What changed in this filing

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis

2024-02-28 compared with 2023-02-22 · 211 added, 252 removed, 297 unchanged (61% of the section changed)

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Recent Developments

Telaria Merger, SpotX and SpringServe Acquisitions

On April 1, 2020, we completed a stock-for-stock merger with Telaria, Inc.

("Telaria" and such merger the "Telaria Merger"), a leading provider of connected television ("CTV") technology, on April 30, 2021, we completed the acquisition of SpotX, Inc.

("SpotX" and such acquisition the "SpotX Acquisition"), a leading platform shaping CTV and video advertising globally, and on July 1, 2021, we acquired SpringServe, LLC ("SpringServe"), a leading ad serving platform for CTV.

SpotX and SpringServe Acquisitions

On April 30, 2021, we completed the acquisition of SpotX, Inc.

("SpotX" and such acquisition the "SpotX Acquisition"), a leading platform shaping connected television ("CTV") and video advertising globally.

On July 1, 2021, we acquired SpringServe, LLC ("SpringServe"), a leading ad serving platform for CTV.

Following these transactions, we believe that we are the world's largest independent omni-channel sell-side advertising platform ("SSP"), offering a single partner for transacting globally across all channels, formats and auction types, and the largest independent programmatic CTV marketplace, making it easier for buyers to reach CTV audiences at scale from industry-leading streaming content providers, broadcasters, platforms and device manufacturers.

As CTV viewership is growing rapidly and the pace of adoption is accelerating the shift of advertising budgets from linear television to CTV, these transactions have strategically positioned us to take advantage of this trend, and we believe that CTV will be our biggest growth driver in future periods.

The SpotX Acquisition resulted in a significant increase in our revenue and Revenue ex-TAC (as defined in section "Key Operating and Financial Performance Metrics"), in particular in CTV and online video.

The SpotX Acquisition resulted in a significant increase in our revenue and Contribution ex-TAC (as defined in section "Key Operating and Financial Performance Metrics"), in particular in CTV and online video.

Following the transaction, the percentage of our revenue attributable to CTV increased significantly, and because CTV is largely transacted through reserve auctions, these types of auctions have become a more significant portion of the transactions on our platform.

In addition, as newer entrants to programmatic advertising, the largest publishers and broadcasters have tended to transact almost exclusively through reserve auctions and have lower overall take rates.

These publishers have continued to increase their focus and investment in programmatic CTV, and in recent periods have grown as a percentage of our CTV business.

Accordingly, the increase in share among these publishers on our platform has driven a decrease in our aggregate CTV take rates.

The acquisition also resulted in an increase in related operating expenses, primarily associated with costs for personnel, data center and hosting costs, facilities, payments to sellers for revenue reported on a gross basis, and other ancillary costs to support the business.

We have been able to offset some of these increases through cost saving activities and the achievement of acquisition synergies.

As part of our integration efforts, we recently introduced our unified CTV platform, Magnite Steaming, which merges leading technology from the legacy Magnite CTV and SpotX CTV platforms.

We expect client migration to our unified platform to occur primarily through the first half of 2023 and expect the migration to be completed by the third quarter of 2023, and will continue to support certain aspects of our legacy CTV platforms through this transition, resulting in some temporary duplication of costs.

As part of our integration efforts, we introduced our unified CTV platform, Magnite Steaming, which merges leading technology from the legacy Magnite CTV and SpotX CTV platforms.

We completed the migration to our unified platform early in the third quarter of 2023.

The SpringServe Acquisition expanded our video and CTV offering to include ad server functionality in addition to our programmatic SSP capabilities.

The SpringServe ad server manages multiple aspects of video advertising for both programmatic transactions and inventory sold directly by the publisher, including forecasting, routing, customized ad experiences and ad formats, and advanced podding logic.

Combined with our SSP, the SpringServe ad server provides publishers a holistic yield management solution that works across their entire video advertising business to drive value.

This is of particular importance for CTV publishers, who still sell a large percentage of their inventory through their direct sales team.

This is of particular importance for CTV publishers.

The combination of our SSP and ad server provides publishers a holistic yield management solution that works across their entire video advertising business to drive value.

We believe the acquisition of SpringServe is highly strategic as it allows us to offer publishers an independent full-stack solution to the walled gardens, which can be leveraged across their entire video advertising business.

We recently announced a reduction of our global workforce by approximately 6%.

The reduction in force was primarily associated with the elimination of duplicative technology roles resulting from the integration of our CTV platforms and represent additional costs synergies related to our acquisition.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Other Macroeconomic Developments

Our business depends on the overall demand for advertising and on the economic health of our current and prospective sellers and buyers.

Accordingly, our business and operations have been, and could in the future be, adversely affected by events beyond our control, such as health epidemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical events, including the conflict in

Ukraine, and economic and macroeconomic factors like labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, inflation and recessionary concerns impacting the markets and communities in which our clients operate.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and associated economic challenges, a significant number of advertisers, in particular with respect to certain categories of advertising that were particularly impacted by the pandemic and resulting stay-at-home orders, reduced their advertising budgets, resulting in an overall decrease in advertising spend through our platform compared to our pre-COVID expectations.

We believe the negative impact on our revenue from the COVID-19 pandemic has largely subsided, although we did experience some negative impacts due to pandemic-related supply chain disruptions during the first half of 2022.

More recently, our business has been negatively impacted as a result of macroeconomic challenges, such as inflation, global hostilities, recession, and other macroeconomic factors, which have generally negatively impacted ad budgets, and in turn led to reduced ad spend through our platform.

Macroeconomic Developments

Our business has been negatively impacted as a result of macroeconomic challenges, such as the global COVID-19 pandemic, inflation, global conflict, capital market disruptions and instability of financial institutions, the risk of a recession, labor strikes, and other macroeconomic factors, which have generally negatively impacted ad budgets, and in turn have led to slower ad spend growth through our platform.

Any worsening of macroeconomic conditions in future periods would likely have a negative effect on our financial results, the magnitude of which is difficult to predict.

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Refer to Item 1A.

"Risk Factors" for additional information related to risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and other macroeconomic challenges.

"Risk Factors" for additional information related to risks associated with macroeconomic challenges.

Components of Our Results of Operations

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We generate revenue from the use of our platform for the purchase and sale of digital advertising inventory.

Generally, our revenue is based on a percentage of the ad spend that runs through our platform, although for certain clients or transaction types we may receive a fixed CPM for each impression sold, and for advertising campaigns that are transacted through insertion orders, we earn revenue based on the full amount of ad spend that runs through our platform.

We also generate revenue from our ad server and Demand Manager header-bidding product, where fees are either based on the number of impressions processed or a percentage of ad spend.

Generally, our revenue is based on a percentage of the ad spend that runs through our platform, although for certain clients, services, or transaction types we may receive a fixed CPM for each impression sold, and for advertising campaigns that are transacted through insertion orders, we earn revenue based on the full amount of ad spend that runs through our platform.

In addition, we may receive certain fixed monthly fees for the use of our platform or products.

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With respect to certain revenue streams for managed advertising campaigns that are transacted through insertion orders, we report revenue on a gross basis, based primarily on our determination that the Company acts as the primary obligor in the delivery of advertising campaigns for our buyer clients with respect to such transactions.

Following the SpotX Acquisition, the percentage of our revenue reported on a gross basis increased significantly compared to pre-acquisition periods.

During the first quarter of 2021 (prior to the SpotX Acquisition), our revenue reported on a gross basis was less than 3% of total revenue.

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, our revenue reported on a gross basis was 18% of total revenue.

Any mix shift that causes an increase in the relative percentage of our revenue accounted for on a gross basis would result in a higher revenue contribution and an associated decrease in our gross margin percentage (with no underlying impact on gross profit or Revenue ex-TAC, as defined in section "Key Operating and Financial Performance Metrics").

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, our revenue reported on a gross basis was 18%, 18%, and 17% of total revenue for the respective periods.

Any mix shift that causes an increase in the relative percentage of our revenue accounted for on a gross basis would result in a higher revenue contribution and an associated decrease in our gross margin percentage (with no underlying impact on gross profit or Contribution ex-TAC, as defined in section "Key Operating and Financial Performance Metrics").

Our revenue recognition policies are discussed in more detail in Note 4 of the "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements."

We track the performance and revenue of our platform by channel.

Our channels include CTV, mobile, and desktop.

Consistent with the IAB’s definition of CTV, CTV represents advertising transactions on our platform that are delivered to the end consumer via a television set that is connected to the Internet.

Our CTV transactions do not include advertisements viewed on a mobile or desktop device.

Mobile and desktop represent advertising transactions on our platform that are delivered to the end consumer via their respective devices’ operating system, that is, a mobile operating system or a traditional desktop operating system, respectively.

Mobile devices generally refer to a handset, tablet, or other communication device that runs on a mobile operating system used to access the Internet wirelessly, usually through a mobile carrier or Wi-Fi network.

Desktop transactions are those transactions delivered to the end user whose device runs on a traditional PC, laptops, as well as those delivered on mobile devices or tablets that are not running on mobile based operating systems.

We classify our expenses into the following categories:

Cost of Revenue .

Our cost of revenue consists primarily of data center costs, bandwidth costs, ad protection costs, depreciation and maintenance expense of hardware supporting our revenue-producing platform, amortization of software costs for the development of our revenue-producing platform, amortization expense associated with acquired developed technologies, personnel costs, facilities-related costs, and cloud computing costs.

