What changed in this filing

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Item 1. Business

2023-02-24 compared with 2022-02-24 · 125 added, 125 removed, 155 unchanged (62% of the section changed)

Match Group, Inc., through its portfolio companies, is a leading provider of digital technologies designed to help people make meaningful connections.

Our global portfolio of brands includes Tinder ® , Match ® , Hinge ® , Meetic ® , OkCupid ® , Pairs™, PlentyOfFish ® , OurTime ® , Azar ® , Hakuna™ Live, and more, each built to increase our users’ likelihood of connecting with others.

Our global portfolio of brands includes Tinder ® , Hinge ® , Match ® , Meetic ® , OkCupid ® , Pairs™, Plenty Of Fish ® , Azar ® , Hakuna ® , and more, each built to increase our users’ likelihood of connecting with others.

Through our trusted brands, we provide tailored services to meet the varying preferences of our users.

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and its subsidiaries after the completion of the Separation (defined below), unless the context indicates otherwise.

Separation of Match Group and IAC

On June 30, 2020, the companies formerly known as Match Group, Inc.

(referred to as “Former Match Group”) and IAC/InterActiveCorp (referred to as “Former IAC”) completed the separation of the Company from IAC through a series of transactions that resulted in two, separate public companies—(1) Match Group, which consists of the businesses of Former Match Group and certain financing subsidiaries previously owned by Former IAC, and (2) IAC/InterActiveCorp, formerly known as IAC Holdings, Inc.

(“IAC”), consisting of Former IAC’s businesses other than Match Group (the “Separation”).

The following diagram illustrates the simplified organizational and ownership structure immediately prior to the Separation.

Under the terms of the Transaction Agreement (the “Transaction Agreement”) dated as of December 19, 2019 and amended as of April 28, 2020 and as further amended as of June 22, 2020, Former Match Group merged with and into Match Group Holdings II, LLC (“MG Holdings II”), an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Match Group, with MG Holdings II surviving the merger as an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Match Group.

Former Match Group stockholders (other than Former IAC) received, through the merger, in exchange for each outstanding share of Former Match Group common stock that they held, one share of Match Group common stock and, at the holder’s election, either (i) $3.00 in cash or (ii) a fraction of a share of Match Group common stock with a value of $3.00 (calculated pursuant to the Transaction Agreement).

As a result of the merger and other transactions contemplated by the Transaction Agreement, Former Match Group stockholders (other than Former IAC) became stockholders of the Company.

The following diagram illustrates the simplified organizational and ownership structure of IAC and Match Group immediately after the Separation.

The Company was incorporated in 1986 in Delaware and underwent many name changes before becoming IAC/InterActiveCorp prior to the Separation described above.

Former Match Group completed an initial public offering in 2015 and had operated as a stand-alone public company since that time.

Upon the Separation described above, the Company changed its name to Match Group, Inc.

The business of creating meaningful connections

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Consumers’ preferences vary significantly, influenced in part by demographics, geography, cultural norms, religion, and intent (for example, seeking friendship, casual dating, or more serious relationships).

As a result, the market for connecting with others through relationship technologies is fragmented, and no single service has been able to effectively serve the relationship technology category.

As a result, the market for social connection apps is fragmented, and no single service has been able to effectively serve all of those seeking social connections.

Prior to the proliferation of the internet and mobile devices, human connections traditionally were limited by social circles, geography, and time.

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• Expanded options :

Relationship technologies provide users access to a large pool of people they otherwise would not have a chance to meet.

Social connection apps provide users access to a large pool of people they otherwise would not have a chance to meet.

• Efficiency :

The search and recommending features, as well as the profile information available on relationship technologies, allow users to filter a large number of individuals in a short period of time, increasing the likelihood that users will make a connection with someone.

The search and recommending features, as well as the profile information available on social connection apps, allow users to filter a large number of individuals in a short period of time, increasing the likelihood that users will make a connection with someone.

• More comfort and control :

Compared to the traditional ways that people meet, relationship technologies provide an environment that reduces the awkwardness around identifying and reaching out to new people who are interested in connecting.

Compared to the traditional ways that people meet, social connection apps provide an environment that reduces the awkwardness around identifying and reaching out to new people who are interested in connecting.

This leads to many people who would otherwise be passive participants taking a more active role.

• Safely meet new people:

Relationship technologies can offer a safer way to contact new people for the first-time by limiting the amount of personal information exchanged and providing an opportunity to vet a new connection before meeting in person, including via video communication.

Social connection apps can offer a safer way to contact new people for the first-time by limiting the amount of personal information exchanged and providing an opportunity to vet a new connection before meeting in person, including via video communication.

• Convenience :

The nature of the internet and the proliferation of mobile devices allow users to connect with new people at any time, regardless of where they are.

Depending on a person’s circumstances at any given time, relationship technologies can act as a supplement to, or substitute for, traditional means of meeting people.

