MacKenzie Realty Capital, Inc. 10-K

Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Statements by MacKenzie Realty Capital, Inc., together with its subsidiaries as discussed in Note 1 of the financial statements included in this report (collectively, the “Company,” “we,” or “us”) contained herein, other than historical facts, may constitute “forward-looking statements.” These statements may relate to, among other things, future events or our future performance or financial condition. In some cases, stockholders can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “might,” “believe,” “will,” “provided,” “anticipate,” “future,” “could,” “growth,” “plan,“ “intend,” “expect,” “should,” “would,” “if,” “seek,” “possible,” “potential,” “likely” or the negative of such terms or comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any anticipated results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. These include, without limitation, the risk that an economic downturn could impair our portfolio companies’ ability to continue to operate, which could lead to the loss of some or all of our investments in such portfolio companies; the risk that a contraction of available credit and/or an inability to access the equity markets could impair our lending and investment activities; and the risk that interest rate volatility could adversely affect our results, particularly if we elect to use leverage as a part of our investment strategy. Further, we may experience fluctuations in our operating results due to a number of factors, including the effect of the withdrawal of our BDC election, the return on our equity investments, the interest rates payable on our debt investments, the default rates on such investments, the level of our expenses, variations in and the timing of the recognition of realized and unrealized gains or losses, the degree to which we encounter competition in our markets and general economic conditions. As a result of these factors, results for any period should not be relied upon as being indicative of performance in future periods. For a discussion of additional factors that could cause our actual results to differ from forward-looking statements contained herein, please see the discussion under the heading “Risk Factors” above in Item 1A of this report. Overview Historically, we were an externally managed non-diversified closed-end management investment company that elected to be treated as a BDC under the 1940 Act, but we withdrew our election to be treated as a BDC on December 31, 2020. Our objective remains to generate both current income and capital appreciation through real estate-related investments. We have elected to be treated as a REIT under the Code and as a REIT, we are not subject to federal income taxes on amounts that we distribute to the stockholders, provided that, on an annual basis, we generally distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gain) to the stockholders and meet certain other conditions. To the extent that we satisfy the annual distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our undistributed REIT taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we pay to our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under U.S. federal tax laws. Our wholly owned subsidiary, MacKenzie NY Real Estate 2 Corp. (“MacKenzie NY 2”), Inc. is subject to corporate federal and state income tax on its taxable income at regular statutory rates. We are managed by the Advisers, and MacKenzie provides the non-investment management services and administrative services necessary for us to operate. Investment Plan We generally seek to invest in real estate assets. We intend to invest at least 80% of our total assets in equity or debt in real estate assets. We can invest up to 20% of our total assets in investment securities of real estate companies. A real estate company is one that (i) derives at least 50% of its revenue from the ownership, construction, financing, management or sale of commercial, industrial or residential real estate and land; or (ii) has at least 50% of its assets invested in such real estate. We will not invest in general partnerships, joint ventures, or other entities that do not afford limited liability to their security holders. However, limited liability entities in which we invest may hold interests in general partnerships, joint ventures, or other non-limited liability entities. When purchasing securities, we generally favor purchasing securities issued by entities that have (i) completed the initial offering of their securities, (ii) operated for a period of at least two years, and typically more than five years, from the completion of their initial offering, and (iii) fully invested their capital in real properties or other real estate related investments. Our investment objective is to generate current income and capital appreciation through the acquisition of real estate assets and debt and equity real estate-related investments. Our independent directors review our investment policies periodically, at least annually, to confirm that our policies are in the best interests of our stockholders. Each such determination and the basis thereof are contained in the minutes of our Board of Directors meetings. 30 Table of Contents We seek to accomplish our objective by rigorously analyzing the value of and risks associated with potential acquisitions, and, for up to 20% of our total assets, by acquiring real estate securities at significant discounts to their net asset value. We intend to expand our investment strategy to include acquisition of distressed real properties. Like our other investments, we would expect to hold distressed properties and infuse funds as necessary to extract unrealized value. We will engage in various investment strategies to achieve our overall investment objectives. The strategy we select depends upon, among other things, market opportunities, the skills and experience of the Advisers’ investment team and our overall portfolio composition. We generally seek to acquire assets that produce ongoing distributable income for investors, yet with a primary focus on purchasing such assets at a discount from what the Advisers estimates to be the actual or potential value of the real estate. We intend to continue our historical activities related to launching tender offers to purchase shares of non-traded REITs in order to boost our short-term cash flow and to support our distributions, subject to the constraint that such securities will not exceed 20% of our portfolio. We believe this niche strategy will allow us to pay distributions that are supported by cash flow rather than paying back investors’ capital, although there can be no assurance that some portion of any distribution is not a return of capital. Rental and Reimbursement We generate rental revenue by leasing office space and apartment units to a building’s tenants. These tenant leases fall under the scope of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 842, and are classified as operating leases. Revenues from such leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the lease agreements. Investment Income We generate revenues in the form of operating income, capital gains and dividends on dividend-paying equity securities or other equity interests that we acquire, in addition to interest on any debt investments that we hold. Further, we may generate revenue in the form of commitment, origination, structuring or diligence fees, monitoring fees, fees for providing managerial assistance and possibly consulting fees and performance-based fees. Any such fees are generated in connection with our investments and recognized as earned. Expenses Our primary operating expenses include the payment of: (i) advisory fees to our Advisers; (ii) our allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by MacKenzie in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement; and (iii) other operating expenses as detailed below. Our investment advisory fees compensate our Investment Adviser and Real Estate Adviser for their work in identifying, evaluating, negotiating, closing, monitoring and servicing our investments. Our expenses must be billed to and paid by