Our cost of revenue consists primarily of cloud hosting, data center, and bandwidth costs, ad protection costs, depreciation and maintenance expense of hardware supporting our revenue-producing platform, amortization of software costs for the development of our revenue-producing platform, amortization expense associated with acquired developed technologies, and personnel costs.

In addition, for revenue booked on a gross basis, cost of revenue includes traffic acquisition costs.

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Sales and Marketing .

Our sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, as well as marketing expenses such as brand marketing, travel expenses, trade shows and marketing materials, professional services, and amortization expense associated with client relationships, backlog, and non-compete agreements from our business acquisitions, and to a lesser extent, facilities-related costs and depreciation and amortization.

sales organization focuses on increasing the adoption of our solution by existing and new buyers and sellers.

Our sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, as well as marketing expenses such as brand marketing, travel expenses, trade shows and marketing materials, amortization expense associated with client relationships, backlog, and non-compete agreements from our business acquisitions, professional services, facilities-related costs, and depreciation expense.

Our sales and support organization focuses on increasing the adoption of our solution by existing and new buyers and sellers and supports ongoing client relationships.

We amortize acquired intangibles associated with client relationships and backlog from our business acquisitions over their estimated useful lives.

Technology and Development .

Our technology and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, as well as outsourced resources associated with the ongoing development and maintenance of our solution, depreciation and amortization, and to a lesser extent, facilities-related costs.

Our technology and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, as well as professional services associated with the ongoing development and maintenance of our solution, third-party software license costs, facilities-related costs, and depreciation and amortization expense.

These expenses include costs incurred in the development, implementation, and maintenance of internal use software, including platform and related infrastructure.

Technology and development costs are expensed as incurred, except to the extent that such costs are associated with internal use software development that qualifies for capitalization, which are then recorded as internal use software development costs, net on our consolidated balance sheets.

We amortize internal use software development costs that relate to our revenue-producing activities on our platform to cost of revenue and amortize other internal use software development costs to technology and development costs or general and administrative expenses, depending on the nature of the related project.

We amortize internal use software development costs that relate

to our revenue-producing activities on our platform to cost of revenue and amortize other internal use software development costs to technology and development costs or general and administrative expenses, depending on the nature of the related project.

We amortize acquired intangibles associated with technology and development functions from our business acquisitions over their estimated useful lives.

General and Administrative .

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, associated with our executive, finance, legal, human resources, compliance, and other administrative personnel, as well as accounting and legal professional services fees, facilities-related costs and depreciation and amortization, and other corporate-related expenses.

General and administrative expenses also include amortization of internal use software development costs and acquired intangible assets from our business acquisitions over their estimated useful lives that relate to general and administrative functions.

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, associated with our executive, finance, legal, human resources, compliance, and other administrative personnel, as well as accounting and legal professional services fees, facilities-related costs, depreciation expense, bad debt expense, and other corporate-related expenses.

Merger, Acquisition, and Restructuring Costs.

Our merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs consist primarily of professional service fees associated with the merger and acquisition activities, cash-based employee termination costs, related stock-based compensation charges, and other restructuring activities, including facility closures, relocation costs, contract termination costs, and impairment costs of abandoned technology associated with restructuring activities.

Our merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs consist primarily of professional service fees associated with merger and acquisition activities, cash-based employee termination costs, related stock-based compensation charges, and other restructuring activities, including facility closures, relocation costs, contract termination costs, and impairment costs of abandoned technology associated with restructuring activities.

Other (Income) Expense

Interest (Income) Expense, Net.

Interest expense consists of interest expense associated with our Term Loan B Facility (defined below) and Convertible Senior Notes (defined below), and their related amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discount.

Interest expense consists of interest expense associated with our Prior Term Loan B Facility (defined below) and Convertible Senior Notes (defined below), and their related amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discount.

Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash equivalents.

Other Income.

Other income consists primarily of rental income from commercial office space we hold under lease and have sublet to other tenants.

Foreign Currency Exchange (Gain) Loss, Net .

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Our primary foreign currency exposures are currencies other than the U.S.

Dollar, principally the Australian Dollar, British Pound, Canadian Dollar, Euro, and Japanese Yen.

Dollar, principally the Australian Dollar, British Pound, Canadian Dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen, and New Zealand Dollar.

Gain on Extinguishment of Debt .

Gain on extinguishment of debt consists of gains or losses associated with the repurchases of Convertible Senior Notes at a discount or premium, respectively, including unamortized issuance costs, accrued interest expense, and commissions associated with the extinguished debt.

Other Income.

Other income consists primarily of rental income from commercial office space we hold under lease and have sublet to other tenants.

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

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There are many transactions that occur during the ordinary course of business for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain.

Our effective tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, such as changes in our business operations, acquisitions, investments, entry into new businesses and geographies, intercompany transactions, the relative amount of our foreign earnings, including earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, losses incurred in jurisdictions for which we are not able to realize related tax benefits, the applicability of special tax regimes, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, changes in our stock price, changes in our deferred tax assets ("DTAs") and liabilities and their valuation, changes in the laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations related to tax, including changes to the global tax framework, competition, and other laws and accounting rules in various jurisdictions.

Our effective tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, such as changes in our business operations, acquisitions, investments, entry into new businesses and geographies, intercompany transactions, the relative amount of our foreign earnings, including earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, losses incurred in jurisdictions for which we are not able to realize related income tax benefits, the applicability of special tax regimes, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, changes in our stock price, changes in our deferred tax assets ("DTAs") and liabilities and their valuation, changes in the laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations related to tax, including changes to the global tax framework, competition, and other laws and accounting rules in various jurisdictions.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our consolidated results of operations:

Year Ended Favorable/(Unfavorable) %

Year Ended Change %

December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 2023 vs 2022

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Loss from operations (155,009) (112,784) (81,070) 37 % 39 %

Other (income) expense, net 22,813 13,918 (1,495) (64) % NM

Other expense, net

2,538 22,813 13,918 (89) % 64 %

Loss before income taxes (157,547) (135,597) (94,988) 16 % 43 %

Provision (benefit) for income taxes (5,274) (95,053) 693 (94) % NM

Provision (benefit) for income taxes 1,637 (5,274) (95,053) (131) % (94) %

Net income (loss) $ (159,184) $ (130,323) $ 65 22 % NM

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Loss from operations (25) (20) (17)

Other (income) expense, net 4 3 —

Other expense, net

Loss before income taxes (25) (23) (20)

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Revenue increased $42.6 million, or 7%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year.

Our revenue growth was driven primarily by growth in mobile and CTV, which was partially offset by a decrease in desktop.

Revenue from mobile and CTV increased by $39.7 million, or 21%, and $13.6 million, or 5%, respectively, while desktop decreased by $10.6 million, or 9%.

During 2023, our growth rate in CTV was negatively impacted, in part, by a mix shift towards large CTV sellers that transacted primarily through reserve auctions, which carry a lower overall take rate compared to other transaction types.

Revenue increased $108.7 million, or 23%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year.

Our revenue growth was driven primarily by growth in CTV and mobile as well as incremental revenue from full-year results from the SpotX Acquisition, which was completed on April 30, 2021, and the SpringServe Acquisition, which was completed on July 1, 2021.

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On a pro forma basis, including results from SpotX and SpringServe during the relevant pre-acquisition period, revenue increased 7% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior period.

Revenue increased $246.8 million, or 111%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year.

Our revenue growth was driven primarily by organic growth as well as incremental revenue from the SpotX Acquisition, which was completed on April 30, 2021, and the inclusion of a full year of results for Telaria, which was acquired on April 1, 2020.

On a pro forma basis, including revenue for Telaria, SpotX and SpringServe during the relevant pre-acquisition period, revenue increased 30% for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior period, primarily due to growth in all channels, mainly driven by CTV and mobile, and a rebound from impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, which were particularly pronounced in the first half of 2020.

We expect our revenue will increase in 2023 compared to 2022.

Our revenue is largely a function of the number of advertising transactions and the price, or CPM, at which the inventory is sold, which results in total advertising spend on our platform, and, with respect to our revenue reported on a net basis, the take rate we charge for our services.

Because pricing and take rate vary across publisher, channel and transaction type, our revenue is impacted by shifts in the mix of advertising spend on our platform.

We believe that contributions to revenue from reserve auctions, in particular with respect to CTV which is largely transacted on a reserved basis, will continue to grow as a percentage of our total revenue.

In general, we expect this shift will have a positive impact on our revenue due to both an increase in the volume of transactions and average CPM, despite the fact that reserve auctions generally carry a lower take rate compared to open auction transactions.

Because pricing and take rate vary across publisher, channel, and transaction type, our revenue is subject to changes in publisher-specific take rates, and shifts in the mix of advertising spend on our platform among publishers and transaction types.

For instance, managed services tend to have higher take rates while reserve auctions tend to have lower take rates.

For 2024, we believe our revenue will increase compared to the prior year period, and although revenue from mobile was the primary driver in revenue growth in 2023, we expect CTV will be our biggest growth driver in 2024.

Our business is dependent in part on the overall health of the advertising market.

Our revenue growth has been tempered, and may be negatively impacted in the future, by reductions in revenue resulting from the impact of macroeconomic challenges, such as the occurrence of a pandemic or health crisis, geopolitical events (including the conflict in Ukraine), and other macroeconomic factors like labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, recessionary concerns, and inflation impacting the markets and communities in which we operate.

If economic conditions were to deteriorate further, we would likely experience a negative impact on our future revenue trends, and the magnitude of this impact is difficult to predict depending on the scope and duration of any recession.

Our revenue growth has been tempered, and may be negatively impacted in the future, by reductions in revenue resulting from the impact of macroeconomic challenges.