When selecting a relationship technology service, we believe that users consider the following attributes:

Depending on a person’s circumstances at any given time, social connection apps can act as a supplement to, or substitute for, traditional means of meeting people.

When selecting a social connection app, we believe that users consider the following attributes:

• Brand recognition and scale :

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Users generally associate strong brands with a higher likelihood of success and more tools to help the user connect safely and securely.

Generally, successful brands depend on large, active communities of users, strong algorithmic filtering technology, and awareness of successful usage among similar users.

successful brands depend on large, active communities of users, strong algorithmic filtering technology, and awareness of successful usage among similar users.

• Successful experiences :

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• Community identification :

Users typically look for relationship technologies that offer a community or communities to which the user can relate.

By selecting a relationship technology service that is focused on a particular demographic, religion, geography, or intent, users can increase the likelihood that they will make a connection with someone with whom they identify.

Users typically look for social connection apps that offer a community or communities to which the user can relate.

By selecting a social connection app that is focused on a particular demographic, religion, geography, or intent, users can increase the likelihood that they will make a connection with someone with whom they identify.

• Service features and user experience :

Users tend to gravitate towards relationship technologies that offer features and user experiences that resonate with them, such as question-based matching algorithms, location-based features, or search capabilities.

Users tend to gravitate towards social connection apps that offer features and user experiences that resonate with them, such as question-based matching algorithms, location-based features, or search capabilities.

User experience is also driven by the type of user interface (for example, using our patented Swipe ® technology versus scrolling), a particular mix of free and paid features, ease of use, privacy, and security.

Users expect every interaction with a relationship technology service to be seamless and intuitive.

Given varying consumer preferences, we have adopted a brand portfolio approach, through which we attempt to offer relationship technologies that collectively appeal to the broadest spectrum of consumers.

Users expect every interaction with a social connection app to be seamless and intuitive.

Given varying consumer preferences, we have adopted a brand portfolio approach, through which we attempt to offer social connection apps that collectively appeal to the broadest spectrum of consumers.

We believe that this approach maximizes our ability to attract additional users.

Our portfolio

Making connections with other people online is a highly personal endeavor and consumers have a wide variety of preferences that determine what type of technologies they choose to make those connections.

As a result, our strategy focuses on a portfolio approach of various brands in order to reach a broad range of users.

Many of our brands have a long legacy, while others emerged during the time when mobile devices proliferated.

The following is a list of our key brands:

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However, to enjoy premium features, such as unlimited use of the Swipe Right feature, a Tinder user must subscribe to one of several subscription offerings:

Tinder Plus ® , launched in early 2015;

Tinder Gold ® , which was launched in late summer 2017;

or Tinder Platinum ® , launched in late 2020.

Tinder Plus ® , Tinder Gold ® , or Tinder Platinum ® .

Tinder users and subscribers may also pay for certain premium features, such as Super Likes™ and Boosts, on a pay-per-use basis.

In 2021, Tinder launched Tinder Explore™, a hub within the app that hosts completely new, interactive ways to use Tinder, such as Hot Takes, Vibes, and the Swipe Night™ interactive series.

The Match ® platform was launched in 1995 and helped create the online dating category with the ability to search profiles and receive algorithmic recommendations.

Match has since introduced a softer paywall to allow limited free access to messaging and other features before requiring a subscription, as well as a one-to-one real-time video feature.

Additionally, Match offers its subscribers a higher level of service than most of our other brands, including access to date coaching services and profile reviews.

Match is a brand that focuses on users with a higher level of intent to enter into a serious relationship and its services and marketing are designed to reinforce that purpose.

Hinge ® was launched in 2012 and has grown to be a popular app for relationship-minded individuals, particularly among the millennial and younger generations, in the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Australia.

Tinder Explore is an additional feature available for users to interact with others in ways that are non-traditional to Tinder.

Hinge ® was launched in 2012 and has grown to be a popular app for relationship-minded individuals, particularly among the millennial and younger generations, in English speaking countries.

Hinge has more recently expanded into additional European markets such as Germany and the Nordics.

Hinge is a mobile-only experience and employs a freemium model.

Hinge focuses on users with a higher level of intent to enter into a serious relationship and its services are designed to reinforce that purpose.

Hinge focuses on users with a higher level of intent to enter into a relationship and its services are designed to reinforce that purpose.

In 2021, Hinge launched Video Prompts, Voice Prompts, and Voice Notes.

With these new features, users can better showcase who they are through text, photos, video, and now, voice at different points in their dating journey.

With these features, users can better showcase who they are through text, photos, video, and now, voice at different points in their dating journey.

Hinge offers two premium subscription offerings as of February 2023:

Hinge+ and HingeX.

The Match ® platform was launched in 1995 and helped create the online dating category with the ability to search profiles and receive algorithmic recommendations, and it now also offers a one-to-one real-time video feature.