us, except that MacKenzie may be reimbursed for actual cost of goods and services used by us and certain necessary administrative expenses. We will bear all other expenses of our operations and transactions, including: • the cost of operating and maintaining real estate properties; • the cost of calculating our net asset value, including the cost of any third-party valuation services; • the cost of effecting sales and repurchases of our shares and other securities; • interest payable on debt, if any, to finance our investments; • fees payable to third parties relating to, or associated with, making investments, including fees and expenses associated with performing due diligence reviews of prospective investments and third-party advisory fees; • transfer agent and safekeeping fees; • fees and expenses associated with marketing efforts; • federal and state registration fees, any stock exchange listing fees in the future; • federal, state and local taxes; • independent directors’ fees and expenses; • brokerage commissions; • fidelity bond, directors and officers errors and omissions liability insurance, and other insurance premiums; • direct costs and expenses of administration and sub-administration, including printing, mailing, long distance telephone and staff; 31 Table of Contents • fees and expenses associated with independent audits and outside legal costs; • costs associated with our reporting and compliance obligations under the 1934 Act, the 1940 Act and applicable federal and state securities laws; and • all other expenses incurred by either MacKenzie or us in connection with administering our business, including payments under the Administration Agreement that are based upon our allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by MacKenzie in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including rent, the fees and expenses associated with performing compliance functions, and our allocable portion of the costs of compensation and related expenses of our chief compliance officer and our chief financial officer and any administrative support staff. Portfolio Investment Composition As of June 30, 2023, we owned various real estate limited partnerships and REITs that are listed in the “Investments, at fair value” in the table below. We also owned various investments in entities that own real estate which gave us enough control such that the investments are not securities for 1940 Act purposes, but not enough to consolidate the financial statements of such entities with our own; these are listed below as “Unconsolidated investments (non-securities), at fair value.” The following table summarizes the composition of our investments at fair value as of June 30, 2023 and 2022: Fair Value Investments, at fair value June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 3100 Airport Way South LP $ - $ 330,000 5210 Fountaingate 6,820 6,820 American Healthcare REIT, Inc. – Class I - 416,115 Capitol Hill Partners, LLC 1,107,795 1,518,100 Citrus Park Hotel Holdings, LLC 4,100,000 5,000,000 Coastal Realty Business Trust, REEP, Inc. - A - 49,178 Corporate Property Associates 18 Global A Inc. - 42,256 Healthcare Trust, Inc. 1,554,693 3,866,394 HGR Liquidating Trust - 732 Highlands REIT Inc. 2,794,926 3,750,385 KBS Real Estate Investment Trust II, Inc. - 1,010,350 Lakemont Partners, LLC 829,381 806,290 Moody National REIT II, Inc. 13,853 15,969 Secured Income, LP - 520,594 SmartStop Self Storage REIT, Inc Class A 1,878,092 120,922 SmartStop Self Storage REIT, Inc Class T - 9,885 Strategic Realty Trust, Inc. 216,068 311,007 Summit Healthcare REIT, Inc. 930,852 1,973,211 Total $ 13,432,480 $ 19,748,208 Fair Value Unconsolidated investments (non-securities), at fair value June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 1300 Main, LP $ - $ 1,688,000 Dimensions28 LLP - 19,512,036 First & Main, LP - 2,237,000 Green Valley Medical Center, LP 2,363,000 3,010,000 Main Street West, LP - 4,708,000 Martin Plaza Associates, LP 493,000 725,000 One Harbor Center, LP 4,076,500 4,162,000 Westside Professional Center I, LP 1,784,000 1,803,000 Woodland Corporate Center Two, LP - - Total $ 8,716,500 $ 37,845,036 32 Table of Contents Properties In addition to our investment securities, we currently own and manage five commercial real estate properties: Satellite Place in Duluth, GA, 1300 Main, First & Main and Main Street West in Napa, CA, and Woodland Corporate Center Two in Woodland, CA and four residential apartments: Commodore Apartments and The Park View (f/k/a as Pon De Leo Apartments), located in Oakland, CA, the Hollywood Property located in Los Angeles, CA, and the Shoreline Apartments in Concord, CA. 1300 Main, First & Main, Main Street West, Woodland Corporate Center Two, and the Hollywood Property are owned through our subsidiary, the Operating Partnership; the Commodore Apartments are owned through our subsidiary Madison; The Park View (f/k/a as Pon De Leo Apartments) are owned through our subsidiary PVT; and the Shoreline Apartments are owned through our subsidiary BAA-Shoreline.. Property: Property Owners Commodore Apartments Madison-PVT Partners LLC The Park View (fka as Pon De Leo Apartments) PVT-Madison Partners LLC Hollywood Apartments PT Hillview GP, LLC Shoreline Apartments MacKenzie BAA IG Shoreline LLC Satellite Place Office Building MacKenzie Satellite Place Corp. First & Main Office Building First & Main, LP 1300 Main Office Building 1300 Main, LP Woodland Corporate Center Office Building Woodland Corporate Center Two, LP Main Street West Office Building Main Street West, LP 1300 Main Office Building contains 20,145 square feet, of which approximately 13,900 square feet is office space and the remainder is designated as retail space. As of June 30, 2023, the property is 100% occupied by 8 tenants. The following table shows the largest tenants and square footage occupied: Largest Tenants Business Business Square Ft. Occupied Rent per annum Lease Expiration Renewal options Wilson Daniels Wine Wholesaler 6,712 $ 417,002 3/15/25 1, 5 years Hal Yamashita Restaurant 3,212 $ 186,852 7/31/26 No Norcal Gold Real Estate 2,896 $ 172,171 3/31/26 1, 5 years Shackford’s Kitchen Retail 2,409 $ 134,028 6/30/32 No The following information pertains to lease expirations at 1300 Main Office Building: Year Number of Leases Expiring Total Area Annual Rent Percentage of Gross Rent 2024 1 1,088 $ 74,232 6 % 2025 2 8,898 $ 550,602 45 % 2026 2 6,108 $ 359,023 30 % Thereafter 3 4,051 $ 233,103 19 % 33 Table of Contents First and Main Office Building contains 27,396 square feet, of which approximately 19.000 square feet is office space and the remainder is designated as retail space. As of June 30, 2023, the property is 98% occupied by 8 tenants. The following table shows the largest tenants and square footage occupied: Largest Tenants Business Business Square Ft. Occupied Rent per annum Lease Expiration Renewal options GVM Law Legal Services 9,470 $ 486,027 9/20/26 2, 5 years Brotlemarkle Accounting Services 4,366 $ 236,013 7/31/30 2, 5 years Napa Palisades Restaurant 3,462 $ 186,837 8/31/40 No Moss Adams Accounting Services 3,428 $ 164,544 6/30/25 No The following information pertains to lease expirations at First & Main Office Building: Year Number of Leases Expiring Total Area Annual Rent Percentage of Gross Rent 2024 1 1,135 $ 70,127 5 % 2025 2 5,648 $ 304,385 21 % 2026 1 9,470 $ 486,027 34 % Thereafter 4 10,550 $ 565,058 40 % Main Street West Office Building contains 38,136 square feet, of which approximately 32,500 square feet is office space and the remainder is designated as retail space. As of June 30, 2023, the property is 84% occupied by 7 tenants. The following table shows the largest tenants and square footage occupied: Largest Tenants Business Business Square Ft. Occupied Rent per annum Lease Expiration Renewal options AUL Corporation Insurance 13,806 $ 801,983 2/3/26 No State of California Medical 4,697 $ 259,721 4/30/28 No Strategies To Empower Medical 4,875 $ 213,229 12/31/27 No Azzurro Pizzeria Restaurant 2,935 $ 201,144 7/31/24 No The following information pertains to lease expirations at Main Street West Office Building: Year Number of Leases Expiring Total Area Annual Rent Percentage of Gross Rent 2024 