If economic conditions were to deteriorate further, we would likely experience a negative impact on our future revenue trends, and the magnitude of these impacts is difficult to predict depending on their scope and duration.

Refer to Item 1A.

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Cost of revenue increased $102.7 million, or 33%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year primarily due to an increase of $69.3 million in depreciation and amortization.

This increase was driven by incremental amortization

due to the acceleration of the remaining lives of certain acquired intangible assets and capitalized software from the integration of our legacy Magnite CTV and SpotX CTV platforms into Magnite Streaming, as well as from a full year of amortization expense from the SpotX Acquisition.

This increase was primarily driven by incremental amortization due to the acceleration of the remaining lives of certain acquired intangible assets and capitalized software from the integration of our legacy Magnite CTV and SpotX CTV platforms, which started in the fourth quarter of 2022 and was completed in the third quarter of 2023.

The year over year increase in amortization due to the acceleration was $64.0 million.

Costs of revenue also included increases of $26.2 million in cloud hosting, data center, and bandwidth expenses and $8.1 million in traffic acquisition costs, both primarily due to revenue growth.

Cost of revenue increased $105.5 million , or 52%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year primarily due to an increase of $64.5 million in depreciation and amortization.

This increase was driven by incremental amortization due to the acceleration of the remaining lives of certain acquired intangible assets and capitalized software from the integration of our legacy Magnite CTV and SpotX CTV platforms, as well as from a full year of amortization expense from the SpotX Acquisition.

The incremental amortization due to the acceleration was $35.4 million.

Costs of revenue also included increases of $26.9 million in data and bandwidth expenses and $10.5 million in traffic acquisition costs, both primarily due to revenue growth.

Cost of revenue increased $123.9 million, or 159%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year primarily due to an increase in traffic acquisition cost of $49.9 million driven by the increase in revenue reported on a gross basis as a result of the SpotX Acquisition, an increase in depreciation and amortization expenses of $43.2 million also associated with the SpotX Acquisition, and an increase in data and bandwidth expenses of $21.4 million.

We expect cost of revenue to increase in 2023 compared to 2022 in absolute dollars primarily due to the accelerated amortization expense as discussed above, which is expected to result in approximately $114.3 million of net incremental non-cash expense through the third quarter of 2023 as compared to the original timing of its amortization.

We also expect increases in our hosting costs, cloud costs, and other data center expenses to support the growth of our business.

Costs of revenue also included increases of $26.9 million in cloud hosting, data center, and bandwidth expenses and $10.5 million in traffic acquisition costs, both primarily due to revenue growth.

We expect cost of revenue to decrease in 2024 compared to 2023 in absolute dollars primarily due to the completion of the accelerated amortization expense as discussed above.

Cost of revenue may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and period to period, on an absolute dollar basis and as a percentage of revenue, depending on revenue levels and the volume of transactions we process supporting those revenues, and the timing and amounts of depreciation and amortization of equipment and software.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses decreased $26.1 million, or 13%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year primarily due to a decrease of $44.3 million in depreciation and amortization related to certain acquired intangible assets becoming fully amortized in 2022 and 2023.

This decrease was partially offset by an increase of $15.3 million of personnel related expenses.

Sales and marketing expenses increased $29.7 million, or 17%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year primarily due to the impact of the SpotX Acquisition, which resulted in substantial increases in headcount in mid-2021, as well as expenses related to the amortization of acquired intangibles.

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In addition, the increase in sales and marketing expenses included $3.3 million related to travel and industry events due to the lifting of travel restrictions during the year.

Sales and marketing expenses increased $94.4 million, or 124%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year primarily due to an increase of $54.1 million in amortization of acquired intangibles and other assets as a result of the SpotX Acquisition and the Telaria Merger, as well as increases in headcount from the SpotX Acquisition and full year results from the Telaria Merger, resulting in an additional $36.8 million of personnel related expenses.

We expect sales and marketing expenses to decrease in 2024 compared to 2023 in absolute dollars primarily due to decreases in amortization of acquired intangible assets.

We expect these decreases to be partially offset by increases in personnel related expenses primarily driven by annual merit increases to current staff, higher marketing from the introduction of our new Magnite Streaming Platform, and increases in event, travel and entertainment expenses.

We expect these decreases to be partially offset by increases in personnel related expenses and increases in travel and entertainment expenses.

Sales and marketing expenses may fluctuate quarter to quarter and period to period, on an absolute dollar basis and as a percentage of revenue, based on revenue levels, the timing of our investments and seasonality in our industry and business.

Technology and Development

Technology and development expenses increased $0.6 million, or 1%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year.

Technology and development expenses increased $19.3 million, or 26%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year, primarily due to an increase of $15.8 million in personnel costs as a result of the increased headcount associated with the SpotX Acquisition.

Technology and development expenses increased $22.9 million, or 44%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year, primarily due to an increase of $21.2 million in personnel costs as a result of the increased headcount associated with the SpotX Acquisition and a full-year of results from the Telaria Merger.

We expect technology and development expenses to increase slightly in 2023 compared to 2022 in absolute dollars, primarily due to increased investment in software, outsourced resources, and travel and entertainment expenses.

We expect these increases to be partially offset by decreased personnel related expenses due to the recent reduction in force associated with the elimination of duplicative technology and development roles resulting from the integration of our CTV platforms.

We expect technology and development expenses to increase in 2024 compared to 2023 in absolute dollars due to increases in personnel related expenses.

The timing and amount of our capitalized development and enhancement projects may affect the amount of development costs expensed in any given period.

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General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses increased $16.6 million, or 26%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year, primarily due to increases of $10.2 million in personnel expenses mainly due to increases in stock-based compensation year-over-year, $2.0 million in facilities related expenses due to a return to office work environment, $1.8 million in

business insurance and taxes, and $1.1 million related to travel and industry events due to the lifting of travel restrictions during the year.

General and administrative expenses increased by $11.8 million, or 22%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year, primarily due to increases of $6.3 million in personnel expenses, $1.5 million in professional services, and $1.1 million in software license mainly attributed to the growth of the overall business as a result of the SpotX Acquisition.

We expect general and administrative expenses to increase in 2023 compared to 2022 in absolute dollars primarily due to increases in personnel related expenses along with additional costs for a full-year return to office work environment.

General and administrative expenses increased $7.7 million, or 9%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year, primarily due to increases of $4.8 million in bad debt expense.

Bad debt expense was primarily a result of a buyer defaulting on payment obligations and subsequently filing for bankruptcy during the second quarter of 2023, resulting in bad debt expense of $4.2 million.

General and administrative expenses also included an increase of $4.2 million in personnel expenses.

General and administrative expenses increased by $16.6 million, or 26%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year, primarily due to increases of $10.2 million in personnel expenses mainly due to increases in stock-based compensation year-over-year, $2.0 million in facilities related expenses due to a return to office work environment, $1.8 million in business insurance and taxes, and $1.1 million related to travel and industry events due to the lifting of travel restrictions during the year.

We expect general and administrative expenses to increase in 2024 compared to 2023 in absolute dollars primarily due to increases in personnel and travel-related expenses.

General and administrative expenses may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and period to period based on the timing and amounts of expenditures in our general and administrative functions as they vary in scope and scale over periods.

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Merger, Acquisition, and Restructuring Costs

We incurred merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs of $7.5 million, $38.2 million, and $17.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, primarily related to the SpotX and SpringServe Acquisitions, which were completed on April 30, 2021 and July 1, 2021, respectively, and the Telaria Merger, which was completed on April 1, 2020.

We incurred merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs of $7.5 million, $7.5 million, and $38.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, primarily related to the SpotX and SpringServe Acquisitions, which were completed on April 30, 2021 and July 1, 2021, respectively.

Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs incurred during 2023 included $3.4 million of severance related expenses, $2.2 million of facilities related loss contracts, and $1.4 million of exit costs, all due to restructuring activities as a result of consolidating our legacy CTV and SpotX CTV platforms following the SpotX Acquisition.

In 2022, these costs were primarily due to restructuring activities related to the integration of our recent acquisitions, which included $3.3 million of impairment costs associated with abandoned technology, $2.0 million non-cash stock-based compensation expense associated with the acceleration of unvested equity awards, and $1.2 million of one-time cash-based employee termination costs.

In 2021, these costs included professional fees related to investment banking advisory, legal, and other professional service fees of $28.4 million, one-time cash-based employee termination benefit costs of $6.2 million, facility closure costs of $2.5 million, and non-cash stock-based compensation expense associated with double-trigger accelerations and severance benefits of $1.1 million.

Costs incurred in 2020 included professional services of $9.9 million, one-time cash-based employee termination benefit costs of $5.7 million, and non-cash stock-based compensation expense and severance benefits of $1.9 million.

Costs incurred in 2021 included professional fees related to investment banking advisory, legal, and other professional service fees of $28.4 million, one-time cash-based employee termination benefit costs of $6.2 million, facility closure costs of $2.5 million, and non-cash stock-based compensation expense associated with double-trigger accelerations and severance benefits of $1.1 million.

Other (Income) Expense, Net

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(in thousands)

Interest (income) expense, net $ 29,260 $ 19,848 $ (50)

Other income (5,318) (4,450) (3,665)

Interest expense, net

$ 32,369 $ 29,260 $ 19,848

Foreign exchange (gain) loss, net 1,953 (1,129) (1,480)

Total other (income) expense, net $ 22,813 $ 13,918 $ (1,495)

Interest expense, net increased by $9.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year, mainly due to a full year of interest expense associated with the Term Loan B Facility (defined below), which the Company entered into during April 2021, as well as increasing interest rates since our Term Loan B Facility carries a variable rate.

