Liberty Latin America Ltd. 10-K

lila-20211231 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K ☑ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31 , 2021 OR ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission file number 001-38335 Liberty Latin America Ltd. (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) Bermuda 98-1386359 (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 2 Church Street, Hamilton HM 11 (Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: ( 441 ) 295-5950 or (303) 925-6000 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Trading Symbols Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered Class A Common Shares, par value $0.01 per share LILA The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC Class C Common Shares, par value $0.01 per share LILAK The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: none Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes þ No ¨ Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No þ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes þ No ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Check one: Large Accelerated Filer ☑ Accelerated Filer ☐ Non-Accelerated Filer ☐ Smaller Reporting Company ☐ Emerging Growth Company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No þ State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter: $ 2.8 billion. The number of outstanding common shares of Liberty Latin America Ltd. as of January 31, 2022 was: 44,727,134 Class A; 1,930,907 Class B; and 181,827,877 Class C. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the definitive proxy statement for the Registrant’s 2022 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K. LIBERTY LATIN AMERICA LTD. ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Number PART I Item 1. Business I- 1 Item 1A. Risk Factors I- 34 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments I- 55 Item 2. Properties I- 55 Item 3. Legal Proceedings I- 56 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures I- 56 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities II- 1 Item 6. [Reserved] II- 3 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations II- 4 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk II- 49 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data II- 53 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure II- 53 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures II- 53 Item 9B. Other Information II- 56 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections II-56 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance III- 1 Item 11. Executive Compensation III- 1 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters III- 1 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence III- 1 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services III- 1 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules IV- 1 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary IV- 4 GLOSSARY OF DEFINED TERMS Unless the context requires otherwise, references to Liberty Latin America , “ we ,” “ our ,” “ our company ” and “ us ” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (as defined below) may refer to Liberty Latin America Ltd. or collectively to Liberty Latin America Ltd. and its subsidiaries. We have used several other terms in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, most of which are defined or explained below. 2026 C&W Senior Notes $500 million principal amount 7.5% senior notes due October 15, 2026 issued by C&W Senior Finance Limited (repaid during 2021) 2026 SPV Credit Facility $1.0 billion principal amount of LIBOR + 5.0% term loan facility due October 15, 2026 issued by LCPR Loan Financing (repaid during 2021) 2027 C&W Senior Notes $1.2 billion aggregate principal amount 6.875% senior notes due September 15, 2027 issued by C&W Senior Finance 2027 C&W Senior Notes Add-on A $300 million principal amount issued at 99.205% of par under the existing 2027 C&W Senior Notes indenture 2027 C&W Senior Notes Add-on B $220 million principal amount issued at 103.625% of par under the existing 2027 C&W Senior Notes indenture 2027 C&W Senior Secured Notes $495 million aggregate principal amount 5.75% senior secured notes due September 7, 2027 issued by Sable 2027 C&W Senior Secured Notes Add-on $150 million principal amount issued at 106.0% of par under the existing 2027 C&W Senior Secured Notes indenture 2027 CWP Revolving Credit Facility $20 million principal amount at Adjusted Term SOFR + 3.75% revolving credit facility due January 18, 2027 issued by CWP 2028 CWP Term Loan A $275 million principal amount 4.25% term loan facility due January 18, 2028 issued by CWP 2028 CWP Term Loan B $160 million principal amount 4.25% term loan facility due January 18, 2028 issued by CWP 2027 LPR Senior Secured Notes $1.2 billion aggregate principal amount 6.75% senior secured notes due October 15, 2027 issued by LCPR Senior Secured Financing 2027 LPR Senior Secured Notes Add-on $90 million principal amount issued at 102.5% of par under the existing 2027 LPR Senior Secured Notes indenture 2029 LPR Senior Secured Notes $820 million principal amount 5.125% senior secured notes due July 15, 2029 issued by LCPR Senior Secured Financing 2028 LPR Term Loan $620 million principal amount LIBOR + 3.75% term loan facility due October 15, 2028 issued by LCPR Loan Financing 2028 VTR Senior Notes $550 million principal amount 6.375% senior notes due July 15, 2028 issued by VTR Finance N.V. 2028 VTR Senior Secured Notes $480 million principal amount 5.125% senior secured notes due January 15, 2028 issued by VTR Comunicaciones SpA 2029 VTR Senior Secured Notes $410 million principal amount 4.375% senior secured notes due April 15, 2029 issued by VTR Comunicaciones SpA ACODECO Authority for Consumer Protection and Defense of Competition Acquisition Agreement Stock purchase agreement entered into between Liberty Communications PR and Liberty Latin America and AT&T to acquire the AT&T Acquired Entities Adjusted OIBDA Operating income or loss before share-based compensation, depreciation and amortization, provisions and provision releases related to significant litigation and impairment, restructuring and other operating items. Other operating items include (i) gains and losses on the disposition of long-lived assets, (ii) third-party costs directly associated with successful and unsuccessful acquisitions and dispositions, including legal, advisory and due diligence fees, as applicable, and (iii) other acquisition-related items, such as gains and losses on the settlement of contingent consideration. Adjusted Term SOFR SOFR U.S. dollar denominated loans adjusted as follows: (i) 0.11448% for a one-month interest period, (ii) 0.26161% for a three-month interest period and (iii) 0.42826% for a six-month interest period AGRECU Asociación Gremial de Consumidores Y Usuarios de Chile América Móvil América Móvil S.A.B. de C.V. Annual Report on Form 10-K Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the SEC under the Exchange Act ARPU Average monthly subscription revenue per average fixed RGU or mobile subscriber, as applicable GLOSSARY OF DEFINED TERMS ASEP National Authority of Public Service ASU Accounting Standards Update AT&T AT&T Inc. AT&T Acquisition October 31, 2020 acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of the AT&T Acquired Entities AT&T Acquired Entities Collectively, Liberty Mobile Inc., Liberty Mobile Puerto Rico Inc. and Liberty Mobile USVI Inc. AT&T TSA Transition services agreement dated October 31, 2020 by and between AT&T Liberty Communications PR Holding, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Liberty Latin America, for a period up to 36 months following the closing of the AT&T Acquisition B2B Business-to-business BEPS Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Broadband VI, LLC Acquisition December 31, 2021 acquisition of 96% of Broadband VI, LLC Cable Onda Cable Onda S.A. C&W Cable & Wireless Communications Limited and its subsidiaries C&W Bahamas The Bahamas Telecommunications Company Limited, a 49%-owned subsidiary of C&W that owns all of our operations in the Bahamas C&W Caribbean and Networks Reportable segment that includes all subsidiaries of C&W, excluding CWP that is a separate reportable segment C&W Credit Facilities Senior secured credit facilities of certain subsidiaries of C&W comprised of: (i) C&W Term Loan B-6 Facility; (ii) C&W Term Loan B-5 Facility; (iii) C&W Revolving Credit Facility; and (iv) C&W Regional Facilities C&W Jamaica Cable & Wireless Jamaica Limited, a 92%-owned subsidiary of C&W C&W Notes The senior and senior secured notes of C&W comprised of: (i) 2027 C&W Senior Secured Notes; (ii) 2026 C&W Senior Notes; and (iii) 2027 C&W Senior Notes C&W Panama Reportable segment for our operations in Panama C&W Regional Facilities Primarily comprised of credit facilities at CWP, Columbus Communications Trinidad Limited and C&W Jamaica C&W Revolving Credit Facility $630 million LIBOR + 3.25% revolving credit facility, $50 million of which is due June 30, 2023 and $580 million due January 30, 2027, of C&W C&W Senior Finance C&W Senior Finance Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of C&W C&W Term Loan B-4 Facility $1,640 million principal amount term loan B-4 facility of C&W (repaid during 2020) C&W Term Loan B-5 Facility $1,510 million principal amount LIBOR + 2.25% term loan B-5 facility due January 31, 2028 of C&W C&W Term Loan B-6 Facility $590 million principal amount LIBOR + 3.00% term loan B-6 facility due October 15, 2029 of C&W Cabletica Cabletica, S.A., an indirectly 80%-owned subsidiary in Costa Rica, and its subsidiaries, including Telefónica-Costa Rica that was acquired in August 2021 Cabletica Revolving Credit Facility $15 million LIBOR + 4.25% revolving credit facility due August 1, 2024 of Cabletica Cabletica Term Loan B-1 Facility $277 million principal amount LIBOR + 5.50% term loan facility, 50% of which is due February 1, 2024 and 50% due August 1, 2024, of Cabletica Cabletica Term Loan B-2 Facility CRC 80 billion principal amount TBP + 6.75% term loan facility, 50% of which is due February 1, 2024 and 50% due August 1, 2024, of Cabletica CAGR Compound annual growth rates Capped Calls Capped call option contracts issued in connection with the issuance of our Convertible Notes CDS Credit default swap Chile JV Defined as the pending formation of a joint venture between Liberty Latin America and América Móvil that will be 50:50 owned by each investee Chile JV Entities Represents the entities that will be contributed to the Chile JV upon closing, consisting of Lila Chile Holding BV and its subsidiaries, which include VTR, and combine each of the Chile JV investee's Chilean operations Claro Panama América Móvil's operations in Panama GLOSSARY OF DEFINED TERMS Claro Panama Acquisition Pending acquisition of Claro Panama Class C Right Pro rata subscription rights granted to holders of our Class A, Class B and Class C common shares in connection with the Rights Offering CLEC Competitive local exchange carrier CLP Chilean peso CNTV Chilean National Television Council Communications Act The United States Communications Act of 1934, as amended CONADECUS Corporación Nacional de Consumidores y Usuarios de Chile Convertible Notes $403 million principal amount 2% convertible senior notes due July 15, 2024 issued by Liberty Latin America Conversion Option A conversion option associated with the Convertible Notes, which is subject to certain conditions, and adjustments if certain events occur (as specified in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes) COP Colombian peso Coral-US Co-Borrower Coral-US Co-Borrower LLC Costa Rica Reportable segment comprised of Cabletica and Telefónica Costa Rica Costa Rica Credit Facilities Senior secured credit facilities of Cabletica comprised of: (i) Cabletica Term Loan B-1 Facility; (ii) Cabletica Term Loan B-2 Facility; and (iii) Cabletica Revolving Credit Facility CPE Customer premises equipment CRC Costa Rica colón CRU Corporate Responsible User CWP Cable & Wireless Panama, S.A., a 49%-owned subsidiary of C&W that owns most of our operations in Panama CWP Credit Facilities Credit facilities of CWP comprised of: (i) 2028 CWP Term Loan A, (ii) 2028 CWP Term Loan B and (iii) 2027 CWP Revolving Credit Facility CWSF Cable & Wireless Superannuation Fund Digicel Digicel Group Ltd . Directors Members of Liberty Latin America’s board of directors DirecTV DIRECTV Latin America Holdings, Inc. Dish Network Dish Network Corporation DOCSIS Data over cable service interface specification DOJ United States Department of Justice DSL Digital subscriber line DTH Direct-to-home DTT Digital terrestrial television DVR Digital video recorder EBU Equivalent billing unit ECTEL The Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications Authority EIP Equipment installment-plan Employee Incentive Plan Liberty Latin America Ltd. 2018 Incentive Plan Entel Empresa Nacional de Telecomunicaciones S.A. EPS Earnings or loss per share ETC Eligible Telecommunications Carrier ETECSA La Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba S.A. EURIBOR Euro Interbank Offered Rate Exchange Act Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board FCC United States Federal Communications Commission GLOSSARY OF DEFINED TERMS FCPA United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended FTA Free-to-air FTTH Fiber-to-the-home/-cabinet/-building/-node FX Foreign currency translation effects HD High definition HFC Hybrid fiber coaxial cable networks Hurricane Dorian Hurricane impacting our operations in the Bahamas during September 2019 ICE The Costa Rican Electricity Institute ILEC Incumbent local exchange carrier IPTV Internet protocol television ISPs Internet service providers JMD Jamaican dollar Law 213 The Puerto Rico Telecommunications Act of 1996 LCPR Liberty Communications of Puerto Rico LLC LCPR Loan Financing LCPR Loan Financing LLC, a consolidated special purpose financing entity LCPR Senior Secured Financing LCPR Senior Secured Financing Designated Activity Company, a consolidated special purpose financing entity Liberty Communications PR Liberty Communications PR Holding LP and its subsidiaries, which include LCPR and, as of October 31, 2020, Liberty Mobile and its subsidiaries Liberty Global Liberty Global plc Liberty Latin America Shares Collectively, Class A, Class B and Class C common shares of Liberty Latin America Liberty Mobile Liberty Mobile Inc. and it subsidiaries Liberty Puerto Rico Reportable segment with operations in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands LIBOR London Inter-Bank Offered Rate LILAK Class C common shares of Liberty Latin America LNP Local number portability LPR Credit Facilities Senior secured credit facilities of Liberty Puerto Rico comprised of: (i) LPR Revolving Credit Facility; (ii) 2028 LPR Term Loan; and (iii) at December 31, 2020, 2026 SPV Credit Facility LPR Revolving Credit Facility $173 million LIBOR + 3.5% revolving credit facility due March 15, 2027 of LCPR LPR Senior Secured Notes Senior secured notes of Liberty Puerto Rico comprised of: (i) 2029 LPR Senior Secured Notes; (ii) 2027 LPR Senior Secured Notes; and (iii) 2027 LPR Senior Secured Notes Add-on LTE Long term evolution standard MICITT Ministry of Science and Technology and Telecommunications of Costa Rica Millicom Millicom International Cellular S.A. Ministry Chilean Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications Movistar Movistar MVNO Mobile virtual network operator Network Extensions Network extension and upgrade programs across Liberty Latin America Networks & LatAm Business operations within our C&W Caribbean and Network segment Nonemployee Director Incentive Plan Liberty Latin America Ltd. 2018 Nonemployee Director Incentive Plan ODECU La Organización de Consumidores y Usuarios de Chile OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OFAC Office of Foreign Assets Control OTI The Organization, Operation, and Public Tender Mechanism of the Independent Technical Body OTT Over-the-top GLOSSARY OF DEFINED TERMS PRTC Telecommunications Of Puerto Rico, Inc. PSARs Performance-based stock appreciation rights PSUs Performance-based restricted stock units Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as filed with the SEC under the Exchange Act RGU Revenue generating unit Rights Distribution Authorized distribution of Class C Rights to acquire Class C common shares in the Rights Offering Rights Offering September 2020 rights offering whereby we distributed 0.269 of a Class C Right for each share of Class A, Class B and Class C commons shares held as of the record date RSUs Restricted stock units SARs Stock appreciation rights SEC U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission SERNAC Servicio Nacional del Consumidor (the Chilean National Consumer Authority) Seychelles Disposition Disposal of C&W's Seychelles business operations in 2019 Share Repurchase Program The share repurchase program for up to $100 million of our Class A and/or Class C common shares over two years that was authorized by our Directors on March 16, 2020 SIM Subscriber identification module SOFR Reference rate based on secured overnight financing rate administered by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York SOHO Small office / home office Split-Off The distribution by Liberty Global to its shareholders of the common shares in our company, which was completed on December 29, 2017 SubTel Chilean Undersecretary of Telecommunications Sutel Costa Rican Telecommunications Superintendence TAB Tasa Activa Bancaria interest rate TB The Puerto Rico Telecommunications Regulatory Bureau TBP Tasa Básica Pasiva interest rate Tbps Terabits per second TDLC Tribunal for the Defense of Free Competition of Chile Telefónica Telefónica, S.A., a telecommunications company with operations primarily in Europe and Latin America Telefónica Acquisition Agreement The agreement dated July 30, 2020 with Telefónica for our acquisition of their operations in Costa Rica Telefónica Costa Rica Telefónica de Costa Rica TC, S.A., an indirectly 80%-owned subsidiary in Costa Rica and it's subsidiary Telefónica Costa Rica Acquisition Acquisition of Telefónica’s wireless operations in Costa Rica Television Act The Chilean Television Act Televisora Televisora de Costa Rica S.A. TSTT Telecommunications Services of Trinidad and Tobago Limited U.K. United Kingdom UPR Fund Uniendo a Puerto Rico Fund U.S. United States U.S. GAAP Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States USF Universal Service Fund USVI U.S. Virgin Islands UTS United Telecommunication Services N.V. UTS Acquisition Acquisition of UTS in 2019 UTS NCI Acquisition Acquisition of noncontrolling interest in UTS during 2019 GLOSSARY OF DEFINED TERMS VAT Value-added taxes VDSL Very high-speed DSL VoD Video-on-demand VoIP Voice-over-internet-protocol VTR VTR Finance N.V. and its subsidiaries, a reportable segment VTR.com VTR.com SpA VTR Credit Facilities Senior secured credit facilities of VTR comprised of: (i) VTR RCF – A; (ii) VTR RCF – B; and (iii) at December 31, 2020, the VTR TLB-1 and VTR TLB-2 facilities VTR Finance Senior Notes $1.4 billion principal amount senior notes issued by VTR (repaid in 2020) VTR RCF – A CLP 45 billion TAB + 3.35% revolving credit facility due June 15, 2026 of VTR VTR RCF – B $200 million LIBOR + 2.75% revolving credit facility due June 15, 2026 of VTR VTR Revolving Credit Facilities Comprised of: (i) VTR RCF – A; and (ii) VTR RCF – B VTR Notes Comprised of: (i) 2028 VTR Senior Notes; (ii) 2028 VTR Senior Secured Notes; and (iii) 2029 VTR Senior Secured Notes VTR TLB-1 Facility CLP 141 billion principal amount ICP +3.8% term loan facility of VTR (repaid during 2021) VTR TLB-2 Facility CLP 33 billion principal amount 7% term loan facility of VTR (repaid during 2021) Weather Derivatives Weather derivative contracts that provide insurance coverage for certain weather-related events PART I Item 1. BUSINESS (a) General Development of Business Liberty Latin America, which was originally formed on July 11, 2017, is a registered company in Bermuda that primarily includes: (i) C&W; (ii) Liberty Communications PR; (iii) VTR; and (iv) LBT CT Communications, S.A. (a less than wholly-owned entity) and its subsidiaries, which include Cabletica and, as of August 9, 2021 and as further described below, Telefónica Costa Rica. C&W owns less than 100% of certain of its consolidated subsidiaries, including C&W Bahamas, C&W Jamaica and CWP. We are an international provider of fixed, mobile and subsea telecommunications services. We provide: A. residential and B2B services in: i. over 20 countries across Latin America and the Caribbean through two of our reportable segments, C&W Caribbean and Networks and C&W Panama; ii. Puerto Rico, through our reportable segment Liberty Puerto Rico; iii. Chile, through our reportable segment VTR; iv. Costa Rica, through Cabletica and its subsidiary, Telefónica Costa Rica; and B. through the Networks & LatAm business of our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment, (i) B2B services in certain other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and (ii) wholesale communication services over subsea and terrestrial fiber optic cable networks that connect approximately 40 markets in that region. Prior to the first quarter of 2021, VTR and Cabletica were collectively one operating segment. As a result of organizational changes during the first quarter of 2021, these operations became separate operating segments. Following the Telefónica Costa Rica Acquisition on August 9, 2021 (as further described in note 4 to our consolidated financial statements), Cabletica and Telefónica Costa Rica now comprise our Costa Rica operating and reportable segment. For additional information regarding our segment changes, see note 21 to our consolidated financial statements. Effective September 29, 2021, in connection with the pending formation of the Chile JV, we began accounting for the Chile JV Entities as “held for sale.” Accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the Chile JV Entities, excluding certain cash balances, are included in assets held for sale and liabilities associated with assets held for sale, respectively, on our December 31, 2021 consolidated balance sheet. Consistent with the applicable guidance, we have not reflected similar reclassifications to exclude the Chile JV Entities from continuing operations in our consolidated statements of operations or cash flows and related footnote disclosures. For additional information, see note 9 to our consolidated financial statements. Developments in the Business We have expanded our footprint through fixed network new build and upgrade projects, mobile coverage expansion, and strategic acquisitions. Our new build projects consist of network programs pursuant to which we pass additional homes and businesses with our broadband communications network. We are also upgrading networks to increase broadband speeds and the services we can deliver for our customers. During the past three years, we passed or upgraded over 1.6 million additional homes and commercial premises. We have made strategic acquisitions to drive scale benefits across our business, enhancing our ability to innovate and deliver quality services, content and products to our customers. Within the last three years, we completed, or have entered into definitive agreements to complete, the following transactions: • on September 29, 2021, we entered into an agreement with América Móvil to contribute the Chile JV Entities to América Móvil’s Chilean operations, to form the Chile JV that will be owned 50:50 by Liberty Latin America and América Móvil. América Móvil is a telecommunications service provider with over 6.5 million mobile customers in I-1 Chile . The consummation of the transaction is subject to certain customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals, and is expected to close in the second half of 2022; • on September 14, 2021, we entered into an agreement to acquire América Móvil’s operations in Panama in an all-cash transaction based upon an enterprise value of $200 million on a cash- and debt-free basis. The transaction is subject to certain customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals, and is expected to close in the first half of 2022; • on August 9, 2021, we completed the acquisition Telefónica S.A.’s operations in Costa Rica in an all-cash transaction based upon an enterprise value of $500 million on a cash- and debt-free basis; • on October 31, 2020, we completed the acquisition of AT&T’s wireless and wireline operations in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands in an all-cash transaction based upon an enterprise value of $1.95 billion; • on November 5, 2019, we completed the disposition of Cable & Wireless Seychelles based upon an enterprise value of approximately $104 million to a consortium of local investors; and • on March 31, 2019 we completed the acquisition of an 87.5% stake from the government of Curacao in United Telecommunications Services N.V., providing fixed and mobile services to the island nations of Curacao, St. Maarten, St. Martin, Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba, and on September 10, 2019 of the remaining 12.5% from the government of St. Maarten, each in an all cash transaction; For information regarding our material financing transactions, see note 10 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Forward-looking Statements Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. To the extent that statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are not recitations of historical fact, such statements constitute forward-looking statements, which, by definition, involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such statements. In particular, statements under Item 1. Business , Item 1A. Risk Factors , Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk may contain forward-looking statements, including statements regarding: our business, product, foreign currency and finance strategies; our property and equipment additions; grants or renewals of licenses; subscriber growth and retention rates; changes in competitive, regulatory and economic factors; the timing and impacts of proposed transactions, including the Claro Panama Acquisition and the Chile JV; our anticipated integration plans, synergies, opportunities and integration costs in Puerto Rico following the AT&T Acquisition and in Costa Rica following the Telefónica Costa Rica Acquisition; the UPR Fund; changes in our revenue, costs or growth rates; debt levels; our liquidity and our ability to access the liquidity of our subsidiaries; credit risks; the interest rate risks associated with the transition of LIBOR; internal control over financial reporting and remediation of material weaknesses; foreign currency risks; compliance with debt, financial and other covenants; our future projected sources and uses of cash; the effects and potential impacts of COVID-19 on our business and results of operations; and other information and statements that are not historical fact. Where, in any forward-looking statement, we express an expectation or belief as to future results or events, such expectation or belief is expressed in good faith and believed to have a reasonable basis, but there can be no assurance that the expectation or belief will result or be achieved or accomplished. In evaluating these statements, you should consider the risks and uncertainties discussed under Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk , as well as the following list of some but not all of the factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from anticipated results or events: • economic and business conditions and industry trends in the countries in which we operate; • the competitive environment in the industries in the countries in which we operate, including competitor responses to our products and services; • fluctuations in currency exchange rates, inflation rates and interest rates; • our relationships with third-party programming providers and broadcasters, some of which are also offering content directly to consumers, and our ability to maintain access to desirable programming on acceptable economic terms; • our relationships with suppliers and licensors and the ability to maintain equipment, software and certain services; I-2 • instability in global financial markets, including sovereign debt issues and related fiscal reforms; • our ability to obtain additional financing and generate sufficient cash to meet our debt obligations; • the impact of restrictions contained in certain of our subsidiaries’ debt instruments; • consumer disposable income and spending levels, including the availability and amount of individual consumer debt; • changes in consumer viewing preferences and habits, including on mobile devices that function on various operating systems and specifications, limited bandwidth, and different processing power and screen sizes; • customer acceptance of our existing service offerings, including our video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony, mobile and business service offerings, and of new technology, programming alternatives and other products and services that we may offer in the future; • our ability to manage rapid technological changes; • the impact of 5G and wireless technologies on broadband internet; • our ability to maintain or increase the number of subscriptions to our video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony and mobile service offerings and our average revenue per household and mobile subscriber; • our ability to provide satisfactory customer service, including support for new and evolving products and services; • our ability to maintain or increase rates to our subscribers or to pass through increased costs to our subscribers; • the impact of our future financial performance, or market conditions generally, on the availability, terms and deployment of capital; • changes in, or failure or inability to comply with, government regulations in the countries in which we operate and adverse outcomes from regulatory proceedings; • government intervention that requires opening our broadband distribution networks to competitors; • our ability to renew necessary regulatory licenses, concessions or other operating agreements and to otherwise acquire future spectrum or other licenses that we need to offer new mobile data or other technologies or services; • our ability to obtain regulatory approval and satisfy other conditions necessary to close acquisitions and dispositions, and the impact of conditions imposed by competition and other regulatory authorities in connection with acquisitions, such as with respect to the Claro Panama Acquisition and the Chile JV; • our ability to successfully acquire new businesses and, if acquired, to integrate, realize anticipated efficiencies from and implement our business plan with respect to the businesses we have acquired or that we expect to acquire, such as with respect to the Telefónica Costa Rica Acquisition, the Claro Panama Acquisition and the Chile JV; • changes in laws or treaties relating to taxation, or the interpretation thereof, in the U.S. or in other countries in which we operate and the results of any tax audits or tax disputes; • changes in laws and government regulations that may impact the availability and cost of capital and the derivative instruments that hedge certain of our financial risks; • the ability of suppliers and vendors, including third-party channel providers and broadcasters (including our third-party wireless network provider under our MVNO arrangement), to timely deliver quality products, equipment, software, services and access; • the availability of attractive programming for our video services and the costs associated with such programming, including retransmission and copyright fees payable to public and private broadcasters; • uncertainties inherent in the development and integration of new business lines and business strategies; • our ability to adequately forecast and plan future network requirements, including the costs and benefits associated with our network extension and upgrade programs; I-3 • the availability of capital for the acquisition and/or development of telecommunications networks and services, including property and equipment additions; • problems we may discover post-closing with the operations, including the internal controls and financial reporting process, of businesses we acquire, such as with respect to the AT&T Acquisition and the Telefónica Costa Rica Acquisition; • the effect of any of the identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting; • piracy, targeted vandalism against our networks, and cybersecurity threats or other security breaches, including the leakage of sensitive customer data, which could harm our business or reputation; • the outcome of any pending or threatened litigation; • the loss of key employees and the availability of qualified personnel; • the effect of any strikes, work stoppages or other industrial actions that could affect our operations; • changes in the nature of key strategic relationships with partners and joint venturers; • our equity capital structure; • our ability to realize the full value of our intangible assets; • changes in and compliance with applicable data privacy laws, rules, and regulations; • our ability to recoup insurance reimbursements and settlements from third-party providers; • our ability to comply with anti-corruption laws and regulations, such as the FCPA; • our ability to comply with economic and trade sanctions laws, such as the U.S. Treasury Department’s OFAC; • the impacts of climate change such as rising sea levels or increasing frequency and intensity of certain weather phenomena; and • events that are outside of our control, such as political conditions and unrest in international markets, terrorist attacks, malicious human acts, hurricanes and other natural disasters, pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, and other similar events. The broadband distribution and mobile service industries are changing rapidly and, therefore, the forward-looking statements of expectations, plans and intent in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are subject to a significant degree of risk. These forward-looking statements and the above described risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to disseminate any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement. (b) Description of Business Overview We are a leading communications company with operations in Puerto Rico, Chile, Panama, Costa Rica, the Caribbean, including Jamaica, and other parts of Latin America . The communications and entertainment services that we deliver to our residential and business customers include video, broadband internet, telephony and mobile services. In most of our operating footprint, we offer bundles of services, including video, broadband internet and telephony products in one subscription. We are also focused on leveraging our full-service product suite to deliver fixed-mobile convergence offerings. Our business products and services also include enterprise-grade connectivity, data center, hosting and managed solutions, as well as IT solutions with customers ranging from small and medium enterprises to international companies and governmental agencies. We also operate an extensive subsea and terrestrial fiber optic cable network that connects approximately 40 markets in the region, providing connectivity solutions both within and outside our operating footprint. I-4 We are the largest fixed-line provider of high-speed broadband and video services across a number of our markets, including Puerto Rico, Chile, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. In addition, we offer mobile services across our operating footprint. As a network operator across most of our markets, we are able to offer a full range of voice and data services, including value-added, data-based and fixed-mobile converged services. In Chile, VTR provides mobile services as an MVNO and leases a third-party’s radio access network. For a breakdown of revenue by major category, see note 21 to our consolidated financial statements in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our operating brands include the following: C&W VTR.com Liberty Puerto Rico Costa Rica I-5 Operating Data The following tables present certain operating data as of December 31, 2021. The tables reflect 100% of the data applicable to each of our reportable segments, and for the key markets within the segments of C&W Caribbean and Networks, C&W Panama and Costa Rica, regardless of our ownership percentage. For additional information regarding terms used in the following tables, see the Operating Data Glossary below. Homes Passed Two-way Homes Passed Fixed Line Customer Relationships Total RGUs Video RGUs Internet RGUs Telephony RGUs Total Mobile Subscribers Prepaid Postpaid C&W Caribbean & Networks: Jamaica 646,400 646,400 330,200 733,400 138,800 300,200 294,400 1,111,500 1,072,200 39,300 The Bahamas 120,900 120,900 38,900 72,400 9,400 30,000 33,000 176,400 143,100 33,300 Trinidad and Tobago 337,600 337,600 159,600 335,000 104,500 143,300 87,200 — — — Barbados 140,400 140,400 83,700 180,900 36,600 73,000 71,300 122,400 88,400 34,000 Other 336,000 316,200 221,300 374,100 74,700 183,200 116,200 411,100 346,800 64,300 Total C&W Caribbean and Networks 1,581,300 1,561,500 833,700 1,695,800 364,000 729,700 602,100 1,821,400 1,650,500 170,900 C&W Panama 774,300 774,300 200,200 467,100 108,200 179,400 179,500 1,712,200 1,550,900 161,300 Total C&W 2,355,600 2,335,800 1,033,900 2,162,900 472,200 909,100 781,600 3,533,600 3,201,400 332,200 Liberty Puerto Rico (a) 1,160,200 1,160,200 520,500 977,100 245,700 478,900 252,500 1,022,400 199,900 822,500 VTR 4,175,900 3,809,300 1,388,800 2,824,300 1,060,500 1,218,900 544,900 251,200 8,200 243,000 Costa Rica (b) 663,100 657,200 283,200 476,700 200,800 243,300 32,600 2,733,100 2,031,200 701,900 Total 8,354,800 7,962,500 3,226,400 6,441,000 1,979,200 2,850,200 1,611,600 7,540,300 5,440,700 2,099,600 (a) Postpaid mobile subscribers include 139,700 CRUs. A CRU represents an individual receiving mobile services through an organization that has entered into a contract for mobile services with us and where the organization is responsible for the payment of the CRU’s mobile services. (b) Our homes passed in Costa Rica include 55,000 homes on a third-party network that provides us long-term access. Subscriber information related to the Telefónica Costa Rica Acquisition is preliminary and subject to adjustment until we have completed our review of such information and determined that it is presented in accordance with our policies. I-6 Operating Data Glossary Customer Relationships – The number of customers who receive at least one of our video, internet or telephony services that we count as RGUs, without regard to which or to how many services they subscribe. To the extent that RGU counts include EBU adjustments, we reflect corresponding adjustments to our customer relationship counts. For further information regarding our EBU calculation, see Additional General Notes below. Customer relationships generally are counted on a unique premises basis. Accordingly, if an individual receives our services in two premises (e.g., a primary home and a vacation home), that individual generally will count as two customer relationships. We exclude mobile-only customers from customer relationships. Homes Passed – Homes, residential multiple dwelling units or commercial units that can be connected to our networks without materially extending the distribution plant. Certain of our homes passed counts are based on census data that can change based on either revisions to the data or from new census results. Internet (Broadband) RGU – A home, residential multiple dwelling unit or commercial unit that receives internet services over our network. Mobile Subscribers – Our mobile subscriber count represents the number of active SIM cards in service rather than services provided. For example, if a mobile subscriber has both a data and voice plan on a smartphone this would equate to one mobile subscriber. Alternatively, a subscriber who has a voice and data plan for a mobile handset and a data plan for a laptop (via a dongle) would be counted as two mobile subscribers. Customers who do not pay a recurring monthly fee are excluded from our mobile telephony subscriber counts after periods of inactivity ranging from 60 to 90 days, based on industry standards within the respective country. In a number of countries, our mobile subscribers receive mobile services pursuant to prepaid contracts. RGU – RGU is separately a video RGU, internet RGU or telephony RGU. A home, residential multiple dwelling unit, or commercial unit may contain one or more RGUs. For example, if a residential customer in Chile subscribed to our video service, fixed-line telephony service and broadband internet service, the customer would constitute three RGUs. RGUs are generally counted on a unique premises basis such that a given premises does not count as more than one RGU for any given service. On the other hand, if an individual receives one of our services in two premises (e.g., a primary home and a vacation home), that individual will count as two RGUs for that service. Each bundled video, internet or telephony service is counted as a separate RGU regardless of the nature of any bundling discount or promotion. Non-paying subscribers are counted as RGUs during their free promotional service period. Some of these subscribers may choose to disconnect after their free service period. Services offered without charge on a long-term basis (e.g., VIP subscribers or free service to employees) generally are not counted as RGUs. We do not include subscriptions to mobile services in our externally reported RGU counts. In this regard, our RGU counts exclude our separately reported postpaid and prepaid mobile subscribers. SOHO - Small office/ home office customers. Telephony RGU – A home, residential multiple dwelling unit or commercial unit that receives voice services over our network. Telephony RGUs exclude mobile subscribers. Two-way Homes Passed – Homes passed by those sections of our networks that are technologically capable of providing two-way services, including video, internet and telephony services. Video RGU – A home, residential multiple dwelling unit or commercial unit that receives our video service over our network primarily via a digital video signal while subscribing to any recurring monthly service that requires the use of encryption-enabling technology. Video RGUs that are not counted on an EBU basis are generally counted on a unique premises basis. For example, a subscriber with one or more set-top boxes that receives our video service in one premises is generally counted as just one RGU. Additional General Notes: Most of our operations provide telephony, broadband internet, data, video or other B2B services. Certain of our B2B service revenue is derived from SOHO customers that pay a premium price to receive enhanced service levels along with video, internet or telephony services that are the same or similar to the mass marketed products offered to our residential subscribers. All mass marketed products provided to SOHO customers, whether or not accompanied by enhanced service levels and/or premium prices, are included in the respective RGU and customer counts of our operations, with only those services provided at premium prices considered to be “SOHO RGUs” or “SOHO customers.” To the extent our existing customers upgrade from a residential product offering to a SOHO product offering, the number of SOHO RGUs and SOHO customers will increase, but there is no impact to our total RGU or customer counts. With the exception of our B2B SOHO customers, we generally do not count customers of B2B services as customers or RGUs for external reporting purposes. I-7 Certain of our residential and commercial RGUs are counted on an EBU basis, including residential multiple dwelling units and commercial establishments, such as bars, hotels, and hospitals, in Chile and Puerto Rico. Our EBUs are generally calculated by dividing the bulk price charged to accounts in an area by the most prevalent price charged to non-bulk residential customers in that market for the comparable tier of service. As such, we may experience variances in our EBU counts solely as a result of changes in rates. While we take appropriate steps to ensure that subscriber and homes passed statistics are presented on a consistent and accurate basis at any given balance sheet date, the variability from country to country in (i) the nature and pricing of products and services, (ii) the distribution platform, (iii) billing systems, (iv) bad debt collection experience and (v) other factors add complexity to the subscriber and homes passed counting process. We periodically review our subscriber and homes passed counting policies and underlying systems to improve the accuracy and consistency of the data reported on a prospective basis. Accordingly, we may from time to time make appropriate adjustments to our subscriber and homes passed statistics based on those reviews. Fixed Network and Product Penetration Data (%) Panama Jamaica The Bahamas Trinidad and Tobago Barbados Other C&W Chile Costa Rica Puerto Rico Network data: Two-way homes passed (1) 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 94 % 91 % 99 % 100 % Homes passed: Cable (2) 46 % 43 % — % 100 % — % 58 % 86 % 91 % 95 % FTTH (2) 37 % 27 % 49 % — % 100 % 23 % 14 % 9 % 5 % VDSL (2) 17 % 30 % 51 % — % — % 19 % — % — % — % Product penetration: Television (3) 14 % 21 % 8 % 31 % 26 % 22 % 25 % 30 % 21 % Broadband internet (4) 23 % 46 % 25 % 42 % 52 % 58 % 32 % 37 % 41 % Fixed-line telephony (4) 23 % 46 % 27 % 26 % 51 % 37 % 14 % 5 % 22 % Double-play (5) 39 % 45 % 50 % 9 % 31 % 33 % 33 % 48 % 12 % Triple-play (5) 47 % 39 % 18 % 50 % 42 % 18 % 35 % 10 % 38 % (1) Percentage of total homes passed that are two-way homes passed. (2) Percentage of two-way homes passed served by a cable, FTTH or DSL network, as applicable. “VDSL” refers to both our DSL and very high-speed DSL technology networks. (3) Percentage of total homes passed that subscribe to television services. (4) Percentage of two-way homes passed that subscribe to broadband internet or fixed-line telephony services, as applicable. (5) Percentage of total customers that subscribe to two services (double-play customers) or three services (triple-play customers) offered by our operations (video, broadband internet and fixed-line telephony), as applicable. I-8 Video, Broadband Internet & Fixed-Line Telephony and Mobile Services Panama Jamaica The Bahamas Trinidad and Tobago Barbados Other C&W Chile Costa Rica Puerto Rico Video services: Network System (1) VDSL/HFC/FTTH VDSL/HFC/FTTH VDSL/FTTH HFC FTTH VDSL/HFC/FTTH HFC/FTTH HFC/FTTH HFC / FTTH Broadband internet service: Maximum download speed offered ( Mbps ) 1,000 150 600 500 1,000 ~300 (2) 600 200 600 Mobile services: Network Technology (3) LTE LTE LTE — LTE LTE / HSPA+ LTE LTE 5G (1) These are the primary systems used for delivery of services in the countries indicated. “ HFC ” refers to hybrid fiber coaxial cable networks. (2) Represents an average as speeds vary by market. (3) Fastest available technology. “ LTE” refers to the Long Term Evolution Standard. “ HSPA+ ” refers to Evolved High Speed Packet Access. I-9 Products and Services We offer our customers a comprehensive set of converged mobile, broadband, video and fixed-line telephony services. In the table below, we identify the services we offer in each of the countries in the Caribbean and Latin America where we have operations. Mobile Broadband internet Video Fixed-line telephony C&W: Anguilla X X X X Antigua & Barbuda X X X — Barbados X X X X Bonaire X — — — British Virgin Islands X X X X Cayman Islands X X X X Curaçao X X X X Dominica X X X X Grenada X X X X Jamaica X X X X Montserrat X X — X Saba X — — — St. Eustatius X — — — St. Maarten X X — — St. Martin X — — — St. Kitts & Nevis X X X X St. Lucia X X X X St. Vincent & the Grenadines X X X X The Bahamas X X X X Trinidad and Tobago — X X X Turks & Caicos X X X X Panama X X X X Liberty Puerto Rico Puerto Rico X X X X USVI X X — X VTR X X X X Costa Rica X X X X We believe that our ability to offer our customers greater choice and selection in bundling their services enhances the attractiveness of our service offerings, improves customer retention, minimizes churn and increases overall customer lifetime value. Residential Services Mobile Services . We offer mobile services throughout our operating footprint. We are a mobile network operator, delivering high-speed services in Puerto Rico and the USVI, Panama, Costa Rica and all but one of our Caribbean markets. In Chile, we provide mobile services as an MVNO, where VTR leases a third-party’s radio access network. As a mobile network provider, we are able to offer a full range of voice and data services, including value-added services. Where available, we expect our mobile services will allow us to provide an extensive converged product offering with video, internet and fixed-line telephony, allowing our customers connectivity in and out-of-the-home. We hold spectrum licenses as a mobile network provider, with terms typically ranging from 10 to 15 years across our C&W markets. In Puerto Rico, spectrum licenses are I-10 typically held for perpetuity with the exception of CBRS spectrum which has a priority term of 10 years. We also hold mobile spectrum licenses in Costa Rica with a 15-year term that may be extended for an additional 10 years. Subscribers to our mobile services pay varying monthly fees depending on whether the mobile service is bundled with one of our other services or includes mobile data services over their phones, tablets or laptops. Our mobile services are available on a postpaid or prepaid basis. We offer our customers the option to purchase mobile handsets with purchase terms typically related to whether the customer selects a prepaid or postpaid plan. Customers selecting a prepaid plan or service pay in advance for a pre-determined amount of airtime and/or data and generally do not enter into a minimum contract term. Customers subscribing to a postpaid plan generally enter into contracts ranging from 12 to 24 months. Customers subscribing to a postpaid plan in Puerto Rico are offered installment agreements if they buy a new handset with acceleration provisions if they cancel the account without penalty. Long-term contracts are often taken with a subsidized mobile handset. Our mobile services include voice, Short Message Service (SMS) and internet access via data plans. Broadband Internet Services . To support our customers’ connectivity demands, we are expanding our networks to make ultrafast broadband available to more people. This includes investment in the convergence of our fixed and mobile data systems and through our next generation WiFi products, which enable us to maximize the impact of our ultrafast broadband networks by providing reliable wireless connectivity anywhere in the home. These gateway products can be self-installed and have an automatic WiFi optimization function, which selects the best possible wireless frequency. During 2021, our Network Extension programs (as defined and described below) passed approximately 738,800 homes across Liberty Latin America. The internet speeds we offer are one of our differentiators, as customers spend more time streaming video and other bandwidth-heavy services on multiple devices. As a result, we are continuing to invest in additional bandwidth and technologies to increase internet speeds throughout our Latin America and Caribbean footprint. We plan to continue the upgrade and expansion of our fixed networks so that we can deploy high-speed internet service to additional customers in the coming years. Our residential subscribers access the internet via DSL over our fixed-line telephony networks, FTTH or hybrid fiber coaxial cable networks and with cable modems connected to their internet capable devices, including personal computers, or wirelessly via next generation WiFi and telephony gateway products. In each of our markets, we offer multiple tiers of internet service. The speed of service depends on location and the tier of service selected by our subscribers. Our value-added services include security measures and online storage. Mobile broadband internet services are also available through our mobile services described above. Subscribers to our internet service pay a monthly fee based on the tier of service selected. In addition to the monthly fee, customers pay an activation service fee upon subscribing to an internet service. This one-time fee may be waived for promotional reasons. We determine pricing for each different tier of internet service through an analysis of speed, market conditions and other factors. Video Services . We offer video services in Puerto Rico, Chile, Costa Rica, and in most of C&W’s residential markets. In most markets, we are enhancing our video offerings with next generation, market-leading digital television platforms that enable our customers to control when and where they watch their programming. These advanced services are delivered over our FTTH, hybrid fiber coaxial cable and VDSL networks and customers access a range of features that include a DVR, a VoD offering and an advanced UI including an electronic programming guide, voice search and recommendation. These video customers can also pause their programming while a live broadcast is in progress, return to the start and find programs they may have missed. They can also stream a selection of channels and non-linear content on their own devices through “TV Everywhere” mobile applications such as, “VTR Play” in Chile, “Flow ToGo” and “Flow Sports” in the Caribbean, “Liberty Go” in Puerto Rico, “+movil” in Panama and “Cabletica Play” in Costa Rica. Our operations with video services typically offer multiple tiers of digital video programming starting with affordable entry or skinny and basic video service tiers. In addition, subscribers have the option to select extended and/or premium subscription packages combining linear channels and VoD. Subscribers to our digital video services pay a fixed monthly fee and, in most of our markets, all tiers include a number of HD channels as well as access to enhanced features. In addition, through our latest generation of video CPE (Customer Premise Equipment), subscribers can access most leading internet streaming services. In the few markets where our analog service is still available, subscribers to the analog service typically receive fewer channels than subscribers to our digital services, with the number of channels dependent on their location and we continue to upgrade our systems to expand our digital services and encourage our remaining analog subscribers to convert to a digital or premium digital service. Discounts to our monthly service fees are generally available to a subscriber who selects a bundled service of at least two of the following services: video, internet and fixed-line telephony. We tailor our video services in each country of operation based on local preferences, culture, demographics and regulatory requirements. We aim to offer the most relevant mix of content to our subscribers, combining general entertainment, sports, I-11 movies, documentaries, lifestyle, news, adult, children and foreign channels, as well as local, regional and international broadcast networks. We also operate several channels in the Caribbean, including a leading Caribbean sports network, Flow Sports, and through a consolidated joint venture, RUSH, a sports channel available across the Caribbean (excluding Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands). Telephony Services . C&W is the incumbent fixed-line telephony service provider in most of its residential markets. VTR is the second largest residential fixed-line telephony operator, and a leading provider within its footprint. In Puerto Rico and Costa Rica we also offer telephony services over our respective networks. We offer multi-feature telephony service over our various fixed networks, including cable, FTTH and copper networks. Depending on location, these services are provided via either circuit-switched telephony or VoIP technology. As we continue to develop and invest in new technologies that will enhance our customers’ experiences, we are replacing obsolete switches with VoIP technology and older copper networks with modern fiber optics. These digital telephony services cover international and domestic services. Business Services C&W is one of the largest business service providers in its markets, and business services represent a significant portion of C&W’s revenue. We offer cloud-based integrated communication services, connectivity and wholesale solutions to carriers and businesses throughout the Caribbean and in parts of Latin America via our subsea and terrestrial fiber optic cable networks. Our systems include long-haul terrestrial backbone and metro fiber networks that provide service to major commercial zones, wireless carrier cell sites and customers in key markets within our operating footprint. Our networks deliver critical infrastructure for the transport of growing traffic from businesses, governments and other telecommunications operators across the region, particularly to the high-traffic destination of the United States. I-12 Below is a map of our subsea fiber network. I-13 With over 50,000 km of fiber optic cable, and activated capacity of over 10 Tbps, C&W is able to carry large volumes of voice and data traffic on behalf of our customers, businesses and carriers. C&W’s networks also allow us to provide point-to-point, clear channel wholesale broadband capacity services and IP transit, superior switching and routing capabilities and local network services to telecommunications carriers, ISPs and large corporations. In the case of network outage or maintenance activity, our network provides built-in resiliency through our traffic re-routing capability. C&W has received recognition for its wholesale services. For the second year in a row, C&W Business won the award for “Best Marketing Team” at the 2021 Global Carrier Awards. The creative team of C&W Business stood out for their work in the development of marketing campaigns and was given this award for their dynamism, success and efficiency. The Global Carrier Awards are the most prestigious in the wholesale telecommunications industry, annually honoring innovation in the regional and global markets, as well as vision and excellence in the sector. Across our regional footprint we also provide services to business customers in various segments, from small and medium businesses to larger corporate and enterprise organizations including multi-national companies and governments. We work with our business customers to customize the best end-to-end solutions, using standardized best in class products to fit their service needs. We target specific industry segments, such as financial institutions, the hospitality sector, education institutions and government ministries and agencies. We have agreements to provide our services over fully managed and monitored dedicated multiprotocol label switching networks and metro-access fiber lines. We offer tailored solutions that combine our standard services with value-added features, such as dedicated customer care and enhanced service performance monitoring, to meet specific customer requirements. Our business products and services include voice, broadband, enterprise-grade connectivity, network security, unified communications and a range of cloud-based IT solutions, such as Infrastructure as a Service, disaster recovery and other service offerings. We also offer a range of data, voice and internet services to carriers, ISPs and mobile operators. Our extensive fiber optic cable networks allow us to typically deliver redundant, end-to-end connectivity backed by a strong service level agreement guarantee. Our networks also allow us to provide our services over dedicated access fiber lines, and local and international private networks which are dedicated to our business customers. Our business services fall into five broad categories: • VoIP and circuit-switch telephony; • Data services for internet access, virtual private networks, high capacity point-to-point, point-to-multi-point and multi-point-to-multi-point services, managed networking services such as wide area and WiFi networks; • Wireless services for mobile voice and data; • Interactive TV service with specialized channel lineups for targeted industries, such as hospitality; and • Value added Managed Services, including ◦ Private and Public Cloud Infrastructure Services and integration, including Disaster Recovery Backup Services; ◦ Cloud and premise based Private Branch eXchange solutions, conferencing options and Hosted Contact Center solutions; ◦ Cyber Security Services, including structured solutions, rapid response, and other professional services; ◦ Emerging technologies in Software Defined Networking, Internet of Things, Digitalization and Digital Currencies; and ◦ Specialized services such as Tele-Health, Digital Signage, and Retail Analytics. The extensive reach of our network and assets, as well as our comprehensive set of capabilities positions us to meet the needs of carriers, businesses and government customers that are searching for a capable, progressive provider to manage their ever more complex communications, connectivity and information technology needs . Technology In many of our markets, we transmit our broadband internet, video and fixed-line telephony services over aN HFC cable network, and increasingly through FTTH networks. An HFC network consists primarily of fiber networks that we connect to the home over the last few hundred meters by coaxial cable and an FTTH network uses fiber-to-the-home/-cabinet/-building/-node. In several of our Caribbean markets, we transmit our services over a fixed network consisting of FTTH , VDSL or DSL I-14 copper lines. Approximately 95% of our networks allow for two-way communications and are flexible enough to support our current services as well as new services. We closely monitor our network capacity and customer usage. We continue to take actions and explore improvements to our technologies that will increase our capacity and enhance our customers’ connected entertainment experience. These actions include: • recapturing bandwidth and optimizing our networks by: ◦ increasing the number of nodes in our markets; ◦ increasing the bandwidth of our hybrid fiber coaxial cable networks; ◦ converting analog channels to digital; ◦ bonding additional DOCSIS 3.0 channels and adding DOCSIS 3.1 channels; ◦ replacing copper lines with modern optic fibers; and ◦ using digital compression technologies. • freeing spectrum for high-speed internet, VoD and other services by encouraging customers to move from analog to digital services; • increasing the efficiency of our networks by moving head-end functions (encoding, transcoding and multiplexing) to cloud storage systems; • enhancing our network to accommodate further business services; • using our wireless technologies to extend services outside of the home; • offering remote access to our video services through laptops, smart phones and tablets; • expanding the availability of next generation decoder and set-top boxes and related products, as well as developing and introducing online media sharing and streaming or cloud-based video; and • testing new technologies. We are engaged in network extension and upgrade programs across Liberty Latin America. We collectively refer to these network extension and upgrade programs as the “ Network Extensions .” Through the Network Extensions , we continue to expand our fixed networks pursuant to which we pass or upgrade homes and businesses with our broadband communications network. In addition, we look for mobile service opportunities where we have established cable networks and have expanded our fixed-line networks where we have a strong mobile offering. This will allow us to offer converged fixed-line and mobile services to our customers. We deliver high-speed data and fixed-line telephony over our various fixed networks, including cable, FTTH and copper networks. These networks are further connected via our subsea and terrestrial fiber optic cable networks that provide connectivity within and outside the region. Our subsea network cables terminating in the United States carry over 10 Tbps , which represent approximately 10% of their potential capacity based on current deployed technology, presenting us with significant growth opportunities. In Puerto Rico, our network includes a fiber ring around the island that provides enhanced interconnectivity points to the island’s other local and international telecommunications companies. As noted above, we operate one of the largest subsea fiber networks in the region and our systems include long-haul terrestrial backbone and metro fiber networks that provide access to major commercial zones, wireless carrier cell sites and customers in key markets within our operating footprint. For more information about our subsea network, see — Business Services above. I-15 Mobile We operate mobile networks in all of our consumer markets except Chile (where we operate as an MVNO) and Trinidad & Tobago. Our networks deliver high-speed services across our markets, with over 90% LTE population coverage . Our primary wireless networks use HSPA+ and LTE technologies, which we offer in most of the countries where we operate. In Puerto Rico and USVI we operate 5G networks and across other markets we aim to increase the speed of transmission of our data services and have been expanding our HSPA+ and LTE coverage. We transmit wireless calls and data through radio frequencies that we use under spectrum licenses. We have a diversified portfolio of frequencies which support HSPA+, LTE and 5G (Puerto Rico & USVI only) technologies. While spectrum is a limited resource, and, as a result, we may face spectrum and capacity constraints on our wireless network in certain countries. We believe our current spectrum portfolio will allow us to meet subscribers’ needs in the coming years and minimal further investment, although we will continue to evaluate our need to acquire additional frequencies to supplement our existing spectrum portfolio. For example, in 2020, we acquired CBRS (3.5 GHz) spectrum in Puerto Rico and the USVI in the auction for that frequency. In Puerto Rico and USVI the 700 MHz FirstNet (Band 14) is usable by us (when not occupied by first responders’ traffic) but owned by AT&T and the First Responders Public Private Partnership. We continue to invest significant capital in expanding our network capacity and reach and to address spectrum and capacity constraints on a market-by-market basis. Our prime 5G deployed market is Puerto Rico and USVI where approximately 95% of the population is served by our 5G capable network. We continually look for opportunities to expand our 5G footprint to other countries where a positive business case exists. Similarly, we are investing to build a new mobile core in Puerto Rico, which when built, will be virtualized, redundant and “pooled” across all our countries/islands in the Caribbean region (inside and outside hurricane regions) to provide redundancy and resilience. These pooled and redundant network elements will be connected by our owned and operated diverse submarine cable routes with automatic alternate routing. Across all our mobile operations we continually strive to improve our network performance by commissioning annual competitive performance benchmarking studies and undertaking customer experience improvement programs. In Puerto Rico and the USVI, we are a part of the national US Firstnet (Emergency/First Responders) network, which necessitates above-average network resilience and other customer performance requirements, subject to governmental penalties for non-compliance. Supply Sources Content Content is one of the drivers for customers in selecting a provider of video, broadband and/or wireless services. Therefore, we aim to provide products that allow our customers to consume content whenever and wherever they want and feature content that matters the most to our customers. Our programming strategy is based on: • product (enabling access through home and mobile screens at anytime, including live, restart, catch-up, personal recording, on-demand and internet streaming apps); • proposition (meeting our customers’ content and entertainment expectations by offering access to a wider range of channels and on-demand content, and internet streaming services at affordable and competitive price points); and • partnering (alliances with content partners and leading distributors to aggregate the best linear, non-linear and streaming content). Except for Flow Sports and Flow 1 services, that we operate, in the Caribbean, and the RUSH sports channel operated by a consolidated joint venture with the Digicel Group, we license our programming and on-demand content through distribution agreements with third-party content providers, including broadcasters and leading cable networks. For such licenses, we generally pay a variable monthly fee on a per subscriber basis, through multi-year programming licenses. In our distribution agreements, we seek to include the rights to offer the licensed channels and on-demand programming to our authenticated customers through multiple delivery platforms including through our apps for IP-connected mobile and/or fixed devices, and our websites. We also acquire rights to make available, in selected markets, video services to mobile subscribers and broadband subscribers that are not subscribers to fixed TV services. With respect to rights for the sports and entertainment services we operate directly or in a joint-venture in the Caribbean, we seek to license locally relevant sports content. Our latest video consumer equipment that is distributed to a growing number of markets, including Puerto Rico, Chile, Costa Rica and Panama, also enables our customers to access, through the Google App Store, leading streaming services such as Netflix, Disney+, HBOMax and Amazon Prime Video. I-16 Mobile Handsets and Customer Premises Equipment We use a variety of suppliers for mobile handsets to offer our customers mobile services. For other customer premises equipment, we purchase from a number of different suppliers and regularly assess production lead times to ensure supply continuity and implement dual sourcing strategies to mitigate further risks when applicable. Customer premises equipment includes set-top boxes, modems, WiFi routers, extenders and similar devices. For each type of equipment, we retain specialists to provide customer support. For our broadband services, we use a variety of suppliers for our network equipment and the various services we offer. Software Licenses We license software products, including email and security software as well as content, such as news feeds, from several suppliers for our internet services and internal IT platforms. The agreements for these products require us to pay a per subscriber fee or a one-off software license fee and a share of advertising revenue for content licenses. For our mobile network operations and our fixed-line telephony services, we license software products, such as voicemail, text messaging and caller ID, from a variety of suppliers. For these licenses we seek to enter into long-term contracts, which generally require us to pay based on usage of the services. Access Arrangements For our mobile services provided through MVNO arrangements at VTR , we are dependent on third-party wireless network providers, with whom we contract to carry the mobile communications traffic of our customers. We seek to enter into medium to long-term arrangements for this service. Any termination of these arrangements could significantly impact our mobile services provided through VTR . Regulatory Matters Video distribution, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony and mobile businesses are regulated in each of the markets in which we operate, and the scope of regulation varies from market to market. Adverse regulatory developments could subject our businesses to a number of risks. Regulation, including conditions imposed on us by competition or other authorities as a requirement to close acquisitions or dispositions, could limit growth, revenue and the number and type of services offered and could lead to increased operating costs and property and equipment additions. In addition, regulation may restrict our operations and subject them to further competitive pressure, including pricing rules and restrictions, interconnect and other access obligations, and restrictions or controls on content, including content provided by third parties. Failure to comply with current or future regulation could expose our businesses to various penalties. C&W Caribbean and Networks The video, broadband, telephony and mobile services provided by C&W Caribbean and Networks are subject to regulation and enforcement by various governmental and regulatory entities in each of the jurisdictions where such services are provided. The scope and reach of these regulations are distinct in each market, with some markets such as the Dutch Caribbean being more heavily regulated than others. Generally, C&W Caribbean and Networks provides services in accordance with licenses and concessions granted by national authorities pursuant to national telecommunication legislation and associated regulations. Certain of these regulatory requirements are summarized below. As the incumbent telecommunications provider in many of its jurisdictions, C&W Caribbean and Networks is subject to significant regulatory oversight with respect to the provision of fixed-line and mobile telephony services. Generally, in these markets, C&W Caribbean and Networks operates under a government issued license or concession that enables it to own and operate its telecommunication networks, including the establishment of wireless networks and the use of spectrum. These licenses and concessions are typically non-exclusive and have renewable multi-year terms that include competitive, qualitative and rate regulation. Licenses and concessions are in the process of being renewed in the Cayman Islands, the British Virgin Islands, Antigua and the Turks and Caicos Islands. We believe we have complied with all local requirements to have existing licenses renewed and have provided all necessary information to enable local authorities to process applications for renewal in a timely manner. In addition, in some of the ECTEL states we are operating under expired licenses and have applied for renewal of such licenses. We expect that such licenses will be granted or renewed, as applicable, on the same or substantially similar terms and conditions in a timely manner. Pending issuance of new or renewed licenses or concessions, we continue to operate on the same terms and conditions as prior to the licenses expiring. With respect to licenses for mobile spectrum, the initial grant of the spectrum is sometimes subject to an auction process, but in a number of other cases, the license may be granted on the basis of an administrative process at a set level of fees for a I-17 fixed period of time, typically to coincide with carrier licenses, subject to the payment of annual fees and compliance with applicable license requirements. In very rare cases, spectrum previously assigned to C&W Caribbean and Networks may be re-allocated by regulatory authorities to other operators in the market. Alternatively, spectrum sought by C&W Caribbean and Networks may not be available for grant, due to prior historical grants or due to the need to avoid interference with neighboring markets particularly in the Caribbean. By and large, spectrum assignments, once granted, remain unchanged for the duration of a license and beyond. In the Dutch Caribbean the frequencies are allotted on a “first come, first serve” basis, and they operate in the same frequency band divisions as mainland Europe. The regulator reserves the various spectrum evenly between the market players and grants these when needed. Once granted, the operator must start paying for the allocated spectrum. Rate regulation of C&W Caribbean and Networks’ telephony services typically includes price caps that set the maximum rates it may charge to customers, or legislation that requires consent from a regulator prior to any price or non-price changes. In addition, all regulators determine and set the rates that may be charged by all telephony operators, including C&W Caribbean and Networks, for interconnect charges, access charges between operators for calls originating on one network that are completed through connections with one or more networks of other providers, and charges for network unbundling services. In addition, in certain markets, regulators set, or are seeking to set, mobile roaming rates and wholesale dedicated internet access. Interconnection rates (and primarily mobile termination and roaming rates) in the telecommunications industry worldwide are decreasing, and we are experiencing this trend towards lower interconnection rates in our markets. On the BES-islands, also known as the Caribbean Netherlands, data services are considered obligated services that are subject to price regulation requiring regulatory approval of any pricing changes, and Curacao is also considering whether to adjust its rules and regulations to make data services obligated services. In recent years, a number of markets in which C&W Caribbean and Networks operates have demonstrated an increased interest in regulating various aspects of broadband internet services due to the increasing importance of high speed broadband. National regulators have also demonstrated an increased focus on the issues of network resilience, broadband affordability and penetration, quality of services and consumer rights. Certain regulators are also seeking to mandate third-party access to C&W Caribbean and Networks ’ network infrastructure, including dark fiber and landing stations, as well as to regulate wholesale services and prices. In the Dutch Caribbean and French territories, there are rules and regulations requiring such third party access to network infrastructure. Any such decision and application to grant access to our network infrastructure may strengthen our competitors by granting them the ability to access our network to offer competing products and services without making the corresponding capital intensive infrastructure investment. In addition, any resale access granted to competitors on favorable economic terms that are not set by the free market could adversely impact our ability to maintain or increase our revenue and cash flows. The extent of any such adverse impacts ultimately will be dependent on the extent that competitors take advantage of the resale access ultimately afforded to our network, the pricing mandated by regulatory authorities and other competitive factors or market developments. As an example of infrastructure sharing, the Office of Utilities Regulation in Jamaica has completed a consultation process on telecom facilities sharing rules that would require all licensees to share infrastructure (including dark fiber, ducts, subsea cable landing stations and mobile network towers) with third parties, including competitors, without any requirement of making a corresponding capital intensive infrastructure investment. Once the rules are finalized by the Chief Parliamentary Counsel in Jamaica, they will be formally published and thereafter become law. Our operations in Jamaica intend to appeal to the telecommunications tribunal and finally to the courts for changes to be made to the adverse provisions of the new rules or to revoke them entirely. The process of such a challenge is likely to be long and we cannot at this time determine the possibility of a successful outcome. I-18 In addition, the ECTEL , the regulatory body for telecommunications in five Eastern Caribbean States (Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia and St. Vincent and the Grenadines), has adopted an Electronic Communications Bill that may have a material adverse impact on C&W Caribbean, and Networks’ operations in the ECTEL member states. The proposed Electronic Communications Bill includes provisions relating to: • net neutrality principles mandating equal access to all content and applications regardless of the source and without favoring, degrading, interrupting, intercepting, blocking access or throttling speeds; • subscription television rate regulation; • regulations implementing market dominance rules; • network unbundling at regulated rates; and • mandated unbundled access to all landing station network elements at cost-based rates. We currently cannot determine the impact these provisions will have on our operations because national regulators are required to conduct extensive market reviews before adopting specific measures and these measures might be reconsidered in accordance with the market reviews. It is currently unclear as to when the new legislation will be enacted. We expect that consensus on the final version of the bill will take some time. As such, the timing and ultimate effect of the bill is unclear. In addition to rate regulation, several markets in which C&W operates have imposed, or are considering imposing, regulations designed to further encourage competition, including introducing requirements related to unbundling, network access to third parties, and LNP for fixed and mobile services. Jurisdictions such as the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands and Jamaica have implemented fixed and mobile LNP and ECTEL has implemented mobile LNP . Other jurisdictions, including Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados and Turks and Caicos, have considered or begun to implement LNP . Although fixed LNP and mobile LNP are already in place in Trinidad and Tobago, the regulator has yet to enforce it amongst the operators. Additionally, regulators in The Bahamas are considering reviewing the current mobile restrictions on BTC, the incumbent, to ensure they are still applicable to the current state of the market. The pay television service provided in certain C&W markets is subject to, among other things, subscriber privacy regulations, data protection laws and regulations, and the must-carry rule (as defined below) and retransmission consent rights of broadcast stations. Pay television service in certain C&W markets is also under heavy pressure from illegal IP-setup boxes that are swamping the markets. The price point that these pirates offer are difficult to compete against, and regulators are having a difficult time acting against these pirates or, in some cases, are unwilling to act against them. C&W is also subject to universal service obligations in a number of markets. These obligations vary in specificity and extent, but they are generally related to ensuring widespread geographic coverage of networks and that the populations of C&W ’s individual markets have access to basic telecommunication services at minimum quality standards. In a number of cases, C&W is required to support universal access/service goals through contributions to universal service funds or participate in universal service-related projects. In addition to the industry-specific regimes discussed above, C&W ’s operating companies must comply with both specific and general legislation concerning, among other matters, data retention, consumer protection and electronic commerce. These operating companies are also subject to national level regulations on competition and on consumer protection. In Trinidad and Tobago, C&W was required by the Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago, in connection with its approval of C&W ’s acquisition of Columbus International Inc. in March 2015, to dispose of its 49% shareholding in TSTT . The disposal of C&W ’s stake in TSTT is not complete. We cannot predict when, or if, we will be able to dispose of this investment at an acceptable price. As such, no assurance can be given that we will be able to recover the carrying value of our investment in TSTT . With respect to C&W’s B2B and networks business in Latin America, we are subject to significantly less regulation in the markets in which we operate compared to our residential businesses described above. We do have the licenses in Latin America and the U.S. necessary to operate wholesale and enterprise services in all countries in which we operate. Although the legal framework in Latin America changes from country to country, we do own international/local carrier and Internet or data services licenses in every jurisdiction in which we operate. Most licenses are granted for a 10 to 15 year term. The networks business operates over 50,000 km of submarine fiber optic cable systems in the U.S., the Caribbean and Latin America. These sub-systems have cable landing stations and facilities in the U.S. and its territories. These facilities are I-19 regulated by the FCC , the Department of Homeland Security and other U.S. governmental agencies that impose additional reporting and licensing obligations on C&W Caribbean and Networks . C&W Panama C&W Panama is subject to regulatory entities, principally ASEP, created in 1996 and modified in 2006 through Decree Law No. 10. ASEP regulates and controls the public services for the supply of drinking water, sanitary sewerage, telecommunications and electricity. Also, C&W Panama is subject to the ACODECO, guarantor of consumer protection and antitrust, which operates under the direction of the Ministry of Commerce and Industries. By virtue of the Telecommunications Law 1996, public services in Panama are classified as “Type A services” and “Type B services,” with Mobile Telephony (STMC) and Personal Communication (PCS) services being classified as Type A services. In 1997, the concession was awarded to BSC (now Grupo Milicom) and C&W Panama. On January 2, 2003, the Local, National and International Basic Services were opened to competition by virtue of the termination of the temporary exclusivity granted to C&W Panama for the privatization of the public operator, INTEL. With the opening of the market, in 2008, concession contracts for the PCS Service were granted to Digicel (Panamá), S.A. and Claro Panamá, S.A., resulting in a total of four mobile telecommunications operators in Panamá, which remain to date. However, the Consolidation Law was approved in 2018, allowing for mobile consolidation from four to three operators. In 2019, all interested parties responded to the Public Consultation. Resolution AN No.13200-Telco of March 20, 2019. ASEP then issued the pending regulation of Law 36 of June 5, 2018 (Consolidation Law), whereby the regulator confirmed the proposed ruling: (1) numbering plan and return of numbers after consolidation; and (2) the obligation to return the spectrum of the target company without compensation in the case of consolidation. After the ACODECO lawsuit of nullity against the regulation was admitted by the Supreme Court, C&W Panama withdrew all claims presented before the Supreme Court in view of ASEP’s compromise to have a new public consultation with an aligned view of the regulation among operators and the claims. C&W Panama filed comments to the new public consultation 011-19, in which whoever buys the fourth operator would be allowed up to 130MHz of spectrum. If, as a result of the transaction, the purchaser acquires more than that amount, it will be obliged to return the surplus amount, and ASEP will recognize the value of the returned spectrum and issue a credit to the purchaser in exchange. The credit may be used to buy spectrum in the future; extend the use of the spectrum or to renew the concession term. ASEP has issued a pending resolution aligned with the telecommunications industry’s recommendations, which would allow mobile market consolidation to proceed and the shift from four to three operators remains pending. See also Item 1. Business — Developments in the Business regarding our entry into an agreement to acquire América Móvil’s operations in Panama, which is subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory approval, and is expected to close in the second half of 2022. Spectrum. C&W Panama has a total of 65MHz allocated (20 MHz in the 700 MHz band, 20 MHz in the 1900 MHz band and 25 MHz in the 850 MHz band); due to COVID-19, ASEP granted temporary use until April 30, 2022, free of charge, of 30 MHz to each of the four operating companies, between 1710 – 1780 MHz and 2110 – 2180 MHz (AWS Band). However, Digicel switched to the 10 MHz of Band 1900 and C&W Panama switched to the 10 MHz of Band 700. Pursuant to Resolution AN No. 9319-Telco of November 18, 2015 based on Public Consultation No. 005-15, ASEP has confirmed that 140MHz are released in AWS Spectrum (1719-1780 MHz / 2110-2180 MHz), although it maintains the formula price calculation based on 1997 JD-080 resolution, which results in US $0.75 / MHz-Pop when the average price in Latin America is US $0.30 / MHz-Pop. An authorization is pending from the regulator and the executive branch for a more reasonable price for the spectrum based on benchmark and current market status. Through Resolution AN No. 13073-Telco was issued on January 21, 2019, Cable Onda (now Grupo Millicom) requested the reassignment of Bands 2500-2690 MHz for fixed wireless access using LTE Technology. In response, Resolution AN No. 13073-Telco was issued, inviting all participants and interested third parties to submit technical contributions to promote the efficient use of the frequency band 2500 MHz to 2690MHz. The 10 MHz in the 700 Band that have been granted for temporary use by C&W Panama, are reserved in the National Frequency Allocation Plan (PNAF), by recommendation of the International Telecommunications Union to comply with Public Protection, Relief Operations and Service Protocols. However, based on the commercial benefits of using this spectrum and the reasons for the authorization of temporary use, C&W Panama obtained the use of the 10 MHz in the 700 Band, free of charge, until April 2022, subject to the lack of definition of a more efficient price for the purchase of spectrum and the current conditions due to the pandemic. I-20 Concessions . C&W Panama holds thirteen concessions renewed for the following twenty years, available until the year 2037, except a pay TV license that was renewed in 2008 for 25 years. C&W Panama decided not to renew the concessions corresponding to discontinued or not provided services (facsimile retransmission service and conventional trunk systems service for public or private use), and the Concession #104 (Pay Phone Services), was renewed under special conditions imposed by the regulator. C&W Panama was obliged to obtain regulator approval to remove public pay phones in places where the service is no longer exclusive and are not profitable; the service can be provided by any other concessionaires in the territory of Panama. C&W Panama filed a legal action within the Supreme Court of the Republic of Panama, opposing the aforementioned condition imposed by the regulator, however in 2019, the Supreme Court confirmed the obligation to obtain regulator approval and the necessity to define a procedure to formalize each disconnection. Public Telephone Service . By means of Resolution AN No. 11208-Telco of May 3, 2017, renewed for the following twenty years the concession for the Public and Semi-Public Terminal Service (identified with No. 104). C&W Panama is the only operator that provides Public Telephone Service in Panama. During 2021, efforts have been made with the regulatory authority to obtain authorization for disconnection and/or relocation of public phones, and a first relocation approval has been obtained for 48 units. Fixed Services (Fixed-Line Telephony, Public and Semipublic Telephone) . C&W Panama has a license to provide Basic Local, National and International Telecommunications Services, as well as Public and Semipublic Terminals and Rental of Dedicated Voice Circuits, within the entire territory of Panama until the year 2037. C&W Panama is a Type B concessionaire, with or without use of radio spectrum, subject to compliance with Law No. 31 of February 8, 1996, Executive Decree No. 73 of 1997 and the Resolutions issued by the regulator regarding the fulfillment of quality goals for the provision of these services, such as the attention to recommendations issued by the International Telecommunications Union. Mobile Services . Through Contract DAF-034-2013, dated November 22, 2013, C&W Panama is authorized to install, maintain, manage, operate and commercially exploit the Mobile Telephone Service, in the assigned radio spectrum segments, which currently C&W Panama has 65 MHz (32.5MHz uplink + 32.5MHz downlink), under the prepaid and post-paid contract modalities, public and semi-public telephones, including supplementary services and other Mobile Telephony services, throughout Panama, which is valid until 2037. Internet Service: Resolution AN No. 11370-Telco of June 26, 2017 establishes the conditions and quality parameters for providing internet service to the public. These parameters became effective in 2018, setting new regulatory conditions and supervision of the service providers starting in 2019. During May 2019, ASEP conducted an inspection intended to validate that the six goals established in Resolution AN No. 11370-Telco were duly configured in the system. Currently, C&W Panama has complied with the regulatory requirements. Pay Television Service . Initially, the concession for the provision of the pay television service was granted to the International Contact Center Company in 2008, and then the rights were transferred in favor of C&W Panama, whose provision is governed by Law No. 24/99, and its regulations in Executive Decree No. 189/99 and No. 111/00. The license was granted to retransmit audio and video signals through coaxial cable and fiber optics in the province of Panama, with a validity of 25 years, which was later extended to other provinces in the coverage area for the provision of paid TV service. In 2020, C&W Panama announced the suspension of the satellite prepaid television (DTH) service, as of January 10, 2021 in response to a commercial decision, which was authorized by ASEP. Other Panamanian Regulation Regulatory Fees : Law 26/1996 established the obligation for the payment of a control, surveillance and inspection fee by companies that provide public services and that would allow to cover operating expenses of the entity, determining that it must be set annually by ASEP and that it should not exceed 1% of the gross income of the concessionaire’s immediately preceding year. Currently, C&W Panama pays an amount equivalent to 0.25%, since it is within the first five years of the concession contract, after which it will increase by 0.25% every five years until reaching 1%. Price increase : C&W Panama, as a concessionaire within a competing market, may modify its prices provided that it advertises the price changes in two nationally-circulated newspapers at least 30 days before the new price takes effect. Universal service obligations : In Panama, there is a proposal to modify the universal service law to expand its scope to include television services and provide conditions that would diminish the value of the contribution to the fund vis-a-vis projects covered by the law. An additional process regarding coverage of maintenance cost of universal service law phones is ongoing. I-21 Liberty Puerto Rico Liberty Puerto Rico is subject to regulation in Puerto Rico by various governmental entities at the Puerto Rico and the U.S. federal level, including the FCC and the TB. The TB has primary regulatory jurisdiction in Puerto Rico at the local level and is responsible for awarding franchises to cable operators for the provision of cable service in Puerto Rico and regulating cable television and telecommunications services. Our business in Puerto Rico is subject to comprehensive regulation under the Communications Act, which regulates communication, telecommunication and cable television services. The Communications Act also provides the general legal framework for, among other things, the provision of telephone services, services related to interconnection between telephone carriers, and television, radio, cable television and direct broadcast satellite services. The FCC and/or the TB have the authority to impose sanctions, including warnings, fines, license revocations and, in certain specific cases, termination of the franchise, although license revocation and franchise termination are rare. The Communications Act specifies causes for the termination of licenses, including, for example, the failure to comply with license requirements and conditions or to pay fines or fees in a timely manner. Such sanctions by the TB and/or FCC can be appealed to, and reviewed by, Puerto Rican courts and U.S. federal courts. In May 2018, the FCC established the UPR Fund to provide subsidies for the deployment and hardening of fixed wireline and mobile wireless communications networks in Puerto Rico. Stage 1 of the UPR Fund made $51 million of new funding available for Puerto Rico telecommunications providers following Hurricanes Maria and Irma in 2017. Stage 2 of the UPR Fund made additional funding available to providers of services over fixed wireline networks through a competitive bidding process, and to mobile wireless providers subject to those providers meeting certain conditions. To be eligible for Stage 2 UPR funding for fixed services, Liberty Puerto Rico requested that TB designate it as an ETC, which the TB did in June 2018. As part of its obligations as an ETC, Liberty Puerto Rico must offer services at a discounted rate to low income customers under the federal Lifeline Program and low-cost services to schools and libraries under the Schools and Libraries Program (E-Rate). Both programs provide FCC subsidies to ensure access to telecommunications and broadband access services for specified classes of customers. Liberty Puerto Rico began offering Lifeline services in April 2019. On November 2, 2020, LCPR received preliminary approval from the FCC for an award of approximately $72 million through the UPR Fund. The funds are in support of providing high-speed broadband access to all locations within 43 of Puerto Rico’s 78 municipalities, representing service to over 914,000 locations. After LCPR submitted all required materials in June 2021, the associated funding with this program was authorized by the FCC. Liberty Puerto Rico will have six years to complete the network expansions and upgrades, during which certain milestones must be met. Liberty Puerto Rico is expected to receive approximately $72 million, which will be paid in 120 equal monthly payments over a 10-year period that began in July 2021. The revenue recognized from such project will be reflected as “other revenue” in our revenue by product disclosures in our financial statements. In 2021, we received $4 million in fixed funding. With respect to Stage 2 UPR funding for mobile wireless providers, the FCC also established in September 2019 that mobile wireless providers providing service in Puerto Rico as of June 2017 were eligible to receive up to $254 million over three years based on their relative number of subscribers for such service as of June 2017. In order to obtain such support, the mobile providers were required to confirm the number of mobile wireless subscribers they served as of June 2017, and obtain FCC approval of a plan that describes and commits to the methods and procedures that will be used to prepare for and respond to disasters in Puerto Rico. Liberty’s predecessor wireless provider in Puerto Rico (AT&T) submitted the required documentation and in June 2020, the FCC authorized that entity to receive approximately $33 million in funding over three years or a total amount of $102 million in funding to expand, improve and harden the mobile networks in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. That entity had previously obtained the required ETC designation in Puerto Rico. Having purchased this business in connection with the AT&T Acquisition, Liberty Puerto Rico is receiving these funds. The funds are paid in equal installments of $3 million and since the date of the AT&T Acquisition, we have received $40 million in funding, including approximately $38 million and $2 million received by our mobile operations in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, respectively. Similarly, effective December 31, 2021, Liberty Puerto Rico acquired 96% of the outstanding shares of Broadband VI, LLC for $33 million, subject to certain post-closing adjustments. On June 8, 2021, the FCC's Wireline Competition Bureau issued a public notice authorizing $85 million in Connect USVI funding for Broadband VI, LLC to deploy wireline networks and provide voice and broadband services to more than 46,000 locations in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Given its acquisition of Broadband VI, LLC, Liberty Puerto Rico will now be the recipient of these funds, as well as responsible for the network expansions and upgrades committed to in the bid. Liberty Puerto Rico will have six years to complete the network expansions and upgrades committed to in the bid, and will receive FCC funding support over the course of ten years. In addition to I-22 expansions and upgrades, Broadband VI, LLC committed to a robust disaster preparation and response plan to harden its network and make it more resistant to storm damage. Liberty Puerto Rico also is subject to certain regulatory requirements specific to it. Liberty Latin America entered into a Letter of Agreement on July 1, 2020 with the DOJ and the U.S. Department of Defense in connection with the AT&T Acquisition, and Liberty Communications PR entered into a Letter of Agreement on November 20, 2020 with the DOJ regarding an FCC application. Further, Liberty Latin America and LCPR are subject to a Final Judgment, filed on February 3, 2021, in connection with the divestiture of certain assets to complete the AT&T Acquisition, which does not expire for 10 years. Failure to comply with the Letters of Agreement or the Final Judgment could result in a variety of sanctions, including, for example, fines and/or license revocation. In Puerto Rico, antitrust regulation is governed by the U.S. Sherman Act, other federal antitrust legislation, and the Puerto Rico Anti-Monopoly Law. In particular, the Sherman Act seeks to prevent anti-competitive practices in the marketplace and requires governmental review of certain business combinations, among other things. The Puerto Rico Anti-Monopoly Law substantially parallels the Sherman Act and authorizes the Puerto Rico Department of Justice to investigate and impose competition-related conditions on transactions. The Attorney General of Puerto Rico is permitted to investigate a transaction under federal law or under the Puerto Rico Anti-Monopoly Law. Puerto Rico Law 5 of 1973, as amended, created the Puerto Rico Department of Consumer Affairs, which regulates marketing campaigns, publicity, and breach of service contracts, and prohibits false advertising. Law 213 , which created the TB , requires that rates for telecommunication services be cost-based, forbids cross-subsidies and focuses on encouraging, preserving and enforcing competition in the cable and telecommunications markets. Although Law 213 does not require Liberty Puerto Rico to obtain any approval of rate increases for cable television or telecommunication services, any such increases must be in compliance with Law 213 ’s requirements, including notification to the TB before such increases take effect. Video. The provision of cable television services requires a franchise issued by the TB . Franchises are subject to termination proceedings in the event of a material breach or failure to comply with certain material provisions set forth in the franchise agreement governing a franchisee’s system operations, although such terminations are rare. In addition, franchises require payment of a franchise fee as a requirement to the grant of authority, which is passed to Liberty Puerto Rico’s customers. Franchises establish comprehensive facilities and service requirements, as well as specific customer service standards and monetary penalties for non- compliance. Franchises are generally granted for fixed terms of up to ten years and must be periodically renewed. Our pay television service in Puerto Rico is subject to, among other things, subscriber privacy regulations and must-carry and retransmission consent rights of broadcast television stations. The Communications Act and FCC rules govern aspects of the carriage relationship between broadcast television stations and cable companies. To ensure that every qualifying local television station can be received in its local market without requiring a cable subscriber to switch between cable and off-air signals, the FCC allows every qualifying full-power television broadcast station to require that all local cable systems transmit that station’s primary digital channel to their subscribers within the station’s market (the “must-carry” rule ) pursuant to the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992. Alternatively, a station may elect every three years to forego its must carry rights and seek a negotiated agreement to establish the terms of its carriage by a local cable system, referred to as retransmission consent. Communications Act requirements and FCC regulations applicable to the video services provided by Liberty Puerto Rico include, among other things: (1) licensing of communications systems and facilities, such as various spectrum licenses; (2) customer and technical service standards; (3) ownership restrictions; (4) emergency alert systems; (5) disability access, including video description and closed captioning; (6) competitive availability of cable equipment; (7) equal employment obligations; and (8) public, education and government entity access requirements. I-23 Internet. Liberty Puerto Rico offers high-speed internet access throughout its entire footprint. In March 2015, the FCC issued an order classifying mass-market broadband internet access service as a “telecommunications service,” changing its long-standing treatment of this offering as an “information service,” which the FCC traditionally has subjected to limited regulation. The rules adopted by the FCC prohibited, among other things, broadband providers from: (i) blocking access to lawful content, applications, services or non-harmful devices; (ii) impairing or degrading lawful internet traffic on the basis of content, applications, services or non-harmful devices; and (iii) favoring some lawful internet traffic over other lawful internet traffic in exchange for consideration (collectively, 2015 Restrictions ). In addition, the FCC prohibited broadband providers from unreasonably interfering with users’ ability to access lawful content or use devices that do not harm the network, or with edge providers’ ability to disseminate their content, and imposed more detailed disclosure obligations on broadband providers than were previously in place. On December 14, 2017, the FCC adopted a Declaratory Ruling, Report and Order (the 2017 Order ) that, in large part, reversed the regulations issued by the FCC in 2015. The 2017 Order, among other things, restores the classifications of broadband internet access as an information service under Title I of the Communications Act , and mobile broadband internet access service as a private mobile service, and eliminates the 2015 Restrictions. The 2017 Order does require ISPs to disclose information to consumers regarding practices such as throttling, paid prioritization and affiliated prioritization, and restores broadband consumer protection authority to the Federal Trade Commission. In 2019, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit largely upheld the 2017 Order. However, the current FCC may seek to re-impose the 2015 Restrictions or some variation thereof. Legislative proposals regarding the net neutrality rules also are pending in Congress. Liberty Puerto Rico is a participating provider in the Emergency Broadband Benefit Program (EBB), which provides discounts to eligible households to support internet connectivity during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Infrastructure Act), enacted on November 15, 2021, renamed the EBB Program the Affordable Connectivity Program (ACP). The Infrastructure Act, among other things, reduced the standard benefit discount from $50 per month to $30 per month and requires a broadband provider to allow enrolled households to apply the ACP benefit to any of the provider’s internet service offerings. The ACP launched on December 31, 2021. Fixed-Line Telephony Services. Liberty Puerto Rico offers fixed-line telephony services, including both circuit-switched telephony and VoIP . Its circuit-switched telephony services are subject to FCC and local regulations regarding the quality and technical aspects of service. All local telecommunications providers, including Liberty Puerto Rico , are obligated to provide telephony service to all customers within the service area, subject to certain exceptions under FCC regulations, and must give long distance telephony service providers equal access to their network. Under the Communications Act , CLEC s, like us, may require interconnection with the ILEC , and the ILEC must negotiate a reasonable and nondiscriminatory interconnection agreement with the CLEC . Such arrangement requires the ILEC to interconnect with the CLEC at any technically feasible point within the ILEC ’s network, provide access to certain unbundled network elements of the ILEC ’s network, and allow physical collocation of the CLEC ’s equipment in the ILEC ’s facilities to permit interconnection or access to unbundled network element services. Therefore, we have the right to interconnect with the ILEC, PRTC . We have negotiated an interconnection agreement with PRTC , and the physical interconnection between both companies has been activated. All of the circuit-switched telephony and VoIP services of Liberty Puerto Rico are subject to a charge for the federal USF , which is a fund created under the Communications Act to subsidize telecommunication services in high-cost areas, to provide telecommunications services for low-income consumers, and to provide certain subsidies for schools, libraries and rural healthcare facilities. The FCC has redirected the focus of USF to support broadband deployment in high-cost areas. In addition, our circuit-switched telephony and VoIP services are subject to a charge for a local Puerto Rico Universal Service Fund, which was created by law to subsidize telecommunications services for low-income families under the federal USF Lifeline and Link-Up programs. The FCC has adopted other regulations for VoIP services, including the requirement that interconnected VoIP providers and facilities-based broadband internet access providers must comply with the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, which requires carriers to provide certain assistance to federal law enforcement authorities. VoIP providers are also required to offer basic and enhanced 911 emergency calling services, which requires disclosure to all VoIP customers. VoIP providers are also subject to federal rules regarding, among other things: (1) customer proprietary network information and c ustomer privacy protections; (2) number portability; (3) network outage reporting; (4) rural call completion; (5) disability access; (6) back-up power obligations; and (7) robocall mitigation. I-24 Mobile Services . Liberty Mobile Puerto Rico and Liberty Mobile U.S. Virgin Islands offer mobile services in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The FCC regulates virtually all aspects of United States wireless communications systems, including spectrum licensing, tower and antenna construction, modification and operation, the ownership and sale of wireless systems and licenses, as well as the acquisition and use of wireless spectrum. Local governments, such as in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, typically regulate the placement of wireless towers and similar facilities via zoning laws. At present, neither the FCC nor state or local governments regulate specific service offerings or rate plans. In addition, other federal and state agencies have asserted jurisdiction over consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of anticompetitive business practices in the wireless industry. The specific issues as to which our United States mobile services operations are subject to regulatory oversight include: roaming, interconnection, spectrum allocation and licensing, facilities siting, pole attachments, intercarrier compensation, USF contributions and distributions (such as through the UPR Fund), network neutrality, 911 services, consumer protection, consumer privacy protections, number portability, and cybersecurity. Failure to comply with applicable regulations could subject us to fines, forfeitures, and other penalties (including, in extreme cases, revocation of our spectrum licenses), even if any non-compliance was unintentional. VTR VTR is subject to regulation and enforcement by various governmental entities in Chile including the Chilean Antitrust Authority, the Ministry through the SubTel , the CNTV and SERNAC . In addition to the specific regulations described below, VTR is subject to certain regulatory conditions which were imposed by the Chilean Antitrust Authority in connection with VTR ’s combination with Metrópolis Intercom SA in April 2005. These conditions are indefinite and include, among others, (i) prohibiting VTR and its control group from participating, directly or indirectly through a related person, in Chilean satellite or microwave television businesses, (ii) prohibiting VTR from using its market power over programmers without justification, (iii) prohibiting VTR from obtaining exclusive broadcast rights, except for specific events, (iv) requiring VTR to offer its broadband capacity for resale of internet services on a wholesale basis, and (v) requiring VTR to maintain a uniform single price policy for all of the national territory. Video . The provision of pay television services requires a permit issued by the Ministry . Cable pay television permits are granted for an indefinite term and are non-exclusive. As these permits do not involve radio electric spectrum, they are granted without ongoing duties or royalties. VTR has permits to provide cable pay television services in most of the medium- and large-sized markets in Chile. Cable television service providers in Chile are free to define the channels and content included in their services and are not required to carry any specific programming, except as described below. However, CNTV may impose sanctions on providers who are found to have run programming containing excessive violence, adult content or other objectionable programming or advertising of certain categories of products within certain time slots throughout the day. Pay television operators are directly responsible for violation of such prohibitions. Additionally, the Television Act requires pay television operators to offer a certain quota of cultural content and to distribute public interest campaigns. The Television Act establishes a retransmission consent regime between broadcast television concession holders and pay television operators. This regime provides that once a broadcast operator achieves digital coverage of 85% of the population within its concession areas, the broadcast operator may require that pay television operators enter into an agreement for the retransmission of its digital signal. In addition, the Television Act requires that the technical or commercial conditions imposed by broadcast operators not discriminate among pay television operators. Also, the Television Act establishes a must carry regime requiring pay television operators to distribute at least four local broadcast television channels in each operating area. The channels that must be carried by any particular pay television operator are to be selected by CNTV . The full implementation of the retransmission and must carry regimes are still pending. VTR ’s ability to change its channel lineup is restricted by an agreement reached with SERNAC in July 2012 and the general regulation established by SubTel in February 2014 (by the Telecommunication Services General Rulemaking). This framework allows VTR to change one or more channels from its lineup after a 60-day notice period to its subscribers. In such cases, VTR shall offer a channel of similar content and quality or proportional compensation. Despite this, using a mid-size programmer from former precedent, in August 2019, AMC sued VTR claiming a breach of the condition related to contracting with programmers, arguing that VTR was violating the condition set out in the 2005 VTR/Metrópolis merger conditions (as summarized above), which prohibits VTR from using its market power to unjustifiably refuse to contract with programmers. This process is still pending. Internet . A law passed in November 2017 requires all ISPs to apply for a public service concession for data transmission within three months of the passage of such law. Because VTR operates via networks that were previously approved by SubTel , VTR timely applied and an approval is pending. I-25 A law on internet neutrality prohibits “arbitrary blockings” of legal content, applications or services and the provision of differentiated service conditions according to the origin or ownership of the content or service provided through the internet. Additionally, the law authorizes ISPs to take measures to ensure the privacy of their users and provide virus protection and safety processes over their network, as long as these measures do not infringe antitrust laws. Additional measures have been implemented, including obligations related to consumer information, traffic management policies, internet quality of service requirements and notices required by law concerning the effective maximum and minimum traffic speeds offered under internet access plans. In order to protect the constitutional rights of privacy and safety of communications, ISPs are prohibited from undertaking surveillance measures over data content on their networks. Also, special summary proceedings have been created in order to safeguard intellectual property rights against violations committed through networks or digital systems. These proceedings include measures designed to withdraw, disqualify or block infringing content in the ISP’s network or systems. The law also provides for the right of intellectual property owners to judicially request from ISPs the delivery of necessary information to identify the provider of infringing content. A law passed in November 2017 requires all fixed and mobile ISPs to meet levels of quality of service, guarantee a minimum broadband throughput based on the offered speed, and provide their subscribers with a certified measurement tool allowing subscribers to verify this minimum service level, imposing fines or penalties to ISPs if the service level is not fulfilled. During 2020, the Ministry issued the Regulation on OTI which, according to this legal framework, will be responsible for performing the quality-of-service measurements. Also, SubTel issued a technical rule on the service levels that ISPs need to comply with in the provision of their internet service. Finally, as required by the above regulation, major ISPs organized a Representative Committee and filed before SubTel a proposal of the terms and conditions of the public tender to designate the OTI . After approval, the industry through this Representative Committee called for a public auction which failed to appoint a provider, given no bidder applied with a valid offer, the Representative Committee has a filed a new proposal of terms and conditions for a public tender to designate the OTI again (which has not been approved by SubTel yet). Fixed-Line Telephony and Mobile Services . The provision of fixed-line telephony and mobile services requires a public telecommunications service concession. VTR has concessions to provide fixed-line telephony in most major and medium-sized markets in Chile. Telephony concessions are non-exclusive and have renewable 30-year terms. The original term of VTR ’s fixed-line telephony concessions expires in November 2025. Long distance telephony services are considered intermediate telecommunications services and, as such, are also regulated by the Ministry . VTR has concessions to provide this service, which is non-exclusive, for a 30-year renewable term expiring in September 2025. VTR holds concessions to provide fixed wireless local telephony service on the 3.5 GHz band in several regions of the country. These concessions have renewable 30-year terms, expiring in 2036. In November 2018, Movistar asked the TDLC to rule on whether the decision to keep part of the spectrum at 3.5 GHz available for immediate deployment (with potential use for mobile services), was consistent with previous decisions requiring this band to be allocated to fixed services. Although the TDLC rejected Movistar’s request, it considered that in order to allow the use of this already assigned spectrum for mobile services, SubTel should open public tenders to assign the concessions for mobile services. In January 2020, SubTel opened for public comments its plan for a 5G tender, which ended with a contest for four bands of spectrum: 20MHz in the 700 MHz band, 30 MHz in the AWS Band, 150 MHz in the 3.5 MHz band (not including the spectrum previously assigned to fixed wireless local telephony), and 400 MHz in the 26 GHz band. Technical proposals were submitted in October 2020, and given that several competitors tied there was an auction to define the winners. In February 2021, Entel, Movistar, WOM S.A. and Claro were awarded with several spectrum bands to provide mobile services using 5G technologies. Additionally, the concessions granted in this tender allow SubTel to modify the licenses in case of non-use or inefficient use of the spectrum. With respect to mobile services, in 2009, SubTel awarded VTR a 30MHz license in the 1700/2100 MHz band. The license has a 30-year renewable term, expiring in 2040. Currently, antitrust bodies and the Supreme Court have declared a new cap structure for spectrum allocation, which is variable depending on the macro band were spectrum is being assigned and the amount of spectrum available. Therein for the low macro-band from 0 to 1000 MHz the cap is 32% of the band, from 1001 MHz to 3000MHz the cap is 30% of the band, for 3001MHz band to 6000MHz band the cap is 30% and for higher than 6001MHz the cap is 25%. VTR has concessions to provide fixed-line telephony in most major and medium-sized markets in Chile. Telephony concessions are non-exclusive and have renewable 30-year terms. The original term of VTR ’s fixed-line telephony concessions expires in November 2025. Long distance telephony services are considered intermediate telecommunications services and, as such, are also regulated by the Ministry . VTR has concessions to provide this service, which is non-exclusive, for a 30-year renewable term expiring in September 2025. I-26 There are no universal service obligations in Chile. However, local service concession holders are obligated to provide telephony service to all customers that are within their service area or are willing to pay for an extension to receive service. All local service providers, including VTR , must give long distance telephony service providers equal access to their network connections at regulated prices and must interconnect with all other public service concession holders whose systems are technically compatible. As a general rule, fixed-line telephony service providers are free to establish the rates directly charged to their customers, unless the Chilean Antitrust Authority concludes that due to a lack of sufficient competition in the market, rates should be fixed by SubTel . However, SubTel sets the maximum rates that may be charged by each operator for interconnect charges, access charges between operators for calls originating on one network that are completed through connections with one or more networks of other providers. Rate regulation on interconnection charges is applicable to all fixed-line and mobile telephony companies, including VTR . The determination of the maximum rates that may be charged by operators for their fixed-line or mobile services are made on a case-by-case basis by SubTel and are effective for five years. Other Chilean Regulation Price Increase . The Consumer Rights Protection Law has been interpreted to require that any raise in rates exceeding inflation must be previously accepted and agreed to by subscribers. Although VTR disagrees with this interpretation, in July 2012, VTR.com reached an agreement with SERNAC that permits VTR to make adjustments to its published prices twice per year to adjust for inflation, except those services that are subject to rate regulation. VTR is generally prohibited from increasing the rates over the inflation adjustment. VTR may, however, cancel a subscriber’s contract after 12 months and propose a new contract with new rate provisions. Once a year VTR may propose to its existing subscribers additional changes to their rates, which must be accepted by the subscriber for the rates to go into effect. Bundling . In 2012, the Chilean Antitrust Authority issued its regulation governing the on-net/off-net pricing practice in the mobile industry and the offering of bundled telecommunication services. Pursuant to the terms of this regulation, as revised by the Chilean Supreme Court, mobile services may be sold jointly with fixed-line services. However, promotional discounts are not permitted for these double-play offers. As for traditional bundling over the same platform (e.g., bundled fixed-line services such as our double-play and triple-play packages, or bundled mobile services), this regulation provides that such services may be bundled, subject to certain price limitations. These limitations require that the total price for a bundle must be greater than the standalone price for the most expensive service included in the bundle. Also, when three or more services are bundled, the price for the bundle must be greater than the sum of the standalone prices for each service in the bundle, excluding the lowest priced service. Consumer’s Rights Protection Law . In 2018, a bill was enacted introducing significant new powers to SERNAC including a material increase in its ability to levy fines and compensations. Costa Rica Cabletica and Telefonica are subject to regulation and enforcement by various governmental entities in Costa Rica, including the MICITT, Sutel, and the Consumer Support Office of the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Commerce. Cabletica holds a telecommunications services concession, expiring in 2028, issued by Sutel that authorizes the deployment and operation of its wireline HFC network throughout the country. At the service layer, the concession permits: (i) paid television; (ii) the provision of fixed telephony service; (iii) internet access; and (iv) data links. Telefonica has a total of 100 MHz allocated in two concessions. For the first, i n 2011, MICITT awarded Telefonica a 10 MHz license in the 850 MHz band, a 30 MHz license in the 1800 MHz band and 20 MHz in the 1900/2100 MHz band. These licenses have a 15-year renewable term, expiring on May 12, 2026, that may be extended an additional 10 years. For the second, in 2018, MICITT awarded Telefonica a 20 MHz license in the 1800 MHz band and 20 MHz in the 1900/2100 MHz band. These licenses have a 15-year renewable term, expiring on April 23, 2033, that may be extended an additional 10 years. Video. Cable television service providers in Costa Rica are free to define the channels and content included in their services and are not required to carry any specific programming, except as described below. However, the Commission of Control and Qualification of Public Spectacles of the Ministry of Justice and Peace may impose sanctions on providers that have run programming containing excessive violence, adult content, or other objectionable content. Pay television operators are directly responsible for violating such prohibitions. The Costa Rican General Telecommunications Law (art.138) establishes a retransmission consent regime between broadcast television concessionaires and pay television operators. This regime provides that (i) the concessionaires must include within their programming the Costa Rican television channels that have coverage in at least sixty percent of the national I-27 territory, excluding Isla del Coco, which complies with at least fourteen minimum hours of daily transmission, and (ii) the reception of the signal complies with the minimum signal requirements established in this regulation, which have acceptable ratings and have the corresponding transmission rights. Internet. The Regulation of Provision and Quality of Services of Sutel establishes minimum quality thresholds, such as minimum speeds, oversubscription, and delay. Fixed-Line Telephony Services . Sutel issued a regulation for the implementation of fixed number portability in 2014, however such regulation was challenged in court by the incumbent operator and no ruling has been issued as of today. Mobile Services . Through concessions contracts N° C-001-2011-MINAET and -002-2017-MICITT DAF-034-2013, Telefonica is authorized to install, maintain, manage, operate and commercially exploit the mobile telephone service, in the assigned radio spectrum segments, under the prepaid and post-paid contract modalities. Other Costa Rican Regulation The Competition Promotion Commission is an independent agency attached to the Consumer Support Office of the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Commerce. Its fundamental purpose is to enforce the provisions of the Competition and Effective Consumer Defense Law (Law No. 7472) through the protection and promotion of (i) the process of competition and free competition, (ii) investigating and sanctioning monopolistic practices, and (iii) other restrictions related to the efficient functioning of the market. Nevertheless, Sutel is the competition agency for the telecommunications sector and the Competition Promotion Commission only intervenes as a mandatory consultant in concentrations analysis procedures. Competition We operate in an emerging region of the world, where market penetration of telecommunication services such as broadband and mobile data is lower than in more developed markets. Generally, our markets are at a relatively nascent stage of the global shift to a “data-centric” world. Although there has been strong growth in data consumption in our key markets, data consumption in our operating regions still lags significantly when compared to international benchmarks. We believe that we have the opportunity to capitalize upon this underlying growth trend in the majority of our markets, and benefit from increasing penetration of our data services as well as economic growth, in all of our markets, over time. However, technological advances and product innovations have increased and are likely to continue to increase giving customers several options for the provision of their communications services. Our customers want access to high quality communication services that allow for seamless connectivity. Accordingly, our ability to offer converged services (video, internet, fixed telephony and mobile) is a key component of our strategy. In many of our markets, we compete with companies that provide converged services, as well as companies that are established in one or more communication products and services. Consequently, our businesses face significant competition. In all markets, we seek to differentiate our communications services by focusing on customer service, competitive pricing and offering quality high-speed connectivity. Mobile Services In many of our markets we are either the leading or one of the leading mobile providers. In the markets where we are one of the top mobile providers, we continue to seek additional bandwidth to deliver our wide range of services to our customers and increase our LTE coverage. We also offer various calling plans, such as unlimited network, national or international calling, unlimited off-peak calling and minute packages, including calls to fixed and mobile phones. In addition, we use our bundled offers with our video and high-speed internet services to gain mobile subscribers where possible. Our ability to offer fixed-mobile convergence services is expected to be a key driver. In several of our markets, we expect to increase focus on converged services, including mobile, fixed-line, broadband and video. • C&W Caribbean and Networks . We typically operate in duopoly mobile market structures and face competition mainly from Digicel in most of our C&W Caribbean and Networks’ residential markets, and ALIV in the Bahamas. From time to time, new entrants come into the markets. For example, Rock Mobile recently announced its intent to launch a business, and has received spectrum to do so, in Jamaica. • C&W Panama . In Panama, our most competitive mobile market, we compete with subsidiaries of Millicom , América Móvil , S.A.B. de C.V. ( Claro ) and Digicel . Millicom entered the market through the acquisition of Movistar’s assets in Panama in 2019. • Liberty Puerto Rico . Liberty Puerto Rico competes with T-Mobile US and Claro, for the provision of mobile services . I-28 • VTR. Movistar , Claro and Entel are the primary companies that offer mobile telephony in Chile. In mid-2015, WOM S.A. entered the mobile services market through its acquisition of the Nextel Chile network. As an MVNO , VTR offers its mobile services on a standalone basis. To attract and retain customers, VTR focuses on its triple-play and double-play customer bases, offering them postpaid mobile accounts at an attractive price. • Costa Rica. In Costa Rica, we compete with Claro and ICE (through the Kolbi brand) for the provision of mobile services. Fixed-Line Telephony The market for fixed-line telephony services is mature across our markets. Changes in market share are driven by the combination of price and quality of services provided and the inclusion of telephony services in bundled offerings. In most of our C&W Caribbean and Networks markets, we are the incumbent telecommunications provider with long established customer relationships. In our other markets, our fixed-line telephony services compete against the incumbent telecommunications operator in the applicable market. In these markets, the incumbent operators have substantially more experience in providing fixed-line telephony, greater resources to devote to the provision of such services and long-standing customer relationships. In all of our markets, we also compete with VoIP operators offering services across broadband lines and over-the-top ( OTT ) telephony providers, such as WhatsApp. In many countries, our businesses also face competition from other cable telephony providers, FTTH -based providers or other indirect access providers. Competition exists in both the residential and business fixed-line telephony products due to market trends, the offering of carrier pre-select services, number portability, the replacement of fixed-line with mobile telephony and the growth of VoIP services, as well as continued deregulation of telephony markets and other regulatory action, such as general price competition. Carrier pre-select allows the end user to choose the voice services of operators other than the incumbent while using the incumbent’s network. Our fixed-line telephony strategy is focused around value leadership, and we position our services as “anytime” or “any destination.” Our portfolio of calling plans includes a variety of innovative calling options designed to meet the needs of our subscribers. In many of our markets, we provide product innovation, such as telephone applications that allow customers to make and receive calls from their fixed-line call packages on smart phones. In addition, we offer varying plans to meet customer needs and, similar to our mobile services, we use our telephony bundle options with our digital video and internet services to help promote our telephony services and flat rate offers are standard. • C&W Caribbean and Networks . We face competition in the provision of fixed-telephony services main from Digicel in our Caribbean markets and Cable Bahamas Limited in the Bahamas. These companies all have competitive pricing on similar services, and the intensified level of competition we are experiencing in several of our markets has added increased pressure on the pricing of our services. • C&W Panama . We face competition from a subsidiary of Millicom in Panama. Millicom entered the Panama market through its acquisition of an 80% stake in Cable Onda in 2019. • Liberty Puerto Rico . Liberty Puerto Rico primarily competes with Claro who is the incumbent fixed operator in Puerto Rico, and smaller fiber builders . For B2B, Liberty Puerto Rico primarily competes with Claro, Aeronet, Neptuno and WorldNet. • VTR. VTR faces fixed-telephony competition from the incumbent telecommunications operator, Movistar and other telecommunications operators. Movistar has substantial experience in providing telephony services, resources to devote to the provision of telephony services and long-standing customer relationships. Price is a key factor as are bundles with quality services. We distinguish our services by delivering reliable market leading internet access speeds with attractive bundled offers . • Costa Rica. In Costa Rica, we compete with ICE (through the Kolbi brand), who is the incumbent fixed telephony operator in Costa Rica, as well as Millicom (through the Tigo brand) and Telecable. Broadband Internet With respect to broadband internet services and online content, our businesses face competition in a rapidly evolving marketplace from incumbent and non-incumbent telecommunications companies, mobile operators and cable-based ISPs , many of which have substantial resources. The internet services offered by these competitors include both fixed-line broadband internet services using cable, DSL or FTTH networks and wireless broadband internet services. These competitors have a range of product offerings with varying speeds and pricing, as well as interactive services, data and other non-video services offered to homes and businesses. With the demand for mobile internet services increasing, competition from wireless services using various advanced technologies is a competitive factor. In several of our markets, competitors offer high-speed mobile data via I-29 LTE wireless networks. In addition, other wireless technologies, such as WiFi, are available in almost all of our markets. In this intense competitive environment, speed, bundling, and pricing are key drivers for customers. A key component of our strategy is speed leadership. Our focus is on increasing the maximum speed of our connections as well as offering varying tiers of services and prices, a variety of bundled product offerings and a range of value added services. We update our bundles and packages on an ongoing basis to meet the needs of our customers. Our top download speeds generally range from 50 Mbps to speeds of up to 1 Gbps. In many of our markets, we offer the highest download speeds available via our cable and FTTH networks. The focus is on high-speed internet products to safeguard our high-end customer base and allow us to become more aggressive at the low- and medium-end of the internet market. By fully utilizing the technical capabilities of DOCSIS 3.0 technology on our cable systems, we can compete with local FTTH initiatives and create a competitive advantage compared to DSL infrastructures and LTE initiatives on a national level. In several of our C&W Caribbean and Networks’ markets, we are the incumbent phone company offering broadband internet products through a variety of technologies, ranging from DSL to FTTH. In these markets and our other Latin American markets, our key competition for internet services is from cable and IPTV operators and mobile data service providers. To compete effectively, we are expanding our LTE service areas and increasing our download speeds. In most of our markets, we offer our internet service through bundled offerings that include video and fixed-line telephony. We also offer a wide range of mobile products either on a prepaid or postpaid basis. • C&W Caribbean and Networks. Where C&W Caribbean and Networks is the incumbent telecommunications provider, it competes with cable operators, the largest of which are Cable Bahamas Limited in the Bahamas and Digicel in certain of C&W Caribbean and Networks’ markets. To distinguish itself from these competitors, C&W Caribbean and Networks is investing in footprint expansion and upgrades and uses its bundled offers with video and telephony to promote its broadband internet services. • C&W Panama . The largest competitor in Panama is Cable Onda. • Liberty Puerto Rico . Liberty Puerto Rico competes primarily with Claro and other operators using fiber networks or fixed wireless access technologies. To compete with these providers, Liberty Puerto Rico offers its high-speed internet with download speeds of up to 600 Mbps. • VTR. VTR faces competition primarily from non-cable-based ISPs , such as Movistar, Entel , and Mundo Pacifico, and from other cable-based providers, such as Claro and GTD Manquehue. Competition is particularly intense with each of these companies offering competitively priced services, including bundled offers with high-speed internet services. Mobile broadband competition is significant as well. Movistar , Claro and Entel have launched 5G services for high-speed mobile data and all 4 MVNO operators have LTE services. To compete effectively, VTR is expanding its two-way coverage and offering attractive bundling with fixed-line telephony and digital video service and high-speed internet with download speeds of up to 600 Mbps. • Costa Rica. In Costa Rica, we face competition primarily from ICE (Kolbi), Telecable and Millicom (Tigo). Video Distribution Our video services compete primarily with traditional FTA broadcast television services, DTH satellite service providers and other fixed-line telecommunications carriers and broadband providers, including operations offering (i) services over hybrid fiber coaxial networks, (ii) DTH satellite services, (iii) internet protocol television ( IPTV ) over broadband internet connections using asymmetric DSL or VDSL or an enhancement to VDSL called “vectoring,” (iv) IPTV over FTTH networks, or (v) LTE services. Many of these competitors have a national footprint and offer features, pricing and video services individually and in bundles comparable to what we offer. In certain markets, we also compete with other cable or FTTH based providers who have overbuilt portions of our systems. OTT aggregators and SVOD services util izing our or our competitors’ high-speed broadband connections are also a significant competitive factor as are other video service providers that overlap our service areas. OTT video providers (such as HBO Go/Max, Amazon Prime Video, Disney+ and Netflix in most of our markets, and Hulu, DirecTV Now, Sling, and Digicel Play in selected markets) offer rich VOD catalogues and/or linear channels . In some cases, these AVOD services are provided free-of-charge (such as YouTube and Pluto TV). Typically these services are available on multiple devices in and out of the home. To enhance our video offering, we are developing cloud-based, next generation user interfaces based on advanced technologies, and are providing our subscribers with TV Everywhere applications, and in some markets, we feature leading premium and AVOD OTT video services in our video platforms (such as HubTV in Puerto-Rico), and our users can subscribe to these OTT services, search and discover and consume programs through our UI. Our businesses also compete to varying I-30 degrees with other sources of entertainment and information, such as online entertainment, newspapers, magazines, books, live entertainment/concerts and sporting events. Piracy and other unauthorized uses and distribution of content, including through web-based applications, devices and online platforms, also present challenges for our video business. These platforms illegally stream copyrighted content, for example, Premier League games that can be viewed with an internet connection. While piracy is a challenge in most jurisdictions in which we operate, it is particularly prevalent in those jurisdictions that lack developed copyright laws and effective enforcement of copyright laws. We believe that our deep-fiber access, where available, provides us with several competitive advantages. For instance, our cable networks allow us to concurrently deliver internet access, together with real-time television and VoD content, without impairing our high-speed internet service. In addition, our cable infrastructure in most of our footprint allows us to provide triple-play bundled services of broadband internet, television and fixed-line telephony services without relying on a third-party service provider or network. Where mobile is available, our mobile networks, together with our fixed fiber-rich networks, will allow us to provide a comprehensive set of converged mobile and fixed-line services. Our capacity is designed to support peak consumer demand. In serving the business market, many aspects of the network can be leveraged at very low incremental costs given that business demand peaks at a time when consumer demand is low, and peaks at lower levels than consumer demand. In response to the continued growth in OTT viewing, we have launched a number of innovative video services, including Flow ToGo in C&W Caribbean and Networks’ markets, +TV Go in C&W Panama, LibertyGo in Puerto Rico, VTR Play in Chile and Next TV in Costa Rica. Our ability to attract and retain customers depends on our continued ability to acquire appealing content and services on competitive terms and to make such content available on multiple devices and outside the home. Some competitors have obtained long-term exclusive contracts for certain sports programs, which limits the opportunities for other providers to offer such programs. Other competitors also have obtained long-term exclusive contracts for programs, but our operations have limited access to certain of such programming through select contracts with those companies. If exclusive content offerings increase through other providers, programming options could be a deciding factor for subscribers on selecting a video service. In this competitive environment, we enhance our offers with converged digital services, such as DVR and replay functionalities, and VoD and multiscreen services. In addition, we offer attractive content packages tailored to particular markets and discounts for bundled services. To improve the quality of the programming in our packages, our operations periodically modify their digital channel offerings. Where we offer mobile, we focus on our converged service offerings. We use these services, as well as bundles of our fixed-line services, as a means of driving video and other products where we can leverage convenience and price across our portfolio of available services. • C&W Caribbean and Networks . C&W Caribbean and Networks competes with a variety of pay TV service providers, with several of these competitors offering double-play and triple-play packages. In several of its other markets, including Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados, C&W Caribbean and Networks is the largest or one of the largest video service providers. In these markets, its primary competition is from DTH providers, such as DIRECTV Latin America Holdings, Inc. ( DirecTV ), which is now called Vrio Corp., and operators of IPTV services over VDSL and FTTH , such as Digicel . • C&W Panama . C&W Panama competes primarily with Cable Onda which is 80% owned by Millicom and which offers video, internet and fixed-line telephony over its cable network, and with the DTH services of Claro . To compete effectively, C&W Panama invests in leading mobile and fixed networks and content. • Liberty Puerto Rico . Liberty Puerto Rico is the largest provider of fixed-line video services in Puerto Rico. Liberty Puerto Rico ’s primary competition for video customers is from DTH satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network . Dish Network is an aggressive competitor, offering low introductory offers, free HD channels and, in its top tier packages, a free multi-room DVR service. DirecTV is also a significant competitor offering similar programming in Puerto Rico compared to Dish Network . In order to compete, Liberty Puerto Rico focuses on offering video packages with attractive programming, including HD and Spanish language channels, plus a specialty video package of Spanish-only channels that has gained popularity. In addition, Liberty Puerto Rico uses its bundled offers that include high-speed fixed and mobile internet connectivity solutions to drive its video services. • VTR . VTR competes primarily with DTH and IPTV service providers, including Movistar , Claro and DirecTV , among others. Movistar offers double-play and triple-play packages using IPTV for video in its FTTH footprint and OTT on its DSL footprint. Claro offers triple-play packages using DTH and, in most major cities in Chile, through a hybrid fiber coaxial cable network. It also offers mobile services. DirecTV offers video through DTH and does not bundle with any broadband or telephony services. To compete effectively, VTR focuses on enhancing its subscribers’ viewing I-31 options in and out of the home through a broad non-linear content offering, catch-up television, DVR functionality, and a variety of premium channels. These services and its variety of bundled options, including internet and telephony, enhance VTR ’s competitive position. • Costa Rica . Cabletica competes primarily with Millicom (Tigo) and Telecable over their cable network, and with the DTH services of Claro. Business and Wholesale Services Through C&W , we provide a variety of advanced, point-to-point, clear channel broadband capacity, IP, Multiprotocol Label Switching, Ethernet and managed services over our owned and operated, technologically advanced, subsea fiber optic cable network. Our subsea and terrestrial fiber routes combine to form a series of fully integrated networks that typically provide complete operational redundancy, stability and reliability, allowing us in most cases to provide our clients with superior service and minimal network downtime. Given the advanced technical state of the network combined with the challenges in securing the necessary governmental and environmental licenses in all of our operating markets, we believe the network is unlikely to be replicated in the region. Competing networks in the region connect fewer countries than we do and are either linear in design, or if ringed, have high latency protection routes. In addition, our network as of December 31, 2021, utilized less than 10% of its potential design capacity, and we believe that our ability to take advantage of this large unused carrying capacity, as well as the financial and time investment required to build a similar network, and the potential delays associated with acquiring governmental permissions, makes it unlikely that our network will be replicated in the near term. We compete in the provision of B2B services with residential telecommunications operators as noted above. We also compete with regional and international service providers, particularly when addressing larger customers. Human Capital Resources Our Team . As of December 31, 2021, we employed approximately 11,900 full-time employees across our five reportable segments. Our employees are employed across our segments as follows: C&W Caribbean and Networks approximately 4,500 full-time employees, C&W Panama approximately 2,300 full-time employees, Liberty Puerto Rico approximately 2,200 employees, VTR approximately 1,500 employees, and Costa Rica approximately 800 employees. The remaining employees are employed by our corporate entities. Women represented 42% of our global employees and 38% of our managerial positions. Of our total employee population, approximately 4,200 are covered by contracts with various unions, primarily across our Caribbean markets, Panama, and Puerto Rico. During 2021, our total employee attrition rate, both voluntary and involuntary, was approximately 13%. The Employee Net Promoter Score (eNPS) is a widely-used methodology to measure employee experience. In 2021, we measured our employee net promoter score (eNPS) at +34 as part of our annual employee survey, which we believe indicates we have a passionate, engaged, and dedicated workforce. Our Chief People Officer, who reports to the CEO and is part of the Executive Team, leads our People and Culture initiatives. All leaders incorporate these initiatives as part of the operating strategy, and our Chief People Officer regularly reports progress on these initiatives to our Board of Directors. Talent Strategy. We manage our talent strategy through a cycle consisting of Talent Acquisition, Learning & Development, and Performance Management. We offer prospective candidates a compelling employee value proposition rooted in our culture, which combines a shared vision, philosophy, and principles for how we work. We foster an environment where employees can learn, develop, and gain experience through new opportunities to work in different geographies. Unique to our region, we utilize an annual performance management system that better aligns with our culture and ways of working as one team. We offer a simpler, meaningful, and engaging Agile Performance Development (APD) experience for all our employees, focused on frequent conversations throughout the year combined with real-time feedback between managers and employees. Our employees are the heart and soul of our business, helping us to deliver value to our customers, shareholders and communities. As our employees grow and develop, so will our company. Equality, Diversity & Inclusion. Our employees comprise many races, ethnicities, beliefs, and cultures, and we are built on a set of strong principles including respect. In 2021, we took deliberate actions to foster a more diverse and inclusive workplace as part of our Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion strategy. This year we focused on the pillars of gender equity, LGBTQ+ inclusion, and issues of Race & Ethnicity. We launched our ‘Pride at Liberty Latin America’ employee resource group to engage, educate, and empower LGBTQ+ people and allies, aiming to create a truly inclusive space where LGBTQ+ people feel heard, supported, and represented. I-32 We also joined the global community to contribute to the fight against gender-based violence by launching a company-wide policy and making education and advocacy materials available on our website. Our goal is to educate, prevent, protect, and support against gender-based violence to create a safe workplace that prioritizes employees' wellbeing and mental health. We continued our work on the CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion pledge focused on: creating an environment for open dialogue, conducting implicit bias training, sharing best practices and lessons learned, and developing dedicated Diversity & Inclusion plans in consultation with our Board of Directors. We know that our success depends on our people. Having a diverse and inclusive workforce will help us become more innovative, more reflective of our customer base, and more creative when it comes to engaging with our customers and our communities. COVID-19 Response. We continue to adapt to rapidly changing conditions related to the pandemic. Throughout 2021, we maintained stringent health and safety protocols to help protect our employees, our customers, and our communities. Across all of our markets we have strongly encouraged vaccination both within our employee base as well as externally in our communities as it has proven to significantly reduce symptoms and help mitigate the spread of the virus. We have also partnered with local governments on vaccination drives and complied with local regulations and policies, which vary across our markets. In 2021 we continued to offer a COVID-19 Employee Assistance Fund where employees could apply for grants up to $500 to support financial needs created by the pandemic. This was funded through donations from members of our Board of Directors, our Executive Team and employees. Corporate Social Responsibility . In addition to our core products and services, we meaningfully contribute to the communities where we operate. Our communities are so much more than locations for our business. It’s where we live, where our families grow, where we celebrate and connect. We believe we have a responsibility to enable progress and build more resilient communities. We bring this to life through a shared approach across our markets with a focus on four critical areas: Learning; Environment; Access; and Disaster Relief. Our employees lead many of our outreach programs, working alongside our local and regional charitable foundations. We proudly support and give back. In 2021, through our company-wide initiative, Mission Week , over 1,250 employees across 20 countries came together to contribute more than 4,000 volunteer hours in support of communities across Latin America and the Caribbean through a wide range of volunteer activities.  Compensation, Benefits and Well-being. As part of our Employee Value Proposition, we offer compensation, benefits, and well-being packages that we believe are fair and competitive. We include a mix of base salary, short and long-term incentives (based on eligibility), as well as a wide range of programs that support our employees’ overall well-being including: retirement savings plans, healthcare and insurance benefits, paid parental leave, paid time off, and employee assistance programs. These programs vary by employee level and geography. Compliance and Ethics. We conduct our business with honesty and integrity in accordance with high ethical and legal standards, and with respect for each other and those with whom we do business. Our Code of Conduct sets out the basic rules, standards and behaviors necessary to achieve those objectives. Employees can confidentially and anonymously report any behavior or action they see or experience which goes against our Code of Conduct through SpeakUp, our employee hotline. We expect our employees and directors to display responsible and ethical behavior, to follow consistently both the meaning and intent of our Code of Conduct, and to act with integrity in all of our business dealings. We expect managers and supervisors to take such action as is necessary and appropriate to ensure that our business processes and practices are in full compliance with our company culture and principles. We expect our business partners to also act with integrity in all business dealings with us and others. Our Business Partner Code of Conduct sets forth the basic rules, standards, and behaviors that we expect of our business partners. As part of our global onboarding process, we require all new employees to complete training on our Code of Conduct. Additionally, we periodically host seminars on anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and other important compliance topics such as cyber security. Health & Safety. Our vision is to have the safest operations in our industry and markets. To reduce the risk of serious injuries we invest in systems that enable us to receive reliable and structured data to enable informed decision making. We also work to improve our safety practices in the field and in our retail and office locations to prevent work-related illness and injuries. I-33 Available Information All our filings with the SEC, as well as amendments to such filings, are available on our internet website free of charge generally within 24 hours after we file such material with the SEC. Our website address is www.lla.com. The information on our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is not incorporated by reference herein. Item 1A. RISK FACTORS In addition to the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, you should consider the following risk factors in evaluating our results of operations, financial condition, business and operations or an investment in the shares of our company. The risk factors described in this section have been separated into five groups: • risks that relate to the competition we face and the technology used in our businesses; • risks that relate to our operating in overseas markets and being subject to foreign and domestic regulation; • risks that relate to certain financial matters; • risks related to climate change; • risks relating to our corporate history and structure; and • risks relating to our common shares and the securities market. Although we describe below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K the risks we consider to be the most material, there may be other unknown or unpredictable economic, business, competitive, regulatory or other factors that also could have material adverse effects on our results of operations, financial condition, businesses or operations in the future. In addition, past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future periods. If any of the events described below, individually or in combination, were to occur, our businesses, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows could be materially adversely affected. Risks that Relate to the Competition we Face and the Technology Used in Our Businesses We operate in increasingly competitive markets, and there is a risk that we will not be able to effectively compete with other service providers. The markets for cable television, broadband internet, telephony and mobile services are highly competitive. In the provision of video services, we face competition from FTA and DTT broadcasters, DTH satellite providers, networks using DSL , VDSL or vectoring technology, Multi-channel Multipoint Distribution System operators, FTTH networks, OTT content providers, and, in some countries where parts of our systems are overbuilt, with cable & fiber-to-the-home/-cabinet/-building/-node networks, among others. Our operating businesses are facing increasing competition from video services provided by, or over the networks of, other telecommunications operators and service providers. As the availability and speed of broadband internet increases, we also face competition from OTT providers, including telephony providers such as WhatsApp, utilizing our or our competitors’ high-speed internet connections. Some of these providers offer services without charging a fee, which could erode relationships with customers and may lead to a downward pressure on prices and returns for telecommunication services providers. In the provision of telephony and broadband internet services, we are experiencing increasing competition from other telecommunications operators and other service providers in each country in which we operate, as well as other mobile providers of voice and data. Many of the other operators offer double-play, triple-play and quadruple-play bundles of services. In many countries, we also compete with other facilities-based operators and wireless providers. Developments in wireless technologies, such as LTE , 5G (the next generation of ultra-high-speed mobile data) and WiFi, are creating additional competitive challenges. In almost all cases, our licenses are not exclusive. As a result, our competitors have similar licenses and have and may continue to build systems and provide services in areas in which we hold licenses. In the case of cable- and broadband-enabled services, the existence of more than one cable or fiber-to-the-home/-cabinet/-building/-node system operating in the same I-34 territory is referred to as an “overbuild.” Overbuilds increase competition or create competition where none existed previously, either of which could adversely affect our growth, financial condition and results of operations. In some of our markets, national and local government agencies may seek to become involved, either directly or indirectly, in the establishment of FTTH networks, DTT systems or other communications systems. We intend to pursue available options to restrict such involvement or to ensure that such involvement is on commercially reasonable terms. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be successful in these pursuits. As a result, we may face competition from entities not requiring a normal commercial return on their investments. In addition, we may face more vigorous competition than would have been the case if there were no such government involvement. Increased competition could result in increased customer churn, reductions of customer acquisition rates for some products and services and significant price and promotional competition. In combination with difficult economic environments, these competitive pressures could adversely impact our business, results of operations and cash flows . Changes in technology may limit the competitiveness of and demand for our services. Technology in the video, telecommunications and data services industries is changing rapidly, including advances in current technologies and the emergence of new technologies. New technologies, products and services may impact consumer behavior and therefore demand for our products and services. Our ability to anticipate changes in technology and consumer tastes and to develop and introduce new and enhanced products and services on a timely basis will affect our ability to maintain, continue to grow, or increase our revenue and number of customers and remain competitive. New products and services, once marketed, may not meet consumer expectations or demand, can be subject to delays in development and may fail to operate as intended. A lack of market acceptance of new products and services that we may offer, or the development of significant competitive products or services by others, could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and cash flows. Our significant property and equipment additions may not generate a positive return. Significant additions to our property and equipment are, or in the future may be, required to add customers to our networks and to upgrade or expand our broadband communications networks and upgrade customer premises equipment to enhance our service offerings and improve the customer experience. Additions to our property and equipment, including in connection with Network Extensions , require significant capital expenditures for equipment and associated labor costs to build out and/or upgrade our networks as well as for related customer premises equipment. Additionally, significant competition, the introduction of new technologies, the expansion of existing technologies, such as FTTH and advanced DSL technologies, the impact of natural disasters like hurricanes, or adverse regulatory developments could cause us to decide to undertake previously unplanned builds or upgrades of our networks and customer premises equipment. No assurance can be given that any rebuilds, upgrades or extensions of our network will increase penetration rates, increase average monthly subscription revenue per average cable RGU or mobile subscriber, as applicable, or otherwise generate positive returns as anticipated, or that we will have adequate capital available to finance such rebuilds, upgrades or extensions. Additionally, costs related to our Network Extensions and property and equipment additions could end up being greater than originally anticipated or planned. If this is the case, we may require additional financing sooner than anticipated or we may have to delay or abandon some or all of our development and expansion plans or otherwise forego market opportunities. Additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, if at all, and our ability to incur additional debt will be limited by our debt agreements. If we are unable to, or elect not to, pay for costs associated with adding new customers, expanding, extending or upgrading our networks or making other planned or unplanned additions to our property and equipment, or are delayed in making such investments, our growth could be limited and our competitive position could be harmed. We depend almost exclusively on our relationships with third-party programming providers, broadcasters and rights owners for programming content, and a failure to acquire desirable programming on acceptable terms could adversely affect subscriptions of our video services. The success of our video subscription offerings depends, in large part, on our ability to offer a selection of popular and desirable programming. We generally do not produce our own content and we therefore depend on our agreements and cooperation with public and private broadcasters, rights holders and collective rights associations to obtain such content. If we fail to obtain desirable and popular programming for our pay television offerings, including linear channels as well as non-linear content (such as a selection of attractive VoD content and rights for ancillary services such as network DVR services), on satisfactory terms, we may not be able to offer a compelling product to our video customers at a price they are willing to pay. Additionally, we periodically negotiate and renegotiate content agreements and our annual costs for programming can vary I-35 as a result of these negotiations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to renew the terms of our agreements on desirable terms or at all. If we are unable to obtain or retain attractively priced content, demand for our video subscription services could decrease, thereby limiting our ability to attract new bundle customers to subscribe to video services and/or maintain existing video customers. Furthermore, we may be placed at a competitive disadvantage as certain OTT providers increasingly produce their own exclusive content if certain of our providers also offering content directly to consumers restrict our access to valued content or if certain of our pay- TV competitors acquire exclusive programming rights, particularly with respect to sports. We depend on third-party suppliers and licensors to supply and maintain necessary equipment, software and certain services required for our businesses. We rely on third-party vendors for the equipment (including customer premises equipment, network infrastructure and mobile handsets), software and services that we require in order to provide services to our customers. Our suppliers often conduct business worldwide and their ability to meet our needs is subject to various risks, including political and economic instability, international regulations or sanctions, natural calamities, interruptions in transportation systems, power supplies, terrorism and labor issues. In addition, we rely on third parties (in particular, local municipalities, power companies and other telecommunications companies) for access to poles to attach our network equipment, and their ability to provide such access is subject to similar risks. As a result, we may not be able to obtain the equipment, software, access and services required for our businesses on a timely basis or on satisfactory terms. Any shortfall in our equipment could lead to delays in completing extensions to our networks and in connecting customers to our services and, accordingly, could adversely impact our ability to maintain or increase our RGU s, revenue and cash flows. Also, if demand exceeds the suppliers’ and licensors’ capacity or if they experience financial difficulties, the ability of our businesses to provide some services may be materially adversely affected, which in turn could affect our businesses’ ability to attract and retain customers. To the extent that we have minimum order commitments, we would be adversely affected in the event that we were unable to resell committed products or otherwise decline to accept committed products. Although we actively monitor the creditworthiness of our key third-party suppliers and licensors, the financial failure of a key third-party supplier or licensor could disrupt our operations and have an adverse impact on our revenue and cash flows. We rely upon intellectual property that is owned or licensed by us to use various technologies, conduct our operations and sell our products and services. Legal challenges could be made against our use of our owned or licensed intellectual property rights (such as trademarks, patents and trade secrets) and we may be required to enter into licensing arrangements on unfavorable terms, incur monetary damages or be enjoined from use of the intellectual property rights in question. We rely on power companies to provide power necessary to operate equipment necessary to conduct our operations and to operate our customer premises equipment. As a result of any long-term interruption in power supplies, we may not be able to deliver our services on a timely or satisfactory basis, which could accordingly adversely impact our ability to maintain or increase our RGUs, revenue and cash flows. In addition, the operation, administration, maintenance and repair of our network, including our subsea cable network, requires the coordination and integration of sophisticated and highly specialized hardware and software technologies and equipment located throughout the Caribbean and Latin America and requires operating and capital expenses. Events outside of our control, such as natural disasters, technological failures, vandalism, war, terrorism, inadvertent cuts or extraordinary social or political events, could impact the continued operation of our network. We cannot assure you that our systems will continue to function as expected in a cost-effective manner. VTR, which offers mobile telephony and data services, relies on the radio access network of a third-party wireless network provider to carry its mobile communications traffic. VTR’s services to mobile customers in Chile rely on the use of an MVNO arrangement in which VTR utilizes the radio access network of a third-party wireless network provider to carry its mobile communications traffic. If the MVNO arrangement is terminated, or if the third-party wireless network provider fails to provide the services required under the MVNO arrangement, or if a third-party wireless network provider fails to deploy and maintain its network, and VTR is unable to find a replacement network operator on a timely and commercially reasonable basis or at all, VTR could be prevented from continuing the mobile services relying on such MVNO arrangement. Failure in our technology or telecommunications systems from security attacks or natural disasters could significantly disrupt our operations, which could reduce our customer base and result in lost revenue. Our success depends, in part, on the continued and uninterrupted performance of our information technology and network systems as well as our customer service centers. The hardware supporting a large number of critical systems for our cable network in a particular country or geographic region is housed in a relatively small number of locations. Our systems and equipment (including our routers and set-top boxes) are vulnerable to damage or security breach from a variety of sources, I-36 including a cut in our terrestrial network or subsea cable network, telecommunications failures, power loss, malicious human acts, security flaws as well as natural disasters and extreme weather events as a result of climate change. In particular, our systems and equipment are in regions prone to hurricanes, earthquakes and other natural disasters, and they have been impacted by hurricanes in the recent past. Moreover, despite security measures, our servers, systems and equipment are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses and similar disruptive actions as further discussed below. See “ Cyberattacks or other network disruptions could have an adverse effect on our business.” Our disaster recovery, security and service continuity protection measures include back-up power systems, resilient ring network systems, procuring capacity in competing networks to further strengthen our reliability profile and network monitoring. We also are party to the Atlantic Cable Maintenance and Repair Agreement, which provides us with certain dedicated repair vessels and timely call out services with respect to our subsea cables through to the present. We cannot assure you, however, that these precautions will be sufficient to prevent loss of data or prolonged network downtime or that we will be able to renegotiate arrangements with the Atlantic Cable Maintenance and Repair Agreement on successful terms. Despite the precautions we have taken, unanticipated problems affecting our systems could cause failures in our information technology systems or disruption in the transmission of signals over our networks or similar problems. Any disruptive situation that causes loss, misappropriation, misuse or leakage of data could damage our reputation and the credibility of our operations. Further, sustained or repeated system failures that interrupt our ability to provide service to our customers or otherwise meet our business obligations in a timely manner could adversely affect our reputation and result in a loss of customers and revenue. Cyberattacks or other network disruptions could have an adverse effect on our business. As described above, our success depends, in part, on the continued and uninterrupted performance of our information technology and network systems. The hardware supporting a large number of critical systems for our cable network in a particular country or geographic region is housed in a relatively small number of locations. In addition, through our operations, sales and marketing activities, we collect and store certain non-public personal information related to our customers, and we also gather and retain information about employees in the normal course of business. We may share information about such persons with vendors, contractors and other third-parties that assist with certain aspects of our business. Our and our vendors’ servers, systems and equipment (including our routers and set-top boxes) are vulnerable to damage or security breach from a variety of sources, including a cut in our terrestrial network or subsea cable network, security flaws, and malicious human acts. Despite security measures, our and our vendors’ servers, systems and equipment are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, worms, phishing attacks and similar disruptive actions. Furthermore, our operating activities could be subject to risks caused by misappropriation, misuse, leakage, falsification or accidental release or loss of information maintained in our information technology systems and networks and those of our third-party vendors, including customer, personnel and vendor data. The techniques used to gain such access to our or our vendors’ technology systems, data or customer information, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems are constantly evolving, may be difficult to detect quickly, and often are not recognized until launched against a target. It is possible for such cyberattacks to go undetected for an extended period of time, increasing the potential harm to our customers, employees, assets, and reputation. Cyberattacks against our or our vendors’ technological infrastructure or breaches of network information technology may cause equipment failures, disruption of our or their operation, and potentially unauthorized access to confidential customer or employee data, which could subject us to increased costs and other liabilities as discussed further below. To date, we have not been subject to cyberattacks or network disruptions that, individually or in the aggregate, have been material to our operations or financial condition. Although we have not detected a material security breach or cybersecurity incident to date, we have been the target of events of this nature and expect to be subject to similar attacks in the future. We engage in a variety of preventive measures (in terms of people, processes and technology) at an increased cost to us, in order to reduce the risk of cyberattacks and safeguard our infrastructure and confidential customer information, but as with all companies, these measures may not be sufficient for all eventualities and there is no guarantee that they will be adequate to safeguard against all cyberattacks, system compromises or misuses of data. If hackers or cyberthieves gain improper access to our or our vendors’ technology systems, networks, or infrastructure, they may be able to access, steal, publish, delete, misappropriate, modify or otherwise disrupt access to confidential customer or employee data or our or our customers’ business systems or networks. Moreover, additional harm to customers or employees could be perpetrated by third parties who are given access to the confidential customer data or business systems or networks. A network disruption (including one resulting from a cyberattack) could cause an interruption or degradation of service and I-37 diversion of management attention, as well as permit access, theft, publishing, deletion, misappropriation, or modification to or of confidential customer data or business systems or networks. Due to the evolving techniques used in cyberattacks to disrupt or gain unauthorized access to technology networks, we may not be able to anticipate or prevent such disruption or unauthorized access. The costs imposed on us as a result of a cyberattack or network disruption could be significant. Among others, such costs could include increased expenditures on cyber security measures, litigation, regulatory actions, fines, sanctions, lost revenue from business interruption, and damage to the public’s perception regarding our ability to provide a secure service. As a result, a cyberattack or network disruption could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and operating results. We also face similar risks associated with security breaches affecting third parties with which we are affiliated or otherwise conduct business. While we maintain cyber liability insurance that provides both third-party liability and first-party insurance coverage, our insurance may not be sufficient to protect against all of our losses from any future disruptions or breaches of our systems or other events as described above. We rely on information technology to operate our business and maintain our competitiveness, and any failure to invest in and adapt to technological developments and industry trends could harm our business. We depend on the use of sophisticated information technologies and systems, including technology and systems used for website and mobile applications, network management systems, customer billing, financial reporting, human resources and various other processes and transactions. As our operations grow in size, scope and complexity, we must continuously improve and upgrade our systems and infrastructure to offer an increasing number of customers enhanced products, services, features and functionality, while maintaining or improving the reliability and integrity of our systems and infrastructure. Our future success also depends on our ability to adapt our services and infrastructure to meet rapidly evolving consumer trends and demands while continuing to improve the performance, features and reliability of our services in response to competitive service and product offerings. The emergence of alternative platforms such as smartphone and tablet computing devices and the emergence of niche competitors who may be able to optimize products, services or strategies for such platforms have, and will continue to, require new and costly investments in technology. We may not be successful, or may be less successful than our current or new competitors, in developing technology that operates effectively across multiple devices and platforms and that is appealing to consumers, either of which would negatively impact our business and financial performance. New developments in other areas, such as cloud computing and software as a service provider, could also make it easier for competition to enter our markets due to lower up-front technology costs. In addition, we may not be able to maintain our existing systems or replace or introduce new technologies and systems as quickly as customers would like or in a cost-effective manner. Unauthorized access to our network resulting in piracy could result in a loss of revenue. We rely on the integrity of our technology to ensure that our services are provided only to identifiable paying customers. Increasingly, sophisticated means of illicit piracy of television, broadband and telephony services are continually being developed in response to evolving technologies. Furthermore, billing and revenue generation for television services rely on the proper functioning of encryption systems. While we continue to invest in measures to manage unauthorized access to our networks, any such unauthorized access to our cable television service could result in a loss of revenue, and any failure to respond to security breaches could raise concerns under our agreements with content providers, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. If we are unable to retain key employees, our ability to manage our business could be adversely affected. Our operational results depend upon the retention and continued performance of our management team. Our ability to retain and hire new key employees for management positions could be impacted adversely by the competitive environment for management talent in the broadband communications industry. The loss of the services of key members of management and the inability or delay in hiring new key employees could adversely affect our ability to manage our business and our future operational and financial results. We may not have sufficient insurance to cover damage due to natural catastrophe claims and future claims either due to coverage limits or as a result of insurance carriers seeking to deny coverage of such claims, which in either case could expose us to significant liabilities. We maintain a program of third-party traditional and parametric wind risk insurance coverage against various liability, property and business interruption damage risks. We believe these insurance programs are an effective way to protect our assets against these risks. However, the potential damage that could arise from a natural catastrophe event or events in the future could I-38 exceed the coverage provided by such programs. In addition, our insurance carriers have in the past sought and may in the future seek to rescind or deny coverage with respect to pending or future claims related to such natural catastrophe damage. Additionally, if we sustain certain wind damage that does not trigger coverage under our parametric wind risk insurance, we may receive no proceeds or proceeds that do not fully cover such damage. If we do not have sufficient coverage under our policies, or if the insurance companies are successful in rescinding or denying coverage, we may be required to make material investments to repair such damage which could result in decreased capital investment, decreased liquidity or increased use of credit facilities or other existing or new debt or funding arrangements. Data privacy regulations are expanding and compliance with, and any violations of, these regulations may cause us to incur significant expenses. Privacy legislation, enforcement and policy activity in this area are expanding rapidly in many jurisdictions and creating a complex regulatory compliance environment. The cost of complying with and implementing these privacy-related and data protection measures could be significant. In addition, even our inadvertent failure to comply with federal, state or international privacy-related or data protection laws and regulations could result in proceedings against us by governmental entities or others, and substantial fines and damages. The theft, loss or misuse of personal data collected, used, stored or transferred by us to run our business could result in significantly increased business and security costs or costs related to defending legal claims. We are involved in disputes and legal proceedings that, if determined unfavorably to us, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We are continually involved in disputes and legal proceedings arising out of the regular course of our business, including disputes and legal proceedings initiated by regulatory, competition and tax authorities as well as proceedings with competitors and other parties, including legal proceedings that programmers may institute against us and proceedings that may arise from acquisitions and other transactions we may consummate. For example, certain copyright agencies have asserted, and may in the future assert, claims against us and our subsidiaries regarding the transmission of any of the musical works within such agencies’ repertoire. Such claims seek injunctive relief as well as monetary damages. Additionally, VTR is subject to various legal proceedings in Chilean courts. For more information on these VTR legal proceedings, see Item 3. Legal Proceedings included in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We cannot assure you that we will obtain a final favorable decision with regard to any particular proceeding. Any such disputes or legal proceedings could be expensive and time consuming, could divert the attention of our management and, if resolved adversely to us, could harm our reputation and increase our costs, all of which could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Risks that Relate to Our Operating in Overseas Markets and Being Subject to Foreign and Domestic Regulation A substantial portion of our businesses is conducted outside of the U.S., which gives rise to numerous operational risks. A substantial portion of our business operates in countries outside the U.S., and we have substantial physical assets and derive a substantial portion of our revenues from operations in Latin America and the Caribbean. Therefore, we are subject to the following inherent risks: • fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; • difficulties in staffing and managing operations consistently through our several operating areas; • export and import restrictions, custom duties, tariffs and other trade barriers; • burdensome tax, customs, duties or regulatory assessments based on new or differing interpretations of law or regulations, including increases in taxes and governmental fees; • economic and political instability, social unrest, and public health crises, such as the occurrence of a contagious disease like the novel coronavirus; • changes in foreign and domestic laws and policies that govern operations of foreign-based companies; • interruptions to essential energy inputs; • direct and indirect price controls; • cancellation of contract rights and licenses; I-39 • delays or denial of governmental approvals; • a lack of reliable security technologies; • privacy concerns; and • uncertainty regarding intellectual property rights and other legal issues. Operational risks that we may experience in certain countries include uncertain and rapidly changing political, regulatory and economic conditions, including the possibility of disruptions of services or loss of property or equipment that are critical to overseas businesses as a result of vandalism, expropriation, nationalization, war, insurrection, terrorism or general social or political unrest. In certain countries and territories in which we operate, political, security and economic changes may result in political and regulatory uncertainty and civil unrest. Governments may expropriate or nationalize assets or increase their participation in the economy generally and in telecommunications operations in particular. C ivil unrest in one or more of our markets may adversely affect our operations in the affected market or possibly in other markets depending on the scope of other operations supported by the affected market. For example, riots broke out in Chile in October 2019 in support of concerns over social inequality. These riots led to the injury or detainment of protesters and the dismissal of members of the Chilean President’s cabinet. Continued internal turmoil could slow or halt the development of, or otherwise constrain the market for our VTR products and services, could impact foreign exchange rates, and could otherwise impair the business and financial condition of VTR. In addition, following these riots and protests the government announced that it would initiate a process to draft a new constitution for the country. On October 25, 2020, the government conducted a national plebiscite to determine whether to draft a new constitution and the process to do so. 78% of voters approved a proposal to adopt a new constitution and 79% approved a proposal to call a new constitutional convention (without participation of existing representatives in the Chilean Congress). Chile held an election for members of the constitutional convention between May 15 and 16, 2021 with 78% of the 2020 national plebiscite voted to write a new constitution. On December 20, 2021, former student protest leader and progressive politician, Gabriel Boric, was declared the winner of Chile’s presidential election. Mr. Boric is set to take office in March 2022. Chile anticipates holding another national vote in August 2022 to approve the new constitution. There is still significant uncertainty regarding the process to approve a new constitution and further protests and political instability cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, the existing constitution has been in place since 1980 and any new constitution could change Chile’s political situation, potentially affecting the Chilean economy and business outlook, and ultimately VTR’s financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, certain countries and territories in which we operate, or in which we may operate in the future, face significant challenges relating to the lack, or poor condition, of physical infrastructure, including transportation, electricity generation and transmission. Such countries and territories may also be subject to a higher risk of inflationary pressures, which could increase our operating costs and decrease consumer demand and spending power. Each of these factors could, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Moreover, in many foreign countries, particularly in certain developing economies, it is not uncommon to encounter business practices that are prohibited by certain regulations, such as the FCPA and similar laws. Although our subsidiaries and business affiliates have undertaken, and will continue to undertake, compliance efforts with respect to these laws, their respective employees, contractors and agents, as well as those companies to which they outsource certain of their business operations, may take actions in violation of their policies and procedures. Any such violation could result in penalties imposed on, and adversely affect the reputation of, these subsidiaries and business affiliates. Any failure by these subsidiaries and business affiliates to effectively manage the challenges associated with the international operation of their businesses could materially adversely affect their, and hence our, financial condition. Public health crises, such as the recent outbreak of the novel coronavirus, in countries where we operate or where our contractors’ or vendors’ facilities are located could also have an effect on our financial condition or operations through impacts on our customers’ ability to use our services, on the availability of our workforce or through adverse impacts to our supply chain. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk with respect to our debt in situations where our debt is denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the operations whose cash flows support our ability to service, repay or refinance such debt. Although we generally seek to match the denomination of our borrowings with the functional currency of the operations that are supporting the respective borrowings, market conditions or other factors may cause us to enter into borrowing arrangements that are not denominated in the functional currency of the underlying operations (unmatched debt). I-40 Our policy is generally to provide for an economic hedge against foreign currency exchange rate movements, whenever possible and when cost effective to do so, by using derivative instruments to synthetically convert unmatched debt into the applicable underlying currency. In addition to the exposure that results from unmatched debt, we are exposed to foreign currency risk to the extent that we enter into transactions denominated in currencies other than our operating subsidiaries’ respective functional currencies (non-functional currency risk), such as equipment purchases and programming contracts. Changes in exchange rates with respect to amounts recorded in our consolidated balance sheet related to these items will result in unrealized (based upon period-end exchange rates) or realized foreign currency transaction gains and losses upon settlement of the transactions. Moreover, to the extent that our revenue, costs and expenses are denominated in currencies other than our respective functional currencies, we will experience fluctuations in our revenue, costs and expenses solely as a result of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Generally, we will consider hedging non-functional currency risks when the risks arise from agreements with third parties that involve the future payment or receipt of cash or other monetary items to the extent that we can reasonably predict the timing and amount of such payments or receipts and the payments or receipts are not otherwise hedged. In this regard, we have entered into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge certain of these risks. Certain non-functional currency risks related to our programming and other direct costs of services and other operating costs and expenses and property and equipment additions were not hedged as of December 31, 2021. We also are exposed to unfavorable and potentially volatile fluctuations of the U.S. dollar (our reporting currency) against the currencies of our operating subsidiaries when their respective financial statements are translated into U.S. dollars for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements. Cumulative translation adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive earnings or loss as a separate component of equity. Any increase (decrease) in the value of the U.S. dollar against any foreign currency that is the functional currency of one of our operating subsidiaries will cause us to experience unrealized foreign currency translation losses (gains) with respect to amounts already invested in such foreign currencies. Accordingly, we may experience a negative impact on our comprehensive earnings or loss and equity with respect to our holdings solely as a result of FX. Our primary exposure to FX risk during 2021 was to the Chilean peso as 16% of our reported revenue during the period was derived from VTR, whose functional currency is the Chilean peso. In addition, our reported operating results are impacted by changes in the exchange rates for other local currencies in Latin America and the Caribbean. We generally do not hedge against the risk that we may incur non-cash losses upon the translation of the financial statements of our operating subsidiaries and affiliates into U.S. dollars. Failure to comply with economic and trade sanctions, and similar laws could have a materially adverse effect on our reputation, results of operations or financial condition, or have other adverse consequences. We operate in the Caribbean and Latin America, and similar to other international companies, we are subject to economic and trade sanctions programs, including certain of which that are administered by OFAC , which prohibit or restrict transactions or dealings with specified countries, their governments, and in certain circumstances, their nationals, and with individuals and entities that are specially designated. These regulations are extensive and complex, and they differ from one sanctions regime to another. Failure to comply with these regulations could subject us to legal and reputational consequences, including civil and criminal penalties. For example, certain of our companies provide (and may in the future provide), directly or indirectly, certain services to governmental entities in Cuba ( e.g. , C&W sells IP and international transport telecommunication services to ETECSA , the Cuba state-owned telecommunications provider and to three international telecommunications providers that in turn sell telecom services to ETECSA ). All these services are provided outside of Cuba and the provision of non-facilities based telecom services to Cuba are permissible under a general license from OFAC . We also have interconnection and services contracts with telecommunications carriers located in Venezuela. With respect to Cuba, we believe we have designed our activities to comply with certain telecommunications and information systems general license and exemptions. With respect to Venezuela, we have advised OFAC that we believe that our activities there are not covered by the OFAC regulations or are otherwise allowed under a general license and exemptions or, in the alternative, should be licensed by OFAC. We believe that our activities with respect to these countries are known to OFAC. We note, however, that OFAC regulations and related interpretive guidance are complex and subject to varying interpretations. Due to this complexity, OFAC’s interpretation of its own regulations and guidance vary on a case to case basis. As a result, we cannot provide any guarantees that OFAC will not challenge any of our activities in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. I-41 Any violations of applicable economic and trade sanctions could limit certain of our business activities until they are satisfactorily remediated and could result in civil and criminal penalties, including fines, that could damage our reputation and have a materially adverse effect on our results of operation or financial condition. Our businesses are subject to risks of adverse regulation. Our businesses are subject to the unique regulatory regimes of the countries in which they operate. Video distribution, broadband internet, telephony and mobile businesses are subject to licensing or registration eligibility rules and regulations, which vary by country. Our ability to provide telecommunications services depends on applicable law, telecommunications regulations and the terms of the licenses and concessions we are granted under such laws and regulations. In particular, we are reliant on access with mutually beneficial terms to spectrum for both existing and next generation telecommunication services, entrance into interconnection agreements with other telecommunications companies and are subject to a range of decisions by regulators, including in respect of pricing, for example, for termination rates. The provision of electronic communications networks and services requires our licensing from, or registration with, the appropriate regulatory authorities. It is possible that countries in which we operate may adopt laws and regulations regarding electronic commerce, which could dampen the growth of the internet services being offered and developed by these businesses. In a number of countries, our ability to increase the prices we charge for our cable television service or make changes to the programming packages we offer is limited by regulation or conditions imposed by competition authorities, or is subject to review by regulatory authorities or termination rights of customers. In addition, regulatory authorities may grant new licenses to third parties and, in any event, in most of our markets new entry is possible without a license, although there may be registration eligibility rules and regulations, resulting in greater competition in territories where our businesses may already be active. More significantly, regulatory authorities may require us to grant third parties access to our bandwidth, frequency capacity, infrastructure, facilities or services to distribute their own services or resell our services to end customers. For example, certain regulators are seeking to mandate third-party access to portions of C&W’s network infrastructure. Consequently, our businesses must adapt their ownership and organizational structure as well as their pricing and service offerings to satisfy the rules and regulations to which they are subject. A failure to comply with applicable rules and regulations could result in penalties, restrictions on our business or loss of required licenses or other adverse conditions. We may continue to operate in jurisdictions where governments fail to grant or renew licenses for our operations, which could result in penalties, fines or restrictions that could have a material adverse impact on our business and financial condition. Adverse changes in rules and regulations could: • impair our ability to use our bandwidth in ways that would generate maximum revenue and cash flow; • create a shortage of capacity on our networks, which could limit the types and variety of services we seek to provide our customers; • impact our ability to access spectrum for our mobile services; • strengthen our competitors by granting them access and lowering their costs to enter into our markets; and • otherwise have a significant adverse impact on our results of operations. Businesses, including ours, that offer multiple services, such as video distribution as well as internet, telephony, and/or mobile services, often face close regulatory scrutiny from competition authorities in countries in which they operate. This is particularly the case with respect to any proposed business combinations, which will often require clearance from national competition authorities. The regulatory authorities in several countries in which we do business have considered from time to time what access rights, if any, should be afforded to third parties for use of existing cable television networks and have imposed access obligations in certain countries. This has resulted, for example, in video must carry obligations in many markets in which we operate. For more information, see Item 1. Business—Description of Business—Regulatory Matters. Regulations may be especially strict in the markets of those countries in which we are considered to hold a significant market position. We have been, in the past, and may be in the future, subject to allegations and complaints by our competitors and other third parties regarding our competitive behavior as a significant market operator. When we acquire additional communications companies, these acquisitions may require the approval of governmental authorities, which can block, impose conditions on, or delay an acquisition, thus hampering our opportunities for growth. If conditions are imposed and we fail to meet them in a timely manner, the governmental authority may impose fines and, if in connection with an acquisition transaction, may require restorative measures, such as mandatory disposition of assets or divestiture of operations, similar to the divestiture with respect to the AT&T Acquisition . The acquisition of C&W in May 2016 I-42 triggered regulatory approval requirements in certain jurisdictions in which C&W operates. The regulatory authorities in all of these jurisdictions, except for Trinidad and Tobago, have completed their review of the May 16, 2016 acquisition of C&W and have granted their approval. While we expect to receive this outstanding approval, such approval may include binding conditions or requirements that could have an adverse impact on C&W ’s operations and financial condition. Furthermore, the governments in the countries and territories in which we operate differ widely with respect to political structure, constitution, economic philosophy, stability and level of regulation. Many of our operations depend on governmental approval and regulatory decisions, and we provide services to governmental organizations in certain markets (and in certain cases, like Venezuela, governmental organizations are our biggest customers). Moreover, in several of C&W ’s key markets, including Panama and the Bahamas, governments are C&W ’s partners and co-owners. The Government of the Bahamas is a part-owner in C&W Bahamas and the Government of Panama is a part-owner in CWP, and each of the governments have the right to appoint members to the board of directors of the respective entity. In both the Bahamas and Panama, we hold licenses or have received concessions from the government or independent regulatory bodies to operate our business, including our mobile and fixed networks. Consequently, we may not be able to fully utilize C&W ’s contractual or legal rights or all options that may otherwise be available, where to do so might conflict with broader regulatory or governmental considerations. In addition, we are, and in the future may be, a party to certain disputes with regulators and governments from time to time that could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Changes to existing legislation and new legislation may significantly alter the regulatory regime applicable to us, which could adversely affect our competitive position and profitability, and we may become subject to more extensive regulation if we are deemed to possess significant market power in any of the markets in which we operate. Significant changes to the existing regulatory regime applicable to the provision of cable television, telephony and internet services have been and are still being introduced. In addition, we are subject to review by competition or national regulatory authorities in certain countries concerning whether we exhibit significant market power. A finding of significant market power could result in us becoming subject to access and pricing obligations and other requirements that could provide a more favorable operating environment for existing and potential competitors. Government regulation or administrative policies may change unexpectedly and negatively affect our interests. For example, there has been a general trend for governments to seek greater access to telecommunications records and to communications for law enforcement purposes and a trend in certain countries experiencing civil unrest to restrict access to telecommunications on national security grounds. Adverse regulatory developments could subject our businesses to a number of risks. For more information, see Item 1. Business—Description of Business—Regulatory Matters. For various reasons, governments may seek to increase the regulation of the use of the internet, particularly with respect to user privacy and data protection, access rights content, pricing, copyrights, consumer protection, distributions and characteristics and quality of products and services. Application of existing laws, including those addressing property ownership and personal privacy in the context of rapidly evolving technological developments remains uncertain and in flux. New interpretations of such laws could have an adverse effect on our business. Governments may also seek to regulate the content of communications in all of our revenue streams, which could reduce the attractiveness of our services. Governments may also change their attitude towards foreign investment or extract extra concessions from businesses. Or governments may elect to intervene directly in our markets by constructing their own infrastructure. In Jamaica for example, the government recently announced an intention to explore the possibility of constructing its own national broadband backbone, connecting schools, hospitals, government ministries and fire and police stations. Accordingly, our operations may be constrained by the relevant political environment and may be adversely affected by such constraints, as well as by changes to the political structure or government in any of the markets in which we operate. Future changes to regulation or changes in political administrations or a significant deterioration in our relationship with relevant regulators in the jurisdictions in which we operate, as well as failure to acquire and retain the necessary consents and approvals or in any other way comply with regulatory requirements, or excessive costs of complying with new or more onerous regulations and restrictions could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. We may not be successful in acquiring future spectrum or other licenses that we need to offer new mobile data or other services. We offer mobile data services through licensed spectrum in a number of markets. While these licenses, and other licenses that we possess, enable us to offer mobile data services today, as technology develops and customer needs change, it may be necessary to acquire new spectrum or other licenses in the future to provide us with additional capacity and/or offer new technologies or services. While we actively engage with regulators and governments to ensure that our spectrum needs are met, there can be no guarantee that future spectrum licenses will be made available in certain or all territories or that they will be I-43 made available on commercially viable terms. We will likely require additional spectrum licenses for LTE networks, and there may be competition for their acquisition. In addition, we may need other types of licenses for the new products and services that we contemplate or will consider offering. Failure to acquire necessary new spectrum licenses or other required licenses for new services or products, or to do so on commercially viable terms, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot be certain that we will be successful in acquiring new businesses or integrating acquired businesses with our existing operations, or that we will achieve the expected returns on our acquisitions. Part of our business strategy is to grow and expand our businesses, in part, through selective acquisitions, such as the Claro Panama Acquisition, that enable us to take advantage of existing networks, local service offerings and region-specific management expertise. Our ability to acquire new businesses may be limited by many factors, including availability of financing, debt covenants, the prevalence of complex ownership structures among potential targets, government regulation and competition from other potential acquirers, including private equity funds. Even if we are successful in acquiring new businesses, the integration of these businesses, such as in the AT&T Acquisition and Telefónica Costa Rica Acquisition , may present significant costs and challenges associated with: realizing economies of scale in interconnection, programming and network operations; eliminating duplicative overheads; migrating our acquired businesses’ customers to our systems; integrating personnel, networks, financial systems and operational systems and building new mobile cores and IT stacks; greater than anticipated expenditures required for compliance with regulatory standards or for investments to improve operating results; and failure to achieve the business plan with respect to any such acquisition. We cannot be assured that we will be successful in acquiring new businesses or realizing the anticipated benefits of any completed acquisition. In addition, we anticipate that any companies we may acquire will be located in the Caribbean or Latin America. Such companies may not have disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls over financial reporting that are as thorough or effective as those required by U.S. securities laws and the FCPA . While we intend to conduct appropriate due diligence and to implement appropriate controls and procedures as we integrate acquired companies, we may not be able to certify as to the effectiveness of these companies’ disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls over financial reporting until we have fully integrated them. We may not be successful in renewing the necessary regulatory licenses, concessions or other operating agreements needed to operate our businesses upon expiration, and such licenses may be subject to termination, revocation or material alteration in the event of a breach or to promote the public interest or as a result of triggering a change of control clause. While we actively engage with the applicable governments and other regulatory bodies in advance of the expiry of our licenses, concessions and operating agreements, there can be no guarantee that when such licenses, concessions and operating agreements expire, we will be able to renew them on similar or commercially viable terms, or at all. For instance, C&W ’s licenses in the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Antigua and the Turks and Caicos Islands are in the process of being renewed on the same terms and conditions as before. In addition, in some of the ECTEL states, we are operating under expired licenses and have applied for renewal of such licenses. Some of these licenses may also include clauses that allow the grantor to terminate or revoke or alter them in the event of a default or other failure by us to comply with applicable conditions of the license or to promote the public interest. Further, a number of our operating licenses include change of control clauses, which may be triggered by the sale of a business to which those clauses relate, or certain types of corporate restructurings. Some of these change of control clauses may restrict our strategic options, including the ability to complete any potential disposal of individual businesses, a combination of businesses or the entire company unless a consent or waiver is obtained, and, if triggered, may lead to some licenses being terminated. Failure to hold or to continue to hold or obtain the necessary licenses, concessions and other operating agreements required to operate our businesses could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. We do not have complete control over the prices that we charge. Our businesses are in some countries subject to regulation or review by various regulatory, competition or other government authorities responsible for the regulation or the review of the charges to our customers for our services. Such authorities, in certain cases, could potentially require us to repay such fees to the extent they are found to be excessive or discriminatory. We also may not be able to enforce future changes to our subscription prices. Additionally, in certain markets, our ability to bundle or discount our services may be constrained if we are held to be dominant with respect to any product we offer. This may have an adverse impact on our revenue, profitability of new products and services and our ability to respond to changes in the markets in which we operate. I-44 Strikes, work stoppages and other industrial actions could disrupt our operations or make it more costly to operate our businesses. We are exposed to the risk of strikes, work stoppages and other industrial actions. In the future we may experience lengthy consultations with labor unions or strikes, work stoppages or other industrial actions. Strikes and other industrial actions, as well as the negotiation of new collective bargaining agreements or salary increases in the future, could disrupt our operations and make it more costly to operate our facilities. In addition, strikes called by employees of any of our key providers of materials or services could result in interruptions of the performance of our services. The occurrence of any of the above risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We depend on third-party suppliers and licensors to supply necessary equipment, software and certain services required for our businesses. We may have exposure to additional tax liabilities. We are subject to income taxes as well as non-income based taxes in the Caribbean, parts of Latin America, parts of Europe and the U.S. In addition, most tax jurisdictions that we operate in have complex and subjective rules regarding the valuation of intercompany services, cross-border payments between affiliated companies and the related effects on income tax and transfer tax. Significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities. In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. In addition, our business has undertaken acquisitions, restructurings and other transactions in prior years where the ultimate tax determination resulting from these transactions remains uncertain. We are regularly under audit by tax authorities in many of the jurisdictions in which we operate. Although we believe that our tax estimates are reasonable, any material differences as a result of final determinations of tax audits or tax disputes could have an adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations in the period or periods for which determination is made. We are subject to changing tax laws, treaties and regulations in and between countries in which we operate or otherwise have a presence. Also, various income tax proposals in the jurisdictions in which we operate could result in changes to the existing laws on which our deferred taxes are calculated. A change in these tax laws, treaties or regulations, or in the interpretation thereof, could result in a materially higher income or non-income tax expense. Any such material changes could cause a material change in our effective tax rate. Further changes in the tax laws of the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate could arise as a result of the base erosion and profit shifting project being undertaken by the OECD . The OECD, which represents a coalition of member countries that includes Chile and the United States, has undertaken studies and is publishing action plans that include recommendations aimed at addressing what they believe are issues within tax systems that may lead to tax avoidance by companies. The OECD has extended inclusion to non- OECD countries under their Inclusive Framework on BEPS , bringing together over 100 countries to collaborate on the implementation of the OECD BEPS Package. This framework allows interested countries and jurisdictions to work with the OECD and G20 members on developing standards on BEPS -related issues and reviewing and monitoring the implementation of the whole BEPS Package. Included within this expanded group of countries are several jurisdictions in which we do business. It is possible that additional jurisdictions in which we do business could react to these initiatives or their own concerns by enacting tax legislation that could adversely affect us or our shareholders through increasing our tax liabilities. In particular, the OECD has recently proposed a provision to impose a minimum tax rate of 15%, among other provisions, and as of 2021 more than 140 countries have tentatively signed on to the framework. As this framework is subject to further negotiation and implementation by each member country, the timing and ultimate impact of any such changes on our tax obligations are uncertain. Failure to comply with anti-corruption laws and regulations, such as the FCPA. Our operations, particularly in countries that have a perceived elevated risk of public corruption, expose us to a certain degree of exposure for violations of, among other anti-corruption laws, the FCPA . Although we forbid our employees and agents from violating the FCPA and other applicable anti-corruption laws and regulations and have implemented a compliance program to prevent and detect violations of the FCPA and other applicable anti-corruption laws and regulations, there remains some degree of risk that improper conduct could occur, thereby exposing our company to potential liability and the costs associated with investigating potential misconduct. I-45 Risks that Relate to Certain Financial Matters The effects of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak could continue to adversely impact our business and results of operations. The outbreak and continuing exponential spread of COVID-19, which first surfaced in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and was declared a “pandemic” by the Word Health Organization in March 2020, may continue to lead to a significant number of adverse effects, both external and internal, on our business and results of operations. With respect to external impacts, the COVID-19 outbreak has resulted in a substantial curtailment of the global economy, including global travel, tourism, and business activities. As part of the global efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19, most of the countries in which we operate have imposed travel restrictions, with a significant number of airport closures, flight cancellations and suspensions, and port closures. These measures, coupled with the further spread of COVID-19, have resulted in a significant reduction of worldwide travel, including travel related to tourism, which is an important economic activity for many of the markets in which we operate. If these conditions continue for an extended period of time, we could experience reduced demand for our products and services, including a reduction in roaming charges incurred by tourists , which could continue to have a negative impact on our ability to enter into new customer contracts or renew existing customer contracts, specifically in our B2B operations and with hotels and other tourist-related businesses. In addition, a continued prolonged period of travel, commercial and other similar restrictions, or delays in vaccine rollouts, and the resulting reduced demand for air and sea travel as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak could continue to have a negative impact on the ability of our government customers to perform their obligations to us under their existing customer contracts, as many of these markets rely heavily on tourism to drive their respective economies. With respect to internal impacts, the COVID-19 outbreak has resulted in significant uncertainty in many areas of our business. This continued uncertainty is expected to continue to negatively impact our operations. We may experience labor shortages if our employees are unable or unwilling to come to work due to being infected with COVID-19, quarantine measures, or related outcomes as a result of this outbreak. In this regard, our internal controls over financial reporting measures may be impacted by labor shortages and/or work from home initiatives. Similarly, some of our retail stores, offices and facilities either have been or may be temporarily shut down because of this outbreak, which certain of our customers frequently access to pay for our products and services. The inability of our customers to pay for our products and services, as well as continued government intervention precluding payment from customers for a certain period of time, whether in such retail stores, due to a continued general downturn in the global economy or otherwise, could continue to negatively impact our cash flows, liquidity, including working capital, and ability to borrow. To the extent to which any of the above materialize for a meaningful period of time, we would have to rely on committed liquidity facilities to bridge cash flow, working capital and or capital expenditure requirements. This may have a long term consequence for both our liquidity position and longer term leverage levels across the business. In turn, such results could impact our capital expenditures, including those earmarked for equipment and associated labor costs to build out and/or upgrade our networks as well as for related customer premises equipment. Additionally, certain of our product shipments from vendors may be delayed. If such a disruption were to extend over a prolonged period, it could have an impact on the continuity of our supply chain and our ability to build or upgrade our networks and customer premises equipment generally. Any disruption resulting from similar events on a larger scale or over a prolonged period could cause significant delays in shipments of products until we are able to resume such shipments or shift from the affected contractor or vendor to another third-party vendor. If our suppliers cannot deliver the supplies we need to operate our business, including handsets, set-top boxes, and other devices, and if we are unable to deliver our products to our customers, our business and results of operations could continue to be negatively impacted. As of December 31, 2021, the impact of COVID-19 has had a significant impact on our results of operations, financial position, cash flows and liquidity. The extent of the impact of the continued outbreak on our operational and financial performance will depend on certain developments, including the emergence and spread of new COVID-19 variants, vaccine rollouts, the impact on our customers and our sales cycles, the impact on our employees, and the effect on our vendors, all of which are uncertain and cannot be predicted. The outbreak has resulted in systemic disruption of the worldwide equity markets, and the market values of our publicly-traded equity declined significantly beginning in late February 2020. If, among other factors, (i) our equity values were to remain at these declined levels for a sustained period or were to decline further or (ii) the adverse impacts stemming from the COVID-19 outbreak, competition, economic, regulatory or other factors, including macro-economic and demographic trends, were to cause our results of operations or cash flows to be worse than anticipated, we could conclude in future periods that impairment charges are required in order to reduce the carrying values of goodwill or other long-lived assets. Any such impairment charges could be significant. Additionally, our ability to execute on cost-cutting measures and organizational change initiatives may impact our financial performance and results of operations, including less-than-anticipated cost savings. For instance, in the event demand for our products or services continue to be reduced as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic impacts, we may need to assess different corporate actions, organizational change initiatives, and cost-cutting measures, including reducing our workforce, reducing our operating and capital costs, or closing one or more of our retail stores, offices or facilities, and these actions could cause us to incur costs and expose us to other risks and inefficiencies, including whether we would be able to rehire our workforce or recommence operations at such facilities if I-46 our business experiences a subsequent recovery. Also, the expansion of our new Operations Center in Panama City, Panama, which is one of our key organizational change initiatives, may continue to be impacted as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our substantial leverage could limit our ability to obtain additional financing and have other adverse effects. Our businesses are highly leveraged. At December 31, 2021, the outstanding principal amount of our debt, together with our finance lease obligations, aggregated $7,686 million, including $106 million that is classified as current in our consolidated balance sheet and $6,433 million that is not due until 2027 or thereafter. In addition, we may incur substantial additional debt in the future, including in connection with any future acquisitions. We believe that we have sufficient resources to repay or refinance the current portion of our debt and finance lease obligations and to fund our foreseeable liquidity requirements during the next 12 months. However, as our debt maturities are predominantly in later years, we anticipate that we will seek to refinance or otherwise extend our debt maturities. No assurance can be given that we will be able to complete refinancing transactions or otherwise extend our debt maturities. In this regard, it is difficult to predict how political and economic conditions, sovereign debt concerns or any adverse regulatory developments will impact the credit and equity markets we access and our future financial position. Our ability to service or refinance our debt and to maintain compliance with the leverage covenants in our credit agreements is dependent primarily on our ability to maintain or increase the cash flow of our operating subsidiaries and to achieve adequate returns on our property and equipment additions and acquisitions. Accordingly, if our cash provided by operations declines or we encounter other material liquidity requirements, we may be required to seek additional debt or equity financing in order to meet our debt obligations and other liquidity requirements as they come due. In addition, our current debt levels may limit our ability to incur additional debt financing to fund working capital needs, acquisitions, property and equipment additions, or other general corporate requirements. We can give no assurance that any additional debt or equity financing will be available on terms that are as favorable as the terms of our existing debt or at all or that we will be able to maintain compliance with the leverage covenants in our credit agreements, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity and results of operations. We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to meet our debt service obligations. Our ability to meet our debt service obligations or to refinance our debt, depends on our future operating and financial performance, which will be affected by our ability to successfully implement our business strategy as well as general macroeconomic, financial, competitive, regulatory and other factors beyond our control. In addition, we are dependent on customers, and, in particular local, municipal and national governments and agencies, to pay us for the services we provide in order for us to generate cash to meet our debt service obligations and to maintain our business. Accordingly, we are exposed to the risk that our government customers could default on their obligations to us and we cannot rule out the possibility that unexpected circumstances in a particular country’s economic condition may render such government unable to meet its obligation to us. Any such event could have an adverse effect on our cash flows, results of operations, financial condition and/or liquidity. If we cannot generate sufficient cash to meet our debt service requirements or to maintain our business, we may, among other things, need to delay planned capital expenditures or investments or sell material assets to meet those obligations. If we are not able to refinance any of our debt, obtain additional financing or sell assets on commercially reasonable terms or at all, we may not be able to satisfy our debt obligations. In that event, borrowings under other debt agreements or instruments that contain cross-default or cross-acceleration provisions with respect to other indebtedness of relevant members of each of our four borrowing groups (i.e. C&W , VTR , Costa Rica, and Liberty Puerto Rico ) may become payable on demand and we may not have sufficient funds to repay all of our debts. See Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources. Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to various debt instruments that contain restrictions on how we finance our operations and operate our businesses, which could impede our ability to engage in beneficial transactions. Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to significant financial and operating restrictions contained in outstanding credit agreements, indentures and similar instruments of indebtedness. These restrictions will affect, and in some cases significantly limit or prohibit, among other things, the ability of those subsidiaries to: • incur or guarantee additional indebtedness; • pay dividends or make other upstream distributions; • make investments; I-47 • transfer, sell or dispose of certain assets, including their stock; • merge or consolidate with other entities; • engage in transactions with us or other affiliates; or • create liens on their assets. As a result of restrictions contained in these debt instruments, the companies party thereto, and their subsidiaries, could be unable to obtain additional capital in the future to: • fund property and equipment additions or acquisitions that could improve our value; • meet their loan and capital commitments to their business affiliates; • invest in companies in which they would otherwise invest; • fund any operating losses or future development of their business affiliates; • obtain lower borrowing costs that are available from secured lenders or engage in advantageous transactions that monetize their assets; or • conduct other necessary or prudent corporate activities. In addition, some of the credit agreements to which these subsidiaries are parties include financial covenants that require them to maintain certain financial ratios. Their ability to meet these financial covenants may be affected by adverse economic, competitive, or regulatory developments and other events beyond their control, and we cannot assure you that these financial covenants will be met. In the event of a default under our subsidiaries’ credit agreements or indentures, the lenders may accelerate the maturity of the indebtedness under those agreements or indentures, which could result in a default under other outstanding credit facilities or indentures. We cannot assure you that any of these subsidiaries will have sufficient assets to pay indebtedness outstanding under their credit agreements and indentures. Any refinancing of this indebtedness is likely to contain similar restrictive covenants. We are exposed to interest rate risks and other adverse changes in the credit market. Shifts in such rates may adversely affect the debt service obligation of our subsidiaries. We require a significant amount of capital to operate and grow our business. We fund our capital needs in part through borrowings in the public and private credit markets. Adverse changes in the credit markets, including increases in interest rates, could increase our cost of borrowing and/or make it more difficult for us to obtain financing for our operations or refinance existing indebtedness. In addition, our borrowing costs can be affected by short- and long-term debt ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, which are based, in significant part, on our performance as measured by customary credit metrics. A decrease in these ratings would likely increase our cost of borrowing and/or make it more difficult for us to obtain financing. A severe disruption in the global financial markets could impact some of the financial institutions with which we do business, and such instability could also affect our access to financing. In particular, we are exposed to the risk of fluctuations in interest rates, primarily through the credit facilities of certain of our subsidiaries, which are indexed to LIBOR or other base rates. Although we enter into various derivative transactions to manage exposure to movements in interest rates, there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to do so at a reasonable cost or at all. If we are unable to effectively manage our interest rate exposure through derivative transactions, any increase in market interest rates would increase our interest rate exposure and debt service obligations, which would exacerbate the risks associated with our leveraged capital structure. Regulators in the U.K. phased out LIBOR in 2021. On November 30, 2020, the administrator of U.S. dollar LIBOR announced a delay in the phase out of a majority of the U.S. dollar LIBOR publications until June 30, 2023, with the remainder of LIBOR publications still being phased out at the end of 2021. Our loan documents contain customary provisions that contemplate alternative calculations of the applicable base rate once LIBOR is no longer available. We do not expect that these alternative calculations will be materially different from what would have been calculated under LIBOR at this time. The phasing out of LIBOR and EURIBOR will result in a new reference rate being applied to our LIBOR-indexed debt which may not be the same as the new reference rate applied to our LIBOR-indexed derivative instruments, and will have to be adjusted for. I-48 In July 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (the authority that regulates LIBOR) announced that it intends to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021. Additionally, the European Money Markets Institute (the authority that administers EURIBOR) has announced that measures will need to be undertaken by the end of 2021 to reform EURIBOR to ensure compliance with E.U. Benchmarks Regulation. Currently, it is not possible to predict the exact transitional arrangements for calculating applicable reference rates that may be made in the U.S., the Eurozone or elsewhere given that a number of outcomes are possible, including the cessation of the publication of one or more reference rates. Our loan documents contain provisions that contemplate alternative calculations of the base rate applicable to our LIBOR-indexed debt to the extent LIBOR is not available, which alternative calculations we do not anticipate will be materially different from what would have been calculated under LIBOR. Additionally, no mandatory prepayment or redemption provisions would be triggered under our loan documents in the event that the LIBOR rate is not available. It is possible, however, that any new reference rate that applies to our LIBOR-indexed debt could be different than any new reference rate that applies to our LIBOR-indexed derivative instruments. We anticipate managing this difference and any resulting increased variable-rate exposure through modifications to our debt and/or derivative instruments, however future market conditions may not allow immediate implementation of desired modifications and the company may incur significant associated costs. We are subject to increasing operating costs and inflation risks, which may adversely affect our results of operations. While our operations attempt to increase our subscription rates to offset increases in programming and operating costs, there is no assurance that they will be able to do so. In certain countries in which we operate, our ability to increase subscription rates is subject to regulatory controls. For example, VTR is generally prohibited from increasing subscription rates over the rate of inflation. Also, our ability to increase subscription rates may be constrained by competitive pressures. Therefore, operating costs may rise faster than associated revenue, resulting in a material negative impact on our cash flow and results of operations. We are also impacted by inflationary increases in salaries, wages, benefits and other administrative costs in certain of our markets. Uncertainties and challenging conditions in the global economy and in the countries in which we operate may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. The macroeconomic environment can be highly volatile, and instability in global markets has contributed, and could in the future contribute, to a challenging global economic environment. Future developments are dependent upon a number of political and economic factors, and as a result, we cannot predict when challenging conditions will exist or the extent to which the markets in which we operate may deteriorate. Unfavorable economic conditions may impact a significant number of our customers and/or the prices we are able to charge for our products and services, and, as a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract new customers and more likely that customers will downgrade or disconnect their services. Countries may also seek new or increased revenue sources due to fiscal deficits, including increases in regulatory levels, and any such actions may adversely affect our company. In addition, as countries seek to recover from natural disasters like hurricanes, they may seek new or increased revenue sources from businesses such as ours, including by increasing taxes and levies. Accordingly, our results of operations and cash flows may be adversely affected if the macroeconomic environment becomes uncertain or declines or governments increase taxes or levies as a result of fiscal deficits or natural disasters. We are currently unable to predict the extent of any of these potential adverse effects. Additional factors that could influence customer demand include access to credit, unemployment rates, affordability concerns, consumer confidence, capital and credit markets volatility, geopolitical issues and general macroeconomic factors. Certain of these factors drive levels of disposable income, which in turn affect many of our revenue streams. Business solutions customers may delay purchasing decisions, delay full implementation of service offerings or reduce their use of services. Our residential customers may similarly elect to use fewer higher margin services, switch from fixed to mobile services resulting in the so-called traffic substitution effect, reduce their consumption of our video services or similarly choose to obtain products and services under lower cost programs offered by our competitors. In addition, adverse economic conditions may lead to a rise in the number of our customers who are not able to pay for our services. Adverse economic conditions can also have an adverse impact on tourism, which in turn can adversely impact our business. In tourist destinations, levels of gross domestic products and levels of foreign investment linked to tourism are closely tied to levels of tourist arrivals and length of stay. In addition to having a direct impact on our revenue, due, for example, to reduction of roaming charges incurred by tourists, these factors will in turn drive disposable income, with the corresponding impact on use of our products and services. Due to the Caribbean’s heavy reliance on tourism, the Caribbean economy has suffered during previous periods of global recession and fluctuations in exchange rates and is likely to be adversely affected if major economies again find themselves in I-49 recession or if consumer and/or business confidence in those economies erodes in the face of trends in the global financial markets and economies. Should current economic conditions deteriorate, there may be volatility in exchange rates, increases in interest rates or inflation, liquidity shortfalls and an adverse effect on our revenue and profits. Recessionary pressures or country-specific issues could, among other things, affect products and services, the level of tourism experienced by some countries and the level of local consumer and business expenditure on telecommunications. In addition, most of our operations are in developing economies, which historically have experienced more volatility in their general economic conditions. The impact of poor economic conditions, globally or at a local or national level in the countries and territories in which we operate, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We are exposed to sovereign debt and currency instability risks that could have an adverse impact on our liquidity, financial condition and cash flows. Our operations are subject to macroeconomic and political risks that are outside of our control. For example, high levels of sovereign debt in the U.S., Puerto Rico and several other countries in which we operate, combined with weak growth and high unemployment, could potentially lead to fiscal reforms (including austerity measures), tax and levy increases, sovereign debt restructurings, currency instability, increased counterparty credit risk, high levels of volatility and disruptions in the credit and equity markets, as well as other outcomes that might adversely impact our company. We are exposed to the risk of default by the counterparties to our derivative and other financial instruments, undrawn debt facilities and cash investments. Although we seek to manage the credit risks associated with our derivative and other financial instruments, cash investments and undrawn debt facilities, we are exposed to the risk that our counterparties could default on their obligations to us. Also, even though we regularly review our credit exposures, defaults may arise from events or circumstances that are difficult to detect or foresee. At December 31, 2021, our exposure to counterparty credit risk included (i) cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash balances of $965 million and (ii) aggregate undrawn debt facilities of $959 million. While we currently have no specific concerns about the creditworthiness of any counterparty for which we have material credit risk exposures, the current economic conditions and uncertainties in global financial markets have increased the credit risk of our counterparties and we cannot rule out the possibility that one or more of our counterparties could fail or otherwise be unable to meet its obligations to us. Any such instance could have an adverse effect on our cash flows, results of operations, financial condition and/or liquidity. In this regard, (i) the financial failure of any of our counterparties could reduce amounts available under committed credit facilities and adversely impact our ability to access cash deposited with any failed financial institution, thereby causing a default under one or more derivative contracts, and (ii) tightening of the credit markets could adversely impact our ability to access debt financing on favorable terms, or at all. The liquidity and value of our interests in certain of our partially-owned subsidiaries, as well as the ability to make decisions related to their operations, may be adversely affected by shareholder agreements and similar agreements to which we are a party. We indirectly own equity interests in a variety of international video, broadband internet, telephony, mobile and other communications businesses. Certain of these equity interests, such as our interests in our operating subsidiaries of CWP and C&W Bahamas, are held pursuant to concessions or agreements that provide the terms of the governance of the subsidiaries as well as the ownership of such interests. These agreements contain provisions that affect the liquidity, and therefore the realizable value, of those interests by subjecting the transfer of such equity interests to consent rights or rights of first refusal of the other shareholders or partners or similar restrictions on transfer. In certain cases, a change in control of the subsidiary holding the equity interest will give rise to rights or remedies exercisable by other shareholders or partners. All of these provisions will restrict the ability to sell those equity interests and may adversely affect the prices at which those interests may be sold. Additionally, these agreements contain provisions granting us and the other shareholders or partners certain liquidity rights as well as certain governance rights, for example, with respect to material matters, including but not limited to acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, shareholder distributions, incurrence of debt, material expenditures and issuances of equity interests, which may prevent the respective subsidiary from making decisions or taking actions that would protect or advance the interests of our company, and could even result in such subsidiary making decisions or taking actions that adversely impact our company. Furthermore, our ability to access the cash of these non-wholly-owned subsidiaries may be restricted in certain circumstances under the respective shareholder, joint venture, partnership or similar agreements. Goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets represent a significant portion of our total assets, and we may never realize the full value of our intangible assets. I-50 As of December 31, 2021, we had goodwill of $3,948 million, which represented approximately 26% of our total assets. We evaluate goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets (primarily spectrum licenses and cable television franchise rights) for impairment at least annually on October 1 and whenever facts and circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. As further described in note 8 to our consolidated financial statements, during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, we incurred significant goodwill impairments. If, among other factors, (i) our equity values were to decline significantly or (ii) the adverse impacts stemming from COVID-19, competition, economic, regulatory or other factors, including macro-economic and demographic trends, were to cause our results of operations or cash flows to be worse than anticipated, we could conclude in future periods that impairment charges are required in order to reduce the carrying values of the goodwill and, to a lesser extent, other long-lived assets of our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment or our C&W Panama segment. Any such impairment charges could be significant. Risks Relating to Climate Change We may face increased costs, limitations of our operations and other adverse impacts from international climate change treaties and accords or national climate-change regulation and legislation. Federal, state and local governments in our operating markets may adopt international climate change treaties or accords or adopt local climate change legislation or regulation that impair our ability to construct certain facilities and infrastructure necessary to operate our business in certain locations or may impose additional costs of construction, operation or disposal of products used in our operations. As a result of the adoption of international climate treaties or accords or local climate change legislation or regulation outside of our operating markets, we may face shortages of components necessary to our business or face increased costs for the acquisition or disposition of certain products necessary to our business. We may face the loss of certain market, customers or significant financial loss due to the physical impacts of climate change. Given the location of our operations in the Caribbean and in Latin America, we may face the loss of certain markets or customers or the availability of labor due to impacts caused by sea level rise, distortion of historical rainfall patterns, fire or other adverse impacts of climate change. Additionally, we may face higher losses of property, plant and equipment, customers and revenue, disruptions in our operations and supply chain, and incur additional costs, which may not be covered by insurance, as the result of damage caused in our markets by severe weather phenomena, such as hurricanes, floods and fires. The impact of any one or all of the foregoing factors may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Risks Relating to our Corporate History and Structure We are a holding company, and we could be unable in the future to obtain cash in amounts sufficient to service our financial obligations or meet our other commitments. Our ability to meet our financial obligations at the parent company level depends upon our ability to access cash. As a holding company, our sources of cash are limited to our available cash balances, net cash from the operating activities of our wholly-owned subsidiaries that are available to us, any cash dividends and cash interest we may receive from our other subsidiaries and cash proceeds from any asset sales we may undertake in the future. The ability of our operating subsidiaries to pay cash dividends or to make other cash payments or advances to us depends on their individual operating results and any statutory, regulatory or contractual restrictions to which they may be or may become subject. Certain of the company’s directors and an executive officer overlap with Liberty Global , and certain directors and officers have financial interests in Liberty Global , which may lead to conflicting interests. As a result of the Split-Off , Miranda Curtis and Paul A. Gould, who serve as directors of Liberty Global, and Liberty Global ’s chief financial officer, also serve as directors of Liberty Latin America . Additionally, the chief executive officer of Liberty Global , Michael Fries, also serves as our executive chairman. Our directors (including the executive chairman) have fiduciary duties to our company. Likewise, any such persons who serve in similar capacities at Liberty Global or any other public corporation have fiduciary duties to that corporation or to that corporation’s shareholders. For example, there may be the potential for a conflict of interest when the company or Liberty Global pursues acquisitions and other corporate opportunities that may be suitable for each of them. In addition, all of our directors and executive officers, other than our directors Alfonso de Angoitia Noriega and Eric L. Zinterhofer, have financial interests in Liberty Global as a result of their ownership of Liberty Global ordinary shares and/or equity awards. As a result of these multiple fiduciary duties and financial interests, these directors I-51 and executive officers may have conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of interest with respect to matters involving or affecting more than one of the companies to which they owe fiduciary duties or in which they have financial interests. Our bye-laws provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, we have waived and renounced on behalf of ourselves and our subsidiaries any breach of a fiduciary duty by each of our directors by reason of the fact that such person directs a corporate opportunity to another person or entity (such as Liberty Global ) instead of the company, or does not refer or communicate information regarding such corporate opportunity to the company, unless such opportunity was expressly offered to such person solely in his or her capacity as a director of our company and such opportunity relates to a line of business in which we or any of our subsidiaries are then directly engaged. The waiver given to our directors in respect of the diversion of corporate opportunities does not amount to a general authorization to our directors to subordinate Liberty Latin America ’s interests to their personal interests. Our directors will continue to be bound by their common law and statutory duties under the Bermuda Companies Act to act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of Liberty Latin America and to exercise the care, diligence and skill that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. Furthermore, our bye-laws contain a general waiver by shareholders for any claim or right of action a shareholder might have (whether individually or by or in the right of the company) against any director or officer of the company, arising from any action or inaction by such director or officer in the performance of their duties for us or any of our subsidiaries (but excluding any matter involving fraud or dishonesty). This general waiver does not eliminate directors’ or officers’ fiduciary duties to Liberty Latin America under Bermuda law. Rather, it prohibits actions from being taken by shareholders against directors or officers in the event of a breach of such duties, unless the breach involves fraud or dishonesty. In addition, any potential conflict that qualifies as a “related party transaction” (as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K) is subject to review by an independent committee of the applicable company’s board in accordance with its corporate governance guidelines. Any other potential conflicts that arise will be addressed on a case-by-case basis, keeping in mind the applicable fiduciary duties owed by the executive officers and directors of each company. From time to time, we may enter into transactions with Liberty Global and/or any of its subsidiaries or other affiliates. In the event of any potential conflict that qualifies as a “related party transaction” (as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K) involving Liberty Global and/or any of its subsidiaries or other affiliates, the audit committee or another independent body of Liberty Latin America would be required to review and approve the transaction. If the potential conflict or transaction involved an executive officer of Liberty Latin America , the audit committee of our company would be the independent committee charged by our corporate governance guidelines with this duty, and if the potential conflict or transaction involved a director of Liberty Latin America , a committee of the disinterested independent directors of Liberty Latin America would be the independent committee charged by our corporate governance guidelines with this duty. There can be no assurance that the terms of any such transactions will be as favorable to the company or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates as would be the case where there is no overlapping director or officer or where there are no financial interests in Liberty Global . Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and the Securities Market Different classes of our common shares have different voting rights, but all common shares vote together as one class; if you hold Class C common shares you will have no significant voting rights. Holders of our Class A common shares are entitled to one vote per share; holders of our Class B common shares are entitled to 10 votes per share; and holders of our Class C common shares are not entitled to any votes in respect of their common shares, unless such common shares are required to carry the right to vote under applicable law, in which case holders of our Class C common shares will be entitled to 1/100 of a vote per share. Our bye-laws prescribe that all classes of common shares vote together as one class, meaning that those holding Class C common shares will have little to no ability to influence the outcome of a shareholder vote as they will be consistently outvoted by holders of our Class A and Class B common shares. The division of our common shares into different classes with different relative voting rights does not affect the fiduciary duties owed by our directors. As a Bermuda company, our directors’ fiduciary duties are owed primarily to Liberty Latin America rather to holders of our common shares, or any class of our common shares. I-52 It may be difficult for a third-party to acquire us, even if doing so may be beneficial to our shareholders. Certain provisions of our bye-laws and Bermuda law may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of the company that a shareholder may consider favorable. These provisions include the following: • authorizing a capital structure with multiple classes of shares: a Class B that entitles the holders to ten votes per share, a Class A that entitles the holders to one vote per share and a Class C that entitles the holder to no voting rights, except as otherwise required by applicable law (in which case, the holder is entitled to 1/100 of a vote per share); • authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred shares, which could be issued by our board to increase the number of outstanding shares and thwart a takeover attempt; • classifying our board with staggered three-year terms, which may lengthen the time required to gain control of our board; • prohibiting shareholder action by written consent, thereby requiring all shareholder actions to be taken at a meeting of the shareholders; • establishing advance notice requirements for nominations of candidates for election to our board or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by shareholders at shareholder meetings; • requiring supermajority shareholder approval with respect to certain extraordinary matters, such as certain mergers, amalgamations, or consolidations of the company, or in the case of amendments to our bye-laws; and • the existence of authorized and unissued shares which would allow our board to issue shares to persons friendly to current management, thereby protecting the continuity of its management, or which could be used to dilute the share ownership of persons seeking to obtain control of us. Although our Class B common shares are eligible to trade on the OTC Markets, there is no meaningful trading market for these shares and the market price of these shares is subject to volatility. Our Class B common shares are not widely held, with over 75% of such outstanding shares beneficially owned by John C. Malone, a director emeritus of our company. Although our Class B common shares are eligible to trade on the OTC Markets, they are sparsely traded and do not have an active trading market. The OTC Markets provide an inter-dealer automated quotation system for equity securities that is not a national securities exchange. As a result, trading in the OTC Markets is generally much more limited than trading on any national securities exchange. There is also a greater chance of market volatility for securities that trade on the OTC Markets as opposed to a national exchange. Each Class B common share is convertible, at any time at the option of the holder, into one Class A common share. We may be significantly influenced by one principal shareholder, and he may sell his shares, which may cause the price of our common shares to decrease. As of December 31, 2021, John C. Malone beneficially owned a number of our common shares representing approximately 27% of the aggregate voting power of our outstanding common shares. As a result, Mr. Malone has significant influence over Liberty Latin America. Mr. Malone’s rights to vote or dispose of his equity interest in Liberty Latin America are not subject to any restrictions in favor of Liberty Latin America other than as may be required by applicable law and except for customary transfer restrictions pursuant to incentive award agreements. The sale of a substantial number of our common shares by Mr. Malone within a short period of time, or the perception that such sale might occur, could cause our share price to decrease, make it more difficult for us to raise funds through future offerings of our common shares or acquire other businesses using our common shares as consideration. Bermuda law may, in certain circumstances, afford less protection to our shareholders than the laws in effect in other jurisdictions. We are incorporated and organized under the laws of Bermuda. As a result, our corporate affairs are governed by the Bermuda Companies Act. Bermuda law permits a company to specify thresholds for shareholder approval different from those applicable by default, either generally or for specific corporate actions. Our bye-laws prescribe a shareholder approval threshold that is higher than the default of a simple majority of votes cast at a quorate general meeting of shareholders for certain corporate actions. With respect to a Bermuda company’s directors, there is no requirement for shareholder approval for transactions between directors and companies or their subsidiaries of which they are directors (except in the case of loans, guarantees or the provision of security by a company to its directors or certain connected persons in their personal capacity). In I-53 addition, the rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Bermuda law are not as clearly established as under statutes or judicial precedent in other jurisdictions, where directors’ duties are sometimes codified under applicable law. Therefore, our shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their interests than would shareholders of a public company incorporated in another jurisdiction. We are a Bermuda company and it may be difficult for you to enforce judgments against us or our directors and executive officers. We are a Bermuda exempted company organized under the laws of Bermuda. As a result, the rights of holders of our common shares are governed by Bermuda law and our memorandum of association and bye-laws. The rights of shareholders under Bermuda law may differ from the rights of shareholders of companies incorporated in other jurisdictions, including the U.S. and the U.K. Certain of our directors are not residents of the United States, and a substantial portion of our assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process on those persons in the United States or to enforce in the United States judgments obtained in U.S. courts against us or those persons based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. securities laws. It is doubtful whether courts in Bermuda will enforce judgments obtained in other jurisdictions, including the United States, or entertain actions in Bermuda against us or our directors or officers under the securities laws of those jurisdictions. We are a Bermuda company and the Bermuda Economic Substance Act 2018 may cause us to incur substantial additional costs, incur significant penalties or possibly require us to re-domicile. Bermuda recently enacted the Economic Substance Act 2018 requiring affected Bermuda registered companies to maintain a substantial economic presence in Bermuda. This legislation could require us to incur substantial additional cost, and/or incur significant penalties and possibly require us to re-domicile our company to a jurisdiction with higher tax rates. Our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected if we become subject to these or other unanticipated tax liabilities. Our bye-laws generally restrict shareholders from bringing legal action against our officers and directors. Our bye-laws contain a general waiver by shareholders for any claim or right of action a shareholder might have (whether individually or by or in the right of the company) against any director or officer of the company, arising from any action or inaction by such director or officer in the performance of their duties for us or any of our subsidiaries (but excluding any matter involving fraud or dishonesty). Consequently, this waiver limits the right of shareholders to assert claims against our officers and directors unless the act or failure to act involves fraud or dishonesty. There are regulatory limitations on the ownership and transfer of our common shares. Our common shares may be offered or sold in Bermuda only in compliance with the provisions of the Bermuda Companies Act and the Bermuda Investment Business Act 2003, which regulates the sale of securities in Bermuda. In addition, the Bermuda Monetary Authority must approve all issues and transfers of shares of a Bermuda exempted company. However, the Bermuda Monetary Authority has, pursuant to its statement of June 1, 2005, given its general permission under the Exchange Control Act 1972 and related regulations for the issue and free transfer of our common shares to and among persons who are non-residents of Bermuda for exchange control purposes as long as any class of our common shares are listed on an appointed stock exchange, which includes Nasdaq. This general permission would cease to apply if none of our common shares were to be listed on Nasdaq or another appointed stock exchange. I-54 Certain Searchlight parties may sell Class C common shares subject to a Registration Rights Agreement in the public market, which may cause the market price of our common shares to decrease, and therefore make it more difficult to raise equity financing or issue equity as consideration in an acquisition. Our Registration Rights Agreement with certain Searchlight parties requires us to promptly register under the Securities Act the 9,500,000 Class C common shares subject to such agreement and held by such shareholders or their permitted transferee(s), upon their request. The registration rights for such Searchlight parties will allow them to sell such shares without compliance with the volume and manner of sale limitations under Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act and will facilitate the resale of such securities into the public market. The market value of our common shares could decline as a result of sales by such shareholders from time to time. In particular, the sale of a substantial number of our shares by such shareholders within a short period of time, or the perception that such sale might occur, could cause our share price to decrease, make it more difficult for us to raise funds through future offerings of our common shares or acquire other businesses using our common shares as consideration. We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, which could, if not remediated, result in material misstatements in our financial statements. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires any company subject to the reporting requirements of the U.S. securities laws to include in its annual report on Form 10-K an assessment of its and its consolidated subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting. To comply with this statute, we are required to issue a statement as to whether or not our internal control over financial reporting is effective; and our independent auditors are required to issue an audit opinion on our internal control over financial reporting. As of December 31, 2021, we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting attributable to certain identified material weaknesses. We describe these material weaknesses in Item 9A. Controls and Procedures in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until the applicable new or enhanced controls operate for a sufficient period and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. As remediation has not yet been completed, these material weaknesses continued to exist with respect to our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021. If our remedial measures are insufficient to address the material weaknesses, or if one or more additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting are discovered or occur in the future, our consolidated financial statements may contain material misstatements and we could be required to restate our financial results, which could, in turn, harm our reputation or otherwise cause a decline in investor confidence and in the market price of our stock. Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. Item 2. PROPERTIES At December 31, 2021, we leased our corporate office in Denver, Colorado, U.S. and our operations center in Panama City, Panama. Additionally, through our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment, we own significant portions of our subsea network in the Caribbean region (see Item 1. Business—Description of Business—Products and Services—Business Services ). Also, our subsidiaries either own or lease the fixed assets necessary for the operation of their respective businesses, including office space, transponder space, headend facilities, rights of way, cable television and telecommunications distribution equipment, telecommunications switches, base stations, poles, cell towers and customer premises equipment and other property necessary for their operations. The physical components of their broadband networks require maintenance and periodic upgrades to support the new services and products they introduce. Subject to these maintenance and upgrade activities, our management believes that our current facilities are suitable and adequate for our business operations for the foreseeable future. I-55 Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS VTR Class Action On August 25, 2020, VTR was notified that SERNAC had filed a class action complaint against VTR in the 14th Civil Court of Santiago. The complaint relates to consumer complaints regarding VTR’s broadband service and capacity during the pandemic and raises claims regarding, among other things, VTR’s disclosure of its broadband speeds and aggregate capacity availability and VTR’s response to address the causes of service instability during the pandemic. VTR was also notified in August about two additional class action complaints filed by consumer associations (ODECU and AGRECU) making similar claims and allegations. The class action complaint of ODECU was filed in the 21st Civil Court of Santiago, and the class action complaint of AGRECU was filed in the 26th Civil Court of Santiago. The complaint of SERNAC and ODECU seeks (i) the Court declare that VTR has infringed the rules of the Consumer Protection Law; (ii) the responsibility of VTR for such infractions and, if so, establish the corresponding fines; and (iii) compensatory and punitive damages. In the case of AGRECU, the complaint only seeks compensatory damages. On October 22, 2020, VTR was notified of a fourth class action complaint filed by CONADECUS in the 16 th Civil Court of Santiago alleging that VTR did not adhere to certain call center, technical visit and service level requirements under applicable law. On April 21, 2021, the Court of Appeals of Santiago issued a ruling joining the four class action complaints into one legal procedure. We believe that the allegations contained in the complaints are without merit, in particular as it relates to VTR’s service and response during the pandemic and intend to defend the complaints vigorously. We cannot predict at this point the length of time that these actions will be ongoing. In addition, from time to time, our subsidiaries and affiliates have become involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of their operations in the normal course of business. For additional information, see note 20 to our consolidated financial statements in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. I-56 PART II Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES General See the Glossary of defined terms at the beginning of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In the following text, the terms “ we ,” “ our ,” “ our company ” and “ us ” may refer, as the context requires, to Liberty Latin America or collectively to Liberty Latin America and its subsidiaries. Market Information Our outstanding share capital comprises Class A, Class B and Class C common shares. Our Class A and Class C common shares trade on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbols “LILA” and “LILAK,” respectively. Our Class B common shares are eligible to be traded on the OTC Markets under the symbol “LILAB,” although they do not have an established public trading market. The following table sets forth the range of highest and lowest prices for our Class B common shares for each of the periods indicated, as reported by Bloomberg, taking into account both opening and closing prices. Over-the-counter market prices reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission and may not necessarily represent actual transactions. Class B High Low Year ended December 31, 2021 First quarter (a) $ 17.00 $ 17.00 Second quarter (a) $ 17.00 $ 17.00 Third quarter $ 10.25 $ 10.25 Fourth quarter $ 10.80 $ 10.30 Year ended December 31, 2020 First quarter $ 15.00 $ 15.00 Second quarter $ 17.00 $ 17.00 Third quarter (b) $ 17.00 $ 17.00 Fourth quarter (b) $ 17.00 $ 17.00 (a) During the first two quarters of 2021, no trades occurred. As such, the high and low prices shown for these periods relate to the last actual trade, which was during the second quarter of 2020. (b) During the third and fourth quarters of 2020, no trades occurred. As such, the high and low prices shown for these periods relate to the second quarter of 2020. Holders As of January 31, 2022, we had the following number of holders of record of our common stock: 10,827 Class A; 24 Class B; and 24,859 Class C. The foregoing does not include the number of shareholders whose shares are nominally held by banks, brokerage houses or other institutions, but include each such institution as one record holder. Dividends We have not paid any cash dividends on our shares, and we have no present intention of doing so. Any future payment of cash dividends will be determined by our board of directors in light of our earnings, financial condition and other relevant considerations. Except as noted in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and note 10 to our consolidated financial statements, there are currently no contractual restrictions on our ability to pay dividends in cash or shares. Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2022 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders. II-1 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities All information under this Item has been previously reported on our Current Reports on Form 8-K. Issuer Purchase of Equity Securities On March 17, 2020, we announced that our Directors authorized the Share Repurchase Program, which authorizes us to repurchase from time to time up to $100 million of our Class A common shares and/or Class C common shares, as the case may be, over two years. The Share Repurchase Program does not obligate us to repurchase any of our Class A or C common shares. Under the Share Repurchase Program, we may repurchase our common shares from time to time in open market purchases at prevailing market prices, in privately negotiated transactions, in block trades, derivative transactions and/or through other legally permissible means. On February 22, 2022, our Directors approved a new Share Repurchase Program. The new program authorizes us to repurchase from time to time up to an additional $200 million of our Class A common shares and/or Class C common shares through December 2024. The following table sets forth information concerning our company’s purchase of its own equity securities during the three months ended December 31, 2021: Period Total number of shares purchased Average price paid per share (a) Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs October 1, 2021 through October 31, 2021: Class A 676,100 $ 12.58 676,100 (b) Class C — $ — — November 1, 2021 through November 30, 2021: Class A 718,800 $ 12.65 718,800 (b) Class C — $ — — December 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021: Class A 786,700 $ 11.62 786,700 (b) Class C 699,800 $ 11.16 699,800 Total — October 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021: Class A 2,181,600 $ 12.26 2,181,600 (b) Class C 699,800 $ 11.16 699,800 (a) Average price paid per share includes direct acquisition costs. (b) At December 31, 2021, the remaining amount authorized for repurchases of Liberty Latin America Shares was $26 million. II-2 Stock Performance Graph The following graph compares the changes in the cumulative total shareholder return on our Liberty Latin America Class A and Class C ordinary shares from January 2, 2018 (the day the shares began trading following the Split-Off) to December 31, 2021, to the change in the cumulative total return on the MSCI Emerging Markets NTR Index and the Nasdaq Composite TR Index (assuming reinvestment of dividends, where applicable). The graph assumes that $100 was invested on January 2, 2018. January 2, December 31, 2018 2018 2019 2020 2021 Liberty Latin America Shares - Class A $ 100.00 $ 67.10 $ 89.43 $ 51.58 $ 54.03 Liberty Latin America Shares - Class C $ 100.00 $ 68.12 $ 90.98 $ 51.85 $ 53.30 MSCI Emerging Markets NTR Index $ 100.00 $ 84.00 $ 99.48 $ 117.73 $ 114.70 Nasdaq Composite TR Index $ 100.00 $ 95.72 $ 130.84 $ 189.61 $ 231.66 Item 6. [Reserved] II-3 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS See the Glossary of defined terms at the beginning of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion and analysis, which should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, is intended to assist in providing an understanding of our results of operations and financial condition and is organized as follows: • Overview. This section provides a general description of our business and recent events. • Results of Operations. This section provides an analysis of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. • Liquidity and Capital Resources. This section provides an analysis of our liquidity, consolidated statements of cash flows and contractual commitments. • Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates. This section discusses those material accounting policies that involve uncertainties and require significant judgment in their application. Unless otherwise indicated, operational data (including subscriber statistics) is presented as of December 31, 2021. Overview General We are an international provider of fixed, mobile and subsea telecommunications services. We provide, A. residential and B2B services in: i. over 20 countries across Latin America and the Caribbean through two of our reportable segments, C&W Caribbean and Networks and C&W Panama; ii. Puerto Rico, through our reportable segment Liberty Puerto Rico; iii. Chile, through our reportable segment VTR; and iv. Costa Rica, through Cabletica and its subsidiary, Telefónica Costa Rica; and B. through our Networks & LatAm business of our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment, (i) B2B services in certain other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and (ii) wholesale communication services over its subsea and terrestrial fiber optic cable networks that connect approximately 40 markets in that region. Prior to the first quarter of 2021, VTR and Cabletica were collectively one operating segment. As a result of organizational changes during the first quarter of 2021, these operations became separate operating segments. Following the Telefónica Costa Rica Acquisition on August 9, 2021 (as further described in note 4), Cabletica and Telefónica Costa Rica now comprise our operating and reportable segment referred to herein as “Costa Rica.” Accordingly, as of December 31, 2021, our reportable segments are as follows: • C&W Caribbean and Networks; • C&W Panama; • Liberty Puerto Rico; • VTR; and • Costa Rica. As a result of the aforementioned segment change, we have revised the presentation of the discussion and analysis set forth below in order to align with the current segment presentation included in our consolidated financial statements. Effective September 29, 2021, in connection with the pending formation of the Chile JV (as further described in note 9), we began accounting for the Chile JV Entities as “held for sale.” Accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the Chile JV Entities, excluding certain cash balances, are included in assets held for sale and liabilities associated with assets held for sale, respectively, on our December 31, 2021 consolidated balance sheet. Consistent with the applicable guidance, we have not reflected similar reclassifications to exclude Chile JV Entities from continuing operations in our consolidated statements of II-4 operations or cash flows. As a result, the discussion and analysis of our results of operations and cash flows set forth below continue to include the amounts associated with the Chile JV Entities. At December 31, 2021, we (i) owned and operated fixed networks that passed 8,354,800 homes and served 6,441,000 RGUs comprising 2,850,200 broadband internet subscribers, 1,979,200 video subscribers and 1,611,600 fixed-line telephony subscribers, and (ii) served 7,540,300 mobile subscribers. COVID-19 In December 2019, COVID-19 was reported in Wuhan, China. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a “pandemic,” pointing to the sustained risk of further global spread. During 2020, COVID-19 negatively impacted our operations relative to the 2019 period prior to the pandemic, particularly with respect to revenue associated with B2B and mobile operations within our C&W Caribbean and Networks, C&W Panama and VTR segments. Given COVID-19 continues to evolve, the extent to which COVID-19 may further impact our financial condition or results of operations continues to be uncertain and cannot be predicted at this tim e. The heightened volatility of global markets resulting from COVID-19 further expose us to risks and uncertainties. Chile JV On September 29, 2021, we entered into an agreement with América Móvil to contribute the Chile JV Entities to América Móvil’s Chilean operations, to form the Chile JV that will be owned 50:50 by Liberty Latin America and América Móvil. América Móvil is a telecommunications service provider with over 6.5 million mobile customers . The consummation of the transaction is subject to certain customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals, and is expected to close in the second half of 2022. Claro Panama Acquisition . On September 14, 2021, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire América Móvil’s operations in Panama in an all-cash transaction based upon an enterprise value of $200 million on a cash- and debt-free basis. The transaction is subject to certain customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals, and is expected to close in the first half of 2022. Telefónica Costa Rica Acquisition On July 30, 2020, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Telefónica S.A.’s operations in Costa Rica in an all-cash transaction based upon an enterprise value of $500 million on a cash- and debt-free basis. On August 9, 2021, we completed the Telefónica Costa Rica Acquisition. The total purchase price of the Telefónica Costa Rica Acquisition was $538 million, which includes the impact of certain preliminary working capital adjustments totaling $38 million. The Telefónica Costa Rica Acquisition was financed through a combination of debt, existing cash and a $47 million equity contribution from the noncontrolling interest owner of our Cabletica entity, as further described in note 19 to the consolidated financial statements. Strategy and Management Focus From a strategic perspective, we are seeking to build or acquire broadband communications and mobile businesses that have strong prospects for future growth. As discussed further under Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capitalization below, we also seek to maintain our debt at levels that provide for attractive equity returns without assuming undue risk. We strive to achieve “organic” revenue and customer growth in our operations by developing and marketing bundled entertainment, information and communications services, and extending and upgrading the quality of our networks where appropriate. As we use the term, organic growth excludes FX and the estimated impact of acquisitions and disposals. While we seek to increase our customer base, we also seek to maximize the average revenue we receive from each household or business by increasing the penetration of our video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony and mobile services with existing customers through product bundling and up-selling. We are engaged in the Network Extensions program across Liberty Latin America. The Network Extensions will occur in phases with priority given to the most accretive expansion opportunities. During 2021, our network extension and upgrade programs passed approximately 738,800 homes across Liberty Latin America. Depending on a variety of factors, including the financial and operational results of the programs, the Network Extensions may be continued, modified or cancelled at our discretion. See Item 1. Business—Products and Services—Residential Services—Internet Services . II-5 For information regarding our expectation with regard to property and equipment additions as a percent of revenue during 2022, see Liquidity and Capital Resources—Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows below. Competition and Other External Factors We are experiencing significant competition from other telecommunications operators and other communication service providers in all of our markets. The significant competition we are experiencing, together with macroeconomic factors, has adversely impacted our revenue, RGUs and/or ARPU in a number of C&W’s markets. In Chile, we continue to experience significant competition with respect to VTR’s fixed-line business, as competitors continue to upgrade their networks. For additional information regarding the revenue impact of changes in the RGUs and ARPU of our reportable segments, see discussion below . Results of Operations The comparability of our operating results during 2021, 2020 and 2019 is affected by acquisitions, disposals and FX effects. As we use the term, “organic” changes exclude FX and the impacts of acquisitions and disposals, each as further discussed below. In the following discussion, we quantify the estimated impact on the operating results of the periods under comparison that is attributable to acquisitions and disposals. We (i) acquired (a) Telefónica’s operations in Costa Rica in August 2021, (b) AT&T’s wireless and wireline operations in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands in October 2020, (c) a small B2B operation in the Cayman Islands in July 2020, and (d) UTS in March 2019; and (ii) disposed of (a) certain B2B operations in Puerto Rico in January 2021 in connection with the AT&T Acquisition, as further described in note 4 to our consolidated financial statements, and (b) our operations in the Seychelles in November 2019. With respect to acquisitions, organic changes and the calculations of our organic change percentages exclude the operating results of an acquired entity during the first 12 months following the date of acquisition. With respect to disposals, the prior-year operating results of disposed entities are excluded from organic changes and the calculations of our organic change percentages to the same extent that those operations are not included in the current year. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates may have a significant impact on our operating results, as VTR, Costa Rica and certain entities within C&W have functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Our primary exposure to FX risk is to the Chilean peso, as a significant portion of our revenue is derived from VTR. For example, the average FX rate (utilized to translate our consolidated statements of operations) for the U.S. dollar per one Chilean peso depreciated by 4% for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to 2020, and appreciated by 12% for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to 2019. The impacts to the various components of our results of operations that are attributable to changes in FX are highlighted below. For information concerning our foreign currency risks and applicable foreign currency exchange rates, see Item 7A . Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Foreign Currency Risk below. For information regarding foreign currency risk and implications resulting from the political unrest in Chile, see Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Overview each set forth above. The amounts presented and discussed below represent 100% of the revenue and expenses of each segment and our corporate operations. As we have the ability to control certain subsidiaries that are not wholly-owned, we include 100% of the revenue and expenses of these entities in our consolidated statements of operations despite the fact that third parties own significant interests in these entities. During the third quarter of 2019, we completed the UTS NCI Acquisition, as further defined and described in note 19 to our consolidated financial statements. The noncontrolling owners’ interests in the operating results of (i) certain subsidiaries of C&W and (ii) Costa Rica are reflected in net earnings or loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in our consolidated statements of operations. On April 1, 2019, certain B2B operations in Puerto Rico were transferred from our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment to our Liberty Puerto Rico segment, and on January 1, 2020, our captive insurance operation was transferred from our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment to our corporate operations. These transfers did not have a significant impact on the financial results of our C&W Caribbean and Networks or Liberty Puerto Rico segments. We are subject to inflationary pressures with respect to certain costs and foreign currency exchange risk with respect to costs and expenses that are denominated in currencies other than the respective functional currencies of our reportable segments. Any cost increases that we are not able to pass on to our subscribers would result in increased pressure on our operating margins. II-6 Year Ended December 31, 2021 as Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2020 Consolidated Adjusted OIBDA On a consolidated basis, Adjusted OIBDA is a non-U.S. GAAP measure. Adjusted OIBDA is the primary measure used by our chief operating decision maker to evaluate segment operating performance. Adjusted OIBDA is also a key factor that is used by our internal decision makers to (i) determine how to allocate resources to segments and (ii) evaluate the effectiveness of our management for purposes of incentive compensation plans. Our internal decision makers believe Adjusted OIBDA is a meaningful measure because it represents a transparent view of our recurring operating performance that is unaffected by our capital structure and allows management to (i) readily view operating trends, (ii) perform analytical comparisons and benchmarking between segments and (iii) identify strategies to improve operating performance in the different countries in which we operate. We believe our Adjusted OIBDA measure is useful to investors because it is one of the bases for comparing our performance with the performance of other companies in the same or similar industries, although our measures may not be directly comparable to similar measures used by other public companies. Adjusted OIBDA should be viewed as a measure of operating performance that is a supplement to, and not a substitute for, operating income or loss, net earnings or loss and other U.S. GAAP measures of income or loss. A reconciliation of total operating income (loss), the nearest U.S. GAAP measure, to Adjusted OIBDA on a consolidated basis, is presented below for the periods indicated. Year ended December 31, 2021 2020 in millions Operating income $ 81.2 $ 93.2 Share-based compensation expense 118.1 97.5 Depreciation and amortization 964.7 918.7 Impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net 665.0 375.3 Consolidated Adjusted OIBDA $ 1,829.0 $ 1,484.7 The following table sets forth organic and non-organic changes in Adjusted OIBDA for the period indicated: C&W Caribbean and Networks C&W Panama Liberty Puerto Rico VTR Costa Rica Corporate Intersegment eliminations Consolidated in millions Adjusted OIBDA for the twelve months ending: December 31, 2020 $ 713.2 $ 177.2 $ 276.9 $ 307.0 $ 54.9 $ (44.5) $ — $ 1,484.7 Organic changes related to: Revenue 65.6 47.4 63.2 (55.8) 13.3 18.9 (3.6) 149.0 Programming and other direct costs (14.2) (37.3) (10.7) (4.9) (8.0) — 1.4 (73.7) Other operating costs and expenses (9.2) 12.8 (12.4) 2.0 (5.3) (27.3) 2.2 (37.2) Non-organic increases (decreases): FX (8.9) — — 11.3 (3.2) — — (0.8) Acquisitions/disposition, net 0.7 — 277.8 — 28.5 — — 307.0 December 31, 2021 $ 747.2 $ 200.1 $ 594.8 $ 259.6 $ 80.2 $ (52.9) $ — $ 1,829.0 II-7 Adjusted OIBDA Margin The following table sets forth the Adjusted OIBDA margin (Adjusted OIBDA divided by revenue) of each of our reportable segments: Year ended December 31, 2021 2020 % C&W Caribbean and Networks 42.7 41.8 C&W Panama 36.5 35.4 Liberty Puerto Rico 40.8 44.4 VTR 33.0 37.9 Costa Rica 31.3 39.2 Adjusted OIBDA margin is impacted by organic changes in revenue, programming and other direct costs of services and other operating costs and expenses, as further discussed below. The decreases in the Adjusted OIBDA margin presented for both Liberty Puerto Rico and Costa Rica are primarily related to the inclusion of Liberty Mobile and Telefónica-Costa Rica operations following the AT&T Acquisition and Telefónica-Costa Rica Acquisition, respectively, that each generate lower Adjusted OIBDA margins relative to the legacy operations. In addition, the decrease in the Adjusted OIBDA margin for Liberty Puerto Rico is also impacted by an increase in roaming expense, and negative margin on handset sales that occurred during the second half of 2021. The decreases in the Adjusted OIBDA margin for VTR are primarily related to a decline in revenue, as further discussed below. Revenue All of our segments derive their revenue primarily from (i) residential fixed services, including video, broadband internet and fixed-line telephony, (ii) mobile services, and (iii) B2B services. C&W Caribbean and Networks also provides wholesale communication services over its subsea and terrestrial fiber optic cable networks. While not specifically discussed in the below explanations of the changes in revenue, we are experiencing significant competition in all of our markets. This competition has an adverse impact on our ability to increase or maintain our RGUs and/or ARPU. Variances in the subscription revenue that we receive from our customers are a function of (i) changes in the number of RGUs or mobile subscribers during the period and (ii) changes in ARPU. Changes in ARPU can be attributable to (i) changes in prices, (ii) changes in bundling or promotional discounts, (iii) changes in the tier of services selected, (iv) variances in subscriber usage patterns, and (v) the overall mix of fixed and mobile products during the period. In the following discussion, we discuss ARPU changes in terms of the net impact of the above factors on the ARPU that is derived from our video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony and mobile products. For the comparisons below, revenue variances, including changes in ARPU, were also influenced by the impacts of COVID-19, as further discussed below and in Overview above. II-8 The following tables set forth the organic and non-organic changes in revenue by reportable segment. Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Increase (decrease) from: 2021 2020 FX Acquisitions (disposition), net Organic in millions, except percentages C&W Caribbean and Networks $ 1,751.2 $ 1,706.8 $ 44.4 $ (25.1) $ 3.9 $ 65.6 C&W Panama 547.6 500.2 47.4 — — 47.4 Liberty Puerto Rico 1,456.7 624.1 832.6 — 769.4 63.2 VTR 787.5 809.0 (21.5) 34.3 — (55.8) Costa Rica 256.2 140.0 116.2 (8.9) 111.8 13.3 Corporate (a) 21.6 2.7 18.9 — — 18.9 Intersegment eliminations (21.8) (18.2) (3.6) — — (3.6) Total $ 4,799.0 $ 3,764.6 $ 1,034.4 $ 0.3 $ 885.1 $ 149.0 (a) Amounts relate to services we provide for mobile handset insurance following the closing of the AT&T Acquisition. C&W Caribbean and Networks . C&W Caribbean and Networks’s revenue by major category is set forth below: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2021 2020 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential revenue: Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 132.1 $ 142.4 $ (10.3) (7.2) Broadband internet 273.2 250.0 23.2 9.3 Fixed-line telephony 68.1 74.6 (6.5) (8.7) Total subscription revenue 473.4 467.0 6.4 1.4 Non-subscription revenue 43.4 42.2 1.2 2.8 Total residential fixed revenue 516.8 509.2 7.6 1.5 Residential mobile revenue: Service revenue 300.2 294.1 6.1 2.1 Interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other (a) 55.1 44.4 10.7 24.1 Total residential mobile revenue 355.3 338.5 16.8 5.0 Total residential revenue 872.1 847.7 24.4 2.9 B2B revenue: Service revenue 614.6 600.4 14.2 2.4 Subsea network revenue 264.5 258.7 5.8 2.2 Total B2B revenue 879.1 859.1 20.0 2.3 Total $ 1,751.2 $ 1,706.8 $ 44.4 2.6 (a) Revenue from inbound roaming was $25 million and $14 million, respectively. II-9 The details of the changes in C&W Caribbean and Networks’s revenue during 2021, as compared to 2020, are set forth below (in millions): Increase (decrease) in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a) $ 20.2 ARPU (b) (6.1) Increase in residential fixed non-subscription revenue 1.9 Total increase in residential fixed revenue 16.0 Increase in residential mobile service revenue (c) 11.7 Increase in residential mobile interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other (d) 11.4 Increase in B2B service revenue (e) 20.7 Increase in B2B subsea network revenue (f) 5.8 Total organic increase 65.6 Impact of an acquisition 3.9 Impact of FX (25.1) Total $ 44.4 (a) The increase is primarily attributable to higher average broadband internet RGUs. (b) The decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower ARPU from video and fixed-line telephony services, and (ii) higher ARPU from broadband internet services. (c) The increase is attributable to (i) higher average number of mobile subscribers, mostly due to an increase in sales initiatives, and (ii) higher ARPU from mobile services, which was mostly a result of relaxed COVID-19-related travel restrictions. (d) The increase is primarily attributable to (i) higher inbound roaming revenue, primarily related to the relaxing of travel restrictions associated with COVID-19, and (ii) an increase related to the settlement during 2021 of a minimum commitment guarantee associated with inbound roaming. (e) The increase is primarily due to (i) higher revenue from fixed and mobile services, partially due to the recovery of reduced or suspended service across our markets as a result of the COVID-19 lockdowns, (ii) higher non-recurring revenue, and (iii) higher wholesale call volumes. (f) The increase is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) an increase associated with the recognition of deferred revenue and penalties upon termination of two customer contracts, (ii) a decrease related to revenue recognized on a cash basis during 2020 for services provided to a significant customer, and (iii) an increase associated with continued demand for telecommunications capacity on our subsea network. II-10 C&W Panama. C&W Panama’s revenue by major category is set forth below: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2021 2020 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential revenue: Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 25.9 $ 27.8 $ (1.9) (6.8) Broadband internet 44.9 39.0 5.9 15.1 Fixed-line telephony 17.1 18.8 (1.7) (9.0) Total subscription revenue 87.9 85.6 2.3 2.7 Non-subscription revenue 9.5 11.8 (2.3) (19.5) Total residential fixed revenue 97.4 97.4 — — Residential mobile revenue: Service revenue 155.9 160.1 (4.2) (2.6) Interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other (a) 44.5 41.0 3.5 8.5 Total residential mobile revenue 200.4 201.1 (0.7) (0.3) Total residential revenue 297.8 298.5 (0.7) (0.2) B2B service revenue 249.8 201.7 48.1 23.8 Total $ 547.6 $ 500.2 $ 47.4 9.5 (a) Revenue from inbound roaming was $4 million and $2 million, respectively. The details of the changes in C&W Panama’s revenue during 2021, as compared to 2020, are set forth below (in millions): Increase (decrease) in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a) $ 8.9 ARPU (b) (6.6) Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue (c) (2.3) Total increase in residential fixed revenue — Decrease in residential mobile service revenue (d) (4.2) Increase in residential mobile interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other revenue (e) 3.5 Increase in B2B service revenue (f) 48.1 Total organic increase $ 47.4 (a) The increase is primarily attributable to higher average broadband internet RGUs. (b) The decrease is primarily due to lower ARPU from fixed-line telephony and video services. (c) The decrease is primarily attributable to lower volumes of interconnect revenue and a decrease in payphone revenue. (d) The decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower ARPU from mobile services, mainly attributable to prepaid plans as a result of the termination of certain value-added services, and (ii) higher average numbers of mobile subscribers. (e) The increase is primarily attributable to (i) higher volumes of handset sales, as COVID-19 related lockdowns in 2020 negatively impacted customers’ ability to purchase handsets, and (ii) an increase in inbound roaming revenue, primarily related to the relaxing of travel restrictions associated with COVID-19. (f) The increase is primarily due to (i) an increase driven by certain government-related projects, some of which were put on hold during 2020 due to the impact of COVID-19, and (ii) higher revenue from mobile services. II-11 Liberty Puerto Rico. Liberty Puerto Rico’s revenue by major category is set forth below: Year ended December 31, Increase 2021 2020 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 156.7 $ 147.2 $ 9.5 6.5 Broadband internet 253.3 204.7 48.6 23.7 Fixed-line telephony 28.2 25.5 2.7 10.6 Total subscription revenue 438.2 377.4 60.8 16.1 Non-subscription revenue 19.3 17.7 1.6 9.0 Total residential fixed revenue 457.5 395.1 62.4 15.8 Residential mobile revenue: Service revenue 486.9 82.9 404.0 487.3 Interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other (a) 254.4 50.6 203.8 402.8 Total residential mobile revenue 741.3 133.5 607.8 455.3 Total residential revenue 1,198.8 528.6 670.2 126.8 B2B service revenue 220.4 89.8 130.6 145.4 Other revenue (b) 37.5 5.7 31.8 557.9 Total $ 1,456.7 $ 624.1 $ 832.6 133.4 (a) Revenue from inbound roaming was $69 million and $11 million, respectively. (b) Amounts relate to funds received from the FCC primarily related to Liberty Mobile following the closing of the AT&T Acquisition. The details of the changes in Liberty Puerto Rico’s revenue during 2021, as compared to 2020, are set forth below (in millions): Increase in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a) $ 51.4 ARPU (b) 9.4 Increase in residential fixed non-subscription revenue 1.6 Total increase in residential fixed revenue 62.4 Decrease in residential mobile service revenue (1.5) Decrease in residential mobile interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other (c) (3.4) Increase in B2B service 2.2 Increase in other revenue (d) 3.5 Total organic increase 63.2 Impact of an acquisition and a disposition, net 769.4 Total $ 832.6 (a) The increase is primarily attributable to higher average broadband internet and video RGUs. The higher average broadband internet RGUs are partially due to increased demand as a result of COVID-19 work-from-home mandates, which subsequently led to increased purchases of video products as a result of bundling offers. (b) The increase is primarily due to higher ARPU from broadband internet services, and the impact resulting from credits provided to customers during 2020 in connection with the earthquakes that impacted Puerto Rico in January 2020. (c) The decrease is primarily due to lower volumes of handset sales. II-12 (d) The increase is primarily attributable to funds received from the FCC to continue to expand and improve our fixed network in Puerto Rico. VTR. VTR’s revenue by major category is set forth below: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2021 2020 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential revenue: Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 294.4 $ 291.5 $ 2.9 1.0 Broadband internet 313.4 331.3 (17.9) (5.4) Fixed-line telephony 77.3 73.5 3.8 5.2 Total subscription revenue 685.1 696.3 (11.2) (1.6) Non-subscription revenue 14.9 18.5 (3.6) (19.5) Total residential fixed revenue 700.0 714.8 (14.8) (2.1) Residential mobile revenue: Service revenue 48.0 55.7 (7.7) (13.8) Interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other 7.3 8.2 (0.9) (11.0) Total residential mobile revenue 55.3 63.9 (8.6) (13.5) Total residential revenue 755.3 778.7 (23.4) (3.0) B2B service revenue 32.2 30.3 1.9 6.3 Total $ 787.5 $ 809.0 $ (21.5) (2.7) The details of the changes in VTR’s revenue during 2021, as compared to 2020, are set forth below (in millions): Decrease in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a) $ (21.1) ARPU (b) (19.9) Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue (c) (4.2) Total decrease in residential fixed revenue (45.2) Decrease in residential mobile service revenue (d) (9.9) Decrease in residential mobile interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other revenue (1.3) Increase in B2B service revenue 0.6 Total organic decrease (55.8) Impact of FX 34.3 Total $ (21.5) (a) The decrease is primarily attributable to lower average broadband internet and video RGUs. (b) The decrease is primarily due to lower ARPU from broadband internet services and video services, partially the result of continued high levels of competition. The decline in ARPU from video services is partially offset by increases related to live soccer matches being broadcast on our premium programming that were cancelled during 2020. (c) The decrease is primarily due to (i) lower volumes of interconnect revenue, (ii) lower installations, and (iii) lower amounts of infrastructure-related engineering projects with local governments. (d) The decrease is due to lower average numbers of mobile subscribers and lower ARPU from mobile services. II-13 Costa Rica . Costa Rica’s revenue by major category is set forth below: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2021 2020 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential revenue: Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 74.5 $ 79.1 $ (4.6) (5.8) Broadband internet 59.6 51.4 8.2 16.0 Fixed-line telephony 4.4 3.7 0.7 18.9 Total subscription revenue 138.5 134.2 4.3 3.2 Non-subscription revenue 6.2 5.8 0.4 6.9 Total residential fixed revenue 144.7 140.0 4.7 3.4 Residential mobile revenue: Service revenue 70.4 — 70.4 N.M. Interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other (a) 27.1 — 27.1 N.M. Total residential mobile revenue 97.5 — 97.5 N.M. Total residential revenue 242.2 140.0 102.2 73.0 B2B service revenue 14.0 — 14.0 N.M. Total $ 256.2 $ 140.0 $ 116.2 83.0 N.M. - Not Meaningful. (a) Revenue from inbound roaming was $2 million and nil, respectively. The details of the changes in Costa Rica’s revenue during 2021, as compared to 2020, are set forth below (in millions): Increase in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a) $ 4.7 ARPU (b) 7.9 Increase in residential fixed non-subscription revenue 0.7 Total organic increase 13.3 Impact of an acquisition 111.8 Impact of FX (8.9) Total $ 116.2 (a) The increase is primarily attributable to higher average broadband internet RGUs. (b) The increase is primarily due to higher ARPU from broadband internet. Programming and other direct costs of services Programming and other direct costs of services include programming and copyright costs, interconnect and access costs, equipment costs, which primarily relate to costs of mobile handsets and other devices, and other direct costs related to our operations. Programming and copyright costs, which represent a significant portion of our operating costs, may increase in future periods as a result of (i) higher costs associated with the expansion of our digital video content, including rights associated with ancillary product offerings and rights that provide for the broadcast of live sporting events, (ii) rate increases or (iii) growth in the number of our video subscribers. II-14 Consolidated. The following tables set forth the organic and non-organic changes in programming and other direct costs of services on a consolidated basis. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase Acquisitions (disposition), net Organic 2021 2020 FX in millions Programming and copyright $ 441.4 $ 389.3 $ 52.1 $ 4.2 $ 10.9 $ 37.0 Interconnect 329.8 257.6 72.2 (4.2) 82.6 (6.2) Equipment and other 418.8 199.1 219.7 (0.5) 177.3 42.9 Total programming and other direct costs of services $ 1,190.0 $ 846.0 $ 344.0 $ (0.5) $ 270.8 $ 73.7 C&W Caribbean and Networks . The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment. Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Increase (decrease) from: 2021 2020 FX An acquisition Organic in millions Programming and copyright $ 92.8 $ 88.8 $ 4.0 $ (1.5) $ — $ 5.5 Interconnect 151.8 163.0 (11.2) (5.5) — (5.7) Equipment and other 74.4 59.1 15.3 (0.9) 1.8 14.4 Total programming and other direct costs of services $ 319.0 $ 310.9 $ 8.1 $ (7.9) $ 1.8 $ 14.2 • Programming and copyright: The organic increase is primarily due to the negative impact of the reassessment and release of various accruals in certain of our markets during 2020. • Interconnect: The organic decrease is primarily due to individually insignificant decreases that were partially offset by higher wholesale call volumes. • Equipment and other: The organic increase is primarily driven by the easing of COVID-19 related restrictions in certain of our markets, which resulted in (i) higher mobile equipment sales volume, and (ii) higher B2B data revenue and equipment sales. C&W Panama. The following table sets forth the organic changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our C&W Panama segment. Year ended December 31, Organic increase (decrease) 2021 2020 in millions Programming and copyright $ 14.9 $ 13.9 $ 1.0 Interconnect 39.8 41.1 (1.3) Equipment and other 111.6 74.0 37.6 Total programming and other direct costs of services $ 166.3 $ 129.0 $ 37.3 • Equipment and other: The organic increase is primarily due to (i) an increase driven by certain nonrecurring government-related projects, some of which were put on hold during 2020 due to the impact of COVID-19, and (ii) higher volumes of mobile handset sales, mainly due to the easing of COVID-19 related restrictions. II-15 Liberty Puerto Rico . The following table sets forth the organic changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our Liberty Puerto Rico segment. Increase Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Acquisition (disposition), net 2021 2020 Organic in millions Programming and copyright $ 109.0 $ 91.9 $ 17.1 $ 10.9 $ 6.2 Interconnect 104.3 21.9 82.4 73.1 9.3 Equipment and other 206.3 50.5 155.8 160.6 (4.8) Total programming and other direct costs of services $ 419.6 $ 164.3 $ 255.3 $ 244.6 $ 10.7 • Programming and copyright: The organic increase is primarily attributable to higher programming rates and higher average video subscribers. • Interconnect: The organic increase is primarily due to higher roaming costs, including the impact from the renegotiation of a certain roaming agreement during the fourth quarter of 2021. • Equipment and other: The organic decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower equipment costs and (ii) $1 million of equipment-related integration costs incurred in 2021. VTR . The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our VTR segment. Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Increase (decrease) from: 2021 2020 FX Organic in millions Programming and copyright $ 188.8 $ 163.2 $ 25.6 $ 7.9 $ 17.7 Interconnect 33.9 39.2 (5.3) 1.4 (6.7) Equipment and other 11.1 16.5 (5.4) 0.7 (6.1) Total programming and other direct costs of services $ 233.8 $ 218.9 $ 14.9 $ 10.0 $ 4.9 • Programming and copyright: The organic increase is primarily due to higher premium and basic content rates. During 2020, programming costs were lower due to the renegotiation of a programming contract governing rates for live soccer matches, which were cancelled as a result of COVID-19. In addition, the comparison includes a decrease of $1 million related to the foreign currency impact of programming contracts denominated in U.S. dollars. • Interconnect: The organic decrease is primarily due to (i) lower interconnect rates and volumes, and (ii) a decrease in MVNO charges, as we renegotiated our contract during the second quarter of 2021. • Equipment and other: The organic decrease is due to (i) lower volumes of handset sales, (ii) lower amounts of infrastructure-related engineering projects with local governments, and (iii) the net effect of (a) higher handset prices and (b) decreases associated with the foreign currency impact of handset contracts denominated in U.S. dollars. II-16 Costa Rica . The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our Costa Rica segment. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase FX An acquisition Organic 2021 2020 in millions Programming and copyright $ 35.9 $ 31.5 $ 4.4 $ (2.2) $ — $ 6.6 Interconnect 15.4 5.8 9.6 (0.3) 9.5 0.4 Equipment and other 17.4 1.7 15.7 (0.2) 14.9 1.0 Total programming and other direct costs of services $ 68.7 $ 39.0 $ 29.7 $ (2.7) $ 24.4 $ 8.0 • Programming and copyright: The organic increase is primarily due to (i) the negative impact associated with contract negotiations that resulted in the reassessment and release of various accruals during 2020 and (ii) an increase in certain premium content costs. In addition, the comparison includes an increase of $2 million related to the foreign currency impact of programming contracts denominated in U.S. dollars. Other operating costs and expenses Other operating costs and expenses set forth in the table below comprise the following cost categories: • Personnel and contract labor-related costs, which primarily include salary-related and cash bonus expenses, net of capitalizable labor costs, and temporary contract labor costs; • Network-related expenses, which primarily include costs related to network access, system power, core network, and CPE repair, maintenance and test costs; • Service-related costs, which primarily include professional services, information technology-related services, audit, legal and other services; • Commercial, which primarily includes sales and marketing costs, such as advertising, commissions and other sales and marketing-related costs, and customer care costs related to outsourced call centers; • Facility, provision, franchise and other, which primarily includes facility-related costs, provision for bad debt expense, franchise-related fees, bank fees, insurance, vehicle-related, travel and entertainment and other operating-related costs; and • Share-based compensation expense that relates to (i) equity awards issued to our employees and Directors and (ii) and with respect to 2021 and 2020, bonus-related expenses that will be paid in the form of equity. II-17 Consolidated . The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in other operating costs and expenses on a consolidated basis. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase Acquisition (disposition), net Organic 2021 2020 FX in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 575.1 $ 483.6 $ 91.5 $ (1.2) $ 77.9 $ 14.8 Network-related 318.9 261.4 57.5 0.4 37.4 19.7 Service-related 196.5 161.7 34.8 0.8 31.2 2.8 Commercial 229.4 168.1 61.3 2.2 43.9 15.2 Facility, provision, franchise and other 460.1 359.1 101.0 (0.6) 116.9 (15.3) Share-based compensation expense 118.1 97.5 20.6 (0.3) 1.1 19.8 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 1,898.1 $ 1,531.4 $ 366.7 $ 1.3 $ 308.4 $ 57.0 For additional information regarding our share-based compensation, see Results of Operations (below Adjusted OIBDA) discussion and analysis below. C&W Caribbean and Networks . The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in other operating costs and expenses for our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Acquisition (disposition), net Organic 2021 2020 FX in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 251.0 $ 254.2 $ (3.2) $ (2.8) $ 1.3 $ (1.7) Network-related 152.4 140.5 11.9 (2.3) — 14.2 Service-related 70.2 70.6 (0.4) (0.5) 0.1 — Commercial 49.8 45.4 4.4 (1.2) — 5.6 Facility, provision, franchise and other 161.5 171.9 (10.4) (1.5) — (8.9) Share-based compensation expense 32.8 28.4 4.4 (0.1) 0.9 3.6 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 717.7 $ 711.0 $ 6.7 $ (8.4) $ 2.3 $ 12.8 • Personnel and contract labor: The organic decrease is due to the net effect of (i) lower salaries and other personnel costs, mainly associated with the benefit of certain restructuring activities, (ii) higher staff costs related to increased sales activities, and (iii) lower capitalized labor associated with fewer employees and lower capitalization rates. • Network-related: The organic increase is primarily due to (i) higher subsea cable repairs, (ii) higher utility costs, and (iii) rate increases on pole rentals and fiber leases. • Commercial: The organic increase is primarily due to higher marketing and sales costs, as promotional activities were reduced during 2020 due to certain adverse economic impacts caused by COVID-19. • Facility, provision, franchise and other costs: The organic decrease is primarily due to (i) lower bad debt provisions, as the impact of COVID-19 resulted in higher bad debt expense during 2020 due to (a) delays in collections, (b) higher expected credit losses associated with certain B2B customers and (c) changes in our general expectations related to our customers’ ability to pay, and (ii) lower franchise fees. II-18 C&W Panama. The following table sets forth the organic changes in other operating costs and expenses for our C&W Panama segment. Year ended December 31, Organic increase (decrease) 2021 2020 in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 69.8 $ 70.9 $ (1.1) Network-related 37.6 39.7 (2.1) Service-related 14.8 13.3 1.5 Commercial 19.6 20.5 (0.9) Facility, provision, franchise and other 39.4 49.6 (10.2) Share-based compensation expense 4.0 2.7 1.3 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 185.2 $ 196.7 $ (11.5) • Facility, provision, franchise and other costs: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower bad debt provisions, as the impact of COVID-19 resulted in higher bad debt expense during 2020 generally due to (i) delays in collections, (ii) higher expected credit losses associated with certain B2B customers and (iii) changes in our general expectations related to our customers’ ability to pay. Liberty Puerto Rico . The following table sets forth the organic changes in other operating costs and expenses for our Liberty Puerto Rico segment. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase Acquisition (disposition), net 2021 2020 Organic in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 142.1 $ 62.1 $ 80.0 $ 71.1 $ 8.9 Network-related 40.7 6.7 34.0 31.2 2.8 Service-related 41.6 24.9 16.7 24.0 (7.3) Commercial 52.5 19.0 33.5 27.3 6.2 Facility, provision, franchise and other 165.4 70.2 95.2 93.4 1.8 Share-based compensation expense 6.4 5.1 1.3 0.2 1.1 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 448.7 $ 188.0 $ 260.7 $ 247.2 $ 13.5 • Personnel and contract labor: The organic increase is primarily due to higher salaries and other personnel costs . • Service-related: We incurred service-related integration costs associated with the AT&T Acquisition of $6 million and $7 million during 2021 and 2020, respectively. The service-related integration costs incurred during 2021 are mostly included in the increase from an acquisition (disposition), net, in the above table and are expected to grow in future periods. • Commercial: The organic increase is primarily due to (i) increased marketing costs, including $2 million of rebranding commercial-related integration costs associated with the AT&T Acquisition, and (ii) higher call center volumes, partially attributable to work-from-home and remote learning mandates resulting from COVID-19. In addition, the 2021 increase from an acquisition (disposition), net, in the above table includes $2 million of rebranding commercial-related integration costs associated with the AT&T Acquisition. • Facilities, provision, franchise and other: The organic increase includes an increase related to a payment made during 2021 to settle certain 2011 property tax claims. II-19 VTR . The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in other operating costs and expenses for our VTR segment. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) FX Organic 2021 2020 in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 61.1 $ 61.1 $ — $ 2.6 $ (2.6) Network-related 78.0 67.2 10.8 3.2 7.6 Service-related 37.0 36.4 0.6 1.5 (0.9) Commercial 82.4 76.2 6.2 4.0 2.2 Facility, provision, franchise and other 35.6 42.2 (6.6) 1.7 (8.3) Share-based compensation expense 10.9 8.2 2.7 (0.1) 2.8 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 305.0 $ 291.3 $ 13.7 $ 12.9 $ 0.8 • Personnel and contract labor: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower salary expense as a result of a restructuring program implemented during the first half of 2021. • Network-related: The organic increase is primarily due to (i) higher rates associated with network access-related contract labor, and (ii) higher maintenance costs. • Commercial: The organic increase is primarily due to the net effect of (i) higher sales commissions, (ii) a decrease in marketing and advertising expenses, and (iii) higher call center volumes. • Facility, provision, franchise and other costs: The organic decrease is primarily due to (i) lower bad debt provisions, and (ii) lower operating lease expense as a result of ceasing the amortization of our right of use assets in connection with held for sale accounting of the Chile JV Entities, as further described in note 9 to our consolidated financial statements. Costa Rica . The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in other operating costs and expenses for our Costa Rica segment. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase FX An acquisition Organic 2021 2020 in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 19.9 $ 15.0 $ 4.9 $ (0.9) $ 5.5 $ 0.3 Network-related 14.9 8.6 6.3 (0.5) 6.2 0.6 Service-related 11.3 2.0 9.3 (0.2) 7.1 2.4 Commercial 25.1 7.0 18.1 (0.6) 16.6 2.1 Facility, provision, franchise and other 36.1 13.5 22.6 (0.8) 23.5 (0.1) Share-based compensation expense 1.1 0.7 0.4 (0.1) — 0.5 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 108.4 $ 46.8 $ 61.6 $ (3.1) $ 58.9 $ 5.8 • Service-related: The organic increase is primarily due to higher professional services fees, including $1 million of costs associated with the Telefónica Costa Rica Acquisition, and higher costs associated with certain information technology projects that were put on hold in 2020 due to the economic uncertainty of COVID-19. In addition, during 2021 we incurred $2 million of integration costs associated with the Telefónica Costa Rica Acquisition that are included in the increase from an acquisition. Integration costs are expected to grow significantly during 2022. II-20 • Commercial: The organic increase is primarily due to higher sales commissions, as we began to recover from the adverse economic impacts caused by COVID-19. Corporate . The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in other operating costs and expenses for our corporate operations. Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2021 2020 in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 31.5 $ 20.3 $ 11.2 Network-related — 1.1 (1.1) Service-related 21.3 14.5 6.8 Facility, provision, franchise and other 22.1 11.7 10.4 Share-based compensation expense 62.9 52.4 10.5 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 137.8 $ 100.0 $ 37.8 • Personnel and contract labor: The organic increase is primarily attributable to higher salaries and other personnel costs, mainly resulting from higher staffing levels in the operations center in Panama. • Service-related: The organic increase is primarily due to an increase in professional services related to centralization efforts. • Facility, provision, franchise and other: The organic increase is primarily attributable to higher expenses associated with a mobile handset insurance program that began during the fourth quarter of 2020 following the closing of the AT&T Acquisition. Results of operations (below Adjusted OIBDA)—2021 compared to 2020 Share-based compensation expense (included in other operating costs and expenses) Share-based compensation expense increased $21 million during 2021, as compared to 2020, primarily due to additional awards granted during 2021 to our employees and Directors. For additional information regarding our share-based compensation, see note 17 to our consolidated financial statements. Depreciation and amortization Our depreciation and amortization expense increased $46 million or 5% during 2021, as compared to 2020, primarily due to the net effect of (i) increases attributable to assets acquired by Liberty Puerto Rico and, to a lesser extent, Costa Rica following the closing of the AT&T Acquisition and the Telefónica Costa Rica Acquisition, respectively, (ii) a decrease associated with certain assets becoming fully depreciated, (iii) an increase in property and equipment additions, primarily associated with the installation of CPE, baseline related additions and the expansion and upgrade of our networks and other capital initiatives, and (iv) a decrease at VTR as we ceased recording depreciation expense when we began accounting for the Chile JV Entities as held for sale. II-21 Impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net Year ended December 31, 2021 2020 in millions Impairment charges (a) $ 609.2 $ 277.7 Restructuring charges (b) 33.0 27.5 Other operating items, net (c) 22.8 70.1 Total $ 665.0 $ 375.3 (a) The 2021 amount primarily includes a goodwill impairment associated with our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment. The 2020 amount primarily includes goodwill impairment charges of $174 million at C&W Panama and $101 million at various reporting units within the C&W Caribbean and Networks segment, mostly related to the economic impacts associated with COVID-19. (b) Amounts include employee severance and termination costs related to certain reorganization activities and contract termination and other related charges, primarily at VTR and C&W Caribbean and Networks. (c) The 2021 amount includes direct acquisition costs, primarily related to the Telefónica Costa Rica Acquisition and a gain of $9 million on the disposition of certain B2B operations in our Liberty Puerto Rico segment that was completed in January 2021. The 2020 amounts primarily include direct acquisition costs related to the AT&T Acquisition. Interest expense Our interest expense decreased $6 million during 2021, as compared to 2020. The decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower weighted-average interest rates and (ii) higher average outstanding debt balances. For additional information regarding our outstanding indebtedness, see note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. It is possible that the interest rates on (i) any new borrowings could be higher than the current interest rates on our existing indebtedness and (ii) our variable-rate indebtedness could increase in future periods. As further discussed in note 5 to our consolidated financial statements and under Item 7A. Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk below, we use derivative instruments to manage our interest rate risks. Realized and unrealized gains or losses on derivative instruments, net Our realized and unrealized gains or losses on derivative instruments primarily include (i) unrealized changes in the fair values of our derivative instruments that are non-cash in nature until such time as the derivative contracts are fully or partially settled and (ii) realized gains or losses upon the full or partial settlement of the derivative contracts. The details of our realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2021 2020 in millions Cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts (a) (b) $ 565.4 $ (328.6) Foreign currency forward contracts 25.8 (7.8) Weather Derivatives (c) (27.1) (16.3) Total $ 564.1 $ (352.7) (a) The gains (losses) during 2021 and 2020 are primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) changes in FX rates, predominantly due to changes in the value of the Chilean peso relative to the U.S. dollar, and (ii) changes in interest rates. These amounts include gains (losses) associated with changes in our credit risk valuation adjustments of ($41 million) and $47 million, respectively, which for 2021 includes a net loss of $30 million related to the Chile JV Entities, and for 2020 was primarily due to increased credit risk stemming from market reaction to the COVID-19 outbreak. II-22 (b) The loss during 2020 includes a realized gain of $71 million associated with the settlement of certain cross-currency swaps at VTR in June 2020 that were unwound in connection with the July 2020 refinancing of certain VTR debt in 2020. For additional information regarding the refinancing, see note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. (c) Amounts represent the amortization of premiums associated with our Weather Derivatives. For additional information concerning our derivative instruments, see notes 5 and 6 to our consolidated financial statements and Item 7A. Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk below. Foreign currency transaction gains or losses, net Our foreign currency transaction gains or losses primarily result from the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than the underlying functional currency of the applicable entity. Unrealized foreign currency transaction gains or losses are computed based on period-end exchange rates and are non-cash in nature until such time as the amounts are settled. The details of our foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2021 2020 in millions U.S. dollar-denominated debt issued by a Chilean peso functional currency entity $ (249.3) $ 61.7 Intercompany payables and receivables denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency (48.4) (53.2) Other (a) (21.9) (7.3) Total $ (319.6) $ 1.2 (a) Primarily includes (i) third-party receivables and payables denominated in a currency other than an entity’s functional currency, (ii) cash denominated in a currency other than an entity’s functional currency and (iii) U.S. dollar-denominated debt issued by a CRC functional currency entity. Gains or losses on debt modification and extinguishment, net We recognized losses on debt modification and extinguishment, net, of $57 million and $45 million during 2021 and 2020, respectively. The losses during 2021 are associated with (i) the payment of redemption premiums and the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs related to the repayment of certain C&W Notes, (ii) the write-off of unamortized discounts and deferred financing costs related to the repayment of the 2026 SPV Credit Facility, (iii) the payment of breakage fees and the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs related to the repayments of the VTR TLB-1 Facility and VTR TLB-2 Facility, (iv) the payment of redemption premiums and the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs related to the repayment of the 2027 LPR Senior Secured Notes and (v) the payments of redemption premiums and the write-offs of unamortized deferred financing costs related to partial redemptions of the 2028 VTR Senior Secured Notes. The losses during 2020 are associated with (i) the payment of call premiums and the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs related to the repayment of certain senior notes then outstanding at VTR and (ii) the write-off of unamortized discounts and deferred financing costs associated with the repayment of the C&W Term Loan B-4 Facility. For additional information concerning our losses on debt modification and extinguishment, see note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. Other income or expense, net Our other income (expense), net, generally includes (i) certain amounts associated with our defined benefit plans, including interest expense and expected return on plan assets, and (ii) interest income on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash. We recognized other income (expense), net, of ($42 million) and $5 million during 2021 and 2020, respectively. The expense during 2021 primarily relates to an impairment associated with a cost method investment. The 2020 period reflects the net effect of (i) interest income, including interest we generated on restricted cash held in escrow in advance of the closing of the AT&T Acquisition, and (ii) other individually insignificant expenses. II-23 Income tax benefit or expense Liberty Latin America was formed as a corporation in Bermuda and, therefore, the “statutory” or “expected” tax rate for the 2021 and 2020 tax years is 0%, as we are exempt from income taxes on ordinary income and capital gains. However, a majority of our subsidiaries operate in jurisdictions where income tax is imposed at local applicable statutory rates. For additional information, see note 15 to our consolidated financial statements. We recognized income tax benefit (expense) of ($190 million) and $28 million during 2021 and 2020, respectively. The income tax expense attributable to our earnings before income taxes during 2021 differs from the amounts computed using the statutory tax rate, primarily due to detrimental effects of (i) net increases in valuation allowances, (ii) permanent tax differences, such as non deductible goodwill impairment and other non-deductible expenses, (iii) expiration of deferred tax assets (which are entirely offset by valuation allowance); and (iv) inclusion of withholding taxes on cross-border payments. These negative impacts to our effective tax rate were partially offset by the beneficial effects of (i) jurisdictional rate differences, (ii) changes in enacted tax rates (but which are nearly entirely offset by valuation allowance), and (iii) permanent tax differences, such as non-taxable income. The income tax benefit attributable to our loss before income taxes during 2020 differs from the amounts computed using the statutory tax rate (based on the Bermuda statutory tax rate of 0%), primarily due to the beneficial effects of (i) international rate differences, (ii) changes in enacted tax laws (but which are nearly entirely offset by valuation allowance), and (iii) net favorable changes in uncertain tax positions. These beneficial impacts to our effective tax rate were partially offset by the negative effects of (i) increases in valuation allowances, (ii) permanent items, such as non-deductible goodwill impairment and other non-deductible expenses, and (iii) the inclusion of withholding taxes on cross-border payments. Net earnings or loss The following table sets forth selected summary financial information of our net loss: Year ended December 31, 2021 2020 in millions Operating income $ 81.2 $ 93.2 Net non-operating expenses $ (381.8) $ (924.9) Income tax benefit (expense) $ (189.5) $ 27.8 Net loss $ (490.1) $ (803.9) Gains or losses associated with (i) changes in the fair values of derivative instruments and (ii) movements in foreign currency exchange rates are subject to a high degree of volatility and, as such, any gains from these sources do not represent a reliable source of income. In the absence of significant gains in the future from these sources or from other non-operating items, our ability to achieve earnings is largely dependent on our ability to increase our aggregate Adjusted OIBDA to a level that more than offsets the aggregate amount of our (i) share-based compensation expense, (ii) depreciation and amortization, (iii) impairment, restructuring and other operating items, (iv) interest expense, (v) other non-operating expenses and (vi) income tax expenses. Due largely to the fact that we seek to maintain our debt at levels that provide for attractive equity returns, as discussed under Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capitalization below, we expect that we will continue to report significant levels of interest expense for the foreseeable future. Net earnings or loss attributable to noncontrolling interests We reported net losses attributable to noncontrolling interests of $50 million and $122 million during 2021 and 2020, respectively. II-24 Year Ended December 31, 2020 as Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2019 Consolidated Adjusted OIBDA As further described above, consolidated Adjusted OIBDA is a non-U.S. GAAP measure. A reconciliation of total operating income (loss), the nearest U.S. GAAP measure, to Adjusted OIBDA on a consolidated basis, is presented below. Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 in millions Operating income $ 93.2 $ 325.8 Share-based compensation expense 97.5 57.5 Depreciation and amortization 918.7 889.9 Impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net 375.3 268.2 Consolidated Adjusted OIBDA $ 1,484.7 $ 1,541.4 The following table sets forth organic and non-organic changes in Adjusted OIBDA for the period indicated. C&W Caribbean and Networks C&W Panama Liberty Puerto Rico VTR Costa Rica Corporate Intersegment eliminations Consolidated in millions Adjusted OIBDA for the twelve months ending: December 31, 2019 $ 732.1 $ 227.6 $ 203.2 $ 381.7 $ 51.9 $ (55.1) $ — $ 1,541.4 Organic changes related to: Revenue (58.2) (82.5) 37.8 (28.6) 7.1 2.7 (3.8) (125.5) Programming and other direct costs 27.2 28.7 (6.1) 1.5 (1.5) — 3.3 53.1 Other operating costs and expenses 30.3 3.4 (14.0) (7.9) (2.6) 7.9 0.5 17.6 Non-organic increases (decreases): FX (11.8) — — (39.7) — — — (51.5) Acquisitions/disposition, net (6.4) — 56.0 — — — — 49.6 December 31, 2020 $ 713.2 $ 177.2 $ 276.9 $ 307.0 $ 54.9 $ (44.5) $ — $ 1,484.7 II-25 Adjusted OIBDA Margin The following table sets forth the Adjusted OIBDA margins of each of our reportable segments. Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 % C&W Caribbean and Networks 41.8 40.4 C&W Panama 35.4 39.1 Liberty Puerto Rico 44.4 49.3 VTR 37.9 40.6 Costa Rica 39.2 39.1 Adjusted OIBDA margin is impacted by organic changes in revenue, programming and other direct costs of services and other operating costs and expenses, as further discussed below, which include the impacts relating to COVID-19. The organic change in Adjusted OIBDA for the VTR segment, was negatively impacted by $21 million from foreign currency impact of contracts denominated in U.S. dollars during the year ended December 31, 2020, of which $15 million related to programming and the remaining in various other cost categories. The significant decrease in the Adjusted OIBDA margin for Liberty Puerto Rico is primarily related to lower Adjusted OIBDA margins associated with the new mobile operations following the closing of the AT&T Acquisition. Revenue The following table sets forth the changes in revenue by reportable segment. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) FX Acquisitions (disposition), net Organic 2020 2019 in millions C&W Caribbean and Networks $ 1,706.8 $ 1,812.8 $ (106.0) $ (33.7) $ (14.1) $ (58.2) C&W Panama 500.2 582.7 (82.5) — — (82.5) Liberty Puerto Rico 624.1 412.1 212.0 — 174.2 37.8 VTR 809.0 941.1 (132.1) (103.5) — (28.6) Costa Rica 140.0 132.7 7.3 0.2 — 7.1 Corporate (a) 2.7 — 2.7 — — 2.7 Intersegment eliminations (18.2) (14.4) (3.8) — — (3.8) Total $ 3,764.6 $ 3,867.0 $ (102.4) $ (137.0) $ 160.1 $ (125.5) (a) Amounts relate to services we provide for mobile handset insurance following the closing of the AT&T Acquisition. II-26 C&W Caribbean and Networks. C&W Caribbean and Networks’s revenue by major category is set forth below. Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2020 2019 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential revenue: Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 142.4 $ 150.1 $ (7.7) (5) Broadband internet 250.0 225.1 24.9 11 Fixed-line telephony 74.6 79.5 (4.9) (6) Total subscription revenue 467.0 454.7 12.3 3 Non-subscription revenue 42.2 47.5 (5.3) (11) Total residential fixed revenue 509.2 502.2 7.0 1 Residential mobile revenue: Service revenue 294.1 339.1 (45.0) (13) Interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other (a) 44.4 65.3 (20.9) (32) Total residential mobile revenue 338.5 404.4 (65.9) (16) Total residential revenue 847.7 906.6 (58.9) (6) B2B revenue: Service revenue 600.4 659.3 (58.9) (9) Subsea network revenue 258.7 246.9 11.8 5 Total B2B revenue 859.1 906.2 (47.1) (5) Total $ 1,706.8 $ 1,812.8 $ (106.0) (6) (a) Revenue from inbound roaming was $14 million and $34 million, respectively. The details of the changes in C&W Caribbean and Networks’s revenue during 2020, as compared to 2019, are set forth below (in millions). Increase (decrease) in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a) $ 27.7 ARPU (b) (10.9) Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue (c) (3.4) Total increase in residential fixed revenue 13.4 Decrease in residential mobile service revenue (d) (29.2) Decrease in residential mobile interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other (e) (20.9) Decrease in B2B service revenue (f) (38.0) Increase in B2B subsea network revenue (g) 16.5 Total organic decrease (58.2) Net impact of an acquisition and a disposal (14.1) Impact of FX (33.7) Total $ (106.0) (a) The increase is attributable to higher average broadband internet and video RGUs. The increase in broadband internet RGUs is partially attributable to an increase in telecommuting during COVID-19 due to work-from-home mandates. (b) The decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower ARPU from video and fixed-line telephony services and (ii) higher ARPU from broadband internet services. (c) The decrease is primarily attributable to lower volumes of interconnect revenue across our markets. II-27 (d) The decrease is primarily attributable to (i) lower ARPU from mobile services, as COVID-19 lockdowns and travel restrictions reduced (a) demand for mobile data services and (b) outbound roaming activity, and (ii) lower average prepaid mobile subscribers, primarily due to declines in the Bahamas, as a result of COVID-19 impacts. (e) The decrease is primarily attributable to an organic decrease of $18 million in inbound roaming fees, primarily related to travel restrictions associated with COVID-19. (f) The decrease is primarily due to (i) lower revenues from mobile and fixed services partially due to discounts and credits related to reduced or suspended service across our markets as a result of the COVID-19 lockdowns and (ii) lower wholesale interconnect revenues. (g) The increase is primarily attributable to (i) an increase associated with revenue recognized on a cash basis for services provided to a significant customer and (ii) an increase in the demand for telecommunications capacity on our subsea network during COVID-19. C&W Panama. C&W Panama’s revenue by major category is set forth below. Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2020 2019 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential revenue: Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 27.8 $ 31.0 $ (3.2) (10) Broadband internet 39.0 34.9 4.1 12 Fixed-line telephony 18.8 22.4 (3.6) (16) Total subscription revenue 85.6 88.3 (2.7) (3) Non-subscription revenue 11.8 14.5 (2.7) (19) Total residential fixed revenue 97.4 102.8 (5.4) (5) Residential mobile revenue: Service revenue 160.1 183.8 (23.7) (13) Interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other (a) 41.0 56.8 (15.8) (28) Total residential mobile revenue 201.1 240.6 (39.5) (16) Total residential revenue 298.5 343.4 (44.9) (13) B2B service revenue 201.7 239.3 (37.6) (16) Total $ 500.2 $ 582.7 $ (82.5) (14) (a) Revenue from inbound roaming was $2 million and $3 million, respectively. The details of the changes in C&W Panama’s revenue during 2020, as compared to 2019, are set forth below (in millions). Increase (decrease) in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a) $ 8.4 ARPU (b) (11.1) Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue (c) (2.7) Total decrease in residential fixed revenue (5.4) Decrease in residential mobile service revenue (d) (23.7) Decrease in residential mobile interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other revenue (e) (15.8) Decrease in B2B service revenue (f) (37.6) Total organic decrease $ (82.5) II-28 (a) The increase is primarily attributable to higher average broadband internet RGUs, partially attributable to an increase in telecommuting during COVID-19 due to work-from-home mandates. (b) The decrease is primarily due to lower ARPU from fixed-line telephony and video services. (c) The decrease is primarily attributable to (i) a decrease in payphone revenue and (ii) lower interconnect volumes. (d) The decrease is primarily attributable to (i) lower ARPU from mobile services , as COVID-19 lockdowns and travel restrictions negatively impacted customers’ ability to recharge handset devices, and (ii) lower average mobile subscribers, primarily resulting from the impacts of COVID-19 and competition. (e) The decrease is primarily attributable to (i) lower volumes of handset sales, as COVID-19 related lockdowns negatively impacted customers’ ability to purchase handsets and (ii) lower interconnect volumes. (f) The decrease is primarily due to (i) lower revenues from managed services, primarily driven by certain non-recurring projects that have been put on hold due to the economic uncertainty of the impact of COVID-19, (ii) lower revenues from mobile and fixed services partially due to discounts and credits related to reduced or suspended service as a result of the COVID-19 lockdowns. Liberty Puerto Rico. Liberty Puerto Rico’s revenue by major category is set forth below. Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2020 2019 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 147.2 $ 140.9 $ 6.3 4 Broadband internet 204.7 175.0 29.7 17 Fixed-line telephony 25.5 23.4 2.1 9 Total subscription revenue 377.4 339.3 38.1 11 Non-subscription revenue 17.7 21.7 (4.0) (18) Total residential fixed revenue 395.1 361.0 34.1 9 Residential mobile revenue: Service revenue 82.9 — 82.9 N.M. Interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other (a) 50.6 — 50.6 N.M. Total residential mobile revenue 133.5 — 133.5 N.M. Total residential revenue 528.6 361.0 167.6 46 B2B service revenue 89.8 51.1 38.7 76 Other revenue (b) 5.7 — 5.7 N.M. Total $ 624.1 $ 412.1 $ 212.0 51 N.M. — Not Meaningful. (a) Revenue from inbound roaming was $11 million in 2020. (b) Amount relates to funds received from the FCC related to Liberty Mobile following the closing of the AT&T Acquisition. II-29 The details of the changes in Liberty Puerto Rico’s revenue during the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to 2019, are set forth below (in millions). Increase in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a) $ 33.2 ARPU (b) 4.9 Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue (c) (4.0) Total increase in residential fixed revenue 34.1 Increase in B2B service (d) 3.7 Total organic increase 37.8 Impact of an acquisition 174.2 Total $ 212.0 (a) The increase is primarily attributable to higher average broadband internet RGUs, as we experienced increased demand due in part to the impact of COVID-19 work-from-home mandates. (b) The increase is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) higher ARPU from broadband internet and video services and (ii) a decrease resulting from credits issued to customers in connection with the earthquakes that impacted Puerto Rico in January 2020. (c) The decrease is primarily due to reconnect and late fee revenues, as such fees were generally waived during the second and third quarters in response to impacts of COVID-19. (d) The increase primarily relates to the transfer of certain B2B operations in Puerto Rico from our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment to our Liberty Puerto Rico segment. VTR . VTR’s revenue by major category is set forth below. Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2020 2019 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential revenue: Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 291.5 $ 346.4 $ (54.9) (16) Broadband internet 331.3 366.7 (35.4) (10) Fixed-line telephony 73.5 98.2 (24.7) (25) Total subscription revenue 696.3 811.3 (115.0) (14) Non-subscription revenue 18.5 25.1 (6.6) (26) Total residential fixed revenue 714.8 836.4 (121.6) (15) Residential mobile revenue: Service revenue 55.7 62.7 (7.0) (11) Interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other 8.2 12.0 (3.8) (32) Total residential mobile revenue 63.9 74.7 (10.8) (14) Total residential revenue 778.7 911.1 (132.4) (15) B2B service revenue 30.3 30.0 0.3 1 Total $ 809.0 $ 941.1 $ (132.1) (14) II-30 The details of the changes in VTR’s revenue during 2020, as compared to 2019, are set forth below (in millions). Decrease in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a) $ (4.4) ARPU (b) (21.7) Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue (c) (4.2) Total decrease in residential fixed revenue (30.3) Increase in residential mobile service revenue (d) 0.3 Decrease in residential mobile interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other revenue (e) (2.8) Increase in B2B service revenue (f) 4.2 Total organic decrease (28.6) Impact of FX (103.5) Total $ (132.1) (a) The increase is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) higher average broadband internet RGUs, partially attributable to an increase in telecommuting during COVID-19 due to work-from-home mandates, and (ii) lower average fixed-line telephony RGUs at VTR. (b) The decrease is primarily due to lower ARPU from (i) video, primarily attributable to declines associated with the cancellation of live soccer matches broadcast on our premium programming, and (ii) fixed-line telephony. (c) The decrease is primarily attributable to lower activations and installations as a result of COVID-19. (d) The increase is due to the net effect of (i) higher average numbers of mobile subscribers and (ii) lower ARPU from mobile services. (e) The decrease is primarily attributable to declines in (i) interconnect revenue due to decreased rates, partially offset by higher traffic, and (ii) handset sales due to the temporary closure of physical stores, as a result of COVID-19-related lockdowns. (f) The increase is largely attributable to higher broadband internet and fixed-line telephony services. Costa Rica. Costa Rica’s revenue by major category is set forth below. Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2020 2019 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential revenue: Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 79.1 $ 75.7 $ 3.4 4 Broadband internet 51.4 45.3 6.1 13 Fixed-line telephony 3.7 2.5 1.2 48 Total subscription revenue 134.2 123.5 10.7 9 Non-subscription revenue 5.8 9.2 (3.4) (37) Total $ 140.0 $ 132.7 $ 7.3 6 II-31 The details of the changes in Costa Rica’s revenue during 2020, as compared to 2019, are set forth below (in millions): Increase in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a) $ 9.9 ARPU (b) 0.6 Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue (c) (3.4) Total organic increase 7.1 Impact of FX 0.2 Total $ 7.3 (a) The increase is primarily attributable to higher average (i) broadband internet RGUs, partially attributable to an increase in telecommuting during COVID-19 due to work-from-home mandates, and (ii) video RGUs. (b) The increase is due to higher ARPU from video services. (c) The decrease is primarily attributable to lower equipment sales. Programming and other direct costs of services The following table sets forth the changes in programming and other direct costs of services on a consolidated basis. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Acquisition (disposition), net Organic 2020 2019 FX in millions Programming and copyright $ 389.3 $ 404.8 $ (15.5) $ (21.5) $ (0.9) $ 6.9 Interconnect 257.6 280.0 (22.4) (12.2) 11.1 (21.3) Equipment and other 199.1 193.0 6.1 (2.8) 47.6 (38.7) Total programming and other direct costs of services $ 846.0 $ 877.8 $ (31.8) $ (36.5) $ 57.8 $ (53.1) C&W Caribbean and Networks. The following table sets forth the changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment. Decrease from: Year ended December 31, Decrease FX Acquisition (disposition), net Organic 2020 2019 in millions Programming and copyright $ 88.8 $ 105.3 $ (16.5) $ (1.3) $ (2.8) $ (12.4) Interconnect 163.0 174.4 (11.4) (6.8) (2.6) (2.0) Equipment and other 59.1 75.0 (15.9) (0.9) (2.2) (12.8) Total programming and other direct costs of services $ 310.9 $ 354.7 $ (43.8) $ (9.0) $ (7.6) $ (27.2) • Programming and copyright: The organic decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower sports content costs and (ii) the net negative impact resulting from the reassessment and release of various accruals in certain of our markets during 2020 and 2019. • Interconnect and commissions: The organic decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower wholesale call volumes and (ii) the negative impact resulting from the reassessment of an accrual during 2019. II-32 • Equipment and other: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower volume of mobile handset sales. C&W Panama. The following table sets forth the changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our C&W Panama segment. Year ended December 31, Organic decrease 2020 2019 in millions Programming and copyright $ 13.9 $ 14.6 $ (0.7) Interconnect 41.1 52.0 (10.9) Equipment and other 74.0 91.1 (17.1) Total programming and other direct costs of services $ 129.0 $ 157.7 $ (28.7) • Interconnect and commissions: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower wholesale call volumes. • Equipment and other: The organic decrease is primarily due to (i) lower volume of mobile handset sales and (ii) a decrease driven by certain non-recurring projects that have been put on hold due to the economic uncertainty of the impact of COVID-19. Liberty Puerto Rico. The following table sets forth the changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our Liberty Puerto Rico segment. Increase from: Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 Increase Acquisition Organic in millions Programming and copyright $ 91.9 $ 85.0 $ 6.9 $ 1.9 $ 5.0 Interconnect 21.9 7.5 14.4 13.7 0.7 Equipment and other 50.5 0.3 50.2 49.8 0.4 Total programming and other direct costs of services $ 164.3 $ 92.8 $ 71.5 $ 65.4 $ 6.1 • Programming and copyright: The organic increase is primarily due to (i) a higher average number of video subscribers, (ii) an accrual recorded in the second quarter of 2020 related to an audit of programming services provided in 2018 and 2019 and (iii) higher programming rates. • Interconnect and commissions: The organic increase is primarily due to the transfer of certain B2B operations in Puerto Rico from our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment to our Liberty Puerto Rico segment during the first quarter of 2019. VTR. The following table sets forth the changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our VTR segment. Year ended December 31, Decrease Increase (decrease) from: 2020 2019 FX Organic in millions Programming and copyright $ 163.2 $ 170.9 $ (7.7) $ (20.3) $ 12.6 Interconnect 39.2 52.3 (13.1) (5.4) (7.7) Equipment and other 16.5 24.8 (8.3) (1.9) (6.4) Total programming and other direct costs of services $ 218.9 $ 248.0 $ (29.1) $ (27.6) $ (1.5) II-33 • Programming and copyright: The organic increase is primarily due to the net effect of (i) an increase of $15 million in the foreign currency impact of programming contracts denominated in U.S. dollars, and (ii) a net decrease in certain premium and basic content costs, primarily due to (a) a decline associated with the renegotiation of a programming contract that governs content rates for live soccer matches that were cancelled, (b) an increase in rates in other premium and basic content cost and (c) lower subscribers of other premium and basic content. • Interconnect and commissions: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower rates that were partially offset by higher volumes. • Equipment and other: The organic decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower volumes of equipment sales as a result of changes in market dynamics and customer usage due to COVID-19-related restrictions and (ii) an increase of $3 million in the foreign currency impact on costs of handsets sales. Costa Rica. The following table sets forth the changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our Costa Rica segment. Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Increase (decrease) from: 2020 2019 FX Organic in millions Programming and copyright $ 31.5 $ 29.0 $ 2.5 $ 0.1 $ 2.4 Interconnect 5.8 5.1 0.7 — 0.7 Equipment and other 1.7 3.3 (1.6) — (1.6) Total programming and other direct costs of services $ 39.0 $ 37.4 $ 1.6 $ 0.1 $ 1.5 • Programming and copyright: The organic increase is primarily due to higher sports content costs and higher subscribers of other premium and basic content. • Equipment and other: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower equipment sales. Other operating costs and expenses The following table sets forth the changes in other operating costs and expenses on a consolidated basis. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Acquisition (disposition), net Organic 2020 2019 FX in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 483.6 $ 500.4 $ (16.8) $ (13.0) $ 14.1 $ (17.9) Network-related 261.4 264.4 (3.0) (11.4) 1.1 7.3 Service-related 161.7 149.9 11.8 (5.0) 9.7 7.1 Commercial 168.1 172.6 (4.5) (11.2) 5.4 1.3 Facility, provision, franchise and other 359.1 360.5 (1.4) (8.4) 22.4 (15.4) Share-based compensation expense 97.5 57.5 40.0 (1.0) 0.8 40.2 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 1,531.4 $ 1,505.3 $ 26.1 $ (50.0) $ 53.5 $ 22.6 II-34 C&W Caribbean and Networks. The following table sets forth the changes in other operating costs and expenses for our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Acquisition (disposition), net Organic 2020 2019 FX in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 254.2 $ 270.6 $ (16.4) $ (5.1) $ 0.6 $ (11.9) Network-related 140.5 147.3 (6.8) (3.2) (1.4) (2.2) Service-related 70.6 70.6 — (0.6) 1.8 (1.2) Commercial 45.4 57.4 (12.0) (1.2) (0.3) (10.5) Facility, provision, franchise and other 171.9 180.0 (8.1) (2.8) (0.8) (4.5) Share-based compensation expense 28.4 16.5 11.9 (0.1) 0.8 11.2 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 711.0 $ 742.4 $ (31.4) $ (13.0) $ 0.7 $ (19.1) • Personnel and contract labor: The organic decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower salaries and other personnel costs, primarily associated with the benefit of certain ongoing restructuring activities, (ii) estimated bonus-related expenses that have been recognized as share-based compensation expense, as certain 2020 bonuses were paid in the form of equity, as further discussed below under S hare-based compensation expense , and (iii) lower capitalized labor costs due to the curtailment of certain projects as a result of the impact of COVID-19. • Commercial: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower marketing and sales costs, largely due to reductions in promotional and sponsorship costs, as a result of certain adverse economic impacts caused by the COVID-19 pandemic across our markets. • Facility, provision, franchise and other costs: The organic decrease is primarily due to the net effect of: ◦ lower (i) travel and entertainment costs and (ii) office-related expenses due to the curtailment of such costs as a result of the impact of COVID-19; ◦ an increase due to the negative impact of a decline in 2019 associated with withholding taxes on third-party supplier services, primarily related to the expiration of statute of limitations; ◦ lower insurance costs due in part to our Weather Derivative, as further described below and in notes 3 and 5 to our consolidated financial statements; and ◦ bad debt expense, which remained relatively unchanged, as (i) higher bad debt provisions due to the impacts of COVID-19, which during 2020 generally resulted in (a) delays in collections, (b) higher expected credit losses associated with certain B2B customers and (c) changes in our general expectations related to our customers’ ability to pay, were offset by (ii) the beneficial impacts of (a) a provision in 2019 related to certain B2B customers and (b) a provision in 2019 related to the impact of Hurricane Dorian. II-35 C&W Panama. The following table sets forth the changes in other operating costs and expenses for our C&W Panama segment. Year ended December 31, Organic increase (decrease) 2020 2019 in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 70.9 $ 70.2 $ 0.7 Network-related 39.7 43.0 (3.3) Service-related 13.3 15.8 (2.5) Commercial 20.5 22.0 (1.5) Facility, provision, franchise and other 49.6 46.4 3.2 Share-based compensation expense 2.7 0.9 1.8 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 196.7 $ 198.3 $ (1.6) • Personnel and contract labor: The organic increase is net of the impact of estimated bonus-related expense that has been recognized as share-based compensation expense, as certain 2020 bonuses were paid in the form of equity, as further discussed below under S hare-based compensation expense. • Facility, provision, franchise and other costs: The organic increase is primarily due to the net effect of (i) higher bad debt provisions during 2020, as the impacts of COVID-19 have generally resulted in (a) delays in collections, (b) higher expected credit losses associated with certain B2B customers and (c) changes in our general expectations related to our customers’ ability to pay, and (ii) the beneficial impact of an increase to the bad debt provision during 2019, primarily related to certain government customers. Liberty Puerto Rico. The following table sets forth the changes in other operating costs and expenses for our Liberty Puerto Rico segment. Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) from: 2020 2019 Increase Acquisition Organic in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 62.1 $ 39.5 $ 22.6 $ 13.5 $ 9.1 Network-related 6.7 4.5 2.2 2.5 (0.3) Service-related 24.9 10.6 14.3 7.9 6.4 Commercial 19.0 10.9 8.1 5.7 2.4 Facility, provision, franchise and other 70.2 50.6 19.6 23.2 (3.6) Share-based compensation expense 5.1 2.2 2.9 — 2.9 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 188.0 $ 118.3 $ 69.7 $ 52.8 $ 16.9 • Personnel and contract labor: The organic increase is primarily due to the net effect of (i) annual salary increases, (ii) higher sales commissions and (iii) estimated bonus-related expense that has been recognized as share-based compensation expense, as certain 2020 bonuses were paid in the form of equity, as further discussed below under Share-based compensation expense. • Service-related: The organic increase is primarily due to integration costs of $6 million associated with the AT&T Acquisition. • Facility, provision, franchise and other: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower bad debt expense driven by improved collections. II-36 VTR. The following table sets forth the changes in other operating costs and expenses for our VTR segment. Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Increase (decrease) from: 2020 2019 FX Organic in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 61.1 $ 75.7 $ (14.6) $ (8.0) $ (6.6) Network-related 67.2 63.2 4.0 (8.2) 12.2 Service-related 36.4 38.3 (1.9) (4.4) 2.5 Commercial 76.2 79.0 (2.8) (10.0) 7.2 Facility, provision, franchise and other 42.2 55.2 (13.0) (5.6) (7.4) Share-based compensation expense 8.2 4.8 3.4 (0.9) 4.3 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 291.3 $ 316.2 $ (24.9) $ (37.1) $ 12.2 • Personnel and contract labor: The organic decrease is primarily due to (i) a decrease in salary-related costs, which includes estimated bonus-related expense that has been recognized as share-based compensation expense, as certain 2020 bonuses were paid in the form of equity, as further discussed below under Share-based compensation expense , and (ii) higher capitalized labor costs associated with certain development-related projects. • Network-related: The organic increase is primarily due to (i) higher volumes of network access-related contracted labor and (ii) higher costs related to CPE refurbishment activity. • Service-related: The organic increase is primarily due to (i) higher professional consultancy services and (ii) increased information technology costs associated with software maintenance and support. • Commercial: The organic increase is primarily due to the net effect of (i) an increase in call center volumes as a result of the impact from COVID-19, (ii) a decrease in marketing and advertising expenses and (iii) higher sales commissions to third-party dealers. • Facility, provision, franchise and other costs: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower (i) travel and entertainment costs due to curtailment of such costs as a result of the impact of COVID-19, (ii) bad debt and collection expenses, (iii) facilities-related expenses and (iv) bank-related fees. Costa Rica. The following table sets forth the changes in other operating costs and expenses for our Costa Rica segment. Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Increase (decrease) from: 2020 2019 FX Organic in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 15.0 $ 15.8 $ (0.8) $ 0.1 $ (0.9) Network-related 8.6 7.9 0.7 — 0.7 Service-related 2.0 1.6 0.4 — 0.4 Commercial 7.0 3.3 3.7 — 3.7 Facility, provision, franchise and other 13.5 14.8 (1.3) — (1.3) Share-based compensation expense 0.7 0.1 0.6 — 0.6 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 46.8 $ 43.5 $ 3.3 $ 0.1 $ 3.2 • Commercial: The organic increase is primarily due to (i) higher sales commissions to third-party dealers and (ii) an increase in call center volumes as a result of the impact from COVID-19. • Facility, provision, franchise and other costs: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower bank-related fees. II-37 Corporate . The following tables set forth the changes in other operating costs and expenses for our corporate operations. Year ended December 31, Organic increase (decrease) 2020 2019 in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 20.3 $ 28.6 $ (8.3) Network-related 1.1 — 1.1 Service-related 14.5 13.0 1.5 Facility, provision, franchise and other 11.7 13.5 (1.8) Share-based compensation expense 52.4 33.0 19.4 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 100.0 $ 88.1 $ 11.9 • Personnel and contract labor: The organic decrease is primarily attributable to estimated bonus-related expense that has been recognized as share-based compensation expense, as certain 2020 bonuses were paid in the form of equity, as further discussed below under Share-based compensation expense . • Facility, provision, franchise and other: The organic decrease is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) lower travel and entertainment costs due to curtailment of such costs as a result of the impact of COVID-19 and (ii) higher expenses associated with a mobile handset insurance program that began during the fourth quarter of 2020 following the closing of the AT&T Acquisition. Results of operations (below Adjusted OIBDA)—2020 compared to 2019 Share-based compensation expense (included in other operating costs and expenses) Share-based compensation expense increased $40 million during 2020, as compared to 2019. This increase is primarily due to an increase of (i) $19 million related to estimated bonus-related expenses that was paid in the form of equity and (ii) $7 million related to the extension of the expiration period for certain Liberty Global awards held by our employees. Depreciation and amortization Our depreciation and amortization expense increased $29 million or 3% during 2020, as compared to 2019. The increase is primarily due to the net effect of (i) an increase in property and equipment additions, primarily associated with the installation of CPE, baseline additions, support-related equipment expenditures and the expansion and upgrade of our networks and other capital initiatives, and (ii) a decrease associated with certain assets becoming fully depreciated. Impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 in millions Impairment charges (a) $ 277.7 $ 204.8 Restructuring charges (b) 27.5 45.7 Other operating items, net (c) 70.1 17.7 Total $ 375.3 $ 268.2 (a) The 2020 amount primarily includes goodwill impairment charges of $174 million at C&W Panama and $99 million at various reporting units within the C&W Caribbean and Networks segment mostly related to the economic impacts associated with COVID-19. The 2019 amount primarily includes (i) $185 million related to an impairment of goodwill at C&W Panama and (ii) $17 million related to charges at C&W Caribbean and Networks primarily to reduce the carrying value of property and equipment as a result of the impact of Hurricane Dorian. II-38 (b) Amounts include employee severance and termination costs related to certain reorganization activities and contract termination and other related charges, primarily at VTR and C&W Caribbean and Networks. (c) The 2020 amounts primarily include direct acquisition costs related to the AT&T Acquisition. The 2019 amounts primarily include direct acquisition costs and disposition costs relate to the AT&T Acquisition and, to a lesser extent, the UTS Acquisition. Interest expense Our interest expense increased $34 million during 2020, as compared to 2019. The increase is primarily due to (i) the net effect of (a) higher average outstanding debt balances and (b) lower weighted-average interest rates and (ii) higher amortization of (a) discounts and premiums, net, and (b) deferred financing costs. Realized and unrealized gains or losses on derivative instruments, net The details of our realized and unrealized losses on derivative instruments, net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 in millions Cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts (a) (b) $ (328.6) $ (21.0) Foreign currency forward contracts (7.8) 9.4 Weather Derivatives (c) (16.3) (5.6) Total $ (352.7) $ (17.2) (a) The loss during 2020 includes a realized gain of $71 million associated with the settlement of certain cross-currency swaps at VTR in June 2020 that were unwound in connection with the July 2020 refinancing of certain VTR debt. For additional information regarding the refinancing, see note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. (b) The loss during 2020 is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) changes in interest rates and (ii) changes in FX rates, predominantly due to changes in the value of the Chilean peso relative to the U.S. dollar. In addition, the loss during 2020 includes a net gain of $47 million resulting from changes in our credit risk valuation adjustments, which are primarily due to increased credit risk stemming from market reaction to the COVID-19 outbreak. The loss during 2019 is primarily attributable to (i) changes in interest rates and (ii) changes in FX rates, predominantly due to changes in the value of the Chilean peso relative to the U.S. dollar. In addition, the loss during 2019 includes a net gain of $4 million resulting from changes in our credit risk valuation adjustments. (c) Amounts represent the amortization of the premiums associated with our Weather Derivatives. Foreign currency transaction gains or losses, net The details of our foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 in millions U.S. dollar-denominated debt issued by a Chilean peso functional currency entity $ 61.7 $ (98.4) Intercompany payables and receivables denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency (53.2) (10.0) British pound sterling-denominated debt issued by a U.S. dollar functional currency entity — (3.7) Other (7.3) (0.4) Total $ 1.2 $ (112.5) II-39 Gains or losses on debt modification and extinguishment, net We recognized losses on debt modification and extinguishment, net, of $45 million and $20 million during 2020 and 2019, respectively. The losses during 2020 are associated with (i) the payment of call premiums and the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs related to the repayment of certain senior notes then outstanding at VTR and (ii) the write-off of unamortized discounts and deferred financing costs associated with the repayment of the C&W Term Loan B-4 Facility. The loss during 2019 primarily includes the payment of redemption premiums. Other income or expense, net We recognized other income of $5 million and $14 million during 2020 and 2019, respectively. The amount during 2020 primarily relates to the net effect of (i) interest income, including interest we generated on restricted cash held in escrow in advance of the closing of the AT&T Acquisition, and (ii) other individually insignificant expenses. The amount during 2019 primarily relates to interest income. Income tax benefit or expense We recognized income tax benefit of $28 million and $100 million during 2020 and 2019, respectively. The income tax benefit attributable to our loss before income taxes during 2020 differs from the amounts computed using the statutory tax rate (based on the Bermuda statutory tax rate of 0%), primarily due to the beneficial effects of (i) international rate differences, (ii) changes in enacted tax laws (but which are nearly entirely offset by valuation allowance), and (iii) net favorable changes in uncertain tax positions. These beneficial impacts to our effective tax rate were partially offset by the negative effects of (i) increases in valuation allowances, (ii) permanent items, such as non-deductible goodwill impairment and other non-deductible expenses, and (iii) the inclusion of withholding taxes on cross-border payments. The income tax expense attributable to our loss before income taxes during 2019 differs from the amounts computed using the statutory tax rate (based on the Bermuda statutory tax rate of 0%), primarily due to the beneficial effects of (i) net favorable changes in uncertain tax positions, (ii) international rate differences, (iii) basis adjustments associated with investments in Liberty Latin America entities and (iv) enacted tax rate changes, which are offset by the detrimental effects of (i) increases in valuation allowances, (ii) non-deductible goodwill impairments and (iii) net unfavorable permanent difference. Net earnings or loss The following table sets forth selected summary financial information of our net loss for the periods indicated: Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 in millions Operating income $ 93.2 $ 325.8 Net non-operating expenses $ (924.9) $ (634.4) Income tax benefit $ 27.8 $ 100.2 Net loss $ (803.9) $ (208.4) Net earnings or loss attributable to noncontrolling interests We reported net losses attributable to noncontrolling interests of $122 million and $102 million during 2020 and 2019, respectively. Liquidity and Capital Resources Sources and Uses of Cash As of December 31, 2021, we have four primary “borrowing groups,” which include the respective restricted parent and subsidiary entities of C&W, Liberty Puerto Rico, VTR and Costa Rica. Our borrowing groups, which typically generate cash from operating activities, held a significant portion of our consolidated cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2021. Our ability to access the liquidity of these and other subsidiaries may be limited by tax and legal considerations, the presence of noncontrolling interests, foreign currency exchange restrictions with respect to certain C&W subsidiaries and other factors. For details of the restrictions on our subsidiaries to make payments to us through dividends, loans or other distributions see note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. II-40 Cash and cash equivalents The details of the U.S. dollar equivalent balances of our cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2021 are set forth in the following table (in millions): Cash and cash equivalents held by: Liberty Latin America and unrestricted subsidiaries: Liberty Latin America (a) $ 72.5 Unrestricted subsidiaries (b) 107.3 Total Liberty Latin America and unrestricted subsidiaries 179.8 Borrowing groups (c): C&W 562.9 Liberty Puerto Rico 157.7 VTR (d) 32.1 Costa Rica 24.2 Total borrowing groups 776.9 Total cash and cash equivalents $ 956.7 (a) Represents the amount held by Liberty Latin America on a standalone basis. (b) Represents the aggregate amount held by subsidiaries of Liberty Latin America that are outside of our borrowing groups. All of these companies rely on funds provided by our borrowing groups to satisfy their liquidity needs. (c) Represents the aggregate amounts held by the parent entity of the applicable borrowing group and their restricted subsidiaries. (d) Represents current excess cash of VTR retained by Liberty Latin America. Cash of $110 million associated with the Chile JV Entities has been reflected in assets held for sale on our December 31, 2021 consolidated balance sheet. Liquidity and capital resources of Liberty Latin America and its unrestricted subsidiaries Our current sources of corporate liquidity include (i) cash and cash equivalents held by Liberty Latin America and, subject to certain tax and legal considerations, Liberty Latin America’s unrestricted subsidiaries, and (ii) interest and dividend income received on our and, subject to certain tax and legal considerations, our unrestricted subsidiaries’ cash and cash equivalents and investments. From time to time, Liberty Latin America and its unrestricted subsidiaries may also receive (i) proceeds in the form of distributions or loan repayments from Liberty Latin America’s borrowing groups upon (a) the com