3 6,613 $ 371,792 21 % 2026 1 13,806 $ 801,983 45 % 2027 2 7,010 $ 331,263 19 % Thereafter 1 4,697 $ 259,721 15 % Satellite Place Office Building contains 143,785 square feet, all of which is office space. As of June 30, 2023, the property is approximately 56% occupied by 2 tenants. The following table shows the largest tenants and square footage occupied: Largest Tenants Business Business Square Ft. Occupied Rent per annum Lease Expiration Renewal options OS National, LLC Title Services 71,085 $ 1,356,657 12/31/29 2, 5 years Sun Taiyang Consumer Products 4,373 $ 92,273 11/30/29 No 34 Table of Contents The following information pertains to lease expirations at Satellite Place Office Building: Year Number of Leases Expiring Total Area Annual Rent Percentage of Gross Rent 2029 2 75,468 $ 1,448,930 100% Woodland Corporate Center Office Building contains 37,034 square feet, all of which is office space. As of June 30, 2023, the property is 94% occupied by 14 tenants. The following table shows the largest tenants and square footage occupied: Largest Tenants Business Business Square Ft. Occupied Rent per annum Lease Expiration Renewal options Agtech Innovation Research and Development 12,940 $ 411,299 8/31/32 No Burger Rehab Physical Therapy 4,013 $ 122,808 9/22/23 No Johnston, Martin & Montgomery Accounting 3,388 $ 129,276 11/2/24 2, 5 years Children’s Home Society Non-Profit Education 2,992 $ 104,391 10/31/24 No The following information pertains to lease expirations at Woodland Corporate Center Office Building: Year Number of Leases Expiring Total Area Annual Rent Percentage of Gross Rent 2023 1 4,013 $ 122,808 11 % 2024 6 10,295 $ 369,897 32 % 2025 3 4,106 $ 128,907 11 % 2027 2 3,178 $ 102,236 9 % Thereafter 2 13,324 $ 425,399 37 % Commodore Apartments is a mid-rise apartment building built in 1912 and has 48 units. As of June 30, 2023, Commodore Apartment building is approximately 97.9% occupied. The Park View (f/k/a as Pon De Leo Apartments) is also a mid-rise apartment building built in 1929 and has 39 units. As of June 30, 2023, The Park View (f/k/a as Pon De Leo Apartments) building is approximately 92.3% occupied. Hollywood Hillview Apartments (“Hollywood Property”), located in Los Angeles, CA, is a mid-rise apartment building built in 1917 and has 53 units. The property contains approximately 37,000 square feet of net rentable apartment area and 8,560 square feet of retail space. All of the retail space is currently occupied by restaurants and nightclubs. The apartment units are 84.9% occupied as of June 30, 2023. Shoreline Apartments is a mid-rise apartment building built in 1967 and renovated in 2015 which has 84 units. As of June 30, 2023, Shoreline Apartments building is approximately 95.2% occupied. The following table provides information regarding each of the residential properties: Property Name Sector Location Square Feet Units Percentage Leased Annual Base Rent Monthly Base Rent/Occupied Unit The Park View (f/k/a as Pon De Leo Apartments) Multi-Family Residential Oakland, CA 36,654 39 92.3 % $ 1,005,543 $ 2,327 Commodore Multi-Family Residential Oakland, CA 31,156 48 97.9 % $ 886,663 $ 1,572 Hollywood Property Multi-Family Residential Los Angeles, CA 36,991 53 84.9 % $ 1,327,487 $ 2,458 Shoreline Apartments Multi-Family Residential Concord, CA 67,925 84 95.2 % $ 2,010,540 $ 2,094 Property Name Sector Location Square Feet Units Percentage Leased Annual Base Rent Monthly Base Rent/Occupied Unit Hollywood Property Retail Los Angeles, CA 8,560 1 100 % $ 323,647 $ 26,971 35 Table of Contents There are no present plans for the improvement or development of any property except for the vacant land discussed below. Each property is being held for income production and increased occupancy and/or rental rates. We have property and liability insurance policies on all properties which we believe are adequate. The annual property taxes for Commodore are estimated to be $201,806; for The Park View (f/k/a as Pon De Leo Apartments), $237,503; for Hollywood Property, $259,446; for Shoreline Apartments, $320,480; for First & Main Office Building, $251,857; for 1300 Main Office Building, $110,281; for Woodland Corporate Center Office Building, $47,428; for Main Street West Office Building, $72,404; and for Satellite Place Office Building $190,574. Aurora Land Development We also own a parcel of entitled land of approximately 2.75 acres located at the corner of Business Center Drive and Healthcare Drive in Fairfield, California. We plan to build a multi-family residential community on this land which will include 72 units and a club house. The City is currently reviewing our development application and we hope for the approval and commencement of the construction in the fall of 2023. Current Market and Economic Conditions The markets in which our properties (those consolidated and those that are not yet consolidated) operate are highly competitive, and each property faces unique competitive challenges based upon local economic, political, and legal factors. Our West coast multi-family properties are generally restricted from raising rents significantly by local rent control laws. Two of our unconsolidated investments in apartment properties, Lakemont Partners and Capitol Hill, are also subject to rent control. Rent control can result in average rents that are significantly below market, and this provides some buffer against declining rents in a recession. However, in order to encourage development, rent control usually does not apply to newer properties. Since older properties may be unable to raise rents as needed, they may be unable to make improvements that could allow them to compete with newer properties. Our consolidated office properties, 1300 Main, First and Main, Main Street West, Satellite Place, and Woodland Corporate Center Two, are all Class A suburban office properties and are located in Napa, California, Napa, California, Napa, California, Duluth, Georgia, and Woodland, California, respectively. All properties must compete with every other office property in the market, as well as facing the uncertainty of workers returning to the office after COVID-19. Our unconsolidated investment in a hotel property, Citrus Park Hotel, is a Courtyard by Marriott located in the Tampa/St. Petersburg market that competes for business and leisure travel. Recently, the broader economy began experiencing increased levels of inflation, higher interest rates and tightening monetary and fiscal policies. The Federal Reserve has increased its targeted range for the federal funds rate, leading to increased interest rates and it foresees further interest rate increases. We currently have fixed and variable interest rates for our loans. The rise in overall interest rates has caused an increase in our variable rate borrowing costs resulting in an increase in interest expense. The higher interest rates imposed by the Federal Reserve to address inflation may also adversely impact real estate asset values. In addition, a prolonged period of high and persistent inflation could cause an increase in our expenses. The current market and economic conditions could have a material impact on our business, cash flow and results of operations. It could also impact our ability to find suitable acquisitions, sell properties, and raise equity and debt capital. Results of Operations Comparison of the Fiscal Years Ended June 30, 2023 (“Fiscal 2023”) and June 30, 2022 (“Fiscal 2022”) 36 Table of Contents Rental and reimbursements revenues: Rental and reimbursement revenues are generated from our commercial and residential real estate properties. During the year ended June 30, 2023, we generated $15.11 million in rental and reimbursements revenues, of which $9.10 million was generated from our six commercial properties (Addison Corporate Center, Satellite Place Office Building, First & Main Office Building, 1300 Main Office Building, Main Street West Office Building and Woodland Corporate Center Office Building), and $6.01 million was generated from our four residential properties (Commodore Apartments, The Park View (f/k/a as Pon De Leo Apartments), Hollywood Apartments, and Shoreline Apartments). During the year ended June 30, 2022, we generated $10.37 