Additionally, Match offers its subscribers a higher level of service than most of our other brands, including access to date coaching services and profile reviews.

Match is a brand that focuses on users with a higher level of intent to enter into a serious relationship and its services and marketing are designed to reinforce that purpose.

Meetic ® , a leading European online dating brand based in France, was launched in 2001.

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Meetic is a brand that focuses on users with a higher level of intent to enter into a serious relationship and its service and marketing are designed to reinforce that purpose.

In 2021, Meetic began offering a softer paywall revenue model.

Meetic recently introduced online audio and video chat rooms into the Meetic experience.

OkCupid ® was launched in 2004 and has attracted users through a Q&A approach to the dating category.

OkCupid relies on a freemium model and has a loyal, culturally progressive user base predominately located in larger metropolitan areas in English-speaking markets, with an increasing presence in other global markets such as Israel, Germany, and Turkey.

Pairs™ was launched in 2012 and is a leading provider of dating services in Japan, with a presence in Taiwan and South Korea.

Pairs is a dating platform that was specifically designed to address social barriers generally associated with the use of dating services in Eastern Asian countries, particularly Japan.

PlentyOfFish.

PlentyOfFish ® was launched in 2003.

The OkCupid ® service was launched in 2004 and has attracted users through a Q&A approach to the dating category.

OkCupid relies on a freemium model and has a loyal, culturally progressive user base predominately located in larger metropolitan areas in English-speaking markets.

The Pairs™ app was launched in 2012 and is a leading provider of online dating services in Japan, with a presence in Taiwan and South Korea.

Pairs is a dating platform that was specifically designed to address social barriers generally associated with the use of dating services in Japan.

Plenty Of Fish.

The Plenty Of Fish ® dating service launched in 2003.

Among its distinguishing features is the ability to both search profiles and receive algorithmic recommendations.

PlentyOfFish has grown in popularity over the years and relies on a freemium model.

PlentyOfFish has broad appeal in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and a number of other international markets.

In 2020, PlentyOfFish launched POF Live™, a one-to-many live streaming video feature that allows users to engage with other users at PlentyOfFish in a new and different format from traditional dating profiles.

OurTime ® is the largest community of singles over age 50 of any dating service.

We offer this service in the United States, Canada, and a number of European markets.

Plenty Of Fish has grown in popularity over the years and relies on a freemium model.

Plenty Of Fish has broad appeal in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and a number of other international markets.

In 2020, Plenty Of Fish launched POF Live™, a one-to-many live streaming video feature that allows users to engage with other users at Plenty Of Fish in a different format from traditional dating profiles.

Azar ® was launched in 2014 and acquired in 2021 through our acquisition of Hyperconnect.

Azar is a one-to-one video chat service powered by real-time language translations that allow users to meet and interact with a variety of people across the globe in their native language.

Azar is primarily focused in the APAC and Other regions, with growth in Western Europe.

Hakuna™ Live was launched in 2019 and acquired in 2021 through our acquisition of Hyperconnect.

Azar is primarily focused in the APAC and Other region, with growth in Western Europe.

Azar added live streaming in 2022.

The Hakuna ® service was launched in 2019 and acquired in 2021 through our acquisition of Hyperconnect.

Hakuna Live is an interactive, social app that allows for one-to-many live streaming experiences.

Hakuna offers virtual gifting and its userbase is predominantly located in the APAC and Other regions.

In addition to the brands above, our portfolio includes brands such as Chispa™, BLK ® , and Upward ® , each of which brings the Swipe ® feature made popular by Tinder to the Latino, Black, and Christian communities, respectively.

Hakuna offers virtual gifting and its userbase is predominantly located in the APAC and Other region.

The League ® dating app was launched in 2014 and acquired in 2022.

The League is a dating platform focused on career-oriented individuals, which requires users to apply and be accepted prior to using the app.

In addition to the brands above, our portfolio includes brands such as Chispa™ and BLK ® , which bring the Swipe ® feature made popular by Tinder to the Latino and Black communities, respectively.

We strive to empower individual brand leaders with the authority and incentives to grow their respective brands.

Our brands compete with each other and with third-party businesses on brand characteristics, service features, and business model.

We also work to apply a centralized discipline to our portfolio of brands and share best practices across our brands in order to quickly introduce new services and features, optimize marketing, increase growth, reduce costs, improve user safety, and maximize profitability.

Additionally, we centralize certain other administrative

functions, such as legal, accounting, finance, and tax.

Our brands compete with each other and with third-party businesses on brand characteristics, service features, and business model, however we also work to apply a centralized discipline and share best practices across our brands in order to quickly introduce new services and features, optimize marketing, increase growth, reduce costs, improve user safety, and maximize profitability.

Additionally, we centralize certain other administrative functions, such as legal, accounting, finance, treasury, real estate and facilities, and tax.

