 (the “2032 Notes”) (collectively the “Notes”) and received proceeds of approximately $ 1.24 billion, net of fees and expenses paid. The Notes were issued pursuant to an Indenture, dated as of November 19, 2014, between the Company (formerly known as “Newell Rubbermaid Inc.”) and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association (formerly known as “U.S. Bank National Association”), as trustee (the “Trustee”), as supplemented by the First Supplemental Indenture relating to the 2030 Notes, dated November 13, 2024 (the “First Supplemental Indenture”), by and between the Company and the Trustee, and the Second Supplemental Indenture relating to the 2032 Notes, dated November 13, 2024 (the “Second Supplemental Indenture” and, collectively with the First Supplemental Indenture, the “Supplemental Indentures”), by and between the Company and the Trustee. The Supplemental Indentures provide, among other things, that the Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and include covenants that limit the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to incur or guarantee additional debt, create or permit certain liens, redeem or repurchase certain debt, consummate certain asset sales, make certain loans and investments, consolidate, merge, or sell all or substantially all of the Company and its subsidiaries assets, enter into certain transactions with affiliates and pay distributions on, or redeem or repurchase the Company’s capital stock, subject in each case to certain qualifications and exceptions, including the termination of certain of these covenants upon the Notes receiving investment grade credit ratings. The Company used the proceeds of the offering to fully redeem its outstanding 4.875 % senior notes due 2025 and to redeem in part its outstanding 4.200 % senior notes due 2026. In November 2024, the Company fully redeemed its 4.875 % notes due 2025 at a redemption price equal to 100 % of the outstanding aggregate principal amount of the notes, plus accrued unpaid interest to the date of the redemption. The total consideration was approximately $ 511 million. The Company also partially redeemed $ 750 million of the outstanding aggregate amount of the 4.200 % senior notes due 2026 at a redemption price of 101.006 %. The total consideration, including accrued unpaid interest to the date of its redemption was approximately $ 764 million. As a result of the aforementioned redemptions, the Company recorded a total loss on debt extinguishment of $ 13 million. In December 2024, the Company repaid the outstanding aggregate principal amount of its 4.000 % senior notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest upon maturity for total consideration of $ 205 million. 64 Rating Downgrades In February 2024, Moody’s Corporation (“Moody’s”) and S&P Global Inc. (“S&P”) downgraded the Company’s senior unsecured debt rating to “Ba3” and “BB-”, respectively. As a result, the Company’s outstanding senior notes aggregating to approximately $ 3.1 billion at that time (the “Coupon-Step Notes”) were subject to an interest rate increase of 25 basis points for each downgrade, or 50 basis points in the aggregate. The change to the interest rate due to the Moody’s and S&P downgrades collectively increased the Company’s interest expense by approximately $ 16 million on an annualized basis at the time of the downgrades (approximately $ 12 million in 2024). The partial redemption of the 4.200 % senior notes due 2026 during the fourth quarter of 2024 decreased the aggregate amount of the Coupon-Step Notes to $ 2.3 billion, resulting in a reduction of the Company’s annualized interest expense impact of the February 2024 Moody’s and S&P downgrades by approximately $ 4 million, reducing the aggregate annualized impact of the downgrades to approximately $ 12 million beginning in 2025. Revolving Credit Facility At December 31, 2023, the Company maintained a $ 1.5 billion senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Revolver”) maturing in August 2027. On March 27, 2023, the Company entered into an amendment (the “First Amendment”) to (i) include non-cash expenses resulting from grants of stock awards among the items that may be added to Consolidated Net Income when calculating Consolidated Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (“EBITDA”), as defined in the First Amendment, and (ii) lower the Interest Coverage Ratio, as defined in the First Amendment, for the fiscal quarters ending on June 30, 2023, September 30, 2023, December 31, 2023 and March 31, 2024. On February 7, 2024, the Company, certain of its subsidiaries, as subsidiary borrowers, and certain of its subsidiaries, as subsidiary guarantors, entered into a second amendment to the Credit Revolver agreement (the “Second Amendment”). The Second Amendment, among other things, (i) reduced the commitments of the lenders from $ 1.5 billion to $ 1.0 billion, (ii) replaced the Company’s existing financial covenants with new financial covenants testing the Company’s Collateral Coverage Ratio and Total Net Leverage Ratio (each further defined in the Second Amendment), (iii) required the Company and certain of the Company’s domestic and foreign subsidiaries (collectively, the “Guarantors”) to guarantee all obligations under the Credit Revolver including, without limitation, obligations in respect of extensions of credit to any of the borrowers, certain hedging obligations, certain cash management obligations, and certain supply chain financing obligations, and (iv) required the Company and the other Guarantors to grant a lien and security interest in certain of its assets consisting of eligible accounts receivable, eligible inventory, eligible equipment and eligible intellectual property, and all products and proceeds of the foregoing, subject to certain limitations. See Footnote 1 for further information with respect to the Company’s Supplier Finance Programs. The Credit Revolver provides for the issuance of up to $ 150 million of letters of credit, so long as there is sufficient availability for borrowing under the Credit Revolver. At December 31, 2024, the Company had $ 40 million of outstanding borrowings under the Credit Revolver and approximately $ 35 million of outstanding standby letters of credit issued against the Credit Revolver, with a net availability of approximately $ 925 million. Availability under the Credit Revolver is subject to change in accordance with the terms thereof, including in response to changes to the Company’s pledged collateral value or outstanding borrowings and letters of credit under the Credit Revolver. Future Debt Maturities The Company’s debt maturities for the five years following December 31, 2024 and thereafter are as follows (in millions): 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Thereafter Total $ 87 $ 1,235 $ 500 $ 2 $ 500 $ 2,336 $ 4,660 Other The indentures governing the Company’s senior notes contain usual and customary nonfinancial covenants, as well as additional covenants contained in the 2030 Notes and 2032 Notes, such as described above. The Company’s borrowing arrangements other than the senior notes contain usual and customary nonfinancial covenants and certain financial covenants, including minimum collateral coverage and net leverage ratios. 65 Weighted average interest rates for the years ended December 31, are as follows: 2024 2023 2022 Total debt 5.8 % 5.2 % 4.3 % Short-term debt 8.0 % 6.9 % 4.0 % At December 31, 2024 and 2023, unamortized deferred debt issue costs were $ 32 million and $ 24 million, respectively. These costs are included in total debt and are being amortized over the respective terms of the underlying debt. The fair values of the Company’s senior notes are based on quoted market prices and are as follows at December 31, (in millions): 2024 2023 Fair Value Book Value Fair Value Book Value Senior notes $ 4,624 $ 4,553 $ 4,633 $ 4,772 The carrying amounts of all other significant debt approximates fair value. Footnote 10 — Derivatives and Foreign Currency Operations Derivatives Derivative financial instruments are generally used to manage certain interest rate and foreign currency risks. These instruments, from time to time, may primarily include interest rate swaps, forward starting interest rate swaps and forward exchange contracts. The Company’s forward exchange contracts generally do not subject the Company to exchange rate risk because gains and losses on these instruments generally offset gains and losses on the assets, liabilities and other transactions being hedged. However, these instruments, when settled, impact the Company’s cash flows from operations to the extent the underlying transaction being hedged is not simultaneously settled due to an extension, a renewal or otherwise. On the date when the Company enters into a derivative, the derivative is designated as a hedge of the identified exposure. The Company measures effectiveness of its hedging relationships both at hedge inception and on an ongoing basis. Interest Rate Contracts The Company manages its fixed and floating rate debt mix using interest rate swaps. The Company may use fixed and floating rate swaps to alter its exposure to the impact of changing interest rates on its consolidated results of operations and future cash outflows for interest. Floating rate swaps would be used, depending on market conditions, to convert the fixed rates of long-term debt into short-term variable rates. Fixed rate swaps would be used to reduce the Company’s risk of the possibility of increased interest costs. The settlement of interest rate swaps is included in interest expense. Fair Value Hedges At December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $ 1.0 billion notional amount of interest rate swaps that exchange a fixed rate of interest for a variable rate of interest plus a weighted average spread. These floating rate swaps are designated as fair value hedges against $ 500 million of principal on the 6.375 % senior notes due 2027 and $ 500 million of principal on the 6.625 % senior notes due 2029 for the remaining life of the notes. The effective portion of the fair value gains or losses on these swaps is offset by fair value adjustments in the underlying debt. The swap designated as a fair value hedge associated with the $ 100 million of principal on the 4.000 % senior notes due 2024, matured on December 2024, concurrent with the maturity of the notes. Cross-Currency Contracts The Company uses cross-currency swaps to hedge foreign currency risk on certain financing arrangements. The Company previously entered into three cross-currency swaps, maturing in January 2025, February 2025 and September 2027, with an aggregate notional amount of $ 1.3 billion. During the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company closed two of these cross-currency swaps, ahead of maturities of January 2025 and February 2025, with an aggregate notional amount of $ 900 million and received total consideration of approximately $ 27 million. Also, during the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company entered into three new cross-currency swaps, two maturing in November 2026 and one in November 2028, with an aggregate notional amount of $ 770 million. Each of these cross-currency swaps was designated as a net investment hedge of the Company’s foreign currency exposure of its net investment in certain Euro-functional currency subsidiaries with Euro-denominated net assets, and the Company pays a fixed rate of Euro-based interest and receives a fixed rate of U.S. dollar interest. 