Gain on debt extinguishment

Other income (5,304) (5,318) (4,450)

Total other expense, net

$ 2,538 $ 22,813 $ 13,918

Interest expense, net increased by $3.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year, mainly due to increased interest expense of $11.3 million as a result of increased interest rates on our Prior Term Loan B Facility (defined below), partially offset by an increase in interest income of $8.2 million.

Interest expense, net increased by $9.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year, mainly due to a full year of interest expense associated with the Prior Term Loan B Facility, which the Company entered into during April 2021, as well as increasing interest rates since our Prior Term Loan B Facility carries a variable rate.

The increase in interest expense was partially offset by increases in interest income of $2.9 million.

Interest expense, net increased by $19.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year, for the same reasons above.

Interest (income) expense, net was immaterial in the year ended December 31, 2020.

Our interest expense is expected to fluctuate as it is directly impacted by changes in market interest rates.

While changes to interest income from our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments do provide a mitigant to changes to interest expense from our Term Loans, they do not fully offset all of the impact from potential changes in underlying variable rates on our Term Loans.

Other income is primarily attributed to sublease income.

Foreign exchange (gain) loss, net is impacted by movements in exchange rates and the amount of foreign currency-denominated cash, receivables, and payables, which are impacted by our billings to buyers, payments to sellers, and intercompany balances.

The foreign exchange gain, net during the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to the currency movements between the British Pound, Australian Dollar, Canadian Dollar, and Euro relative to the U.S.

The foreign currency gain, net during the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily attributable to the currency movements between the British Pound, Australian Dollar, Canadian Dollar, and Euro relative to the U.S.

The foreign exchange loss, net during the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily attributable to the currency movements between the same foreign currencies mentioned above relative to the U.S.

Foreign exchange loss, net increased $3.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year, due to movements in foreign currency exchange rates and the amount of foreign currency-denominated cash, receivables, and payables, which were impacted by our billings to buyers, payments to sellers, and intercompany balances.

Foreign exchange gain, net decreased $0.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year, for the same reasons above.

Gain on debt extinguishment increased by $26.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year due to our Convertible Senior Notes (defined below) repurchases.

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

We recorded an income tax benefit of $5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to an income tax benefit of $95.1 million and income tax expense of $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily the result of recognizing the benefit of deferred tax assets previously subject to the domestic valuation allowance and the foreign income tax liability.

The net deferred tax liabilities recorded in connection with the prior years acquisitions and our current year taxable income provided sources of taxable income to support the realizability of pre-existing deferred tax assets.

We continue to maintain a partial valuation allowance for our domestic deferred tax assets.

The tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily the result of the deferred tax liability associated with acquisitions that occurred during the year and the tax liability associated with foreign subsidiaries.

The tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily the result of the domestic valuation allowance and the tax liability associated with foreign subsidiaries.

We recorded an income tax expense of $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to an income tax benefit of $5.3 million and $95.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily the result of the domestic valuation allowance and the federal, state, and foreign income tax liabilities.

We continue to maintain a valuation allowance for our domestic deferred tax assets.

The income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily the result of recognizing the benefit of deferred tax assets previously subject to the domestic valuation allowance and the foreign income tax liability.

The net deferred tax liabilities recorded in connection with the prior year’s acquisitions and current taxable income for the year provided sources of taxable income to support the realization of pre-existing deferred tax assets.

The income tax benefit for the year ended December 31,

2021 was primarily the result of realizing the benefit of deferred tax assets previously subject to the domestic valuation allowance as a result of the deferred tax liabilities associated with acquisitions that occurred during the year and the tax liability associated with foreign subsidiaries.

Key Operating and Financial Performance Metrics

In addition to our GAAP results, we review non-GAAP financial measures, including Revenue ex-TAC and Adjusted EBITDA, to help us evaluate our business on a consistent basis, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, establish budgets, measure the effectiveness of investments in our technology and development and sales and marketing, and assess our operational efficiencies.

In addition to our GAAP results, we review non-GAAP financial measures, including Contribution ex-TAC and Adjusted EBITDA, to help us evaluate our business on a consistent basis, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, establish budgets, measure the effectiveness of investments in our technology and development and sales and marketing, and assess our operational efficiencies.

Our non-GAAP financial measures are discussed below.

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Revenue $ 619,710 $ 577,069 $ 468,413

Revenue ex-TAC 514,615 416,455 219,602

Gross profit 269,904 266,751 143,881

209,804 269,904 266,751

Contribution ex-TAC

549,147 514,615 416,455

Net income (loss) (159,184) (130,323) 65

Adjusted EBITDA 171,364 178,790 148,659

Revenue ex-TAC

Revenue ex-TAC is revenue excluding traffic acquisition cost ("TAC").

Contribution ex-TAC

Contribution ex-TAC is calculated as gross profit plus cost of revenue excluding traffic acquisition cost ("TAC").

Traffic acquisition cost, a component of cost of revenue, represents what we must pay sellers for the sale of advertising inventory through our platform for revenue reported on a gross basis.

In calculating Revenue ex-TAC, we add back the cost of revenue, excluding TAC, to gross profit, the most comparable GAAP measurement.

Revenue ex-TAC is a non-GAAP financial measure.

Our management believes Revenue ex-TAC is a useful measure in assessing the performance of Magnite as a combined company following the SpotX Acquisition and facilitates a consistent comparison against our core business without considering the impact of traffic acquisition costs related to revenue reported on a gross basis.

Our use of Revenue ex-TAC has limitations as an analytical tool and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our financial results as reported under GAAP.

A potential limitation of this non-GAAP financial measure is that other companies, including companies in our industry which have similar business arrangements, may define Revenue ex-TAC differently, which may make comparisons difficult.

Because of these and other limitations, you should consider our non-GAAP measures only as supplemental to GAAP-based financial performance measures, including revenue, net income (loss) and cash flows.

The following table presents the calculation of gross profit and reconciliation of gross profit to Revenue ex-TAC for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively:

Contribution ex-TAC is a non-GAAP financial measure that is most comparable to gross profit.

Our management believes Contribution ex-TAC is a useful measure in assessing the performance of Magnite and facilitates a consistent comparison against our core business without considering the impact of traffic acquisition costs related to revenue reported on a gross basis.

Our use of Contribution ex-TAC has limitations as an analytical tool and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our financial results as reported under GAAP.

A potential limitation of this non-GAAP financial measure is that other companies, including companies in our industry which have similar business arrangements, may define Contribution ex-TAC differently, which may make comparisons difficult.

Because of these and other limitations, you should consider our non-GAAP measures only as supplemental to GAAP-based financial performance measures, including revenue, gross profit, net income (loss) and cash flows.

The following table presents the calculation of gross profit and reconciliation of gross profit to Contribution ex-TAC for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively:

December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021

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Cost of revenue, excluding TAC 339,343 244,711 149,704

Revenue ex-TAC $ 514,615 $ 416,455 $ 219,602

Sellers use our technology to monetize their content across all digital channels, including CTV, mobile and desktop, and each of these channels will continue to represent a meaningful portion of our revenue in future periods.

Contribution ex-TAC

$ 549,147 $ 514,615 $ 416,455

Sellers use our technology to monetize their content across all digital channels, including CTV, mobile and desktop.

Each of these digital channels has its own industry growth rate, with CTV and mobile projected to continue to grow steadily, while desktop growth flattens.

MAGNA's October 2023 Programmatic Market forecast has estimated compound annual growth rates from 2023 to 2027 for mobile and desktop at 15% and 3%, respectively, and over the same period, eMarketer projected CTV to grow at a 15% compound annual growth rate.

We track the breakdown of Revenue ex-TAC across channels to better understand how our clients are transacting on our platform, which informs decisions as to business strategy and the allocation of resources and capital.

The following table presents Revenue ex-TAC by channel:

Revenue ex-TAC

We track the breakdown of Contribution ex-TAC across channels to better understand how our clients are transacting on our platform, which informs decisions as to business strategy and the allocation of resources and capital.

The following table presents Contribution ex-TAC by channel:

Contribution ex-TAC

December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021

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Total $ 549,147 $ 514,615 $ 416,455

Revenue ex-TAC increased $98.2 million, or 24%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

The increase in Revenue ex-TAC was primarily due to incremental revenue from the SpotX Acquisition, which was completed on April 30, 2021, and the SpringServe Acquisition, which was completed on July 1, 2021, as well as organic growth across CTV and mobile.

We saw substantial growth in our CTV channel, which benefited from a full year of results from the SpotX and Spring Serve Acquisitions, as well as modest growth in mobile, which was partially offset by a decline in our Revenue ex-TAC from desktop.

Revenue ex-TAC increased $196.9 million, or 90%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020.

The increase in Revenue ex-TAC was primarily due to contributions from the SpotX and SpringServe Acquisitions and a full year of results from the Telaria Merger, which were completed on April 30, 2021, July 1, 2021, and April 1, 2020, respectively, as well as organic growth across all channels as the business recovered from COVID-19 advertising lows in 2020.

We expect Revenue ex-TAC to increase in 2023 compared to 2022.

We believe that CTV will be our biggest growth driver in future periods and continue to represent a higher percentage of our overall Revenue ex-TAC, with mobile as our second biggest driver.

Our mobile business consists of two components, mobile web and mobile applications.

Initially our mobile business consisted primarily of mobile web, which is similar to our desktop business, but our mobile application business has been the growth driver behind our mobile business.