We attempt to centrally facilitate excellence and efficiency across the entire portfolio by:

• centralizing operational functions across certain brands where we have strength in personnel and sufficient commonality of business interest (for example, ad sales, online marketing, and information technology are centralized across some, but not all, brands);

• centralizing operational functions across certain brands where we have strength in personnel and sufficient commonality of business interest (for example, ad sales, online marketing, and business technology are centralized across some, but not all, brands);

• developing talent across the portfolio to allow for development of specific proficiencies and promoting career advancement while maintaining the ability to deploy the best talent in the most critical positions across the company at any given time;

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Staying competitive

The industry for relationship technologies is competitive and has no single, dominant brand globally.

The industry for social connection apps is competitive and has no single, dominant brand globally.

We compete with a number of other companies that provide similar technologies for people to meet each other, including other online dating platforms;

social media platforms;

social-discovery apps;

other social media platforms and social-discovery apps;

offline dating services, such as in-person matchmakers;

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We believe that our ability to attract new users to our brands will depend primarily upon the following factors:

• our ability to continue to increase consumer acceptance and adoption of technologies to meet other people, particularly in emerging markets and other parts of the world where the associated stigma has not yet fully eroded;

• our ability to continue to increase consumer acceptance and adoption of technologies to meet other people, particularly in emerging markets and parts of the world where the associated stigma has not yet fully eroded;

• continued growth in internet access and smart phone adoption in certain regions of the world, particularly emerging markets;

• the continued strength of our established brands and the growth of our emerging brands;

• the continued strength of our well-known brands and the growth of our emerging brands;

• the breadth and depth of our active communities of users;

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Where we earn our revenue

All our brands enable users to establish a profile and review other users’ profiles without charge.

Many of our brands enable users to establish a profile and review other users’ profiles without charge.

Each brand also offers additional features, some of which are free, and some of which require payment depending on the particular service.

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Dependencies on services provided by others

We fully rely on the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store to distribute our mobile applications and related in-app services.

We rely on the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store to distribute and monetize our mobile applications and related in-app services.

While our mobile applications are free to download from these stores, we offer our users the opportunity to purchase subscriptions and certain à la carte features through these applications.

We determine the prices at which these subscriptions and features are sold;

however, currently, purchases of these subscriptions and features are required in most cases to be processed through the in-app payment systems provided by Apple and Google.

Due to these requirements, we pay Apple and Google, as applicable, a meaningful share (generally 30%, although as of January 1, 2022 Google has reduced the percentage applicable to subscriptions to 15%) of the revenue we receive from these transactions.

We generally determine the prices at which these subscriptions and features are sold;

however, purchases of these subscriptions and features are required in most cases to be processed through the in-app payment systems provided by Apple and Google, although some of our applications are currently able to use their own payment systems for in-app purchases made on Android devices.

Where we are required to use Apple’s and Google’s payment systems, we pay Apple and Google, as applicable, a meaningful share (generally 30%, although as of January 1, 2022 Google reduced the percentage applicable to subscriptions to 15%) of the revenue we receive from these transactions.

Additionally, when our users and subscribers access and pay through the app stores, Apple and Google may receive personal data about our users and subscribers that we would otherwise receive if we transacted with our users and subscribers directly.

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The manner in which Apple and Google operate these services is being reviewed by legislative and regulatory bodies globally.

Notably, the Republic of Korea recently adopted legislation that prohibits Apple and Google from requiring that developers exclusively use Apple and Google to process payments.

In the Netherlands, the Authority for Consumers and Markets found Apple’s requirement that online dating companies must exclusively use Apple’s in-app payment violates both Dutch and European Union law.

Multiple other jurisdictions, including the European Union, United Kingdom, Russia, Japan, and India are investigating, considering regulatory action or considering legislation to restrict or prohibit these practices.

Notably, the European Union (the “EU”) recently adopted the Digital Markets Act, which is expected to designate Apple and Google as “gatekeepers” and accordingly restrict them from (i) imposing fees or other requirements that are not fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory to all application developers and (ii) prohibiting application developers from informing users about alternative payment options, offering their own in-app payment systems and making their applications available through alternate app stores on iOS and Android devices.

In addition, the Republic of Korea has adopted legislation that prohibits Apple and Google from requiring that developers exclusively use Apple and Google to process payments.

Further, courts and regulators in several jurisdictions, including France, India, and the Netherlands have all found that certain app store commissions or requirements that application developers exclusively use in-app payment systems violates laws in those jurisdictions.

Multiple other jurisdictions, including the United Kingdom, Japan, Mexico, Brazil, Indonesia, Chile, and South Africa, are investigating, considering regulatory action or considering legislation to restrict or prohibit these practices.

The United States Congress, as well as a number of state legislatures, are also considering legislation that would regulate certain terms of the relationships between developers and Apple and Google and prohibit Apple and Google from requiring in-app payment processing.