66 During the third quarter of 2022, the Company entered into two cross-currency swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $ 1.0 billion, maturing in September 2027 and September 2029. These swaps were designated as net investment hedges of the Company’s foreign currency exposure of its net investment in certain Euro-functional currency subsidiaries with Euro-denominated net assets, and the Company pays a floating rate of Euro-based interest and receives a floating rate of U.S. dollar interest. At December 31, 2024, the Company has cross-currency swaps outstanding with an aggregate notional amount of approximately $ 2.1 billion. The Company has elected the spot method for assessing the effectiveness of these contracts. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized income of $ 35 million, $ 38 million and $ 31 million, respectively, in interest expense, net, related to the portion of cross-currency swaps excluded from hedge effectiveness testing. Foreign Currency Contracts The Company uses forward foreign currency contracts to mitigate the foreign currency exchange rate exposure on the cash flows related to forecasted inventory purchases and sales with maturity dates through December 2025. The derivatives used to hedge these forecasted transactions that meet the criteria for hedge accounting are accounted for as cash flow hedges. The effective portion of the gains or losses on these derivatives is deferred as a component of AOCL until it is recognized in earnings at the same time that the hedged item affects earnings and is included in the same caption in the statements of operations as the underlying hedged item. At December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $ 337 million notional amount outstanding of forward foreign currency contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges of forecasted inventory purchases and sales. The Company also uses foreign currency contracts, primarily forward foreign currency contracts, to mitigate the foreign currency exposure of certain other foreign currency transactions. At December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $ 1.0 billion notional amount outstanding of these foreign currency contracts that are not designated as effective hedges for accounting purposes and have maturity dates through June 2025. Fair market value gains or losses are included in the results of operations and are classified in other (income) expense, net in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. The following table presents the fair value of derivative financial instruments at December 31, (in millions): 2024 2023 Balance Sheet Location Assets (Liabilities) Derivatives designated as effective hedges: Cash Flow Hedges Foreign currency contracts Prepaid expenses and other current assets $ 9 $ 1 Foreign currency contracts Other accrued liabilities ( 1 ) ( 13 ) Fair Value Hedges Interest rate swaps Other accrued liabilities ( 7 ) ( 15 ) Interest rate swaps Other noncurrent liabilities ( 23 ) ( 4 ) Net Investment Hedges Cross-currency swaps Prepaid expenses and other current assets 30 22 Cross-currency swaps Other assets 38 15 Cross-currency swaps Other noncurrent liabilities ( 41 ) ( 119 ) Derivatives not designated as effective hedges: Foreign currency contracts Prepaid expenses and other current assets 21 7 Foreign currency contracts Other accrued liabilities ( 4 ) ( 14 ) Total $ 22 $ ( 120 ) The Company recognized income of $ 26 million, expense of $ 17 million and expense of $ 13 million in other (income) expense, net, during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments. Gains and losses on these derivatives are generally offset by foreign currency movement in the underlying exposure. The Company is not a party to any derivatives that require collateral to be posted prior to settlement. 67 The following table presents pretax gain and (loss) activity for 2024, 2023 and 2022 related to derivative financial instruments designated as effective hedges: 2024 2023 2022 Gain (Loss) Gain (Loss) Gain (Loss) (in millions) Recognized in OCL (1) Reclassified from AOCL to Income Recognized in OCL (1) Reclassified from AOCL to Income Recognized in OCL (1) Reclassified from AOCL to Income Interest rate swaps (2) $ — $ ( 8 ) $ — $ ( 5 ) $ — $ ( 6 ) Foreign currency contracts (3) 19 ( 5 ) ( 21 ) — 24 27 Cross-currency swaps (4) 133 — ( 80 ) — 21 — Total $ 152 $ ( 13 ) $ ( 101 ) $ ( 5 ) $ 45 $ 21 (1) Represents effective portion recognized in Other Comprehensive Loss (“OCL”). (2) Portion reclassified from AOCL to income recognized in interest expense, net and in loss on extinguishment of debt. (3) Portion reclassified from AOCL to income recognized in net sales and cost of products sold. (4) Portion reclassified from AOCL to income recognized in other (income) expense, net. At December 31, 2024, deferred net gains of approximately $ 9 million within AOCL are expected to be reclassified to earnings over the next twelve months. Foreign Currency Operations Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the rates of exchange in effect at year-end. The related translation adjustments are made directly to AOCL. Income and expenses are translated at the average monthly rates of exchange in effect during the year. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in the results of operations and are generally classified in other (income) expense, net, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Foreign currency transaction net losses for 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $ 6 million, $ 10 million and $ 41 million, respectively. The Company designates certain foreign currency denominated, long-term intercompany financing transactions as being of a long-term investment nature and records gains and losses on the transactions arising from changes in exchange rates as translation adjustments. Footnote 11 — Employee Benefit and Retirement Plans The Company and its subsidiaries have noncontributory pension, profit sharing and contributory 401(k) plans covering substantially all of their international and domestic employees. Pension plan benefits are generally based on years of service and/or compensation. The Company’s funding policy is to contribute not less than the minimum amounts required by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or foreign statutes to ensure that plan assets will be adequate to provide retirement benefits. The funded status of the Company’s defined benefit pension plans and postretirement benefit plans is recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation at December 31, the measurement date. For defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans, the benefit obligation is the projected benefit obligation (“PBO”), which represents the actuarial present value of benefits expected to be paid upon retirement based on employee services already rendered and estimated future compensation levels. The fair value of plan assets represents the current market value of assets held for the sole benefit of participants. Over funded plans, with the fair value of plan assets exceeding the benefit obligation, are aggregated and recorded as a prepaid pension asset equal to this excess. Underfunded plans, with the benefit obligation exceeding the fair value of plan assets, are aggregated and recorded as a retirement and postretirement benefit obligation equal to this excess. The current portion of the retirement and postretirement benefit obligations represents the actuarial present value of benefits payable in the next 12 months exceeding the fair value of plan assets, measured on a plan-by-plan basis. This obligation is recorded in other accrued liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost/(income) is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and includes service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of prior service costs/(credits) and (gains)/losses previously recognized as a component of AOCL and amortization of the net transition asset remaining in AOCL. The service cost component of net benefit cost is recorded in cost of products sold and SG&A in the Consolidated Statements of Operations (unless eligible for capitalization) based on the employees’ respective functions. The other components of net benefit cost are presented separately from service cost within other (income) expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. In 2025, the amount of AOCL expected to be recognized related to defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans is expense of $ 2 million and income of $ 3 million, respectively. 68 (Gains)/losses and prior service costs/(credits) are recognized as a component of OCL in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) as they arise. Those (gains)/losses and prior service costs/(credits) are subsequently recognized as a component of net periodic cost/(income) pursuant to the recognition and amortization provisions of applicable accounting guidance. (Gains)/losses arise as a result of differences between actual experience and assumptions or as a result of changes in actuarial assumptions. Prior service costs/(credits) represent the cost of benefit changes attributable to prior service granted in plan amendments. The measurement of benefit obligations and net periodic cost/(income) is based on estimates and assumptions approved by the Company’s management. These valuations reflect the terms of the plans and use participant-specific information such as compensation, age and years of service, as well as certain assumptions, including estimates of discount rates, expected return on plan assets, rate of compensation increases, interest crediting rates and mortality rates. The Company has supplemental executive retirement plans (“SERPs”), which includes features of both nonqualified defined benefit and defined contribution plans pursuant to which the Company will pay supplemental benefits to certain key employees upon retirement based upon the employees’ years of service and compensation. The SERPs are primarily funded through a trust agreement with a trustee that owns life insurance policies on both active and former key employees as well as cash and mutual funds. The life insurance contracts are accounted for using the investment method. All premiums paid and proceeds received associated with the life insurance policies are included as investing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The life insurance contracts had a cash surrender value of $ 142 million at December 31, 2024 and $ 139 million at December 31, 2023. The value of the Company’s investments in the life insurance contracts at their cash surrender value, cash and mutual funds as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, was $ 148 million and $ 141 million, respectively, and is included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The projected benefit obligation was $ 86 million and $ 95 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and is included in other accrued liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The life insurance policies on both active and former key employees had aggregate net death benefits of $ 258 million as of December 31, 2024. The SERP liabilities are disclosed in the table hereafter; however, the value of the Company’s investments in the life insurance contracts, cash and mutual funds are excluded from the table, as they do not qualify as plan