million in rental and reimbursements revenues, of which $7.47 million was generated from two commercial properties (Addison Corporate Center and Satellite Place Office Building) and $2.90 million from our four residential properties (Commodore Apartments, The Park View (f/k/a as Pon De Leo Apartments), Hollywood Apartments, and Shoreline Apartments). The increase in rents from commercial properties and residential properties was mainly due to the acquisition of four commercial properties, as well as two existing residential properties reporting a full year of operations during the year ended June 30, 2023. Investment income: Investment income was made up of dividends, distributions from operations, distributions from sales/capital transactions, interest, and other investment income. Total investment income for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $11.31 million and $4.91 million, respectively. During the year ended June 30, 2023 we received $10.82 million of distributions from operations, sales, and liquidations as compared to $3.67 million during the year ended June 30, 2022. During the year ended June 30, 2023, we received dividends, interest, and other investment income of $0.49 million as compared to $1.24 million received during the year ended June 30, 2022. The increase in investment income is due to the increase in distributions from liquidated investments offset by the decrease in dividend income due to decrease in our investment portfolio since June 30, 2022. The majority of the sales distributions received during the year ended June 30, 2023, was from Dimension 28, LLP (“Dimension 28”). Dimension 28 sold the underlying property and distributed the majority of the proceeds from the sale in February 2023. We received $21.56 million from Dimension 28, of which $11.48 million was a return of capital and the remaining $10.08 million was recorded as distribution income from sales transactions. As of June 30, 2023, we have investments with total cost basis of $25.67 million as compared to $50.10 million as of June 30, 2022. Other income: During the year ended June 30, 2023, we recognized net other income of $14.49 million, of which $14.84 million was gain on extinguishment of debt income resulting from the sale of Addison Property Owner offset by $0.35 million of loss on disposal of real estate of Addison Corporate Center. There was no such other income (loss) during the year ended June 30, 2022. Expenses: Our asset management and incentive management fees are based on the advisory agreements that were effective January 1, 2021. Asset management fee: The asset management fees for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were $3.00 million and $2.73 million, respectively. The slight increase was due to an increase in the Invested Capital since June 30, 2022. Incentive management fee: Under the Advisory Management Agreement, we pay an incentive management fee that is equal to 15% of all distributions once shareholders have received cumulative distributions equal to 6% from the effective date of the Agreement. We did not incur any incentive management fee for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. Administrative cost and transfer agent reimbursements: Costs reimbursed to MacKenzie for the year ended June 30, 2023 were $0.73 million as compared to $0.61 million for the year ended June 30, 2022. The slight increase was due to an increase in the allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by MacKenzie in comparison to June 30, 2022, as a result of the increase in our capital raising activities. Transfer agent cost reimbursements paid to MacKenzie for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were $0.09 million and $0.11 million, respectively. 37 Table of Contents Property operating and maintenance expenses: Operating and maintenance expenses mainly consist of real estate taxes, utilities, repair and maintenance, cleaning, landscape, security, property management fees, insurance, and various other administrative expenses incurred in the operation of our commercial and residential real estate assets. During the year ended June 30, 2023, we incurred operating and maintenance expenses of $9.03 million, of which $6.51 million were incurred in the operation of our six commercial properties (Addison Corporate Center, Satellite Place Office Building, First & Main Office Building, 1300 Main Office Building, Woodland Corporate Center Office Building and Main Street West Office Building ) and $2.52 million were incurred in the operation of our four residential properties (Commodore Apartments, The Park View (f/k/a as Pon De Leo Apartments), Hollywood Apartments, and Shoreline Apartments). During the year ended June 30, 2022, we incurred operating and maintenance expenses of $6.16 million, of which $4.67 million were incurred in the operation of our two commercial properties (Addison Corporate Center and Satellite Place Office Building) and $1.49 million were incurred in the operation of our four residential properties (Commodore Apartments, The Park View (f/k/a as Pon De Leo Apartments), Hollywood Apartments, and Shoreline Apartments). Depreciation and amortization: During the year ended June 30, 2023, we recorded depreciation and amortization of $5.27 million, of which $3.01 million was attributable to the depreciation and amortization of real estate and intangible assets of our five commercial properties (Satellite Place Office Building, First & Main Office Building, 1300 Main Office Building, Woodland Corporate Center Office Building and Main Street West Office Building ) and $2.26 million was attributable to our four residential properties (Commodore Apartments, The Park View (f/k/a as Pon De Leo Apartments), Hollywood Apartments, and Shoreline Apartments). During the year ended June 30, 2022, we recorded depreciation and amortization of $4.54 million, of which $3.39 million was attributable to the depreciation and amortization of real estate and intangible assets of our two commercial properties (Addison Corporate Center and Satellite Place Office Building) and $1.15 million was attributable to our four residential properties (Commodore Apartments, The Park View (f/k/a as Pon De Leo Apartments), Hollywood Apartments, and Shoreline Apartments). Interest expense: Interest expense for the year ended June 30, 2023 was $7.10 million, of which $4.14 million was incurred on the mortgage notes payable associated with our five commercial properties (Addison Corporate Center, First & Main Office Building, 1300 Main Office Building, Woodland Corporate Center Office Building and Main Street West Office Building ) and $2.96 million was incurred on the mortgage notes payable associated with our four residential properties (Commodore Apartments, The Park View (f/k/a as Pon De Leo Apartments), Hollywood Apartments, and Shoreline Apartments). Interest expense for the year ended June 30, 2022 was $2.35 million, of which $1.09 million was incurred on the notes payable associated with Addison Corporate Center, Hollywood Property and Shoreline Apartments, $1.24 million was incurred on the mortgage notes payable associated with our four residential properties (Commodore Apartments, The Park View (f/k/a as Pon De Leo Apartments), Hollywood Apartments, and Shoreline Apartments) and $0.02 million was incurred on short sale fees. Other operating expenses: Other operating expenses include professional fees, directors’ fees, printing and mailing expense, and other general and administrative expenses. Other operating expenses for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, were $1.63 million and $1.35 million, respectively. The increase in other operating expenses is due to the following: (i) the acquisition of new properties: First & Main Office Building in July 2022, 1300 Main Office Building in October 2022, Woodland Corporate Center Office Building in January 2023 and Main Street West Office Building in February 2023, resulting in higher amount of general and administrative operating expenses during the year ended June 30, 2023, and (ii) three existing properties, Hollywood Apartments acquired in October 2021, Shoreline Apartments acquired in May 2022 and Satellite Place Office