We therefore expect our growth within mobile to come largely from our mobile applications business and, in particular, mobile in-app video.

Lower industry growth rates in desktop will make growing desktop Revenue ex-TAC more challenging;

however, in future periods we believe we will be able to grow our desktop business in excess of industry projections by capturing market share through SPO and expansion of publisher relationships.

We expect our desktop business to decline as an overall percentage of our revenue in future periods.

However, we expect that it will continue to represent a significant part of our Revenue ex-TAC in the near term.

Therefore, we believe the mix of our desktop business will continue to dampen our overall growth rate.

Contribution ex-TAC increased $34.5 million, or 7%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

The increase in Contribution ex-TAC was primarily due to the growth drivers described above for revenue.

Contribution ex-TAC increased $98.2 million, or 24%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

The increase in Contribution ex-TAC was primarily due to incremental revenue from the SpotX Acquisition, which was completed on April 30, 2021, and the SpringServe Acquisition, which was completed on July 1, 2021, as well as organic growth across CTV and mobile.

For 2024, we expect Contribution ex-TAC will increase compared to the prior year period, and although Contribution ex-TAC from mobile was the primary driver in Contribution ex-TAC growth in 2023, we expect CTV will be our biggest growth driver in 2024.

Adjusted EBITDA

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) adjusted to exclude stock-based compensation expense, depreciation and amortization, amortization of acquired intangible assets, impairment charges, interest income or expense, and other cash and non-cash based income or expenses that we do not consider indicative of our core operating performance, including, but not limited to foreign exchange gains and losses, acquisition and related items, non-operational real estate and other expense (income), net, and provision (benefit) for income taxes.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) adjusted to exclude stock-based compensation expense, depreciation and amortization, amortization of acquired intangible assets, impairment charges, interest income or expense, and other cash and non-cash based income or expenses that we do not consider indicative of our core operating performance, including, but not limited to foreign exchange gains and losses, acquisition and related items, gains or losses on extinguishment of debt, non-operational real estate and other expense (income), net, and provision (benefit) for income taxes.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors in evaluating our performance for the following reasons:

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• Our management uses Adjusted EBITDA in conjunction with GAAP financial measures for planning purposes, including the preparation of our annual operating budget, as a measure of performance and the effectiveness of our business strategies, and in communications with our board of directors concerning our performance.

Adjusted EBITDA may also be used as a metric for determining payment of cash incentive compensation.

Adjusted EBITDA is also used as a metric for determining payment of cash incentive compensation.

• Adjusted EBITDA provides a measure of consistency and comparability with our past performance that many investors find useful, facilitates period-to-period comparisons of operations, and also facilitates comparisons with other peer companies, many of which use similar non-GAAP financial measures to supplement their GAAP results.

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• Impairment charges are non-cash charges related to goodwill, intangible assets and/or long-lived assets.

• Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect non-cash charges related to acquisition and related items, such as amortization of acquired intangible assets, merger, acquisition, or restructuring related severance costs, and changes in the fair value of contingent consideration.

• Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect certain cash and non-cash charges related to acquisition and related items, such as amortization of acquired intangible assets, merger, acquisition, or restructuring related severance costs, and changes in the fair value of contingent consideration.

• Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash and non-cash charges and changes in, or cash requirements for, acquisition and related items, such as certain transaction expenses and expenses associated with earn-out amounts.

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Non-operational real estate and other expense, net 310 622 552

Interest (income) expense, net 29,260 19,848 (50)

Interest expense, net

32,369 29,260 19,848

Foreign exchange (gain) loss, net 1,953 (1,129) (1,480)

Gain on extinguishment of debt

Provision (benefit) for income taxes 1,637 (5,274) (95,053)

Adjusted EBITDA $ 171,364 $ 178,790 $ 148,659

Adjusted EBITDA increased by $105.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to increases in revenue from both organic growth and the SpotX and SpringServe Acquisitions, which are discussed in section "Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020" and improved operating leverage from our increased scale and related cost synergies.

Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $7.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to increases in cloud hosting, data center, and bandwidth costs, traffic and acquisitions costs, personnel expenses, and bad debt expense, which exceeded increases in revenue year-over-year, which are discussed in section "Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021."

Adjusted EBITDA increased by $30.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to incremental revenue growth from the SpotX Acquisition and organic growth, which are discussed in section "Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021."

Liquidity and Capital Resources

At December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $326.3 million, of which $34.0 million was held in foreign currency denominated cash accounts, and an aggregate gross principal amount of $754.6 million of indebtedness outstanding under our Term Loan B Facility (as defined below) and our Convertible Senior Notes (as defined below).

In addition, we are party to a $65.0 million Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below), of which approximately $5.3 million is assigned to outstanding but undrawn letters of credit.

At December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $326.2 million, of which $52.6 million was held in foreign currency denominated cash accounts, and an aggregate gross principal amount of $556.1 million of indebtedness outstanding under our Prior Term Loan B Facility (as defined below) and our Convertible Senior Notes (as defined below).

In addition, we were party to a $65.0 million Prior Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below), of which approximately $5.3 million was assigned to outstanding but undrawn letters of credit.

The Prior Term Loan B Facility and Prior Revolving Credit Facility were fully terminated and replaced with the New Term Loan B Facility and New Revolving Credit Facility (both defined below).

See "Capital Resources" below for further information about our outstanding debt.

Our principal cash requirements for the twelve-month period following this report primarily consist of personnel costs, contractual payment obligations, including office leases, data center costs and cloud hosting costs, capital expenditures, payment of interest and required principal payments on our Convertible Senior Notes and Term Loan B Facility, taxes paid related to net share settlement associated with vesting of stock-based compensation awards, cash outlays for income taxes, and cash requirements to fund working capital.

interest and required principal payments on our Convertible Senior Notes, New Term Loan B Facility, cash outlays for income taxes, and cash requirements to fund working capital.

In the longer term, we would expect to have similar cash requirements, with increases in absolute dollars associated with the continued growth of our business and expansion of operations.

See "Contractual Obligations and Known Future Cash Requirements" for a further discussion of our known material contractual obligations.

Our working capital needs and cash conversion cycle, which is influenced by seasonality and may be negatively impacted as a result of pandemics, inflationary, recessionary and other macroeconomic challenges, can have large fluctuations due to the timing of receipts from buyers and timing of disbursements to sellers.

Our working capital needs and cash conversion cycle, which is influenced by seasonality and by the mix of terms among our buyers and sellers and which may be negatively impacted as a result of pandemics, inflationary, recessionary and other macroeconomic challenges, can have large fluctuations due to the timing of receipts from buyers and timing of disbursements to sellers.

In addition, in the event a buyer defaults on payment, we may still be required to pay sellers for the inventory purchased.

Our capital expenditure investments tend to be higher in the second half of the year.

The impacts from changes in working capital and capital expenditures can significantly impact our cash flows and therefore, our liquidity during any period presented.

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Our ability to meet our cash requirements depends on, among other things, our operating performance, competitive developments, and financial market conditions, all of which are significantly affected by business, financial, economic, political, global health-related and other factors, many of which we may not be able to control or influence.

We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from operating activities, and amounts available to borrow under our Revolving Credit Facility will be sufficient to meet our working capital requirements for at least the next twelve

months from the issuance of our financial statements.

However, there are multiple factors that could impact our cash balances in the future, including the factors described above with respect to working capital and cash conversion cycles, as well as the duration and severity of events beyond our control, such as health epidemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical events, including the evolving conflict in Ukraine, and economic and macroeconomic factors like labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, and inflation impacting the markets and communities in which our clients operate and the factors set forth in Part I, Item 1A:

We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from operating activities, and amounts available to borrow under our New Revolving Credit Facility will be sufficient to meet our working capital requirements for at least the next twelve months from the issuance of our financial statements.

"Risk Factors" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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The Company may owe additional cash or shares to the holders of the Convertible Senior Notes upon early conversion if our stock price exceeds $91.260 per share, which is subject to certain adjustments.

Although the Company’s incremental exposure to the additional cash payment above the principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes is reduced by the capped calls, conversion of the Convertible Senior Notes by the holders may cause dilution to the ownership interests of existing stockholders.

See Note 17 in the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" for more information regarding terms and conditions of the Convertible Senior Notes and the capped call transactions.

On April 30, 2021, and in conjunction with the SpotX Acquisition, we entered into a credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with Goldman Sachs Bank USA as administrative and collateral agent, and other lending parties thereto for a $360.0 million seven-year senior secured term loan facility ("Term Loan B Facility") and a $52.5 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility"), which was subsequently increased to $65.0 million in June 2021.

Amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement accrue interest at a rate equal to either, (1) for the Term Loan B Facility, at the Company’s election, the Eurodollar Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus a margin of 5.00% per annum, or ABR (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus a margin of 4.00%, and (2) for the Revolving Credit Facility, at the Company’s election, the Eurodollar Rate plus a margin of 4.25% to 4.75%, or ABR plus a margin of 3.25% to 3.75%, in each case, depending on the Company’s first lien net leverage ratio.

As part of the Term Loan B Facility, the Company received $325 million in proceeds, net of discounts and fees, which were used to finance the SpotX Acquisition and related transactions and for general corporate purposes.

At December 31, 2022, amounts available under the Revolving Credit Facility were $59.7 million, net of letters of credit outstanding in the amount of $5.3 million.

Accrued interest for the Term Loan B Facility at December 31, 2022 was $0.8 million.

In December 2021, the Board of Directors approved a repurchase program (the "2021 Repurchase Plan"), under which the Company was authorized to purchase up to $50.0 million of its common stock from December 10, 2021 through December 10, 2022.