assets. The Company’s matching contributions to the Company’s contributory 401(k) plans were $ 34 million for 2024 and $ 37 million for each of 2023 and 2022. U.K. Defined Benefit Plan In January 2024, the Company received a court ruling with respect to determining the benefits certain pensioners related to an international subsidiary were entitled to receive upon converting their defined benefit to a defined contribution. During the first quarter of 2024, the legal proceeding was concluded and the Company reduced its underlying pension obligation by approximately $ 11 million, with a corresponding offset to AOCL. In April 2023, the Company completed a “buy-out” of approximately 7 % of the PBO of one of its U.K. defined benefit pension plans (“U.K. Plan”). The “buy-out” was completed by the execution of a Deed Poll Agreement and a Deed of Assignment with an insurance company. In September 2023, the Company completed the “buy-out” of the remaining PBO of the aforementioned plan through the execution of a Deed Poll Agreement and a Deed of Assignment with an insurance company. In connection with these transactions, the Company recorded a pretax settlement loss of $ 66 million in other (income) expense, net, in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations, related to the recognition of previously unrecognized actuarial losses reclassified from AOCL to losses. U.S. Defined Benefit Plan Partial Buyout In October 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with an insurance company to purchase a group annuity contract to settle approximately $ 163 million of PBO for approximately 55 % of retirees in one of its U.S. defined benefit pension plans. In November 2023, the Company completed the “buy-out” and in connection with the transaction, the Company recorded a pretax settlement loss of $ 60 million in other (income) expense, net, in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations, related to the recognition of previously unrecognized actuarial losses reclassified from AOCL to losses. The transaction or the transfer of the pension liability to the insurance company was funded with the plan’s existing assets. In April 2024, the plan received a refund of approximately $ 7 million from the insurance company as a result of various data changes from the original annuity estimate. The refund is an asset of the plan. 69 Defined Benefit Pension Plans The following provides a reconciliation of benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status of the Company’s qualified noncontributory defined benefit pension plans as well as the Company’s material nonqualified retirement plans including its other postretirement benefit plans and SERPs at December 31, (dollars in millions): Pension Benefits Postretirement Benefits SERPs United States International Change in benefit obligation: 2024 2023 2024 2023 2024 2023 2024 2023 Benefit obligation at beginning of year $ 617 $ 836 $ 244 $ 417 $ 26 $ 30 $ 95 $ 100 Service cost — — 3 3 — — — — Interest cost 29 39 9 15 1 1 4 5 Actuarial (gain) loss — ( 26 ) ( 4 ) ( 13 ) 2 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1 Amendments — — ( 12 ) — — — — — Currency translation — — ( 10 ) 14 — — — — Benefits paid ( 48 ) ( 68 ) ( 13 ) ( 20 ) ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ( 11 ) ( 11 ) Curtailments, settlements and other — ( 164 ) ( 9 ) ( 172 ) — — — — Benefit obligation at end of year (1) $ 598 $ 617 $ 208 $ 244 $ 25 $ 26 $ 86 $ 95 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year (2) 668 843 176 354 — — — — Actual return on plan assets 14 57 1 ( 10 ) — — — — Contributions — — 8 12 4 3 11 11 Currency translation — — ( 6 ) 13 — — — — Benefits paid ( 48 ) ( 68 ) ( 13 ) ( 20 ) ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ( 11 ) ( 11 ) Settlements and other — ( 164 ) ( 6 ) ( 173 ) — — — — Fair value of plan assets at end of year (2) $ 634 $ 668 $ 160 $ 176 $ — $ — $ — $ — Funded status at end of year $ 36 $ 51 $ ( 48 ) $ ( 68 ) $ ( 25 ) $ ( 26 ) $ ( 86 ) $ ( 95 ) Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets: Prepaid benefit cost, included in other assets $ 36 $ 51 $ 24 $ 23 $ — $ — $ — $ — Accrued current benefit cost—other accrued liabilities — — ( 4 ) ( 4 ) ( 4 ) ( 4 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) Accrued noncurrent benefit cost— other noncurrent liabilities — — ( 68 ) ( 87 ) ( 21 ) ( 22 ) ( 76 ) ( 84 ) Net amount recognized $ 36 $ 51 $ ( 48 ) $ ( 68 ) $ ( 25 ) $ ( 26 ) $ ( 86 ) $ ( 95 ) Assumptions Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligation: Discount rate 5.51 % 4.94 % 3.80 % 3.82 % 4.94 % 4.84 % 5.36 % 4.91 % Long-term rate of compensation increase — % — % 2.39 % 2.37 % — % — % — % 3.00 % Current health care cost trend rates — % — % — % — % 6.31 % 5.87 % — % — % Ultimate health care cost trend rates — % — % — % — % 4.84 % 4.50 % — % — % (1) The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $ 799 million and $ 854 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The accumulated benefit obligation for the SERPs was $ 86 million and $ 95 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. (2) The preceding table reflects the benefit obligation associated with the Company’s pension benefits including its postretirement benefit plans and the SERPs. There are no plan assets associated with the Company’s postretirement benefit plans. The SERPs are primarily funded through a trust agreement with a trustee that owns life insurance policies on both active and former key employees as well as cash and mutual funds. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the value of the Company’s investments in the life insurance contracts at their cash surrender value, cash and mutual funds was $ 148 million and $ 141 million, respectively, which have been excluded from the fair value of plan assets, as they do not qualify as plan assets. Such asset values exceeded the SERPs obligation by $ 62 million and $ 46 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The current healthcare cost trend rate gradually declines through 2038 to the ultimate trend rate and remains level thereafter. Summary of under-funded or non-funded pension benefit plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets at December 31, (in millions): Pension Benefits 2024 2023 Projected benefit obligation $ 184 $ 315 Fair value of plan assets (1) 27 129 70 Summary of pension plans with accumulated obligations in excess of plan assets at December 31, (in millions): Pension Benefits 2024 2023 Accumulated benefit obligation $ 175 $ 309 Fair value of plan assets (1) 22 129 (1) The preceding tables reflect the benefit obligation associated with the Company’s nonqualified pension benefits including its postretirement benefit plans and the SERPs. There are no plan assets associated with the Company’s postretirement benefit plans. The SERPs are primarily funded through a trust agreement with a trustee that owns life insurance policies on both active and former key employees as well as cash and mutual funds, which are not reflected in the fair value of plan assets above. Pension and Postretirement Benefit Expense The components of pension, postretirement benefit and SERPs expense for the periods indicated are as follows (dollars in millions): Pension Benefits United States International 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022 Service cost $ — $ — $ — $ 3 $ 3 $ 4 Interest cost 29 39 23 9 15 8 Expected return on plan assets ( 47 ) ( 52 ) ( 47 ) ( 6 ) ( 11 ) ( 6 ) Amortization: Prior service cost — — — 1 3 1 Net actuarial loss — 3 14 2 3 2 Curtailment, settlement and termination costs — 60 — ( 1 ) 66 — Total (income) expense $ ( 18 ) $ 50 $ ( 10 ) $ 8 $ 79 $ 9 Assumptions Weighted average assumption used to calculate net periodic cost: Effective discount rate for benefit obligations 4.94 % 5.36 % 2.65 % 3.82 % 4.07 % 1.61 % Effective rate for interest on benefit obligations 4.85 % 5.24 % 2.14 % 3.75 % 4.00 % 1.46 % Effective rate for service cost — % — % — % 2.57 % 3.20 % 0.96 % Effective rate for interest on service cost — % — % — % 2.48 % 3.06 % 0.78 % Long-term rate of return on plan assets 6.00 % 5.88 % 4.75 % 3.99 % 3.61 % 1.06 % Long-term rate of compensation increase — % — % — % 2.37 % 2.41 % 2.27 % Postretirement Benefits SERPs 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022 Interest cost $ 1 $ 1 $ 1 $ 4 $ 5 $ 3 Amortization: Net actuarial (gain) loss ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 5 ) — — 1 Total (income) expense $ ( 4 ) $ ( 5 ) $ ( 4 ) $ 4 $ 5 $ 4 Assumptions Weighted average assumption used to calculate net periodic cost: Effective discount rate for benefit obligations 4.84 % 5.11 % 2.34 % 4.91 % 5.18 % 2.56 % Effective rate for interest on benefit obligations 4.81 % 5.04 % 1.77 % 4.85 % 5.09 % 2.04 % Effective rate for service cost 4.99 % 4.97 % 1.98 % — % — % 2.94 % Effective rate for interest on service cost 4.90 % 4.90 % 1.67 % — % — % 2.97 % Long-term rate of compensation increase — % — % — % 3.00 % 3.00 % 3.00 % The components of net periodic pension, postretirement and SERPs costs other than the service cost component are included in other (income) expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Plan Assets The Company employs a total return investment approach for its pension plans whereby a mix of equities and fixed income investments are used to optimize the long-term return of pension plan assets. The intent of this strategy is to minimize plan expenses by outperforming plan liabilities over the long run. Risk tolerance is established through careful consideration of plan liabilities, 71 plan funded status, and the Company’s financial condition. The domestic investment portfolios contain a diversified blend of equity and fixed-income investments. The domestic equity investments are diversified across geography and market capitalization through investments in U.S. large-capitalization stocks, U.S. small-capitalization stocks and international securities. The domestic fixed income investments are primarily comprised of investment-grade and high-yield securities through investments in corporate and government bonds, government agencies and asset-backed securities. The Level 1 investments are primarily based upon quoted market prices. The domestic Level 3 investments are primarily comprised of insurance contracts valued at contract value. The investments excluded from the fair value hierarchy are net asset value-based (“NAV-based”) hedge fund investments that generally have a redemption frequency of 90 days or less, with various redemption notice periods that are generally less than a month. The notice periods for certain investments may vary based on the size of the redemption. The international Level 2 investments are primarily comprised of insurance contracts whose fair values are estimated based on the future cash flows to be received under the contracts discounted to the present using a discount rate that approximates the discount rate used to measure the associated pension plan liabilities. The international Level 3 investments are primarily comprised of insurance contracts valued at contract value. Investment risk is measured and monitored on an ongoing basis through annual liability measurements, periodic asset/liability studies and quarterly investment portfolio reviews. The expected long-term rate of return for plan assets is based upon many factors, including expected asset allocations, historical asset returns, current and expected future market