Building acquired in June 2022, reporting a full year of operations during the year ended June 30, 2023, compared to less than two months of operations during the year ended June 30, 2022. Net realized gain on sale of investments: During the year ended June 30, 2023, we had a realized gain of $0.66 million as compared to $7.35 million during the year ended June 30, 2022. Total realized gains for the year ended June 30, 2023, were realized from the sale of three limited partnership interest with net realized gain of $0.43, nine non-traded REIT securities with net realized gain of $0.17 million, one investment trust with net realized gain of $0.05 million, and one publicly traded REIT securities with total realized gains of $0.01 million. Total realized gains for the year ended June 30, 2022, were realized from the sale of three publicly traded REIT securities with total realized gains of $0.11 million and sixteen non-traded REIT securities with net realized gain of $9.13 million offset by a realized loss of $1.89 million from four limited partnership interest. Net unrealized gain (loss) on investments: During the year ended June 30, 2023, we recorded net unrealized loss on investments of $10.28 million, which were net of $8.30 million of unrealized gain reclassification adjustments. The reclassification adjustments are the accumulated unrealized gains or losses as of the end of the prior period that are realized during the current period. Accordingly, the net unrealized loss on investments for the year ended June 30, 2023 was $1.98 million, which resulted from fair value depreciations of $1.80 million from non-traded REIT securities and $0.67 million from limited partnership interests, offset by a net fair value appreciation of $0.49 million from general partnership interests. 38 Table of Contents During the year ended June 30, 2022, we recorded net unrealized gains of $8.87 million, which were net of $0.38 million of unrealized gain reclassification adjustments. The reclassification adjustments are the accumulated unrealized gains or losses as of the end of prior period that are realized during the current period. Accordingly, the net unrealized gains for the year ended June 30, 2022 were $9.25 million, resulted from fair value appreciations of $7.19 million from limited partnership interests, $2.04 million from non-traded REIT securities, $0.01 million from investment trust, and $0.01 million from publicly traded securities. The unrealized gain from non-traded REIT securities includes $2.56 million of unrealized gain recorded on the FSP Satellite shares that we owned prior to June 30, 2021. Income tax provision (benefit): The Parent Company has elected to be treated as a REIT for tax purposes under the Code and, as a REIT, is not subject to federal income taxes on amounts that it distributes to the stockholders, provided that, on an annual basis, it generally distributes at least 90% of its REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any capital gain) to the stockholders and meets certain other conditions. To the extent that it satisfies the annual distribution requirement but distributes less than 100% of its REIT taxable income, it will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on its undistributed taxable income. In addition, it will be subject to a 4% excise tax if the actual amount that it pays to its stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under U.S. federal tax laws. The Parent Company satisfied the annual dividend payment and other REIT requirements for the tax year ended December 31, 2022. Therefore, it did not incur any tax expense or excise tax on its income from operations during the quarterly periods within the tax year 2022. In addition, for the tax year 2023, we intend to pay the requisite amounts of dividends during the year and meet other REIT requirements such that it will not owe any income taxes. Therefore, the Parent Company did not record any income tax provisions during any fiscal periods within the tax year 2023. TRS and MacKenzie NY 2 are subject to corporate federal and state income tax on their taxable income at regular statutory rates. However, these subsidiaries did not have material taxable income for tax year 2022. In addition, as discussed in Note 1, TRS was terminated effective December 31, 2022. Therefore, TRS, and MacKenzie NY 2 did not record any income tax provisions during any fiscal periods within the tax year 2022. As of June 30, 2023, MacKenzie NY 2, as a taxable corporate subsidiary of the Parent Company, did not have any taxable income. Therefore, we did not record any tax provisions for tax year 2023. MacKenzie Satellite is a qualified REIT subsidiary of the Parent Company. Therefore, it does not file a separate tax return. The Operating Partnership is a limited partnership. Hollywood Hillview, MacKenzie Shoreline, Madison, and PVT are limited liability companies. First & Main, 1300 Main, Woodland Corporate Center Two, and Main Street West are limited partnerships. Accordingly, all income tax liabilities of these entities flow through to their partners, which ultimately is the Company. Therefore, no income tax provisions are recorded for these entities. 39 Table of Contents Liquidity and Capital Resources Capital Resources: We offered to sell up to 5 million shares of common stock in our first public offering and up to 15 million shares of common stock in each of our second and third public offerings. We have raised total gross proceeds of $119.10 million from the issuance of common stock under the three public offerings, $42.46 million from our first public offering, which concluded in October 2016, $67.99 million from the second public offering, which concluded in October 2019, and $8.65 million from our third public offering, which concluded in October 2020. In addition, we have raised $14.19 million from the issuance of common shares under the DRIP. Of the total capital raised from the public offerings of our common stock as of June 30, 2023, we have used $13.36 million to repurchase shares under our share repurchase program. In November 2021, the SEC qualified our offering statement pursuant to Regulation A to sell up to $50,000,000 of shares of our Series A preferred stock at an initial offering price of $25.00 per share. On October 14, 2022, we amended our offering statement and increased the offering to sell up to $75 million of shares of our Series A preferred stock. We had raised $16.37 million through the sale of our Series A preferred stock pursuant to the Offering Circular as of June 30, 2023. In addition, we have raised $0.08 million from the issuance of Series A preferred shares under the DRIP. We plan to fund future investments with the net proceeds raised from our preferred equity offering and any future offerings of securities and cash flows from operations, as well as interest earned from the temporary investment of cash in U.S. government securities and other high-quality debt investments that mature in one year or less. We also may fund a portion of our investments through borrowings from banks and issuances of senior securities. We also may borrow money within the underlying companies in which we have majority ownership. In addition, from time to time, we may draw on the Company’s margin line of credit on a temporary basis to bridge our investment purchases and sales or capital raising. For additional information concerning our margin borrowing activity, please see Note 9 - Margin Loans in the financial statements included in this report. We intend to utilize leverage to enhance the total returns of our portfolio. Historically, we were only able to access leverage at attractive costs through a credit facility, but the termination of our BDC status effective December 31, 2020 has provided us with greater flexibility in choosing among different alternatives for raising debt capital going forward. We also expect to have greater flexibility in issuing securities with common equity participation features (such as warrants and convertible notes) and/or additional classes of stock (such as preferred) in order to facilitate capital formation since we are no longer subject to the restrictions of the 1940 Act. Our aggregate