In November 2022, the Board of Directors approved an extension of the repurchase program through December 15, 2023.

Approximately $28.3 million remained available for purchase under this repurchase program as of December 31, 2022.

In February 2023, our Board of Directors approved a repurchase plan (the “2023 Repurchase Plan”), pursuant to which the Company is authorized to purchase up to an aggregate of $75.0 million of common stock or Convertible Senior Notes through February 16, 2025.

The 2023 Repurchase Plan replaces the 2021 Repurchase Plan.

The repurchase program allows the Company to repurchase its common stock or Convertible Senior Notes using open market stock purchases, privately negotiated transactions, block trades or other means in accordance with U.S.

securities laws.

On April 30, 2021, and in conjunction with the SpotX Acquisition, we entered into a credit agreement (the "Prior Credit Agreement") with Goldman Sachs Bank USA as administrative and collateral agent, and other lending parties thereto for a $360.0 million seven-year senior secured term loan facility ("Prior Term Loan B Facility") and a $52.5 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the "Prior Revolving Credit Facility"), which was subsequently increased to $65.0 million in June 2021.

The Prior Credit Agreement was fully refinanced and replaced by the New Credit Agreement (defined below).

Amounts outstanding under the Prior Credit Agreement accrued interest at a rate equal to either, (1) for the Prior Term Loan B Facility, at the Company’s election, the Eurodollar Rate (as defined in the Prior Credit Agreement) plus a margin of 5.00% per annum, or ABR (as defined in the Prior Credit Agreement) plus a margin of 4.00%, and (2) for the Prior Revolving Credit Facility, at the Company’s election, the Eurodollar Rate plus a margin of 4.25% to 4.75%, or ABR plus a margin of 3.25% to 3.75%, in each case, depending on the Company’s first lien net leverage ratio.

As part of the Prior Term Loan B Facility, the Company received $325 million in proceeds, net of discounts and fees, which were used to finance the SpotX Acquisition and related transactions and for general corporate purposes.

In June 2023, the Company amended its Prior Credit Agreement to transition away from a variable interest rate based on the Eurodollar Rate towards a similar variable interest rate based on Adjusted Term SOFR, as defined in the amendment to the Credit Agreement, which is based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR").

At December 31, 2023, amounts available under the Prior Revolving Credit Facility were $59.7 million, net of letters of credit outstanding in the amount of $5.3 million.

Accrued interest for the Prior Term Loan B Facility at December 31, 2023 was $1.0 million.

On February 6, 2024, we entered into a credit agreement (the “New Credit Agreement”) with Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc.

as term loan administrative agent and Citibank, N.A.

as revolving facility administrative agent and collateral agent, and other lender parties thereto.

The New Credit Agreement provides for a $365.0 million seven-year senior secured term loan facility (the "New Term Loan B Facility") and a $175.0 million five-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the "New Revolving Credit Facility").

The net proceeds from the New Term Loan B Facility were used, among other things, to terminate and to repay in full the outstanding facilities under the Prior Credit Agreement.

The New Revolving Credit Facility will be available for

general corporate purposes.

The obligations under the New Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company pursuant to a collateral agreement entered into with the collateral agent.

Amounts outstanding under the New Credit Agreement accrue interest at a rate equal to, (1) for the term loans, at the Company’s election, Term SOFR (as defined in the New Credit Agreement) plus a margin of 4.50% per annum, or ABR (as defined in the New Credit Agreement) plus a margin of 3.50%, and (2) for the revolving loans, at the Company’s election, Term SOFR plus a margin of 3.50% to 4.00%, or ABR plus a margin of 2.50% to 3.00%, in each case, depending on the Company’s first lien net leverage ratio.

The covenants of the New Credit Agreement include customary negative covenants that, among other things, restrict the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness, grant liens and make certain acquisitions, investments, asset dispositions and restricted payments.

In addition, the New Credit Agreement contains a financial covenant, tested on the last day of any fiscal quarter if utilization of the revolving credit facility exceeds 35% of the total revolving commitments, that requires the Company to maintain a first lien net leverage ratio not greater than 3.25 to 1.00.

The New Credit Agreement includes customary events of default, and customary rights and remedies upon the occurrence of any event of default thereunder, including rights to accelerate the loans, terminate the commitments thereunder and realize upon the collateral securing the obligations under the New Credit Agreement.

In December 2021, the Board of Directors approved a repurchase program (the "2021 Repurchase Plan"), under which we were authorized to purchase up to $50.0 million of our common stock over the twelve month period commencing December 10, 2021.

In November 2022, the Board of Directors approved an extension of the 2021 Repurchase Plan through December 15, 2023.

In February 2023, the Board of Directors approved a repurchase plan (the “February 2023 Repurchase Plan”), pursuant to which we were authorized to repurchase common stock or Convertible Senior Notes, with an aggregate market value of up to $75.0 million, through February 16, 2025, which was completed during the second quarter of 2023.

On August 4, 2023, the Board of Directors approved a new repurchase plan (the "August 2023 Repurchase Plan"), pursuant to which we were authorized to repurchase common stock or Convertible Senior Notes, with an aggregate market value of up to $100.0 million, through August 4, 2025.

As of December 31, 2023, $9.5 million remained available under the August 2023 Repurchase Plan.

As a result of repurchases under the February 2023 Repurchase Plan and August 2023 Repurchase Plan, as of December 31, 2023, the Company had reduced the principal balance of its Convertible Senior Notes to $205.1 million.

Subsequently, on February 1, 2024, the Board of Directors approved a new repurchase plan (the "February 2024 Repurchase Plan"), which fully replaced the August 2023 Repurchase Plan, pursuant to which we are authorized to repurchase common stock or Convertible Senior Notes, with an aggregate market value of up to $125.0 million, through February 1, 2026.

In the future, we may attempt to raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities or through equity-linked or debt financing arrangements.

If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or equity-linked securities, the ownership of our existing stockholders will be diluted.

If we raise additional financing by incurring indebtedness, we will be subject to increased fixed payment obligations and could also be subject to restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business.

If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or equity-linked securities, the ownership of our existing stockholders may be diluted.

If we raise additional financing by incurring indebtedness, we will be subject to increased fixed payment obligations and could also be subject to financial maintenance covenants, or restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business.

Any future indebtedness we incur may result in terms that could be unfavorable to equity investors.

An inability to raise additional capital could adversely affect our ability to achieve our business objectives.

In addition, if our operating performance during the next twelve months is below our expectations, our liquidity and ability to operate our business could be adversely affected.

Our cash and cash equivalents balance is affected by our results of operations, the timing of capital expenditures which are typically greater in the second half of the year, and by changes in our working capital, particularly changes in accounts receivable and accounts payable.

The timing of cash receipts from buyers and payments to sellers can significantly impact our cash flows from

operating activities and our liquidity for, and within, any period presented.

Our collection and payment cycle can vary from period to period depending upon various circumstances, including seasonality, and may be negatively impacted as a result of COVID-19.

Our cash and cash equivalents balance is affected by our results of operations, the timing of capital expenditures, and by changes in our working capital, particularly changes in accounts receivable and accounts payable.

The timing of cash receipts from buyers and payments to sellers can significantly impact our cash flows from operating activities and our liquidity for, and within, any period presented.

Our collection and payment cycle can vary from period to period depending upon various circumstances, including seasonality, and may be negatively impacted by certain macroeconomic challenges, such as capital market disruptions and instability of financial institutions.

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

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(in thousands)

Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities $ 192,550 $ 126,589 $ (12,065)

Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities (65,152) (690,997) 32,636

Cash flows provided by operating activities

$ 214,367 $ 192,550 $ 126,589

Cash flows used in investing activities

(37,383) (65,152) (690,997)

Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities (177,842) (30,172) 678,053

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Operating Activities

Our cash flows from operating activities are primarily driven by revenue from transactions of advertising on our platform, offset by the cash costs of operations, and are significantly influenced by the timing of and fluctuations in receipts from buyers and related payments to sellers.

related payments to sellers.

Our future cash flows will be diminished if we cannot increase our revenue levels and manage costs appropriately.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash provided by operating activities was $192.6 million, compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $126.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 and net cash used in operating activities of $12.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Our operating activities included net loss of $130.3 million, net income of $0.1 million, and net loss of $53.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and 2020, respectively, which were offset by non-cash adjustments of $282.4 million, $94.6 million, and $76.4 million, respectively.

Net changes in our working capital resulted in increases of $40.4 million and $31.9 million in cash provided by operating activities in 2022 and 2021, respectively, and resulted in decreases of $35.1 million in cash provided by operating activities in 2020.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by operating activities was $214.4 million, compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $192.6 million and $126.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Our operating activities included net loss of $159.2 million, net loss of $130.3 million, and net income of $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, and 2021, respectively, which were offset by non-cash adjustments of $298.1 million, $282.4 million, and $94.6 million, respectively.

Net changes in our working capital resulted in increases of $75.5 million, $40.4 million, and $31.9 million in cash provided by operating activities in 2023, 2022, and 2021 respectively.

The net changes in working capital for all periods presented are primarily due to the timing of cash receipts from buyers and the timing of payments to sellers.

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Investing Activities

Our primary investing activities have consisted of acquisitions of businesses, purchases of property and equipment, capital expenditures in support of creating and enhancing our technology infrastructure, and investments in, and maturities of, available-for-sale securities.

Our primary investing activities have consisted of acquisitions of businesses, purchases of property and equipment, and capital expenditures in support of creating and enhancing our technology infrastructure.