On March 31, 2022, Google began enforcing its new in-app payments policy, which requires all developers to process all in-app purchases of subscriptions and features entirely through Google’s in-app payment system.

If an application developer failed to comply by June 1, 2022, Google threatened to remove that developer’s applications from the Google Play Store and not allow it to make updates to its applications.

In May 2022, several of our subsidiaries filed a complaint in federal district court in California against Google alleging that Google’s dominance and anti-competitive conduct in the Android app distribution and in-app payment markets violate federal antitrust laws, particularly with respect to the requirement that we use Google’s in-app payment system exclusively.

For additional information, see “Item 3 Legal Proceedings—Google Litigation” and “Item 1A Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—As the distribution of our services through app stores increases, in order to maintain our profit margins, we may need to offset increasing app store fees by decreasing traditional marketing expenditures, increasing user volume or monetization per user, or by engaging in other efforts to increase revenue or decrease costs generally, or our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.” While Google has already enforced its new payments policy in most jurisdictions, it has not done so with respect to our applications due to a stipulation reached by the parties in the ongoing Google litigation.

Cloud and Other Services

We rely on third parties, primarily data-center service providers and cloud-based, hosted web service providers, such as Amazon Web Services, as well as third party computer systems, broadband and other communications systems and service providers, in connection with the provision of our applications generally, as well as to facilitate and process certain transactions with our users.

We rely on third parties, primarily data-center and cloud-based, hosted web service providers, such as Amazon Web Services, as well as third party computer systems, broadband and other communications systems and service providers, in connection with the provision of our applications generally, as well as to facilitate and process certain transactions with our users.

We have no control over any of these third parties or their operations.

Problems experienced by third-party data center service providers and cloud-based, hosted web service providers, such as Amazon Web Services, upon which brands including Tinder, Pairs, and Hinge rely, the telecommunications network providers with which we or they contract, or with the systems through which telecommunications providers allocate capacity among their customers could also adversely affect us.

Any changes in service levels at our data centers or hosted web service providers, such as Amazon Web Services, or any interruptions, outages or delays in our systems or those of our third party providers, or deterioration in the

performance of these systems, could impair our ability to provide our services or process transactions with our users, which would adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Problems experienced by third-party data center service providers and cloud-based, hosted web service providers upon which our brands including Tinder, Hinge, and Pairs rely, the telecommunications network providers with which we or they contract, or with the systems through which telecommunications providers allocate capacity among their customers could also adversely affect us.

Any changes in service levels at our data centers or hosted web service providers or any interruptions, outages or delays in our systems or those of our

third-party providers, or deterioration in the performance of these systems, could impair our ability to provide our services or process transactions with our users, which would adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Sales and marketing

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We regard our intellectual property rights, including trademarks, domain names, and other intellectual property, as critical to our success.

For example, we rely heavily upon the use of trademarks (primarily Tinder ® , Match ® , PlentyOfFish ® , OkCupid ® , Meetic ® , OurTime ® , Pairs™, Hinge ® , Swipe ® , Azar ® , and Hakuna™, and associated domain names, taglines and logos) to market our services and applications and build and maintain brand loyalty and recognition.

For example, we rely heavily upon the use of trademarks (primarily Tinder ® , Hinge ® , Match ® , Plenty Of Fish ® , OkCupid ® , Meetic ® , Pairs™, Swipe ® , Azar ® , and Hakuna®, and associated domain names, taglines and logos) to market our services and applications and build and maintain brand loyalty and recognition.

We maintain an ongoing trademark and service mark registration program, pursuant to which we register our brand names, service names, taglines and logos and renew existing trademark and service mark registrations in the United States and other jurisdictions to the extent we determine it to be necessary or otherwise appropriate and cost-effective.

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Government regulation

We are subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the United States and abroad that involve matters that are important to or may otherwise impact our business, including, among others, broadband internet access, online commerce, advertising, user privacy, data protection, intermediary liability, protection of minors, consumer protection, general safety, sex-trafficking, taxation, money laundering, and securities law compliance.

We are subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the United States and abroad that involve matters that are important to or may otherwise impact our business, including, among others, antitrust and competition issues, broadband internet access, online commerce, advertising, user privacy, data protection, intermediary liability, protection of minors, consumer protection, general safety, sex-trafficking, taxation, money laundering, and securities law compliance.

As a result, we could be subject to actions based on negligence, regulatory compliance, various torts, and trademark and copyright infringement, among other actions.

See “Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—Our business is subject to complex and evolving U.S.

See “Item 1A Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—Our business is subject to complex and evolving U.S.

and international laws and regulations, including with respect to data privacy and platform liability.

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Because we receive, store, and use a substantial amount of information received from or generated by our users, we are particularly impacted by laws and regulations governing privacy;

the storage, sharing, use, processing, disclosure, and protection of personal data;

and data breaches, in many of the countries in which we operate.