borrowings (if any), secured and unsecured, are expected to be reasonable in relation to our net assets and will be reviewed by the Board of Directors at least quarterly. We used the funds raised from our public offerings to invest in portfolio companies and to pay operating expenses. We finished the year ended June 30, 2023, with cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and receivables of $19.35 million, and approximately $4.01 million of current liabilities. Because of our strong liquidity and the liquidity preservation measures taken by the board, we are currently capable of meeting all of our obligations and continuing our operations for the foreseeable future. We intend to continue to qualify as a REIT and to meet the associated testing requirements, including paying out at least 90% of our taxable income. Cash Flows: Fiscal 2023: For the year ended June 30, 2023, we experienced a net increase in cash of $9.14 million. During this year, net cash used in our operating activities totaled $6.62 million, while we generated net cash of $15.31 million from our investing activities and $0.45 million from our financing activities. The net cash outflow of $6.62 million from operating activities resulted from $23.71 million of cash used in operating expenses offset by cash inflow of $15.19 million of rental revenues and $1.90 million of investment income. The net cash inflow of $15.31 million from investing activities resulted from (i) the sale of investments, and distributions received from investments of $15.24 million, (ii) the sale of real estate of $8.69 million of and (iii) distributions received from our investments that are considered return of capital of $12.96 million, offset by cash outflow from (i) real estate acquisitions through our subsidiaries of $18.70 million, (ii) purchases of equity investments of $1.62 million, (iii) payment on the contingent liability of $1.16 million and (iv) payment of investment acquisition advance of $0.10 million. 40 Table of Contents The net cash inflow of $0.45 million from financing activities resulted from (i) the issuance of preferred stock of $13.42 million, (ii) additional mortgage borrowings of $3.24 million, and (iv) proceeds from capital pending acceptance $0.45 million, offset by (i) payments on existing mortgage note payables of $8.86 million, (ii) payments of dividends of $4.47 million, (iii) redemption of common stock of $1.59 million, (iv) payments of syndication cost amounting to $1.21 million, (v) capital distributions to non-controlling interests holders amounting to $0.45 million, (vi) redemption of preferred stock of $0.03 million, (vii) payments of finance lease liabilities of $0.03 million, and (viii) payment on note payable of $0.02 million. Fiscal 2022: For the year ended June 30, 2022, we experienced a net increase in cash of $1.24 million. During this year, we generated cash of $4.62 million from our operating activities and $28.79 million from our financing activities, partially offset by the use of $32.17 million in our investing activities. The net cash inflow of $4.62 million from operating activities resulted from $10.48 million of rental revenues and $4.91 million of investment income offset by $10.77 million of cash used in operating expenses. The net cash outflow of $32.17 million from investing activities resulted from real estate acquisitions through our subsidiaries of $63.24 million and purchases of equity investments of $24.87 million, partially offset by cash inflows of $33.69 million from sale of investments and $22.25 million from distributions received from our investments that are considered return of capital. The net cash inflow of $28.79 million from financing activities resulted from note payable proceeds received of $34.45 million for financing the real estate acquisitions, $2.94 million proceeds from issuance of preferred stock, $1.07 million of capital contributions received from the non-controlling interest holders, and $0.09 million proceeds from capital pending acceptance offset by payments on existing note payable of $3.96 million, payments of dividends of $2.82 million, redemption of common stock of $1.43 million, payments of deferred finance cost of $0.83 million, payments of syndication cost amounting to $0.71 million, and capital distributions to non-controlling interests holders amounting to $0.01 million. 41 Table of Contents Material Cash Obligations We have entered into two contracts under which we have material future commitments: (i) the Advisory Management Agreement, under which the Real Estate Adviser serves as our adviser, and (ii) the Administration Agreement, under which MacKenzie furnishes us with certain non-investment management services and administrative services necessary to conduct our day-to-day operations. Each of these agreements is terminable by either party upon proper notice. Payments under the Advisory Management Agreement in future periods will be (i) a percentage of the value of our Invested Capital; (ii) Acquisition Fees, and (iii) incentive fees based on our performance above specified hurdles. Payments under the Administration Agreement will occur on an ongoing basis as expenses are incurred on our behalf by MacKenzie. However, if MacKenzie withdraws as our administrator, it will be liable for any expenses we incur as a result of such withdrawal. For additional information concerning the terms of these agreements and related fees paid, see Note 8 – Related Party Transactions in the consolidated financial statements included in this report. Borrowings We do not have any current plans to borrow money at the Parent Company level. In the event that we do so borrow, we would expect to be subject to various customary covenants and restrictions on our operations, such as covenants which would (i) require us to maintain certain financial ratios, including asset coverage, debt to equity and interest coverage, and a minimum net worth, and/or (ii) restrict our ability to incur liens, additional debt, merge or sell assets, make certain investments and/or distributions or engage in transactions with affiliates. While we do not have any plans to borrow money at the Parent Company level, we borrow money within the underlying companies in which we have majority ownership. The below table presents the total loan outstanding at the underlying companies as of June 30, 2023 and the fiscal years those loans mature: Fiscal Year Ending June 30, : Debt Maturing 2024 $ 19,743,039 2025 22,237,498 2026 11,024,219 Thereafter 40,770,297 Total $ 93,775,053 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Below is a discussion of the accounting policies and estimates that management considers critical in that they involve significant management judgments and assumptions, require estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain and because they are important for understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. These judgments affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and our disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. With different estimates or assumptions, materially different amounts could be reported in our consolidated financial statements. Additionally, other companies may utilize different estimates that may impact the comparability of our results of operations to those of companies in similar businesses. In addition to the discussion below, our critical accounting policies are discussed in Note 2 of our consolidated financial statements, which are part of this Annual Report beginning on page F-1. Real Estate Purchase Price Allocations In accordance with the guidance for business combinations, upon the acquisition of real estate properties, we evaluate whether the transaction is a business combination or an asset acquisition. If the transaction does not meet the definition of a business combination, we record the assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest as of the acquisition date, measured at their relative fair values. Acquisition-related costs are capitalized in the period incurred and are added to the components of the real estate assets acquired. We assess the acquisition-date fair values of all tangible assets, identifiable