Purchases of property and equipment and investments in internal use software development may vary from period-to-period due to the timing of the expansion of our operations, changes to headcount, and the cycles of our internal use software development.

We anticipate investment in internal use software development and purchases of property and equipment to decrease in 2023 compared to 2022.

Historically, a majority of our purchases in property and equipment have occurred in the latter half of the year in preparation for the peak volumes of the fourth quarter and early in the first quarter of the following year, however, in 2023 we expect these investments to occur more evenly throughout the year.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used by investing activities was $65.2 million, compared to net cash used by investing activities of $691.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 and net cash provided by investing activities of $32.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2020.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in investing activities was $37.4 million, compared to net cash used in investing activities of $65.2 million and $691.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we used cash for purchases of property and equipment of $26.8 million, $30.8 million, and $17.7 million, respectively, and used cash for investments in our internally developed software of $10.6 million, $13.6 million, and $11.4 million, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we used net cash of $20.8 million to acquire Carbon.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we used net cash of $661.9 million to acquire SpotX, SpringServe, and Nth Party.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, we acquired $54.6 million cash in the Telaria Merger.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we used net cash of $20.8 million to acquire Carbon and during the year ended December 31, 2021, we used net cash of $661.9 million to acquire SpotX, SpringServe, and Nth Party.

We anticipate cash flows used in our investing activities will generally increase in 2024 compared to 2023 in order to support our overall growth, in particular with respect to investments in property and equipment and internally developed software.

Financing Activities

Our financing activities consisted of our Convertible Senior Notes transactions, repayment of amounts borrowed under our Term Loan B Facility, transactions related to our equity plans, and stock purchases under the share repurchase plan.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in financing activities was $30.2 million, compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $678.1 million and $7.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Cash outflows from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily included $15.7 million for payments related to share repurchases, $14.5 million for taxes paid related to net share settlement of stock-based awards, and $3.6 million for repayment of our Term Loan B.

Our financing activities consisted of our Convertible Senior Notes transactions, repayment of amounts borrowed under our Prior Term Loan B Facility, transactions related to our equity plans, and stock purchases under the repurchase plans.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in financing activities was $177.8 million, compared to net cash used in financing activities of $30.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and net cash provided by financing activities of $678.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Cash outflows from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily included $165.5 million of payments related to repurchasing our Convertible Senior Notes, $11.8 million for taxes paid related to net share settlement of stock-based awards, $3.6 million for repayment of our Prior Term Loan B Facility, and $2.3 million for payment of our indemnification claims holdback related to historical acquisitions.

These outflows for the year ended December 31, 2023 were partially offset by cash proceeds from issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan of $3.5 million and from stock options exercised of $2.2 million.

Cash inflows from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 included $400.0 million in proceeds from our Convertible Senior Notes offering, $349.2 million in net proceeds from our Term Loan B Facility, cash proceeds from stock options exercised of $9.4 million and $3.7 million cash proceeds from issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan.

These inflows for the year ended December 31, 2021 were partially offset by a $39.0 million payment for capped call transactions entered into in connection with the Convertible Senior Notes offering, debt issuance cost payments of $30.4 million, repurchases of $6.0 million of treasury stock in conjunction with our stock repurchase plan, $6.5 million for income tax deposits paid in respect of vesting of stock-based compensation awards that were reimbursed by the award recipients through surrender of shares, $1.8 million repayment of Term Loan B, and repayment of $0.6 million financing lease obligations.

Cash inflows from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 included cash proceeds from stock option exercised of $13.5 million and cash proceeds from issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan of $1.7 million, partially offset by payments of $7.9 million for income tax deposits paid in respect of vesting of stock-based compensation awards that were reimbursed by the award recipients through surrender of shares.

Cash outflows from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 included $15.7 million for payments related to share repurchases, $14.5 million for taxes paid related to net share settlement of stock-based awards, and $3.6 million for repayment of our Prior Term Loan B Facility.

These outflows for the year ended December 31, 2022 were partially offset by cash proceeds from issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan of $3.7 million and from stock options exercised of $2.2 million.

Cash inflows from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 included $400.0 million in proceeds from our Convertible Senior Notes offering, $349.2 million in net proceeds from our Prior Term Loan B Facility, cash proceeds from stock options exercised of $9.4 million and $3.7 million cash proceeds from issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan.

These inflows for the year ended December 31, 2021 were partially offset by a $39.0 million payment for capped call transactions entered into in connection with the Convertible Senior Notes offering, debt issuance cost payments of $30.4 million, repurchases of $6.0 million of treasury stock in conjunction with our stock repurchase plan, $6.5 million for income tax deposits paid in respect of vesting of stock-based compensation awards that were reimbursed by the award recipients through surrender of shares, $1.8 million repayment of Prior Term Loan B Facility, and repayment of $0.6 million financing lease obligations.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any relationships with other entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities that have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

We did not have any other off-balance sheet arrangements at December 31, 2022 other than the short-term operating leases and the indemnification agreements described below, and commitments mentioned in Note 16 - Commitments and Contingencies.

contractually narrow or limited purposes.

We did not have any other off-balance sheet arrangements at December 31, 2023 other than the short-term operating leases described below and commitments mentioned in Note 16 - Commitments and Contingencies.

Contractual Obligations and Known Future Cash Requirements

Our principal commitments consist of obligations under our Convertible Senior Notes, Term Loan B Facility, Revolving Credit Facility, leases for our various office facilities, including our corporate headquarters in New York, New York and offices in Los Angeles, California, operating lease agreements, including data centers, cloud hosting services that expire at various times through 2033, and indemnification holdback associated with acquisitions.

Our principal commitments as of December 31, 2023 consist of obligations under our Convertible Senior Notes, Prior Term Loan B Facility, Prior Revolving Credit Facility, leases for our various office facilities, including our corporate headquarters in New York, New York and offices in Los Angeles, California, and operating lease agreements, including data centers and cloud hosting services that expire at various times through 2033.

In certain cases, the terms of the lease agreements provide for rental payments on a graduated basis.

The following table summarizes our future lease obligations, payments of principal and interest under our debt agreements, sublease income, and other future payments due under non-cancelable agreements at December 31, 2022:

The following table summarizes our future lease obligations, payments of principal and interest under our debt agreements and other future payments due under non-cancelable agreements at December 31, 2023:

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter Total

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$ 23,890 $ 15,367 $ 12,282 $ 7,697 $ 7,841 $ 14,366 $ 81,443

Obligations for leases not included in Lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022

226 226 226 226 226 1,095 2,225

Convertible Senior Notes — — 205,067 — — — 205,067

Interest, Convertible Senior Notes 513 513 256 — — — 1,282

Term Loan B (1)

Prior Term Loan B (1)

3,600 3,600 3,600 3,600 336,600 — 351,000

Interest, Term Loan B (2)

Interest, Prior Term Loan B (2)

37,527 37,038 36,653 36,268 11,936 — 159,422

Operating sublease income (4,925) (4,767) (1,751) (260) — — (11,703)

Other non-cancelable obligations 62,038 23,963 241 241 241 — 86,724

Total $ 127,568 $ 80,481 $ 258,099 $ 47,806 $ 356,618 $ 14,366 $ 884,938

(1) Includes only scheduled amortization of payments and excludes currently unknown prepayment amounts that may be required, per terms of the Credit Agreement, after the end of each fiscal year.

(2) Interest payments are based on an assumed rate of 9.33%, which was the rate as of December 31, 2022 for the associated Term Loan B Facility.

Obligations for leases not included in lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022 include commitments under agreements for office spaces that have not commenced as of December 31, 2022.

Payments associated with our Convertible Senior Notes and Term Loan B are based on contractual terms and intended timing of repayments of long-term debt and associated interest.

Other non-cancelable obligations include agreements in the normal course of business and purchase consideration that extend beyond a year as of December 31, 2022 and indemnification holdback obligations associated with acquisitions.

Other non-cancelable obligations above excludes a variable commitment from an agreement for third-party cloud-managed services.

The variable commitment begins in July 2023 and ends in June 2025.

The future obligation under this agreement will be based on actual spend, as defined in the agreement, with the third-party provider from July 2022 through June 2023.

We estimate the future minimum annual obligation to be approximately $50 million to $55 million in each twelve-month period (i.e., July 2023 to June 2024 and July 2024 to June 2025).

(1) Includes only scheduled amortization of payments and excludes currently unknown prepayment amounts that may be required, per terms of the Prior Credit Agreement, after the end of each fiscal year.

Note that in February 2024, the Company entered into a New Credit Agreement, which replaced the Prior Credit Agreement.

(2) Interest payments are based on an assumed rate of 10.56%, which was the rate as of December 31, 2023 for the associated Prior Term Loan B Facility.

Note that in February 2024, the Company entered into a New Credit Agreement, which replaced the Prior Credit Agreement.

Payments associated with our Convertible Senior Notes and Prior Term Loan B are based on contractual terms and intended timing of repayments of long-term debt and associated interest, in each case, as of December 31, 2023.

As described above (see "Capital Resources"), in February 2024, we entered into a New Credit Agreement, the proceeds of which were used in part to refinance and terminate the Prior Term Loan B with the New Term Loan B Facility.

The New Term Loan B Facility includes a $365.0 million senior secured term loan facility that matures in February 2031.

Quarterly principal installment payments of 0.25% of the aggregate initial principal balance, or $0.9 million, will be due at the end of each fiscal quarter, with the first principal installment due June 30, 2024, and the amount equal to the then unpaid principal amount of the initial balance on February 6, 2031.

Amounts outstanding under the New Term Loan B Facility will accrue interest and will be due at least quarterly.