conditions, risk and active management premiums. The expected long-term rate of return is adjusted when there are fundamental changes in expected returns on the Company’s defined benefit pension plan’s investments. The target asset allocations for the Company’s domestic pension plans may vary by plan, based in part on plan demographics, funded status and liability duration. In general, the Company’s target asset allocations are as follows: equities approximately 25 %; fixed income approximately 70 %; multi-sector fixed-income approximately 5 % and nominal for cash, alternative investments and other at December 31, 2024. Actual asset allocations may vary from the targeted allocations for various reasons, including market conditions and the timing of transactions. The Company maintains numerous international defined benefit pension plans. The asset allocations for the international investment may vary by plan and jurisdiction and are primarily based upon the plan structure and plan participant profile. The composition of domestic pension plan assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (in millions): Plan Assets — Domestic Plans December 31, 2024 Fair Value Measurements Asset Category Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Subtotal NAV-based assets Total Equity securities and funds $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 121 $ 121 Fixed income securities and funds 249 — — 249 252 501 Alternative investments — — — — 1 1 Cash and other 9 2 — 11 — 11 Total $ 258 $ 2 $ — $ 260 $ 374 $ 634 Plan Assets — Domestic Plans December 31, 2023 Fair Value Measurements Asset Category Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Subtotal NAV-based assets Total Equity securities and funds $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 70 $ 70 Fixed income securities and funds 250 — — 250 329 579 Alternative investments — — — — 2 2 Cash and other 15 2 — 17 — 17 Total $ 265 $ 2 $ — $ 267 $ 401 $ 668 72 The composition of international pension plan assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (in millions): Plan Assets — International Plans December 31, 2024 Fair Value Measurements Asset Category Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Subtotal NAV-based assets Total Equity securities and funds $ 4 $ 4 $ — $ 8 $ — $ 8 Fixed income securities and funds 3 5 — 8 — 8 Cash, insured assets and other 3 131 10 144 — 144 Total $ 10 $ 140 $ 10 $ 160 $ — $ 160 Plan Assets — International Plans December 31, 2023 Fair Value Measurements Asset Category Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Subtotal NAV-based assets Total Equity securities and funds $ 3 $ 4 $ — $ 7 $ — $ 7 Fixed income securities and funds 4 6 — 10 — 10 Cash, insured assets and other 4 145 10 159 — 159 Total $ 11 $ 155 $ 10 $ 176 $ — $ 176 A reconciliation of the change in fair value of the defined benefit plans’ assets using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for 2024 and 2023 is as follows (in millions): Total Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 194 Purchases, sales, settlements and other, net ( 184 ) Balance at December 31, 2024 and 2023 $ 10 Contributions and Estimated Future Benefit Payments During 2025, the Company expects to make no cash contributions to its domestic defined benefit plan, approximately $ 6 million to its international defined benefit plans, $ 4 million to its other postretirement benefit plans and $ 10 million to its SERPs. Estimated future benefit payments under the Company’s defined benefit pension plans, other postretirement benefit plans and SERPs are as follows at December 31, 2024 (in millions): 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Thereafter Pension benefits $ 67 $ 66 $ 68 $ 67 $ 67 $ 315 Postretirement benefits 4 4 3 3 2 9 SERPs 10 10 9 8 8 32 73 Footnote 12 — Income Taxes The components of income (loss) before income taxes for the years ended December 31, (in millions): 2024 2023 2022 Domestic $ ( 708 ) $ ( 995 ) $ ( 698 ) Foreign 448 452 855 Total $ ( 260 ) $ ( 543 ) $ 157 The provision for income taxes consists of the following for the years ended December 31, (in millions): 2024 2023 2022 Current: Federal $ ( 52 ) $ 56 $ ( 245 ) State 10 1 6 Foreign 112 71 102 Total current 70 128 ( 137 ) Deferred: Federal ( 101 ) ( 232 ) 163 State ( 15 ) ( 40 ) ( 34 ) Foreign 2 ( 11 ) ( 32 ) Total deferred ( 114 ) ( 283 ) 97 Total income tax provision (benefit) $ ( 44 ) $ ( 155 ) $ ( 40 ) A reconciliation of the U.S. statutory rate to the effective income tax rate on a continuing basis is as follows for the years ended December 31: 2024 2023 2022 Statutory rate 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 % Add (deduct) effect of: State income taxes, net of federal income tax effect 1.4 5.7 ( 14.8 ) U.S. foreign inclusions and foreign tax credit (1) ( 6.3 ) ( 2.4 ) ( 43.5 ) Foreign rate differential 9.5 12.3 ( 47.2 ) Change in uncertain tax positions (2) 34.6 — 16.7 Change in valuation allowance reserve ( 1.5 ) ( 9.2 ) ( 13.8 ) Impairments — 1.0 20.7 Sale of businesses — ( 0.9 ) ( 21.2 ) Capital loss 1.0 1.4 — Reversal of outside basis difference ( 0.3 ) 11.2 1.6 Non-deductible compensation ( 5.4 ) ( 1.1 ) 1.9 Return to provision 0.6 1.5 ( 11.3 ) Other taxes ( 7.4 ) ( 1.8 ) 4.5 U.S. income inclusions on asset transfers ( 28.4 ) ( 10.1 ) 50.3 Foreign exchange 0.2 — 2.0 Other tax credits 2.9 1.8 1.0 Other ( 5.0 ) ( 1.9 ) 6.6 Effective rate 16.9 % 28.5 % ( 25.5 ) % (1) The Company accounts for tax on global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) as a period cost and the effects are included herein. (2) Includes $ 64 million, or 24.6 %, income tax benefit as a result of the completion of tax authorities’ examination in the U.S. for the years 2011 to 2015 and Brazil for years 2015 to 2017. At December 31, 2024, the Company has accumulated unremitted earnings generated by our foreign subsidiaries of approximately $ 4.6 billion. A portion of these earnings were previously subject to U.S. federal taxation via various U.S. foreign inclusion provisions. The Company does not assert indefinite reinvestment on a portion of its unremitted earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024 and recognized deferred income taxes of approximately $ 13 million, primarily related to the 74 future withholding tax effects of those unremitted foreign earnings. With respect to unremitted earnings of $ 4.6 billion and any other additional outside basis differences where the Company is continuing to assert indefinite reinvestment, any future reversals could be subject to additional foreign withholding taxes, U.S. state taxes and certain tax impacts relating to foreign currency exchange effects on any future repatriations of the unremitted earnings. The determination of any unrecognized deferred tax liabilities on the amount of unremitted earnings and other outside basis differences where the Company is asserting indefinite reinvestment is not practicable. Deferred tax assets (liabilities) consist of the following at December 31, (in millions): 2024 2023 Deferred tax assets: Accruals $ 180 $ 190 Inventory 73 74 Pension and postretirement benefits 34 38 Net operating losses 302 322 Foreign tax credits 16 16 Capital loss carryforward 36 43 Operating lease liabilities 139 153 Capitalized research and development expenses 79 68 Interest expense carryforward 134 91 Amortizable intangibles 16 — Financial instruments — 35 Other 82 87 Total gross deferred tax assets 1,091 1,117 Less valuation allowance ( 171 ) ( 184 ) Net deferred tax assets after valuation allowance 920 933 Deferred tax liabilities: Accelerated depreciation ( 110 ) ( 112 ) Amortizable intangibles — ( 69 ) Operating lease assets ( 122 ) ( 140 ) Financial instruments ( 10 ) — Other ( 50 ) ( 47 ) Total gross deferred tax liabilities ( 292 ) ( 368 ) Net deferred tax assets $ 628 $ 565 The net deferred tax amounts have been classified in the balance sheet at December 31, (in millions): 2024 2023 Noncurrent deferred tax assets $ 806 $ 806 Noncurrent deferred tax liabilities ( 178 ) ( 241 ) Net deferred tax assets $ 628 $ 565 At December 31, 2024, the Company has net operating losses (“NOLs”) of approximately $ 1.2 billion, which comprise of $ 150 million in the U.S. and $ 1.0 billion outside of the U.S. Approximately $ 794 million of these NOLs do not expire and approximately $ 395 million expire between 2025 and 2044. At December 31, 2024, the Company has approximately $ 1.7 billion of post-apportioned state NOLs of which $ 782 million do not expire and $ 964 million expire between 2025 and 2044. The Company has U.S. foreign tax credits of $ 16 million which expire between 2028 and 2033. The Company has approximately $ 139 million of U.S. capital loss carryforwards of which approximately $ 84 million were generated at December 31, 2020, $ 42 million were generated at December 31, 2021 and $ 13 million were generated at December 31, 2024. These U.S. capital loss carryforwards can be carried back three years and carried forward five years. The Company has approximately $ 192 million of post-apportioned state capital loss carryforwards of which $ 27 million was generated at December 31, 2018, $ 148 million was generated at December 31, 2020, $ 13 million was generated at December 31, 2021 and $ 4 million was generated at December 31, 2022. Of these post-apportioned state capital loss carryforwards, $ 134 million can be carried back three years and carried forward five years, and $ 58 million can be carried forward five years. 75 The Company had a noncurrent income tax receivable of $ 311 million and $ 290 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In 2024, the Company paid $ 25 million of tax for the one-time toll charge incurred in 2017 related to the Tax Credits and Jobs Act as the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has not yet processed the amended 2017 tax return, which the Company filed during the year ended December 31, 2022. The 2017 U.S. federal income tax return was amended to carry back foreign tax credits generated in 2018 and capital losses generated in 2018 and 2020. The Company routinely reviews valuation allowances recorded against deferred tax assets on a more likely than not basis as to whether the Company will realize the deferred tax assets. In making such a determination, the Company takes into consideration all available and appropriate positive and negative evidence, including projected future taxable income, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, the ability to carryback net operating losses, and available tax planning strategies. Although realization is not assured, based on this existing evidence, the Company believes it is more likely than not that the Company will realize the benefit of existing deferred tax assets, net of the valuation allowances. At December 31, 2024, the Company has a valuation allowance recorded against certain deferred tax assets, primarily state and foreign NOLs, foreign capital losses and U.S. foreign tax credits, which the Company believes do not meet the more likely than not threshold to be realized due to uncertainty of future taxable income within the applicable tax jurisdictions. A valuation allowance of $ 171 million and $ 184 million was recorded against certain deferred tax asset balances at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. For 2024, the Company recorded a net valuation allowance decrease of $ 13 million, primarily related to the utilization of NOLs in Argentina due to improved ongoing operations, the write-off of NOLs, capital losses and corresponding valuation allowances due to liquidation of various subsidiaries in Canada, Luxembourg and Hong Kong, netted with recording additional valuation allowances due to excess interest expense in Luxembourg, as well as other miscellaneous changes in the U.S., state and non-U.S. valuation allowances related to ongoing operations. For 2023, the Company recorded a net valuation allowance increase of $ 36 million, primarily related to NOLs in Switzerland, Luxembourg and Argentina and capital losses in Hong Kong, netted with a write-off of NOLs and the related valuation allowance resulting from the liquidation of various subsidiaries in Luxembourg, Netherlands and China, as well as other miscellaneous changes in the U.S., state and non-U.S. valuation allowances related to ongoing operations. The following table summarizes the changes in gross unrecognized tax benefits periods indicated are as follows (in millions): 2024 2023 2022 Unrecognized tax benefits, January 1, $ 463 $ 476 $ 457 Increases (decreases): Increases in tax positions for prior years 5 — 1 Decreases in tax positions for prior years ( 90 ) ( 19 ) ( 3 ) Increase in tax positions for the current period 5 12 44 Settlements with taxing authorities ( 24 ) — ( 13 ) Lapse of statute of limitations ( 4 ) ( 6 ) ( 10 ) Unrecognized tax benefits, December 31, $ 355 $ 463 $ 476 If recognized, $ 316 million, $ 387 million and $ 412 million of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, would affect the effective tax rate. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. During 2024, the Company recognized an income tax benefit on interest and penalties of $ 12 million, due to the effective settlement of various tax positions under examination by the IRS further described hereafter, and offset by the accrual of current year interest on existing positions. During 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized income tax expense on interest and penalties of $ 9 million and $ 5 million, respectively, due to the accrual of current year interest on existing positions offset by the resolution of certain tax contingencies. The Company does not anticipate any material unrecognized tax benefits will reverse within the next 12 months. It is reasonably possible due to statutes of limitation expiration, as well as activities of various worldwide taxing authorities, including proposed assessments of additional tax and possible settlement of audit issues, that additional changes to the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits could occur. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to audits by worldwide taxing authorities regarding various tax liabilities. The Company’s U.S. federal income tax returns for 2017 to 2020, as well as certain state and non-U.S. income tax returns for various years, are under examination. On May 14, 2024, the Company received a Statutory Notice of Deficiency (“Notice”) from the IRS for the tax years 2011 to 2015. The Company agreed to certain adjustments raised by the IRS in the Notice. Accordingly, the Company has concluded that various 76 income tax positions taken by the Company have been effectively settled, with the exception of the matter the Company intends to dispute as further described hereafter. On July 19, 2024, the Company filed a petition in the U.S. Tax Court disputing the proposed assessment of $ 80 million in additional taxes plus $ 34 million in penalties plus the additional interest calculated upon final settlement related to the transfer pricing of services performed by certain of the Company’s foreign affiliates for the tax years 2011 to 2015. The Company believes that adequate amounts have been reserved for any adjustments that may ultimately result. If the IRS prevails in the assessment of additional tax, interest and penalties in excess of the Company’s current reserves, such outcome could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position and results. The Company files numerous consolidated and separate income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. The statute of limitations for the Company’s U.S. federal income tax returns has expired for years prior to 2011 and for 2016. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to other income tax examinations for years before 2016. Footnote 13 — Leases The Company recognizes a right of use (“ROU”) asset and a liability for all leases whose term is more than 12 months at the lease inception date. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term, which includes any extension the Company reasonably expects to exercise. The Company assesses whether certain service arrangements contain embedded leases where the contract conveys the right to use an asset but is not explicitly identified as a lease arrangement; examples include information technology, third-party logistics and original equipment manufacturers. The Company uses incremental borrowing rates, updated quarterly, that reflect its own external unsecured borrowing rates that are risk-adjusted to approximate secured borrowing rates over similar terms. For certain non-real estate leases, the portfolio approach is used. The Company also has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for as a single lease component. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities are reported as separate lines in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The current portion of operating lease liabilities is reported in other accrued liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For finance leases, lease payments are allocated between interest expense and reduction of the liability in accordance with an amortization schedule. The corresponding asset is amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Assets acquired under finance leases are reported in property, plant and equipment, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company did not have finance leases at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The depreciable life of leasehold improvements and other lease-related assets are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. Supplemental consolidated balance sheet information for leases at December 31, is as follows (in millions): Classification 2024 2023 Assets Operating leases Operating lease assets $ 466 $ 515 Total lease assets $ 466 $ 515 Liabilities Current Operating leases Other accrued liabilities $ 110 $ 122 Noncurrent Operating leases Operating lease liabilities 418 446 Total lease liabilities $ 528 $ 568 In June 2024, as part of optimizing the Company’s real estate footprint, the Company entered into a lease agreement for a new location of its corporate headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. Upon control of the leased premises, the Company recorded the lease liability and right of use asset with an initial lease term of 14.5 years. See Footnote 4 for further information. 77 Components of lease expense for the years ended December 31, are as follows (in millions): 2024 2023 2022 Operating lease cost: Operating lease cost (1) $ 161 $ 172 $ 172 Variable lease costs (2) 22 24 21 Finance lease cost Amortization of leased assets — 1 4 (1) Includes short-term leases, which are immaterial. (2) Consists primarily of additional payments for non-lease components, such as maintenance costs, payments of taxes and additional rent based on a level of the Company’s retail store sales. Remaining lease term and discount rates for operating leases at December 31, are as follows: 2024 2023 Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) 7 7 Weighted-average discount rate 5.1 % 4.3 % Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the years ended December 31, are as follows (in millions): 2024 2023 2022 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 158 $ 162 $ 160 Right of use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities: Operating leases 76 46 135 Maturities of operating lease liabilities at December 31, 2024, are as follows (in millions): 2025 $ 110 2026 108 2027 83 2028 75 2029 63 Thereafter 207 Total lease payments 646 Less: imputed interest ( 118 ) Present value of lease liabilities $ 528 Footnote 14 — Weighted Average Shares Outstanding The computations of the weighted average shares outstanding for the years ended December 31, are as follows (in millions): 2024 2023 2022 Basic weighted-average shares outstanding 415.5 414.1 415.7 Dilutive securities (1) — — 1.7 Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding 415.5 414.1 417.4 (1) For 2024 and 2023, 3.4 million and 1.5 million, respectively, potentially dilutive share-based awards were excluded as their effect would be anti-dilutive. At December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, there were 0.7 million, 0.8 million and 0.1 million, respectively, potentially dilutive restricted stock awards with performance-based targets that were not met and as such, have been excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share. For 2024, 2023 and 2022 dividends and equivalents for share-based awards expected to be forfeited did not have a material impact on net income for basic and diluted earnings per share. 78 Share Repurchase Program On February 6, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a $ 375 million Share Repurchase Program (“SRP”), which expired on December 31, 2022. Under the SRP, the Company was able to purchase its common shares in the open market, in negotiated transactions or in other manners, as permitted by federal securities laws and other legal requirements. On February 25, 2022, the Company repurchased $ 275 million of its shares of common stock beneficially owned by Carl C. Icahn and certain of his affiliates, at a purchase price of $ 25.86 per share, the closing price of the Company’s common shares on February 18, 2022. In April 2022, the Company repurchased approximately $ 50 million of its shares of common stock at an average purchase price of $ 22.01 per share. No further repurchases were made prior to the expiration of the SRP. Footnote 15 — Share-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation expense is adjusted for estimated forfeitures and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally three years for stock options and one to three years for time-based and performance-based restricted stock units. The Company estimates future forfeiture rates based on its historical experience. The Company maintains a 2013 Incentive Plan and a 2022 Incentive Plan (collectively, the “Incentive Plans”), which allow for grants of stock-based awards. At December 31, 2024, there were approximately 23 million share-based awards collectively available for grant under the Incentive Plans. The 2013 Incentive Plan generally provides for stock-based awards to employees to vest over a minimum of three years , although some awards may vest earlier if granted to a new employee or if tied to the achievement of specified market or performance conditions, in which case such awards vest no earlier than one year from the date of grant. The 2022 Incentive Plan generally provides for stock-based awards to employees to vest no earlier than one year from the date of grant, subject to a de minimis exception. The stock-based awards granted to employees include stock options and time-based and performance-based restricted stock units, as follows: Stock Options During 2024, the Company did not award stock options. In years in which the Company has elected to grant stock options, it has issued them at exercise prices equal to the Company’s common stock price on the date of grant with contractual terms of ten years . Stock options issued by the Company generally vest and are expensed ratably over three years . Stock option grants are generally subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to vesting, except upon retirement, death or disability, in which case the options may remain outstanding and exercisable for a specified period not to exceed the remaining contractual term of the option. The following table summarizes the changes in the number of shares of common stock for 2024 (shares and aggregate intrinsic value in millions): Shares Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share Weighted Average Remaining Life (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value Outstanding at December 31, 2023 6.6 $ 22 Forfeited ( 0.5 ) 24 Outstanding at December 31, 2024 6.1 $ 22 5.8 $ 0 Options exercisable, end of year 5.3 $ 22 5.6 $ 0 Time-Based and Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units Time-based restricted stock unit awards (“Time-Based RSUs”) represent the right to receive unrestricted shares of stock based on continued employment and are generally subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to the vesting date, except a termination for death, disability or retirement. Time-Based RSU awards to employees primarily vest over a one to three-year period. In the case of retirement (as defined in the award agreement), Time-Based RSUs generally vest in part. Time-Based RSUs have dividend equivalents credited to the recipient that are paid only to the extent the applicable service criteria is met, the Time-Based RSUs vest and the related stock is issued. Performance-based restricted stock unit awards (“Performance-Based RSUs”) represent the right to receive unrestricted shares of stock based on continuous employment plus the achievement of Company performance objectives and/or individual performance 79 goals established by the Compensation and Human Capital Committee of the Board of Directors. Such awards are generally subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to vesting, except a termination for death, disability or retirement. In the case of retirement (as defined in the award agreement), Performance-Based RSUs vest in whole or part depending on the employee’s age and years of service, subject to the satisfaction of the applicable performance criteria. Performance-Based RSUs generally entitle recipients to shares of common stock if performance objectives are achieved, and typically vest no earlier than one year from the date of grant and no later than three years from the date of grant. The actual number of shares that will ultimately be earned is dependent on the level of achievement of the specified performance conditions. For restricted stock units with performance conditions that are based on stock price (“Stock-Price Based RSUs”), the grant date fair value of certain Stock-Price based RSUs is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation, with the primary input into such valuation being the expected future volatility of the Company’s common stock, and if applicable, the volatilities of the common stocks of the companies in the Company’s peer group, upon which the relative total shareholder return performance is measured. Performance-Based RSUs have dividend equivalents credited to the recipient that are paid only to the extent the applicable service and performance criteria are met, the Performance-Based RSUs vest and the related stock is issued. The Company accounts for stock-based compensation pursuant to relevant authoritative guidance, which requires measurement of compensation cost for all stock awards at fair value on the date of grant and recognition of compensation, net of estimated forfeitures, over the longer of the derived service period or explicit requisite service period for awards expected to vest. For non- stock-price based Performance-Based RSUs, the Company assesses the probability of achievement of the performance conditions each period and records expense for the awards based on the probable achievement of such metrics. The following table summarizes the changes in the number of outstanding restricted stock units for 2024 (shares in millions): Restricted Stock Unit Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share Outstanding at December 31, 2023 12.5 $ 14 Granted 7.6 8 Grant adjustment (1) ( 0.5 ) 25 Vested ( 2.7 ) 14 Forfeited ( 2.0 ) 12 Outstanding at December 31, 2024 14.9 $ 11 Expected to vest as of December 31, 2024 (2) 18.6 $ 9 (1) The grant adjustment primarily relates to an adjustment in the quantity of Performance-Based RSUs ultimately vested during 2024 that were dependent on the level of achievement of the specified performance conditions. (2) The difference between the outstanding restricted stock units at December 31, 2024 and the restricted stock units expected to vest as of December 31, 2024 primarily relates to the expected achievement of the specified performance conditions for the respective outstanding Performance-Based RSUs. The weighted-average grant-date fair values of awards granted were $ 8 , $ 11 and $ 26 per share in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The fair values of awards that vested were $ 20 million, $ 13 million and $ 39 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. During 2024, the Company awarded 5.9 million Time-Based RSUs, which had an aggregate grant date fair value of $ 45 million. These Time-Based RSUs entitle recipients to shares of the Company’s common stock and vest primarily in annual installments over a three-year period, subject to continued employment. During 2024, the Company also awarded 1.7 million Performance-Based RSUs with an aggregate grant date fair value of $ 13 million. These Performance-Based RSUs entitle the recipients to shares of the Company’s common stock and vest primarily at the end of a three-year period, subject to continued employment. The actual number of shares that will ultimately be paid upon vesting is dependent on the level of achievement of the specified performance conditions. On May 19, 2023, the Company adopted the 2023 Special Incentive Program (the “SIP”) to incentivize performance against multi-year goals and to aid in the retention of certain Company executives. On July 5, 2023, pursuant to the SIP, the Company granted performance-based restricted stock unit awards to the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and the Company’s Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) that vest on February 28, 2026, subject to the achievement of the applicable performance measures. On the same date, the Company granted time-based and performance-based restricted stock unit awards to certain key executives, other than the CEO and CFO, pursuant to the SIP. The time-based restricted stock units granted to such other 80 executives pursuant to the SIP will fully vest on the one-year anniversary of the date of grant, while the performance-based restricted stock units granted to such other executives pursuant to the SIP will vest 70 % on the two-year anniversary of the grant date and 30 % on the three-year anniversary of the grant date, subject to the achievement of applicable performance measures. The following table summarizes the Company’s total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock-based compensation at December 31, 2024: (in millions) Unrecognized Compensation Cost Weighted Average Period of Expense Recognition (in years) Restricted stock units $ 77 1 Stock options 1 1 Total $ 78 1 Excess tax detriments related to stock-based compensation was $ 5 million for 2024, $ 2 million for 2023 and benefit of $ 2 million for 2022. Footnote 16 — Fair Value Disclosures Accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that is determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The authoritative guidance discusses valuation techniques, such as the market approach (comparable market prices), the income approach (present value of future income or cash flow), and the cost approach (cost to replace the service capacity of an asset or replacement cost). These valuation techniques are based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. As the basis for evaluating such inputs, a three-tier value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows: Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2: Observable inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for similar or identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable. Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions. Recurring Fair Value Measurements The Company’s financial assets and liabilities adjusted to fair value at least annually are its money market fund investments included in cash and cash equivalents, its mutual fund investments included in other assets, and its derivative instruments, which are primarily included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, other assets, other accrued liabilities and other noncurrent liabilities. The following tables present the Company’s non-pension financial assets and liabilities, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in millions): December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Derivatives: Assets $ — $ 98 $ — $ 98 $ — $ 45 $ — $ 45 Liabilities — ( 76 ) — ( 76 ) — ( 165 ) — ( 165 ) Investment securities, including mutual funds 3 — — 3 14 — — 14 For publicly-traded investment securities, including mutual funds, fair value is determined on the basis of quoted market prices and, accordingly, such investments are classified as Level 1. Other investment securities are primarily comprised of money market accounts that are classified as Level 2. The Company determines the fair value of its derivative instruments using standard pricing 81 models and market-based assumptions for all significant inputs, such as yield curves and quoted spot and forward exchange rates. Accordingly, the Company’s derivative instruments are classified as Level 2. In 2019, the Company acquired an equity investment in a publicly traded Asian writing business, which is traded on an active exchange and therefore has a readily determinable fair value. During the third quarter of 2024, the Company sold all its equity interest in the open market for proceeds of approximately $ 11 million and recorded a loss of approximately $ 2 million within other (income) expense, net in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024. The Company adjusts its pension asset values to fair value on an annual basis (See Footnote 11 ). Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, derivative instruments, notes payable and short and long-term debt. The carrying values for current financial assets and liabilities, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and short-term debt approximate fair value due to the short maturity of such instruments. The fair values of the Company’s debt and derivative instruments are disclosed in Footnote 9 and Footnote 10 , respectively. Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements The Company’s non-financial assets which are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include property, plant and equipment, goodwill, intangible assets and certain other assets. The Company’s goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles are fair valued using discounted cash flows. Quantitative goodwill impairment testing requires significant use of judgment and assumptions including the identification of reporting units; the assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units; and the estimation of future cash flows, business growth rates, terminal values and discount rates. Quantitative testing of indefinite-lived intangibles under established guidelines for impairment also requires significant use of judgment and assumptions, such as the estimation of cash flow projections, terminal values, royalty rates, contributory cross charges, where applicable, and discount rates. Accordingly, these fair value measurements fall in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. These assets and certain liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as part of the Company’s annual impairment testing and as circumstances require. The following table summarizes the assets that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at December 1, (in millions): 2024 2023 Level 3 Indefinite-lived intangibles $ 216 $ 544 $ 216 $ 544 At December 31, 2024 and 2023, intangible assets of certain reporting units are recorded at fair value based upon the Company’s impairment testing. The most significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) used to estimate the fair values of the Company’s reporting unit goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are discount rates, which range from 7.5 % to 9.5 % for reporting unit goodwill and 7.5 % to 12.0 % for indefinite-lived intangible assets. During the fourth quarter of 2024, one tradename in the Home and Commercial Solutions segment was measured at a fair value of $ 216 million. During the fourth quarter of 2023, two tradenames within the Home and Commercial Solutions segment were measured at fair values of $ 491 million and $ 53 million. See Footnotes 1 and 7 for further information. The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that carrying amounts may not be recoverable through future undiscounted cash flows. If the Company concludes that impairment exists, the carrying amount is reduced to fair value. 82 Footnote 17 — Segment Information The Company’s three primary operating segments are as follows: Segment Key Brands Description of Primary Products Home and Commercial Solutions Ball (1) , Calphalon, Crockpot, FoodSaver, Mapa, Mr. Coffee, Oster, Rubbermaid, Rubbermaid Commercial Products, Sistema, Spontex, Sunbeam, WoodWick and Yankee Candle Commercial cleaning and maintenance solutions; closet and garage organization; hygiene systems and material handling solutions; household products, including kitchen appliances; food and home storage products; fresh preserving products; vacuum sealing products; gourmet cookware, bakeware and cutlery and home fragrance products Learning and Development Dymo, Elmer’s, EXPO, Graco, NUK, Paper Mate, Parker and Sharpie Baby gear and infant care products; writing instruments, including markers and highlighters, pens and pencils; art products; activity-based products and labeling solutions Outdoor and Recreation Campingaz, Coleman, Contigo and Marmot Active lifestyle products for outdoor and outdoor-related activities; technical apparel and on-the-go beverageware (1) and Ball®, TM of Ball Corporation, used under license. During 2023, the Company implemented a new operating model intended to drive further simplification and unlock additional efficiencies and synergies within the Company. In connection with the new operating model, the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, who is the CODM reviews the businesses as three operating segments: Home and Commercial Solutions, Learning and Development and Outdoor and Recreation. This structure reflects the manner in which the CODM regularly assesses information for decision-making purposes, including the allocation of resources. The Company also provides general corporate services to its segments which is reported as a non-operating segment, Corporate. The CODM evaluates the segments’ operating performance based on segment operating income, defined as net sales minus cost of products sold, segment SG&A (including share-based compensation at target for operating segment employees) and other segment costs. Segment SG&A includes an allocation of center-led corporate functions including the bonus for such corporate functions based on achieving a 100 % of the respective target. However, the allocation of center-led corporate functions does not include share-based compensation related to such functions. Any variability in expense from such targets, favorable or unfavorable, is retained at corporate, which would be reflected as a corporate expense. The CODM considers budget-to-current forecast and prior actuals-to-current forecast variances for segment operating income on a periodic basis for evaluating performance of each segment and making decisions about allocating capital and other resources to each segment. 83 The Company’s segment results are as follows (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2024 Consolidated Home and Commercial Solutions Learning and Development Outdoor and Recreation Net sales (1) $ 7,582 $ 4,071 $ 2,717 $ 794 Cost of products sold 5,034 2,856 1,537 641 Segment SG&A 1,791 933 623 235 Other segment costs (2) 372 284 84 4 Segment operating income (loss) $ 385 $ ( 2 ) $ 473 $ ( 86 ) Corporate expenses (3) 318 Operating income 67 Interest expense, net 295 Loss on extinguishment and modification of debt 14 Other expense, net 18 Loss before income taxes $ ( 260 ) Year Ended December 31, 2023 Consolidated Home and Commercial Solutions Learning and Development Outdoor and Recreation Net sales (1) $ 8,133 $ 4,428 $ 2,706 $ 999 Cost of products sold 5,780 3,347 1,613 820 Segment SG&A 1,766 916 621 229 Other segment costs (2) 420 128 259 33 Segment operating income (loss) $ 167 $ 37 $ 213 $ ( 83 ) Corporate expenses (3) 252 Operating loss ( 85 ) Interest expense, net 283 Other expense, net 175 Loss before income taxes $ ( 543 ) Year Ended December 31, 2022 Consolidated Home and Commercial Solutions (3) Learning and Development Outdoor and Recreation Net sales (1) $ 9,459 $ 5,194 $ 2,950 $ 1,315 Cost of products sold 6,625 3,920 1,740 965 Segment SG&A 1,879 1,037 583 259 Other segment costs (2) 488 449 34 5 Segment operating income (loss) $ 467 $ ( 212 ) $ 593 $ 86 Corporate expenses (3) 155 Operating income 312 Interest expense, net 235 Loss on extinguishment and modification of debt 1 Other income, net ( 81 ) Income before income taxes $ 157 (1) All intercompany transactions have been eliminated. (2) Other segment costs primarily include segment restructuring costs, net and non-cash impairment of goodwill, intangibles and other assets (see Footnotes 4 and 7, respectively for further information). (3) Corporate expenses primarily include costs of operating as a public company including retained costs of center-led corporate functions, corporate restructuring and restructuring-related costs (see Footnote 4 for further information) and non-cash impairment of corporate assets. In addition, corporate expense includes adjustments, favorable or unfavorable, between the actual bonus achieved versus the bonus at target for center-led corporate functions, as well as adjustments, favorable or unfavorable, between the actual share-based compensation achieved versus the share-based compensation at target for operating segment employees. Incentive compensation recorded in corporate expenses increased by $ 85 million in 2024 as compared to 2023 and $ 93 million in 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily due to improved performance relative to targets under the Company’s Management Bonus Plan and increases in the expected achievements of the specified performance conditions in the Company’s respective outstanding Performance-Based RSUs (see Footnote 15 for further information). (4) Home and Commercial Solutions segment includes the results of operations for CH&S business through March 31, 2022, which was subsequently divested (see Footnote 2 for further information). 84 Depreciation and amortization by segment are as follows for the years ended December 31, (in millions): 2024 2023 2022 Home and Commercial Solutions $ 153 $ 163 $ 145 Learning and Development 70 71 60 Outdoor and Recreation 39 35 34 Corporate (1) 61 65 57 $ 323 $ 334 $ 296 (1) Corporate depreciation and amortization is allocated to the segments on a percentage of sales basis, and the allocated depreciation and amortization are included in the segment operating income (loss). Capital expenditures by segment are as follows for the years ended December 31, (in millions): 2024 2023 2022 Home and Commercial Solutions $ 96 $ 93 $ 107 Learning and Development 48 60 70 Outdoor and Recreation 16 16 21 Corporate 99 115 114 $ 259 $ 284 $ 312 Assets by segment are as follows at (in millions): December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Home and Commercial Solutions $ 4,110 $ 4,713 Learning and Development 3,786 4,111 Outdoor and Recreation 541 687 Corporate 2,567 2,652 $ 11,004 $ 12,163 The Company’s geographic net sales (1) (2) are as follows for the years ended December 31, (in millions): 2024 2023 2022 United States $ 4,732 $ 5,129 $ 6,144 Canada 319 313 375 Total North America 5,051 5,442 6,519 Europe, Middle East and Africa 1,194 1,283 1,408 Latin America 831 863 837 Asia Pacific 506 545 695 Total International 2,531 2,691 2,940 $ 7,582 $ 8,133 $ 9,459 (1) All intercompany transactions have been eliminated. (2) Geographic sales information is based on the region from which the products are shipped and invoiced. Long-lived assets by geography are not presented because it is impracticable to do so. The Company’s largest customer in 2024, Amazon, accounted for approximately 15 % of net sales in 2024 and 13 % in each of 2023 and 2022. Walmart Inc. and subsidiaries (“Walmart”), the Company’s second largest customer in 2024, accounted for approximately 14 %, 15 % and 14 % of net sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. 85 The following table disaggregates net sales (1) by major product grouping source for the years ended December 31, (in millions): 2024 2023 2022 Commercial $ 1,361 $ 1,434 $ 1,582 Kitchen 2,036 2,244 2,618 Home Fragrance 674 750 885 Connected Home and Security — — 109 Home and Commercial Solutions 4,071 4,428 5,194 Baby 1,008 989 1,197 Writing 1,709 1,717 1,753 Learning and Development 2,717 2,706 2,950 Outdoor and Recreation 794 999 1,315 $ 7,582 $ 8,133 $ 9,459 (1) All intercompany transactions have been eliminated. Geographic net sales (1) by segment are as follows (in millions): North America (2) International (2) Total Year Ended December 31, 2024 Home and Commercial Solutions $ 2,644 $ 1,427 $ 4,071 Learning and Development 1,980 737 2,717 Outdoor and Recreation 427 367 794 $ 5,051 $ 2,531 $ 7,582 Year Ended December 31, 2023 Home and Commercial Solutions $ 2,942 $ 1,486 $ 4,428 Learning and Development 1,937 769 2,706 Outdoor and Recreation 563 436 999 $ 5,442 $ 2,691 $ 8,133 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Home and Commercial Solutions $ 3,625 $ 1,569 $ 5,194 Learning and Development 2,156 794 2,950 Outdoor and Recreation 738 577 1,315 $ 6,519 $ 2,940 $ 9,459 (1) All intercompany transactions have been eliminated. (2) Geographic sales information is based on the region from which the products are shipped and invoiced. 86 Footnote 18 — Litigation and Contingencies The Company is subject to various claims and lawsuits in the ordinary course of business, including from time to time, contractual disputes, employment and environmental matters, product and general liability claims, claims that the Company has infringed on the intellectual property rights of others, and consumer and employment class actions. Some of the legal proceedings include claims for punitive as well as compensatory damages. In the ordinary course of business, the Company is also subject to legislative requests, regulatory and governmental examinations, information requests and subpoenas, inquiries, investigations, and threatened legal actions and proceedings. In connection with such formal and informal inquiries, the Company receives numerous requests, subpoenas, and orders for documents, testimony and information in connection with various aspects of its activities. Environmental Matters The Company is involved in various matters concerning federal and state environmental laws and regulations, including matters in which the Company has been identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“U.S. EPA”) and certain state environmental agencies as a potentially responsible party (“PRP”) at contaminated sites under the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”) and equivalent state laws. In assessing its environmental response costs, the Company has considered several factors, including the extent of the Company’s volumetric contribution at each site relative to that of other PRPs; the kind of waste; the terms of existing cost sharing and other applicable agreements; the financial ability of other PRPs to share in the payment of requisite costs; the Company’s prior experience with similar sites; environmental studies and cost estimates available to the Company; the effects of inflation on cost estimates; and the extent to which the Company’s, and other parties’ status as PRPs is disputed. The Company’s estimate of environmental remediation costs associated with these matters at December 31, 2024 was $ 39 million which is included in other accrued liabilities and other noncurrent liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. No insurance recovery was taken into account in determining the Company’s cost estimates or reserves, nor do the Company’s cost estimates or reserves reflect any discounting for present value purposes, except with respect to certain long-term operations and maintenance CERCLA matters. Because of the uncertainties associated with environmental investigations and response activities, the possibility that the Company could be identified as a PRP at sites identified in the future that require the incurrence of environmental response costs and the possibility that sites acquired in business combinations may require environmental response costs, actual costs to be incurred by the Company may vary from the Company’s estimates. Lower Passaic River Matter The U.S. EPA has issued General Notice Letters to over 100 entities, including the Company and its subsidiary, Berol Corporation (together, the “Company Parties”), alleging that they are PRPs at the Diamond Alkali Superfund Site (the “Site”) pursuant to CERCLA. The Site is the subject of investigation and remedial activities and related settlement negotiations with the U.S. EPA. The Site is divided into four “operable units,” and the Company Parties have received General Notice Letters in connection with operable Unit 2, which comprises the lower 8.3 miles of the Lower Passaic River and its tributaries (“Unit 2”), and operable Unit 4, which comprises a 17 -mile stretch of the Lower Passaic River and its tributaries (“Unit 4”). Unit 2 is geographically subsumed within Unit 4. In October 2021, the U.S. EPA issued a Record of Decision for an interim remedy for the upper 9 miles of Unit 4, selecting a combination of dredging and capping as the remedial alternative, which the U.S. EPA estimates will cost $ 441 million in the aggregate. The U.S. EPA also performed a Source Control Early Action Focused Feasibility Study for Unit 2, which culminated in a Record of Decision in 2016. The U.S. EPA estimates that the selected remedy for Unit 2 set forth in its Record of Decision will cost $ 1.4 billion in the aggregate. In September 2017, the U.S. EPA announced an allocation process involving roughly 80 Unit 2 General Notice Letter recipients, with the intent of offering cash-out settlements to a number of parties. The allocation process has concluded, and the Company Parties were placed in the lowest tier of relative responsibility among allocation parties. On December 16, 2022, the U.S. EPA simultaneously filed a complaint and lodged a consent decree to resolve the liability of the Company Parties and other settlement parties for past and future CERCLA response costs at Unit 2 and Unit 4. On January 17, 2024, following review of public comments, the U.S. EPA filed an amended complaint and lodged a modified consent decree. U.S. EPA filed a motion to enter the modified consent decree (“Consent Decree”) on January 31, 2024, which the court granted on December 18, 2024. The Court’s Order entering the Consent Decree has been appealed. As of the date of this filing, the Company does not expect that its share of payments toward the Consent Decree, if the Consent Decree is upheld following any appellate review, will be material to the Company. In June 2018, Occidental Chemical Corporation (“OCC”) sued over 100 parties, including the Company Parties, in the U.S. District Court in New Jersey pursuant to CERCLA, requesting cost recovery, contribution, and a declaratory judgement. The defendants, in turn, filed claims against 42 third-party defendants, and filed counterclaims against OCC (collectively, the “OCC Litigation”). The primary focus of the OCC Litigation has been certain past and future costs for investigation, design and remediation of Units 2 and 87 4. However, OCC has stated that it anticipates asserting claims against defendants regarding Newark Bay, which is also part of the Site, after the U.S. EPA has selected the Newark Bay remedy. OCC has also stated that it may broaden its claims in the future after completion of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment described below. In March 2023, the Court granted an unopposed motion to stay the OCC Litigation. On January 5, 2024, the Court granted a motion to extend the stay pending the Court’s adjudication of the then anticipated motion to enter the amended Consent Decree. At this time, the Company cannot predict the eventual outcome of the OCC Litigation. In 2007, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (“NOAA”), acting as the lead administrative trustee on behalf of itself and the U.S. Department of the Interior, issued a Notice of Intent to Perform a Natural Resource Damage Assessment to the Company Parties, along with numerous other entities, identifying the recipients as PRPs. The federal trustees (who now include the United States Department of Commerce, represented by NOAA, and the Department of the Interior, represented by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service) are presently undertaking the Natural Resource Damage Assessment with respect to the Site. Based on currently known facts and circumstances, the Company does not believe that the Lower Passaic River matter is reasonably likely to have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations. However, in the event of one or more adverse determinations related to this matter, including the OCC Litigation and Natural Resource Damage Assessment noted above (for which the Company cannot currently estimate the range of possible losses), it is possible that the ultimate liability resulting from this matter and the impact on the Company’s results of operations could be material. Because of the uncertainties associated with environmental investigations and response activities, the possibility that the Company could be identified as a PRP at sites identified in the future that require the incurrence of environmental response costs and the possibility that sites acquired in business combinations may require environmental response costs, actual costs to be incurred by the Company may vary from the Company’s estimates. Other Matters In the normal course of business and as part of its acquisition and divestiture strategy, the Company may provide certain representations and indemnifications related to legal, environmental, product liability, tax or other types of issues. Based on the nature of these representations and indemnifications, it is not possible to predict the maximum potential payments under all of these agreements due to the conditional nature of the Company’s obligations and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, payments made by the Company under these agreements did not have a material effect on the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations. In connection with the 2018 sale of The Waddington Group, Novolex Holdings, Inc. (the “Buyer”) filed suit against the Company in October 2019 in the Superior Court of Delaware. The Buyer generally alleged that the Company fraudulently breached certain representations in the Equity Purchase Agreement between the Company and Buyer, dated May 2, 2018, resulting in an inflated purchase price for The Waddington Group. In the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded an immaterial reserve in its Consolidated Financial Statements based on its best estimate of probable loss associated with this matter. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the Buyer and the Company entered into a settlement agreement resolving the dispute, and the lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice. In connection with the Company’s sale of The United States Playing Card Company (“USPC”), Cartamundi, Inc. and Cartamundi España, S.L., (the “Buyers”) have notified the Company of their contention that certain representations and warranties in the Stock Purchase Agreement, dated June 4, 2019, were inaccurate and/or breached, and have sought indemnification to the extent that the Buyers are required to pay related damages arising out of a third party lawsuit that was recently filed against USPC. During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company recorded an immaterial reserve based on the outcome of a judicial ruling relating to indirect taxes in an international entity. During the first quarter of 2024, the Company paid the estimated liability to the relevant taxing authorities. Although the Company cannot predict the ultimate outcome of this contingency with certainty, it believes that any additional amounts it may be required to pay will not have a material effect on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Although the Company cannot predict the ultimate outcome of other proceedings with certainty, it believes that the ultimate resolution of the Company’s proceedings, including any amounts it may be required to pay in excess of amounts reserved, will not have a material effect on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements, except as otherwise described in this Footnote 18 . At December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $ 48 million in standby letters of credit primarily related to the Company’s self-insurance programs, including workers’ compensation, product liability and medical expenses. 88 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Not applicable.