intangible assets, and assumed liabilities using methods similar to those used by independent appraisers (e.g., discounted cash flow analysis) and that utilize appropriate discount and/or capitalization rates and available market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on several factors including historical operating results, known and anticipated trends, and market and economic conditions. The fair value of tangible assets of an acquired property considers the value of the property as if it was vacant. Intangible assets include the value of in-place leases, which represents the estimated fair value of the net cash flows of leases in place at the time of acquisition, as compared to the net cash flows that would have occurred had the property been vacant at the time of acquisition and subject to lease-up. We amortize the value of in-place leases to expense over the remaining non-cancelable term of the respective leases, which is on average five years. Estimates of the fair values of the tangible assets, identifiable intangibles and assumed liabilities require us to make significant assumptions to estimate market lease rates, property operating expenses, carrying costs during lease-up periods, discount rates, market absorption periods, prevailing interest rates, and the number of years the property will be held for investment. The use of inappropriate assumptions could result in an incorrect valuation of acquired tangible assets, identifiable intangible assets, and assumed liabilities, which could impact the amount of our net income (loss). Differences in the amount attributed to the fair value estimate of the various assets acquired can be significant based upon the assumptions made in calculating these estimates. 42 Table of Contents Fair Value Measurements GAAP establishes a hierarchical disclosure framework which prioritizes and ranks the level of market price observables used in measuring investments at fair value. Market price is impacted by a number of factors, including the type of investment and the characteristics specific to the investment. Investments with readily available actively quoted prices or for which fair value can be measured from actively quoted prices generally will have a higher degree of market price observables and a lesser degree of judgment used in measuring fair value. Investments measured and reported at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following categories: Level I – Quoted prices are available in active markets for identical investments as of the reporting date. The type of investments included in Level I are publicly traded equity securities. We do not adjust the quoted price for these investments even in situations where we hold a large position and a sale could reasonably impact the quoted price. Level II – Price inputs are quoted prices for similar financial instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar financial instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets. Investments which are generally included in this category are publicly traded equity securities with restrictions. Level III – Pricing inputs are unobservable and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the investment. Fair values for these investments are estimated by management using valuation methodologies that consider a range of factors, including but not limited to the price at which the investment was acquired, the nature of the investment, local market conditions, trading values on public exchanges for comparable securities, current and projected operating performance, financial condition, and financing transactions subsequent to the acquisition of the investment. The inputs into the determination of fair value require significant judgment by management. Due to the inherent uncertainty of these estimates, these values may differ materially from the values that would have been used had an active market for these investments existed. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, an investment’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Management’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement, in its entirety, requires judgment and considers factors specific to the investment. Valuation of Investments: Our consolidated financial statements include investments that are measured at their estimated fair values in accordance with GAAP. Our valuation procedures are summarized below: Securities for which market quotations are readily available on an exchange will be valued at such price as of the closing price on the day closest to the valuation date. Where a security is traded but in limited volume, we may instead utilize the weighted average closing price of the security over the prior 10 trading days. We may value securities that do not trade on a national exchange by using published secondary market trading information. When doing so, we first confirm that GAAP recognizes the trading price as the fair value of the security. Securities for which reliable market data are not readily available or for which the pricing source does not provide a valuation or methodology or provides a valuation or methodology that, in the judgment of the Investment Adviser or Board of Directors, does not represent fair value, which we expect will represent a substantial portion of our portfolio of securities investments, shall each be valued as follows: (i) each portfolio company or investment is initially valued by the investment professionals responsible for the portfolio investment; (ii) preliminary valuation conclusions are documented and discussed with our senior management; and (iii) the Board of Directors will discuss valuations and determine the fair value of each investment in our portfolio in good faith based on the input of the Investment Adviser and, where appropriate and necessary, the respective third‑party valuation firms. The recommendation of fair value will generally be based on the following factors, as relevant: 43 Table of Contents • the nature and realizable value of any collateral; • the portfolio company’s ability to make payments; • the portfolio company’s earnings and discounted cash flow; • the markets in which the issuer does business; and • comparisons to publicly traded securities. Securities for which market data is not readily available or for which a pricing source is not sufficient may include the following: • private placements and restricted securities that do not have an active trading market; • securities whose trading has been suspended or for which market quotes are no longer available; • debt securities that have recently gone into default and for which there is no current market; • securities whose prices are stale; • securities affected by significant events; and • securities that the Investment Adviser believes were priced incorrectly. Valuation of Real Property: When property is owned directly, the valuation process includes a full review of the property financial information. An Argus model is created using all known data such as current rent rolls, escalators, expenses, market data in the area where the property is located, cap rates, discount rates, mortgages, interest rates, and other pertinent information. We estimate future leasing and costs associated, generally over a ten-year period, to determine the fair value of the property. Once the fair value is determined, and reviewed by the board of directors, a determination of whether any impairment is required is made and documented. In addition, once per year, in preparation of net asset value, we obtain a third-party appraisal on directly owned properties. Determination of fair value involves subjective judgments and estimates. Accordingly, the notes to our consolidated financial statements will express the uncertainty of such valuations, and any change in such valuations, on our consolidated financial statements. Below is a discussion of additional accounting policies and estimates. While management determined these to be not critical, they are still considered to be significant and relevant for understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported asset values, liabilities, revenues, expenses and unrealized gains (losses) on investments during the reporting period. These estimates are susceptible to change, and actual results could differ materially from those estimates, which in turn could have material impacts on our reported financial results. Revenue Recognition Rental revenue, net of concessions, which is derived primarily from lease contracts and includes rents that each tenant pays in accordance with the terms of each lease agreement, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, when collectability is determined to be probable. Minimum rent, including rental abatements, lease incentives, and contractual fixed increases attributable to operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the related leases when collectability is probable. Amounts expected to be received in later years are recorded as deferred rent receivable. If the lease provides for tenant improvements, we determine whether the tenant improvements, for accounting purposes, are owned by the tenant or us. When we are the owner of the tenant improvements, the tenant is not considered to have taken physical possession or have control of the physical use of the leased asset until the tenant improvements are substantially completed. When the tenant is the owner of the tenant improvements, any tenant improvement allowance (including amounts that can be taken in the form of cash or a credit against the tenant’s rent) that is funded is treated as a lease incentive and amortized as a reduction of rental revenue over the lease term. 44 Table of Contents Tenant improvement ownership is determined based on various factors including, but not limited to: • whether the lease stipulates how a tenant improvement allowance may be spent; • whether the lessee or lessor supervises the construction and bears the risk of cost overruns; • whether the amount of a tenant improvement allowance is in excess of market rates; • whether the tenant or landlord retains legal title to the improvements at the end of the lease term; • whether the tenant improvements are unique to the tenant or general purpose in nature; and • whether the tenant improvements are expected to have any residual value at the end of the lease. In accordance with ASC Topic 842, we determine whether collectability of lease payments in an operating lease is probable. If we determine the lease payments are not probable of collection, we fully reserve for rent and reimbursement receivables, including deferred rent receivable, and recognize rental income on a cash basis. Distributions received from investments are evaluated by management and recorded as dividend income or a return of capital (reduction of investment) on the ex-dividend date. Operational dividends or distributions received from portfolio investments are recorded as investment income. Distributions resulting from the sale or refinance of an investee’s underlying assets are compared to the estimated value of the remaining assets and are recorded as a return of capital or as investment income as appropriate. Realized gains or losses on investments are recognized in the period of disposal, distribution, or exchange and are measured by the difference between the proceeds from the sale or distribution and the cost of the investment. Investments are disposed of on a first-in, first-out basis. Net change in unrealized gain (loss) reflects the net change in portfolio investment values during the reporting period, including the reversal of previously recorded unrealized gains or losses. Variable Interest Entities We evaluate the need to consolidate other entities in when we have invested in their securities in accordance with ASC Topic 810, Consolidation (“ASC 810”). In determining whether we have a controlling interest in a variable interest entity that requires us to consolidate the accounts of that entity, management considers factors such as ownership interest, authority to make decisions and contractual and substantive participating rights of the partners/members, as well as whether the entity is a variable interest entity for which we are the primary beneficiary. Real Estate Assets, Capital Additions, Depreciation and Amortization We capitalize costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred for capital additions, including redevelopment, development, and construction projects. We also allocate certain department costs, including payroll, at the corporate levels as “indirect costs” of capital additions, if such costs clearly relate to capital additions. We also capitalize interest, property taxes, and insurance during periods in which redevelopment, development, and construction projects are in progress. Cost capitalization begins once the development or construction activity commences and ceases when the asset is ready for its intended use. Repair and maintenance and tenant turnover costs are expensed as incurred. Repair and maintenance and tenant turnover costs include all costs that do not extend the useful life of the real estate asset. Depreciation and amortization expense are computed on the straight-line method over the asset’s estimated useful life. We consider the period of future benefit of an asset to determine its appropriate useful life and anticipate the estimated useful lives of assets by class to be generally as follows: Buildings 16 - 45 years Building improvements 1 - 15 years Land improvements 5 - 15 years Furniture, fixtures and equipment 3 - 11 years In-place leases 1 - 10 years 45 Table of Contents Impairment of Real Estate Assets We continually monitor events and changes in circumstances that could indicate that the carrying value of our real estate and related intangible assets may not be recoverable. When indicators of potential impairment emerge, we assess whether we will recover the carrying value of the asset through its undiscounted future cash flows and its eventual disposition. Based on this assessment, if we do not believe that we will recover the carrying value of the real estate and related intangible assets, we will record an impairment loss to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the real estate and related intangible assets. Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale We classify long-lived assets or disposal groups to be sold as held for sale in the period in which all of the following criteria are met: • Management, having the authority to approve the action, commits to a plan to sell the asset (disposal group); • The asset (disposal group) is available for immediate sale in its present condition subject only to terms that are usual and customary for sales of such assets (disposal groups); • An active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to complete the plan to sell the asset (disposal group) have been initiated; • The sale of the asset (disposal group) is probable, and transfer of the asset (disposal group) is expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year, except if events or circumstances beyond our control extend the period of time required to sell the asset or disposal group beyond one year; • The asset (disposal group) is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value. The price at which a long-lived asset (disposal group) is being marketed is indicative of whether the entity currently has the intent and ability to sell the asset (disposal group). A market price that is reasonable in relation to fair value indicates that the asset (disposal group) is available for immediate sale, whereas a market price in excess of fair value indicates that the asset (disposal group) is not available for immediate sale; and • Actions required to complete the plan indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn. On the day that these criteria are met, we suspend depreciation on the investment properties held for sale, including depreciation for tenant improvements and additions, as well as on the amortization of acquired in-place leases. The investment properties and liabilities associated with those investment properties that are held for sale are classified separately on the consolidated balance sheets for the most recent reporting period and recorded at the lesser of the carrying value or fair value less costs to sell. 46 Table of Contents