For example, in 2016, the European Commission adopted the General Data Protection Act (which we

refer to as “GDPR”), a comprehensive EU privacy and data protection reform that became effective in May 2018.

The act applies to companies established in the EU or otherwise providing services or monitoring the behavior of people located in the EU and provides for significant penalties in case of non-compliance as well as a private right of action for individual claimants.

the storage, sharing, use, processing, disclosure, transfer, and protection of personal data;

and data breaches, in many of the countries in

which we operate.

For example, in the EU we are subject to the General Data Protection Act (“GDPR”), which applies to companies established in the EU or otherwise providing services or monitoring the behavior of people located in the EU and provides for significant penalties in case of non-compliance as well as a private right of action for individual claimants.

GDPR will continue to be interpreted by EU data protection regulators, which have and may in the future require that we make changes to our business practices, and could generate additional costs, risks, and liabilities.

The EU is also considering an update to its Privacy and Electronic Communications (so-called “e-Privacy”) Directive, notably to amend rules on the use of cookies, direct marketing and processing of private communications and related metadata, which may also require that we make changes to our business practices and could generate additional costs, risks and liabilities.

In July 2020, the Court of Justice of the EU declared transfers of personal data on the basis of the European Commission’s Privacy Shield Decision illegal and stipulated stricter requirements for the transfer of personal data based on standard contract clauses.

This judgement and the resulting decisions and guidelines from EU supervisory authorities may require changes to our business practices and generate additional costs, risks and liabilities.

Brexit could result in the application of new and conflicting data privacy and protection laws and standards to our operations in the United Kingdom and our handling of personal data of users located in the United Kingdom.

In 2020, the Court of Justice of the EU declared transfers of personal data on the basis of the European Commission’s Privacy Shield Decision illegal and stipulated stricter requirements for the transfer of personal data based on standard contract clauses.

This judgment and the resulting decisions and guidelines from EU supervisory authorities may require changes to our business practices and generate additional costs, risks and liabilities.

Brexit could result in the application of new and conflicting data privacy and protection laws and standards to our operations in the United Kingdom (the “UK”) and our handling of personal data of users located in the UK.

At the same time, many countries in which we do business have already adopted or are also currently considering adopting privacy and data protection laws and regulations.

Multiple legislative proposals concerning privacy and the protection of user information have been introduced in the U.S.

state legislatures, including those in New York, Illinois, California, and many other states, are considering privacy legislation in 2022 and beyond.

state legislatures have already passed and enacted privacy legislation, most prominently the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, which was signed into law in June 2018 and came into effect on January 1, 2020, with full enforcement commencing on June 30, 2020.

On November 3, 2020 the “California Privacy Rights Act of 2020” (CPRA) was enacted, which expands the state’s consumer privacy laws and creates a new government organization, the California Privacy Protection Agency (CPPA), to enforce the law.

The majority of the CPRA’s provisions will enter into force on January 1, 2023, with a lookback to January 2022.

In addition to California, comprehensive privacy laws were passed in Virginia and Colorado and are scheduled to enter into force in 2023.

Additionally, the Federal Trade Commission has increased its focus on privacy and data security practices at digital companies, as evidenced by its levying, in July 2019, of a first-of-its kind, $5 billion fine against Facebook for privacy violations.

For instance, multiple legislative proposals concerning privacy and the protection of user information have been introduced in the U.S.

state legislatures are also considering privacy legislation in 2023 and beyond.

state legislatures have already passed and enacted privacy legislation, most prominently the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, which came into effect on January 1, 2020, with full enforcement commencing on June 30, 2020.

Also the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 (the “CPRA”) was enacted in 2020, which expanded the state’s consumer privacy laws and creates a new government organization, the California Privacy Protection Agency, to enforce the law.

The majority of the CPRA’s provisions entered into force on January 1, 2023, with a lookback to January 2022.

In addition to California, comprehensive privacy laws were passed in Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut, and Utah and are scheduled to enter into force in 2023.

Additionally, the Federal Trade Commission has increased its focus on privacy and data security practices at digital companies, as evidenced by levying a first-of-its kind, $5 billion fine against Facebook for privacy violations in 2019, as well as a $150 million fine against Twitter for privacy violations in May 2022.

Finally, talks of a U.S.

federal privacy law are ongoing in Congress, with multiple proposals being considered, and may lead to the passing of a new law in 2022 or the coming years.

Concerns about harms and the use of dating products and social networking platforms for illegal conduct, such as romance scams, promotion of false or inaccurate information, financial fraud, and sex-trafficking, have produced and could continue to produce future legislation or other governmental action.

For example, the EU and the United Kingdom are considering new legislation on this topic, with the United Kingdom having released its Online Harms White Paper and the EU introducing the Digital Services Act, which in each case, would expose platforms to similar or more expansive liability.

In the United States, government authorities, elected officials, and political candidates have called for amendments to Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act that would purport to limit or remove protections afforded to interactive computer service providers.

Proposed legislation includes the EARN IT Act, the PACT Act, the BAD ADS Act, the SAFE TECH Act, and others.

If these proposed laws are passed, or if future legislation or governmental action is proposed or taken to address concerns regarding such harms, changes could be required to our products that could restrict or impose additional costs upon the conduct of our business generally or cause users to abandon our products.

See “Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—Inappropriate actions by certain of our users could be attributed to us and damage our brands’ reputations, which in turn could adversely affect our business.”

federal privacy law are ongoing in Congress, with multiple proposals being considered, and may lead to the passing of a new law in the coming years.

Concerns about harms and the use of dating services and social networking platforms for illegal conduct, such as romance scams, promotion of false or inaccurate information, financial fraud, and sex-trafficking, have produced and could continue to produce future legislation or other governmental action.

For example, the EU recently adopted the Digital Services Act (the “DSA”), which goes into effect in 2024 and imposes additional requirements on technology companies around moderation, transparency, and the overall safety of their platforms.

In addition, the UK introduced and intends to pass its Online Safety Bill, which imposes similar requirements to those provided in the DSA.

Of note, this legislation would introduce criminal liability for senior managers of regulated entities if they fail to comply with certain child protection duties.

In the United States, government authorities, elected officials, and political candidates have called for amendments to Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (the “CDA”) that would purport to limit or remove protections afforded to technology companies.

If these proposed laws are passed, or if future legislation or governmental action is proposed or taken to address concerns regarding such harms, changes could be required to our services that could restrict or impose additional costs upon the conduct of our business generally or otherwise expose us to additional liability.

There are also a number of pending legal challenges to the CDA, including multiple lawsuits in United States federal courts, such as Gonzalez v.

Google LLC , which is pending before the United States Supreme Court.

Any weakening of the CDA could result in increased litigation costs, as well as a potentially increased chance of liability.

See “Item 1A Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—Inappropriate actions by certain of our users could be attributed to us and damage our brands’ reputations, which in turn could adversely affect our business.”

Our global businesses are subject to a variety of complex and continuously evolving income and other tax frameworks.

For example, the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (“OECD”) has reached political agreement for international tax reform, which includes expanding the jurisdiction of member countries to tax businesses based on some level of digital presence, as well as subjecting these companies to a global minimum tax rate of 15%.

to tax businesses based on some level of digital presence, as well as subjecting these companies to a global minimum tax rate of 15%.

The OECD’s framework calls for countries to repeal digital services taxes once the OECD’s reforms around allocating new taxing rights to markets come into full force.

The political agreement calls for reforms to be in force by 2023, and for the European Commission to put forward a draft directive to implement the OECD framework within the EU by the end of 2022.

Given disagreements among the EU member countries on the implementation of the OECD framework, it is not clear that the deadline will be met.

As a provider of services with a subscription-based element, we are also subject to laws and regulations in certain U.S.

The OECD has set a deadline of early 2023 to propose a multilateral convention.

Several countries have made announcements concerning their intention to effect the 15% minimum tax.

For example, the EU approved a directive to this effect in December 2022, requiring member states to transpose such a provision into their domestic laws by the end of 2023, with effect from 2024.

As a provider of subscription services, we are also subject to laws and regulations in certain U.S.

states and other countries that apply to our automatically-renewing subscription payment models.

For example, the EU’s Payment Services Directive (PSD2), which became effective in 2018, could impact our ability to process auto-renewal payments or offer promotional or differentiated pricing for users in the EU.

For example, the EU’s Payment Services Directive (PSD2), which became effective in 2018, has impacted our ability to process auto-renewal payments and offer promotional or differentiated pricing for users in the EU.

Also, new legislation in Germany and France has imposed additional obligations on providers of subscription services regarding the automatic renewal and cancellation of online subscriptions.

Similar legislation or regulation, or changes to existing laws or regulations governing subscription payments, have been adopted or are being considered in many U.S.

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states and certain countries in the Middle East and Asia have laws that specifically govern dating services.

Human capital

Our people are critical to Match Group’s continued success and we work hard to attract, retain and motivate qualified talent.

As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately 2,500 full-time and approximately 40 part-time employees, which represents a 35% year-over-year increase in employee headcount, primarily due to the acquisition of Hyperconnect in the second quarter of 2021.

We expect headcount growth to continue for the foreseeable future, particularly as we continue to focus on recruiting employees in technical functions such as software engineers.

In addition, we plan to continue to hire a number of employees and contractors to continue to bolster various privacy, safety and data security initiatives as well as other functions to support our expected growth.

As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 2,700 full-time and approximately 20 part-time employees, which represents an 8% year-over-year increase in employee headcount.

We expect our overall headcount to remain relatively flat in 2023 as we look to accelerate our efforts to control costs amid a difficult macroeconomic environment, especially in headcount-related expenses.

However, we expect to continue to focus on recruiting employees in technical functions such as software engineers at growing brands and where critical needs arise, as well as to hire a number of employees and contractors to continue to bolster various privacy, safety and data security initiatives.

As of December 31, 2022, approximately 62%, 14%, and 24% of our employees reside in the Americas, Europe, and APAC and Other regions, respectively, spanning 23 countries and reflecting various cultures, backgrounds, ages, sexes, gender identities, sexual orientations, and ethnicities.

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Our talent development programs provide employees with resources to help achieve their career goals, build management skills, and contribute to and, where applicable, lead their organizations.

We regularly conduct anonymous surveys to seek feedback from our employees on a variety of topics, including but not limited to, confidence in company leadership, competitiveness of our compensation and benefits, career growth opportunities and ways to improve our company’s position as an employer of choice.

benefits, career growth opportunities, and ways to improve our company’s position as an employer of choice.

The results are shared with our employees and reviewed by senior leadership, who analyze areas of progress or opportunity and prioritize actions and activities in response to this feedback to drive meaningful improvements in employee engagement.

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Investors and others should note that we announce material financial and operational information to our investors using our investor relations website at https://ir.mtch.com , Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filings, press releases, and public conference calls.

channels as well as social media to communicate with our users and the public about our company, our services, and other issues.

We use these channels as well as social media to communicate with our users and the public about our company, our services, and other issues.

It is possible that the information we post on social media could be deemed to be material information.

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Neither the information on our website, nor the information on the website of any Match Group business, is incorporated by reference into this report, or into any other filings with, or into any other information furnished or submitted to, the SEC.

The Company makes available, free of charge through its website, its Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and Current Reports on Form 8-K (including related amendments) as soon as reasonably practicable after they have been electronically filed with (or furnished to) the SEC.

The Company makes available, free of charge through its website, its Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and Current Reports on Form 8-K (including related exhibits and amendments) as soon as reasonably practicable after they have been electronically filed with (or furnished to) the SEC.

Code of ethics.

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Any changes to the code of ethics that affect the provisions required by Item 406 of Regulation S-K, and any waivers of such provisions of the code of ethics for Match Group’s executive officers, senior financial officers or directors, will also be disclosed on Match Group’s website.

Separation of Match Group and IAC

On June 30, 2020, the companies formerly known as Match Group, Inc.

(“IAC”), consisting of Former IAC’s businesses other than Match Group (the “Separation”).

The following diagram illustrates the simplified organizational and ownership structure immediately prior to the Separation.

As a result of the merger and other transactions contemplated by the Transaction Agreement, Former Match Group stockholders (other than Former IAC) became stockholders of the Company.

The following diagram illustrates the simplified organizational and ownership structure of IAC and Match Group immediately after the Separation.

The Company was incorporated in 1986 in Delaware and underwent many name changes before becoming IAC/InterActiveCorp prior to the Separation described above.

Former Match Group completed an initial public

offering in 2015 and had operated as a stand-alone public company since that time.

Upon the Separation described above, the Company changed its name to Match Group, Inc.

Relationship with IAC after the Separation

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The IPO Agreements that were not superseded were terminated at closing of the Separation.

In addition to the agreements entered into at the time of the Separation, Match Group leases office space to IAC in a building owned by the Company in Los Angeles.

Match Group also leased office space from IAC in New York City on a month-to-month basis through June 2021.

The remaining impacts of these agreements as of December 31, 2022 are discussed below.

Tax Matters Agreement

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Transition Services Agreement

Pursuant to the transition services agreement, as amended, IAC continues to provide minimal services to Match Group that Former IAC had historically provided to Former Match Group.

Match Group continues to provide certain services to IAC that Former Match Group previously provided to Former IAC.

The transition services agreement also provides that Match Group and IAC will make efforts to replace, amend, or divide certain joint contracts with third-parties relating to services or products used by both Match Group and IAC.

Match Group and IAC also agreed to continue sharing certain services provided pursuant to certain third-party vendor contracts that were not replaced, amended, or divided prior to closing of the Separation.

Pursuant to the transition services agreement, as amended, Match Group continues to provide certain services to IAC that Former Match Group previously provided to Former IAC.

Employee Matters Agreement

Pursuant to the amended and restated employee matters agreement, Match Group will reimburse IAC for the cost of any IAC equity awards held by the Company’s employees and former employees upon exercise or vesting.

In addition, Match Group employees participated in IAC’s U.S.

health and welfare plans, 401(k) plan and flexible benefits plan through December 31, 2020.

Match Group reimbursed IAC for the costs of such participation in 2020 pursuant to the amended and restated employee matters agreement.

Match Group established its own employee benefit plans effective January 1, 2021.

Other Agreements

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Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-K

Item 1. Business