Other non-cancelable obligations include agreements in the normal course of business and purchase consideration that extend beyond a year as of December 31, 2023.

The amounts above include commitments under a cloud-managed services agreement, under which the Company has a non-cancelable minimum spend commitment from July 2023 to June 2025 based on actual spend, as defined in the agreement, with the third-party provider from July 2022 to June 2023 of $57.6 million for each twelve-month period (i.e.

July 2023 to June 2024 and July 2024 to June 2025).

The minimum spend commitment reflected above approximates the manner in which we expect to fulfill the obligation.

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements with sellers, buyers, and other third parties pursuant to which we agree to indemnify buyers, sellers, vendors, lessors, business partners, lenders, stockholders, and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses resulting from claims of intellectual property infringement, damages to property or persons, business losses, or other liabilities.

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We believe that the following assumptions and estimates have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements:

(i) the determination of revenue recognition as net versus gross in our revenue arrangements, (ii) the determination of amounts to capitalize and the estimated useful lives of internal-use software development costs, (iii) the recoverability of intangible

assets and goodwill and the determination of the estimated useful lives of intangible assets, (iv) assumptions used in the valuation models to determine the fair value of stock options, awards with market and performance conditions and stock-based compensation expense, (v) the assumptions used in the valuation of acquired assets and liabilities in business combinations, and (vi) income taxes, including the realization of tax assets and estimates of tax liabilities.

(i) the determination of revenue recognition as net versus gross in our revenue arrangements and (ii) the determination of amounts to capitalize and the estimated useful lives of internal-use software development costs.

There have been no significant changes in our accounting policies or estimates from those disclosed in our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

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We generate revenue from transactions where we provide a platform for the purchase and sale of digital advertising inventory.

Generally, our revenue is based on a percentage of the ad spend that runs through our platform, although for certain clients or transaction types we may receive a fixed CPM for each impression sold, and for advertising campaigns that are transacted through insertion orders we earn revenue based on the full amount of ad spend that runs through our platform.

We also generate revenue from the fee we charge clients for use of our Demand Manager header-bidding product, and from our SpringServe ad server product, which we acquired on July 1, 2021.

Generally, our revenue is based on a percentage of the ad spend that runs through our platform, although for certain clients, services, or transaction types we may receive a fixed CPM for each impression sold, and for advertising campaigns that are transacted through insertion orders we earn revenue based on the full amount of ad spend that runs through our platform.

In addition, we may receive certain fixed monthly fees for the use of our platform or products.

Our platform dynamically connects sellers and buyers of advertising inventory in a digital marketplace.

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Making such determinations involves judgment and is based on an evaluation of the terms of each arrangement, none of which are considered presumptive or determinative.

For the majority of transactions on our platform, we have determined that we do not act as the principal in the purchase and sale of digital advertising inventory because we are not the primary obligor as we do not have control of the digital advertising inventory and do not set prices agreed upon within the auction marketplace, and therefore we report revenue on a net basis.

However, for certain transactions related to revenue streams acquired in connection with the Telaria Merger and the SpotX Acquisition, we report revenue on a gross basis, based primarily on our determination that we act as the primary obligor in the delivery of advertising campaigns for buyers with respect to such transactions.

For the majority of transactions on our platform, we report revenue on a net basis as we do not act as the principal in the purchase and sale of digital advertising inventory because we do not have control of the digital advertising inventory and do not set prices agreed upon within the auction marketplace.

However, with respect to certain revenue streams for managed advertising campaigns that are transacted through insertion orders, we report revenue on a gross basis, based primarily on our determination that we act as the primary obligor in the delivery of advertising campaigns for buyers with respect to such transactions.

Internal Use Software Development Costs

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We capitalize costs associated with software developed for internal use when the planning stage is completed, management has authorized further funding for the completion of the project, and it is probable that the project will be completed and perform as intended.

Costs incurred in the application and infrastructure development stages,

including significant enhancements and upgrades, are capitalized.

Costs incurred in the application and infrastructure development stages, including significant enhancements and upgrades, are capitalized.

Capitalization ends once a project is substantially complete and the software and technologies are ready for their intended purpose.

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If the remaining useful life of a capitalized project is revised, it is accounted for as a change in estimate and the remaining unamortized cost of the underlying asset is amortized prospectively over the updated remaining useful life.

During the fourth quarter of 2022, we accelerated the remaining useful lives of certain capitalized internal use software projects due to the integration of our legacy CTV platforms, which resulted in approximately $0.7 million of incremental amortization expense during the year.

During the fourth quarter of 2022, we accelerated the remaining useful lives of certain capitalized internal use software projects due to the integration of our legacy CTV platforms, which resulted in approximately $1.9 million and $0.7 million of incremental amortization expense during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

We also evaluate internal use software for abandonment and use that as a significant indicator for impairment on a quarterly basis.

Valuation of Goodwill and Intangibles

The valuation of assets acquired in a business combination and asset impairment reviews require the use of significant estimates and assumptions.

The acquisition method of accounting for business combinations requires us to estimate the fair value of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interest in an acquired business to properly allocate purchase price consideration between assets that are depreciated or amortized and goodwill.

On an ongoing basis, we assess if the estimated remaining useful lives of acquired intangible assets continue to be reasonable based on the remaining expected benefit and usage.

If the remaining useful life of an intangible is revised, it is accounted for as a change in estimate and the remaining unamortized cost of the underlying asset is amortized prospectively over the updated remaining useful life.

During the fourth quarter of 2022, we accelerated the remaining useful lives of certain acquired intangible assets due to the integration of our legacy CTV platforms, which resulted in around $34.7 million of incremental amortization expense during the year.

Long-lived assets, including property and equipment, long-term prepayments, and intangible assets, excluding goodwill, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable.

The evaluation is performed at the lowest level of identifiable cash flows independent of other assets.

An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows generated from the assets are less than their carrying amount.

Measurement of an impairment loss would be based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset group over its fair value.

We evaluate goodwill annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill may be impaired.

In accordance with guidance related to impairment testing, we have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether or not it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test.

If the qualitative assessment option is not elected, or if the qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than its carrying amount, a quantitative analysis is then performed.

The quantitative analysis, if performed, compares the estimated fair value of the Company with its respective carrying amount, including goodwill.

If the estimated fair value of the Company exceeds its carrying amount, including goodwill, goodwill is considered not to be impaired and no additional steps are necessary.

If the fair value is less than the carrying amount, including goodwill, then an impairment adjustment must be recorded up to the carrying amount of goodwill.

Stock-Based Compensation

Compensation expense related to employee and non-employee stock-based awards is measured and recognized on the fair value of the awards granted.

We have granted awards to employees that vest based solely on continued service, or service conditions, awards that vest based on the achievement of performance targets, or performance conditions, and awards that vest based on our stock price exceeding a peer index, or market conditions.

The fair value of each option award containing service and/or performance conditions is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.

The fair value of awards containing market conditions is estimated using a Monte-Carlo lattice model.

For service condition awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards, which is generally four years.

For performance condition and market condition awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized using a graded vesting model over the requisite service period of the awards.

For market condition awards, expense recognized is not subsequently reversed if the market conditions are not achieved.

Determining the fair value of stock-based awards at the grant date requires judgment.

Our use of the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and Monte-Carlo lattice model requires the input of subjective assumptions such as the expected term of the option,

the expected volatility of the price of our common stock, risk-free interest rates, the expected dividend yield of our common stock, and the fair value of our common stock.

The assumptions used in our valuation models represent management’s best estimates.

These estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment.

If factors change and different assumptions are used, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future.

Business Combinations

The results of businesses acquired in a business combination are included in our consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition.

We allocate the purchase price of a business combination, which is the sum of the consideration provided, which may consist of cash, equity or a combination of the two, to the identifiable assets and liabilities of the acquired business at their acquisition date fair values.

The excess of the purchase price over the amount allocated to the identifiable assets and liabilities, if any, is recorded as goodwill.

Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires management to use significant judgment and estimates including the selection of valuation methodologies, estimates of future revenues and cash flows, discount rates and selection of comparable companies.

When we issue stock-based or cash awards to an acquired company’s stockholders, we evaluate whether the awards are contingent consideration or compensation for post-business combination services.

The evaluation includes, among other things, whether the vesting of the awards is contingent on the continued employment of the selling stockholder beyond the acquisition date.

If continued employment is required for vesting, the awards are treated as compensation for post-acquisition services and recognized as expense over the requisite service period.

We estimate the fair value of intangible assets acquired generally using a discounted cash flow approach, which includes an analysis of the future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset and the risk associated with achieving these cash flows.

The key assumptions used in the discounted cash flow model include the discount rate that is applied to the forecasted future cash flows to calculate the present value of those cash flows and the estimate of future cash flows attributable to the acquired intangible asset, which include revenue, expenses and taxes.

The carrying value of acquired working capital assets and liabilities approximates its fair value, given the short-term nature of these assets and liabilities.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S.

and foreign jurisdictions.

Significant judgment is required in evaluating our uncertain tax positions and determining our provision for income taxes.

Although we believe we have adequately reserved for our uncertain tax positions, no assurance can be given that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be different.

We adjust these reserves as facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate.

To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes and the effective tax rate in the period in which such determination is made.

The provision for income taxes includes the effect of reserve provisions and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate as well as the related net interest and penalties.

In addition, we are subject to the continuous examination of our income tax returns by the Internal Revenue Services ("IRS") and other tax authorities which may assert assessments against us.

We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations and assessments to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

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Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-K

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis