Liberty Latin America Ltd. 10-K

lila-20201231 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K ☑ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31 , 2020 OR ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission file number 001-38335 Liberty Latin America Ltd. (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) Bermuda 98-1386359 (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 2 Church Street, Hamilton HM 11 (Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: ( 441 ) 295-5950 or (303) 925-6000 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Trading Symbols Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered Class A Common Shares, par value $0.01 per share LILA The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC Class C Common Shares, par value $0.01 per share LILAK The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: none Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes þ No ¨ Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No þ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes þ No ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Check one: Large Accelerated Filer ☑ Accelerated Filer ☐ Non-Accelerated Filer ☐ Smaller Reporting Company ☐ Emerging Growth Company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No þ State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter: $ 1.5 billion. The number of outstanding common shares of Liberty Latin America Ltd. as of January 31, 2021 was: 49,011,035 Class A; 1,932,386 Class B; and 181,128,981 Class C. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the definitive proxy statement for the Registrant’s 2021 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K. LIBERTY LATIN AMERICA LTD. ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Number PART I Item 1. Business I- 1 Item 1A. Risk Factors I- 33 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments I- 53 Item 2. Properties I- 54 Item 3. Legal Proceedings I- 54 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures I- 54 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities II- 1 Item 6. Selected Financial Data II- 3 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations II- 4 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk II- 50 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data II- 54 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure II- 54 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures II- 54 Item 9B. Other Information II- 56 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance III- 1 Item 11. Executive Compensation III- 1 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters III- 1 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence III- 1 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services III- 1 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules IV- 1 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary IV- 4 PART I Item 1. BUSINESS (a) General Development of Business Liberty Latin America Ltd. ( Liberty Latin America ) is a registered company in Bermuda that primarily includes: (i) Cable & Wireless Communications Limited and its subsidiaries (collectively C&W ), which includes Cable & Wireless Panama, S.A. ( CWP ); (ii) Liberty Communications PR Holding LP and its subsidiaries (collectively Liberty Puerto Rico ), which include Liberty Communications of Puerto Rico LLC ( LCPR ) and, as of October 31, 2020 and as further described in note 4, Liberty Mobile Inc. and its subsidiaries ( Liberty Mobile ); (iii) VTR Finance N.V. and its subsidiaries (collectively VTR , which includes VTR.com SpA ( VTR.com )); and (iv) LBT CT Communications, S.A. and its subsidiary, Cabletica S.A. ( Cabletica ). VTR, Liberty Communications PR Holding LP and LCPR were formerly known as VTR Finance B.V., Leo Cable LP and Liberty Cablevision of Puerto Rico LLC, respectively. C&W owns less than 100% of certain of its consolidated subsidiaries, including The Bahamas Telecommunications Company Limited ( C&W Bahamas ) (a 49%-owned entity that owns all of our operations in the Bahamas), Cable & Wireless Jamaica Limited ( C&W Jamaica ) (a 92%-owned entity that owns the majority of our operations in Jamaica), and CWP (a 49%-owned entity that owns most of our operations in Panama). Liberty Latin America owns 80% of LBT CT Communications S.A. We are an international provider of fixed, mobile and subsea telecommunications services. We provide residential and business-to-business ( B2B ) services in (i) over 20 countries across Latin America and the Caribbean, through two of our reportable segments, “ C&W Caribbean and Networks ” and “ C&W Panama ”, (ii) Chile and Costa Rica, through our reportable segment, “ VTR/Cabletica ”, and (iii) Puerto Rico, through our reportable segment, Liberty Puerto Rico. Through our “ Networks & LatAm ” business, C&W Caribbean and Networks also provides (i) B2B services in certain other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and (ii) wholesale communication services over its subsea and terrestrial fiber optic cable networks that connect over 40 markets in that region. In the following text, the terms “ Liberty Latin America ,” “ we ,” “ our ,” “ our company ” and “ us ” may refer, as the context requires, to Liberty Latin America or collectively to Liberty Latin America and its subsidiaries. We were originally formed as a Bermuda company on July 11, 2017, as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Liberty Global plc ( Liberty Global ) under the name LatAm Splitco Ltd. and we changed our name to Liberty Latin America Ltd. on September 22, 2017. During October 2017, the Board of Directors of Liberty Global authorized a plan to distribute to the holders of its ordinary shares (the LiLAC Shares ) common shares in our company (the Split-Off ), which was completed on December 29, 2017. The LiLAC Shares were tracking shares, which were intended to reflect or “track” the economic performance of Liberty Global’s “ LiLAC Group ” rather than the economic performance of Liberty Global as a whole. The LiLAC Group comprised the same entities as Liberty Latin America at the time of the Split-Off. References in the following text to our assets, liabilities or businesses reflect the historical information of (i) certain former subsidiaries of Liberty Global for periods prior to the Split-Off and (ii) Liberty Latin America and its consolidated subsidiaries for the period following the Split-Off. Although Liberty Latin America was previously reported on a combined basis, the financial and operating information presented herein includes Liberty Latin America and its consolidated subsidiaries for all periods presented, unless stated otherwise. Developments in the Business We have expanded our footprint through fixed network new build and upgrade projects, mobile coverage expansion, and strategic acquisitions. Our new build projects consist of network programs pursuant to which we pass additional homes and businesses with our broadband communications network. We are also upgrading networks to increase broadband speeds and the services we can deliver for our customers. During the past three years, we passed or upgraded over 1.2 million additional homes and commercial premises. We have made strategic acquisitions to drive scale benefits across our business, enhancing our ability to innovate and deliver quality services, content and products to our customers. Within the last three years, we completed, or have entered into definitive agreements to complete, the following transactions: I-1 • the acquisition on October 31, 2020, of AT&T’s wireless and wireline operations in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands in an all-cash transaction (the AT&T Acquisition) based upon an enterprise value of $1.95 billion; • on July 30, 2020, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Telefónica S.A.’s operations in Costa Rica in an all-cash transaction based upon an enterprise value of $500 million on a cash- and debt-free basis (the Telefónica-Costa Rica Acquisition ). The transaction is subject to certain customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals, and is expected to close in the first half of 2021; • the disposition on November 5, 2019 of Cable & Wireless Seychelles based on an enterprise value of approximately $104 million to a consortium of local investors (the Seychelles Disposition ); • the acquisition on March 31, 2019 of an 87.5% stake from the government of Curacao in United Telecommunications Services N.V. ( UTS , and the acquisition, the UTS Acquisition ), which provides fixed and mobile services to the island nations of Curacao, St. Maarten, St. Martin, Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba, and on September 10, 2019 of the remaining 12.5% from the government of St. Maarten, each in an all cash transaction; • the acquisition on October 17, 2018 of Searchlight Capital Partners L.P.’s 40% interest in both Leo Cable LP and Leo Cable L.L.C., which in turn gave us 100% ownership of Liberty Puerto Rico, in exchange for 9,500,000 unregistered Class C common shares; and • the acquisition on October 1, 2018 of an 80% stake in Cabletica (the Cabletica Acquisition ), which is a leading cable operator in Costa Rica that provides television, broadband internet and fixed-line telephony services to residential customers, from Televisora de Costa Rica S.A. in an all cash transaction. For information regarding our material financing transactions, see note 10 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Forward-looking Statements Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. To the extent that statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are not recitations of historical fact, such statements constitute forward-looking statements, which, by definition, involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such statements. In particular, statements under Item 1. Business , Item 1A. Risk Factors , Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk may contain forward-looking statements, including statements regarding: our business, product, foreign currency and finance strategies; our property and equipment additions; grants or renewals of licenses; subscriber growth and retention rates; changes in competitive, regulatory and economic factors; the timing and impacts of proposed transactions, including the Telefónica-Costa Rica Acquisition; anticipated changes in our revenue, costs or growth rates; debt levels; our liquidity and our ability to access the liquidity of our subsidiaries; credit risks; the interest rate risks associated with the phasing out of LIBOR; internal control over financial reporting; foreign currency risks; compliance with debt, financial and other covenants; our future projected contractual commitments and cash flows; and other information and statements that are not historical fact. Where, in any forward-looking statement, we express an expectation or belief as to future results or events, such expectation or belief is expressed in good faith and believed to have a reasonable basis, but there can be no assurance that the expectation or belief will result or be achieved or accomplished. In evaluating these statements, you should consider the risks and uncertainties discussed under Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk , as well as the following list of some but not all of the factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from anticipated results or events: • economic and business conditions and industry trends in the countries in which we operate; • the competitive environment in the industries in the countries in which we operate, including competitor responses to our products and services; • fluctuations in currency exchange rates, inflation rates and interest rates; • our relationships with third-party programming providers and broadcasters and the ability to acquire programming; • our relationships with suppliers and licensors and the ability to maintain equipment, software and certain services; • instability in global financial markets, including sovereign debt issues and related fiscal reforms; I-2 • our ability to obtain additional financing and generate sufficient cash to meet our debt obligations; • the impact of restrictions contained in certain of our subsidiaries’ debt instruments; • consumer disposable income and spending levels, including the availability and amount of individual consumer debt; • changes in consumer viewing preferences and habits, including on mobile devices that function on various operating systems and specifications, limited bandwidth, and different processing power and screen sizes; • customer acceptance of our existing service offerings, including our video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony, mobile and business service offerings, and of new technology, programming alternatives and other products and services that we may offer in the future; • our ability to manage rapid technological changes; • the impact of 5G and wireless technologies on broadband internet; • our ability to maintain or increase the number of subscriptions to our video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony and mobile service offerings and our average revenue per household and mobile subscriber; • our ability to provide satisfactory customer service, including support for new and evolving products and services; • our ability to maintain or increase rates to our subscribers or to pass through increased costs to our subscribers; • the impact of our future financial performance, or market conditions generally, on the availability, terms and deployment of capital; • changes in, or failure or inability to comply with, government regulations in the countries in which we operate and adverse outcomes from regulatory proceedings; • government intervention that requires opening our broadband distribution networks to competitors; • our ability to renew necessary regulatory licenses, concessions or other operating agreements and to otherwise acquire future spectrum or other licenses that we need to offer new mobile data or other technologies or services; • our ability to obtain regulatory approval and satisfy other conditions necessary to close acquisitions and dispositions, and the impact of conditions imposed by competition and other regulatory authorities in connection with acquisitions, such as with respect to the Telefónica-Costa Rica Acquisition; • our ability to successfully acquire new businesses and, if acquired, to integrate, realize anticipated efficiencies from and implement our business plan with respect to the businesses we have acquired or that we expect to acquire, such as with respect to the Telefónica-Costa Rica Acquisition; • changes in laws or treaties relating to taxation, or the interpretation thereof, in the U.S. or in other countries in which we operate and the results of any tax audits or tax disputes; • changes in laws and government regulations that may impact the availability and cost of capital and the derivative instruments that hedge certain of our financial risks; • the ability of suppliers and vendors, including third-party channel providers and broadcasters (including our third-party wireless network provider under our mobile virtual network operator ( MVNO ) arrangement), to timely deliver quality products, equipment, software, services and access; • the availability of attractive programming for our video services and the costs associated with such programming, including retransmission and copyright fees payable to public and private broadcasters; • uncertainties inherent in the development and integration of new business lines and business strategies; • our ability to adequately forecast and plan future network requirements, including the costs and benefits associated with our network extension and upgrade programs; • the availability of capital for the acquisition and/or development of telecommunications networks and services, including property and equipment additions; • problems we may discover post-closing with the operations, including the internal controls and financial reporting process, of businesses we acquire, such as with respect to the AT&T Acquisition and the Telefónica-Costa Rica Acquisition; • the effect of any of the identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting; I-3 • piracy, targeted vandalism against our networks, and cybersecurity threats or other security breaches, including the leakage of sensitive customer data, which could harm our business or reputation; • the outcome of any pending or threatened litigation; • the loss of key employees and the availability of qualified personnel; • the effect of any strikes, work stoppages or other industrial actions that could affect our operations; • changes in the nature of key strategic relationships with partners and joint venturers; • our equity capital structure; • our ability to realize the full value of our intangible assets; • changes in and compliance with applicable data privacy laws, rules, and regulations; • our ability to recoup insurance reimbursements and settlements from third-party providers; • our ability to comply with economic and trade sanctions laws, such as the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control ( OFAC ); and • events that are outside of our control, such as political conditions and unrest in international markets, terrorist attacks, malicious human acts, hurricanes and other natural disasters, pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, and other similar events. The broadband distribution and mobile service industries are changing rapidly and, therefore, the forward-looking statements of expectations, plans and intent in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are subject to a significant degree of risk. These forward-looking statements and the above described risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to disseminate any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement. (b) Description of Business Overview We are a leading communications company with operations in Puerto Rico, Chile, Panama, Costa Rica, the Caribbean, including Jamaica, and other parts of Latin America . The communications and entertainment services that we deliver to our residential and business customers include video, broadband internet, telephony and mobile services. In most of our operating footprint, we offer a “triple-play” of bundled services of video, internet and telephony in one subscription. We are also focused on leveraging our full-service product suite to deliver fixed-mobile convergence offerings. Available fixed service offerings depend on the bandwidth capacity of a particular system and whether it has been upgraded for two-way communications. Our business products and services also include enterprise-grade connectivity, data center, hosting and managed solutions, as well as IT solutions with customers ranging from small and medium enterprises to international companies and governmental agencies. We also operate an extensive subsea and terrestrial fiber optic cable network that connects over 40 markets in the region, providing connectivity solutions both within and outside our operating footprint. We are the largest fixed-line provider of high-speed broadband and video services across a number of our markets, including Puerto Rico, Chile, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. We also operate the largest telephony network in most of our C&W markets where we provide residential communications services. In addition, we offer mobile services throughout most of our operating footprint, including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Across C&W’s markets, we are a mobile network operator in Panama and most of our Caribbean markets, including the Bahamas and Jamaica. As a network provider, we are able to offer a full range of voice and data services, including value-added, data-based and fixed-mobile converged services. In Chile, VTR provides mobile services as an MVNO and leases a third-party’s radio access network. For a breakdown of revenue by major category, see note 21 to our consolidated financial statements in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. I-4 Our operating brands include the following: C&W VTR.com Liberty Puerto Rico Cabletica Trends in Market Demand In December 2019, COVID-19 was reported in Wuhan, China. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a “pandemic,” pointing to the sustained risk of further global spread. To date, confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been experienced in each of the markets in which we operate. During 2020, COVID-19 has negatively impacted our operations, primarily within our C&W Caribbean and Networks, C&W Panama and VTR/Cabletica segments, due to resulting lockdowns, moratoriums, cancellation of live sporting events, and mobility, travel and tourism restrictions across many of the markets in which we operate. The implications of these restrictions have been (i) the issuance of discounts to customers, (ii) the pause in certain managed service projects, particularly with government agencies, (iii) at VTR, customers experiencing network connection-related issues stemming from the significant increase, over a short period of time, in the capacity usage by our customers, and (iv) delayed or deferred customer payments and increased customer churn. In VTR, our most competitive consumer fixed market, we experienced increased revenue generating unit churn during the third quarter following network challenges related to the increased bandwidth demand earlier in the year. We have carried out a number of operational actions to improve the experience for our customers. Within our mobile operations, the lockdowns negatively impacted, primarily at C&W Caribbean and Networks and C&W Panama during the second quarter of 2020, our customers’ ability to recharge their prepaid mobile devices. In addition, we experienced declines in inbound roaming activity as a result of travel restrictions and reduced tourism activities in the markets in which we operate. These factors collectively resulted in declines in revenue within our B2B and mobile operations and lower ARPU (as defined below) associated with our residential fixed subscription services. Given the impacts of COVID-19 continue to rapidly evolve, the extent to which COVID-19 may further impact our financial condition or results of operations continues to be uncertain and cannot be predicted at this time. I-5 Operating Data The following tables present certain operating data as of December 31, 2020. The tables reflect 100% of the data applicable to each of our reportable segments, and for the key markets within the segments of C&W Caribbean and Networks, C&W Panama and VTR/Cabletica, regardless of our ownership percentage. For additional information regarding terms used in the following tables, see the Operating Data Glossary below. Homes Passed Two-way Homes Passed Customer Relationships Total RGUs Video RGUs Internet RGUs Telephony RGUs Total Mobile Subscribers (d) C&W Caribbean and Networks: Jamaica 613,700 613,700 296,700 634,200 128,400 259,600 246,200 992,300 The Bahamas 120,900 120,900 35,300 68,200 7,400 26,400 34,400 181,100 Trinidad and Tobago 334,600 334,600 157,000 332,500 106,200 140,100 86,200 — Barbados 140,400 140,400 82,400 174,200 33,700 69,400 71,100 118,600 Other 331,700 311,900 233,900 374,100 77,800 177,300 119,000 394,500 Total C&W Caribbean and Networks 1,541,300 1,521,500 805,300 1,583,200 353,500 672,800 556,900 1,686,500 C&W Panama (a) (b) 687,900 687,900 184,700 405,500 89,900 155,900 159,700 1,461,900 Total C&W 2,229,200 2,209,400 990,000 1,988,700 443,400 828,700 716,600 3,148,400 VTR/Cabletica: VTR 3,848,600 3,424,700 1,465,800 2,848,800 1,065,500 1,286,100 497,200 280,300 Cabletica 633,000 627,100 268,300 443,200 206,900 214,800 21,500 — Total VTR/Cabletica (c) 4,481,600 4,051,800 1,734,100 3,292,000 1,272,400 1,500,900 518,700 280,300 Liberty Puerto Rico (d) 1,137,700 1,137,700 480,500 905,600 235,200 434,300 236,100 1,022,600 Total 7,848,500 7,398,900 3,204,600 6,186,300 1,951,000 2,763,900 1,471,400 4,451,300 (a) RGU balances do not include 58,600 RGUs that, due to the impact of COVID-19, have not been disconnected in accordance with our normal disconnect policy for non-payment and continue to receive services. (b) During the fourth quarter of 2020, we announced that we would shut down our DTH operations in Panama, which went into effect in January 2021, and as such, the associated customer relationships and RGUs are no longer included in our subscriber count. (c) Our homes passed in Costa Rica include 40,000 homes on a third-party network that provides us long-term access. (d) On October 31, 2020, we closed the AT&T Acquisition at which point Liberty Puerto Rico began to provide mobile services. Mobile subscriber information associated with the AT&T Acquisition is preliminary and subject to adjustment until we have completed our review of such information and determined that it is presented in accordance with our policies. RGU balances do not include 11,200 fixed RGUs representing customers that, due to the impact of COVID-19, have not been disconnected in accordance with our normal disconnect policy for non-payment and were moved to an "essential services plan", a basic service plan. I-6 (d) Mobile subscribers comprise the following: Prepaid Postpaid Total C&W Caribbean and Networks: Jamaica 970,000 22,300 992,300 The Bahamas 150,800 30,300 181,100 Barbados 88,400 30,200 118,600 Other 346,500 48,000 394,500 Total C&W Caribbean and Networks 1,555,700 130,800 1,686,500 C&W Panama (a) 1,338,900 123,000 1,461,900 Total C&W 2,894,600 253,800 3,148,400 VTR 11,300 269,000 280,300 Liberty Puerto Rico (b) 239,000 783,600 1,022,600 Total 3,144,900 1,306,400 4,451,300 (a) RGU balances do not include 12,400 mobile subscribers that, due to the impact of COVID-19, have not been disconnected in accordance with our normal disconnect policy for non-payment and continue to receive services. (b) Postpaid mobile subscribers include 126,800 Corporate Responsible Users ( CRU ). A CRU represents an individual receiving mobile services through an organization that has entered into a contract for mobile services with us and the organization is responsible for the payment of the CRU’s mobile services. Mobile subscriber information associated with the AT&T Acquisition is preliminary and subject to adjustment until we have completed our review of such information and determined that it is presented in accordance with our policies. I-7 Operating Data Glossary Customer Relationships – The number of customers who receive at least one of our video, internet or telephony services that we count as RGUs, without regard to which or to how many services they subscribe. To the extent that RGU counts include equivalent billing unit (“ EBU ”) adjustments, we reflect corresponding adjustments to our customer relationship counts. For further information regarding our EBU calculation, see Additional General Notes below. Customer relationships generally are counted on a unique premises basis. Accordingly, if an individual receives our services in two premises (e.g., a primary home and a vacation home), that individual generally will count as two customer relationships. We exclude mobile-only customers from customer relationships. Homes Passed – Homes, residential multiple dwelling units or commercial units that can be connected to our networks without materially extending the distribution plant. Certain of our homes passed counts are based on census data that can change based on either revisions to the data or from new census results. Internet (Broadband) RGU – A home, residential multiple dwelling unit or commercial unit that receives internet services over our network. Mobile Subscribers – Our mobile subscriber count represents the number of active subscriber identification module (“ SIM ”) cards in service rather than services provided. For example, if a mobile subscriber has both a data and voice plan on a smartphone this would equate to one mobile subscriber. Alternatively, a subscriber who has a voice and data plan for a mobile handset and a data plan for a laptop (via a dongle) would be counted as two mobile subscribers. Customers who do not pay a recurring monthly fee are excluded from our mobile telephony subscriber counts after periods of inactivity ranging from 30 to 60 days, based on industry standards within the respective country. In a number of countries, our mobile subscribers receive mobile services pursuant to prepaid contracts. Revenue Generating Unit (RGU) – RGU is separately a video RGU, internet RGU or telephony RGU. A home, residential multiple dwelling unit, or commercial unit may contain one or more RGUs. For example, if a residential customer in Chile subscribed to our video service, fixed-line telephony service and broadband internet service, the customer would constitute three RGUs. RGUs are generally counted on a unique premises basis such that a given premises does not count as more than one RGU for any given service. On the other hand, if an individual receives one of our services in two premises (e.g., a primary home and a vacation home), that individual will count as two RGUs for that service. Each bundled video, internet or telephony service is counted as a separate RGU regardless of the nature of any bundling discount or promotion. Non-paying subscribers are counted as RGUs during their free promotional service period. Some of these subscribers may choose to disconnect after their free service period. Services offered without charge on a long-term basis (e.g., VIP subscribers or free service to employees) generally are not counted as RGUs. We do not include subscriptions to mobile services in our externally reported RGU counts. In this regard, our RGU counts exclude our separately reported postpaid and prepaid mobile subscribers. SOHO - Small office/ home office customers. Telephony RGU – A home, residential multiple dwelling unit or commercial unit that receives voice services over our network. Telephony RGUs exclude mobile subscribers. Two-way Homes Passed – Homes passed by those sections of our networks that are technologically capable of providing two-way services, including video, internet and telephony services. Video RGU – A home, residential multiple dwelling unit or commercial unit that receives our video service over our network primarily via a digital video signal while subscribing to any recurring monthly service that requires the use of encryption-enabling technology. Video RGUs that are not counted on an EBU basis are generally counted on a unique premises basis. For example, a subscriber with one or more set-top boxes that receives our video service in one premises is generally counted as just one RGU. Additional General Notes: Most of our operations provide telephony, broadband internet, data, video or other B2B services. Certain of our B2B service revenue is derived from SOHO customers that pay a premium price to receive enhanced service levels along with video, internet or telephony services that are the same or similar to the mass marketed products offered to our residential subscribers. All mass marketed products provided to SOHO customers, whether or not accompanied by enhanced service levels and/or premium prices, are included in the respective RGU and customer counts of our operations, with only those services provided at premium prices considered to be “SOHO RGUs” or “SOHO customers.” To the extent our existing customers upgrade from a residential product offering to a SOHO product offering, the number of SOHO RGUs and SOHO customers will increase, but there is no impact to our total RGU or customer counts. With the exception of our B2B SOHO customers, we generally do not count customers of B2B services as customers or RGUs for external reporting purposes. I-8 Certain of our residential and commercial RGUs are counted on an EBU basis, including residential multiple dwelling units and commercial establishments, such as bars, hotels, and hospitals, in Chile and Puerto Rico. Our EBUs are generally calculated by dividing the bulk price charged to accounts in an area by the most prevalent price charged to non-bulk residential customers in that market for the comparable tier of service. As such, we may experience variances in our EBU counts solely as a result of changes in rates. While we take appropriate steps to ensure that subscriber and homes passed statistics are presented on a consistent and accurate basis at any given balance sheet date, the variability from country to country in (i) the nature and pricing of products and services, (ii) the distribution platform, (iii) billing systems, (iv) bad debt collection experience and (v) other factors add complexity to the subscriber and homes passed counting process. We periodically review our subscriber and homes passed counting policies and underlying systems to improve the accuracy and consistency of the data reported on a prospective basis. Accordingly, we may from time to time make appropriate adjustments to our subscriber and homes passed statistics based on those reviews. Fixed Network and Product Penetration Data (%) Panama Jamaica The Bahamas Trinidad and Tobago Barbados Other C&W Chile Costa Rica Puerto Rico Network data: Two-way homes passed (1) 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 94 % 89 % 99 % 100 % Homes passed: Cable (2) 59 % 45 % 31 % 100 % — % 68 % 96 % 97 % 98 % FTTx (2) 24 % 14 % 35 % — % 100 % 12 % 4 % 3 % 2 % VDSL (2) 16 % 41 % 34 % — % — % 20 % — % — % — % Product penetration: Television (3) 13 % 21 % 6 % 32 % 24 % 23 % 28 % 33 % 21 % Broadband internet (4) 23 % 42 % 22 % 42 % 49 % 57 % 38 % 34 % 38 % Fixed-line telephony (4) 23 % 40 % 28 % 26 % 51 % 38 % 15 % 3 % 21 % Double-play (5) 42 % 38 % 52 % 9 % 32 % 32 % 36 % 51 % 11 % Triple-play (5) 39 % 38 % 21 % 51 % 40 % 14 % 29 % 7 % 39 % (1) Percentage of total homes passed that are two-way homes passed. (2) Percentage of two-way homes passed served by a cable, fiber-to-the-home/-cabinet/-building/-node ( FTTx ) or digital subscriber line ( DSL ) network, as applicable. “ VDSL ” refers to both our DSL and very high-speed DSL technology networks. (3) Percentage of total homes passed that subscribe to television services. (4) Percentage of two-way homes passed that subscribe to broadband internet or fixed-line telephony services, as applicable. (5) Percentage of total customers that subscribe to two services (double-play customers) or three services (triple-play customers) offered by our operations (video, broadband internet and fixed-line telephony), as applicable. I-9 Video, Broadband Internet & Fixed-Line Telephony and Mobile Services Panama Jamaica The Bahamas Trinidad and Tobago Barbados Other C&W Chile Costa Rica Puerto Rico Video services: Network System (1) VDSL/HFC/FTTx VDSL/HFC/FTTx VDSL/FTTx HFC FTTx VDSL/HFC/FTTx HFC/FTTx HFC/FTTx HFC / FTTx Broadband internet service: Maximum download speed offered ( Mbps ) 600 150 300 500 1,000 100 (2) 600 200 500 Mobile services: Network Technology (3) LTE LTE LTE — LTE LTE / HSPA+ LTE — 5G (1) These are the primary systems used for delivery of services in the countries indicated. “ HFC ” refers to hybrid fiber coaxial cable networks. (2) Represents an average as speeds vary by market. (3) Fastest available technology. “ LTE” refers to the Long Term Evolution Standard. “ HSPA+ ” refers to Evolved High Speed Packet Access. I-10 Products and Services We offer our customers a comprehensive set of converged mobile, broadband, video and fixed-line telephony services. In the table below, we identify the services we offer in each of the countries in the Caribbean and Latin America where we have operations. Mobile Broadband internet Video Fixed-line telephony C&W: Anguilla X X X X Antigua & Barbuda X X X — Barbados X X X X Bonaire X — — — British Virgin Islands X X X X Cayman Islands X X X X Curaçao X X X X Dominica X X X X Grenada X X X X Jamaica X X X X Montserrat X X — X Saba X — — — St. Eustatius X — — — St. Maarten X X — — St. Martin X — — — St. Kitts & Nevis X X X X St. Lucia X X X X St. Vincent & the Grenadines X X X X The Bahamas X X X X Trinidad and Tobago — X X X Turks & Caicos X X X X Panama X X X X VTR/Cabletica: Chile X X X X Costa Rica — X X X Puerto Rico X X X X We believe that our ability to offer our customers greater choice and selection in bundling their services enhances the attractiveness of our service offerings, improves customer retention, minimizes churn and increases overall customer lifetime value. Residential Services Mobile Services . We offer mobile services throughout most of our operating footprint. We are a mobile network provider, delivering high-speed services in Puerto Rico, Panama and all but one of our Caribbean markets, but excluding Costa Rica. In Chile, we provide mobile services as an MVNO, where VTR leases a third-party’s radio access network. As a mobile network provider, we are able to offer a full range of voice and data services, including value-added services. Where available, we expect our mobile services will allow us to provide an extensive converged product offering with video, internet and fixed-line telephony, allowing our customers connectivity in and out-of-the-home. We hold spectrum licenses as a mobile network provider, with terms typically ranging from 10 to 15 years across our C&W markets. In Puerto Rico, spectrum licenses are typically held for perpetuity with the exception of CBRS spectrum which has a term of 10 years. I-11 Subscribers to our mobile services pay varying monthly fees depending on whether the mobile service is bundled with one of our other services or includes mobile data services over their phones, tablets or laptops. Our mobile services are available on a postpaid or prepaid basis. We offer our customers the option to purchase mobile handsets with purchase terms typically related to whether the customer selects a prepaid or postpaid plan. Customers selecting a prepaid plan or service pay in advance for a pre-determined amount of airtime and/or data and generally do not enter into a minimum contract term. Customers subscribing to a postpaid plan generally enter into contracts ranging from 12 to 24 months. The long-term contracts are often taken with a subsidized mobile handset. Our mobile services include voice, SMS and internet access via data plans. Broadband Internet Services . To support our customers’ expectations for seamless connectivity, we are expanding our networks to make ultrafast broadband available to more people. This includes investment in the convergence of our fixed and mobile data systems and making wireless systems available in the home. During 2020, our Network Extension programs (as defined and described below) passed approximately 387,000 homes across Liberty Latin America. We provide next generation WiFi and telephony gateway products to our subscribers. These products enable us to maximize the impact of our ultrafast broadband networks by providing reliable wireless connectivity anywhere in the home. These gateway products can be self-installed and have an automatic WiFi optimization function, which selects the best possible wireless frequency. The internet speeds we offer are one of our differentiators, as customers spend more time streaming video and other bandwidth-heavy services on multiple devices. As a result, we are continuing to invest in additional bandwidth and technologies to increase internet speeds throughout our Latin America and Caribbean footprint. We plan to continue the upgrade and expansion of our fixed networks so that we can deploy high-speed internet service to additional customers in the coming years. Our residential subscribers access the internet via DSL over our fixed-line telephony networks, FTTx or hybrid fiber coaxial cable networks and with cable modems connected to their internet capable devices, including personal computers, or wirelessly via next generation WiFi and telephony gateway products. In each of our markets, we offer multiple tiers of internet service. The speed of service depends on location and the tier of service selected by our subscribers. Our value-added services include security measures and online storage. Mobile broadband internet services are also available through our mobile services described above. Subscribers to our internet service pay a monthly fee based on the tier of service selected. In addition to the monthly fee, customers pay an activation service fee upon subscribing to an internet service. This one-time fee may be waived for promotional reasons. We determine pricing for each different tier of internet service through an analysis of speed, market conditions and other factors. Video Services . We offer video services in Puerto Rico, Chile, Costa Rica, and in most of C&W’s residential markets. To meet the demands of our customers, we have enhanced our video services with next generation, market-leading digital television platforms that enable our customers to control when and where they watch their programming. These advanced services are delivered over our FTTx, VDSL and hybrid fiber coaxial cable networks and include a digital video recorder ( DVR ), a video-on-demand ( VoD ) offering and an advanced electronic programming guide. In most of our markets, customers can pause their programming while a live broadcast is in progress as well as access a selection of channels and VoD content through a mobile application. We have also launched “Replay TV” in many of our markets. Replay TV allows a viewer to watch a TV program from the beginning after it has started or has concluded. In Chile, our TV Everywhere app (branded “VTR Play”) extends the advanced video viewing experience to connected devices beyond the set-top box, including mobile phones and tablets. In our Caribbean video markets and Panama, we offer a comprehensive internet streaming video service (branded “ Flow ToGo ” and “ +TV Go ”) that allows our video customers to stream an increasing number of channels with a broadband connection in and out of the home and on multiple devices. In Puerto Rico, our video customers can watch their favorite channels on the TiVO serviced Liberty Go app as well as access over 65 applications from content providers to watch streamed linear and VoD programming by authenticating as a Liberty Puerto Rico customer. Our operations with video services offer multiple tiers of digital video programming starting with a basic video service. In addition, subscribers have the option to select extended and/or premium subscription tiers. Fixed digital video services require a set-top box provided by us that also enables access to enhanced features such as VoD. Subscribers to our basic digital video services pay a fixed monthly fee and generally can elect to receive, in most of our markets, a skinny entry tier or a basic tier, including a number of high definition ( HD ) channels. We also offer a variety of premium packages combining linear channels and VoD. In the few markets where our analog service is still available, including Costa Rica, subscribers to that service typically receive fewer channels than subscribers to our digital services, with the number of channels dependent on their location. Subscribers to our digital services in each case receive the channels available through our analog service. In all of our video operations, we continue to upgrade our systems to expand our digital services and encourage our remaining analog I-12 subscribers to convert to a digital or premium digital service. Discounts to our monthly service fees are generally available to a subscriber who selects a bundled service of at least two of the following services: video, internet and fixed-line telephony. We tailor our video services in each country of operation based on local preferences, culture, demographics and local regulatory requirements. Our channel offerings include the most relevant content to our subscribers, combining general entertainment, sports, movies, documentaries, lifestyle, news, adult, children and foreign channels, as well as local, regional and international broadcast networks. We also operate several channels in the Caribbean, including a leading Caribbean sports network, Flow Sports, and through a consolidated joint venture, RUSH, the channel operating the rights to broadcast the Premier League across the Caribbean (excluding Puerto Rico). Telephony Services . C&W is the incumbent fixed-line telephony service provider in most of its residential markets. VTR is the second largest residential fixed-line telephony operator, and a leading provider within its footprint. LCPR and Cabletica also offer telephony services over their respective cable networks. We offer multi-feature telephony service over our various fixed networks, including cable, FTTx and copper networks. Depending on location, these services are provided via either circuit-switched telephony or voice-over-internet-protocol ( VoIP ) technology. As we continue to develop and invest in new technologies that will enhance our customers’ experiences, we are replacing obsolete switches with VoIP technology and older copper networks with modern fiber optics. These digital telephony services cover international and domestic services. Business Services C&W is one of the largest business service providers in its markets, and business services represent a significant portion of C&W’s revenue. We offer cloud-based integrated communication services, connectivity and wholesale solutions to carriers and businesses throughout the Caribbean and in parts of Latin America via our subsea and terrestrial fiber optic cable networks. Our systems include long-haul terrestrial backbone and metro fiber networks that provide access to major commercial zones, wireless carrier cell sites and customers in key markets within our operating footprint. Our networks deliver critical infrastructure for the transit of growing traffic from businesses, governments and other telecommunications operators across the region, particularly to the high-traffic destination of the United States. I-13 Below is a map of our subsea fiber network. I-14 With over 50,000 km of fiber optic cable, and a capacity of over 3 terabits per second ( Tbps ), C&W is able to carry large volumes of voice and data traffic on behalf of our customers, businesses and carriers. C&W’s networks also allow us to provide point-to-point, clear channel wholesale broadband capacity services and IP transit, superior switching and routing capabilities and local network services to telecommunications carriers, internet service providers ( ISPs ) and large corporations. In the case of outages on portions of the cable systems, our network provides inbuilt resiliency through our traffic re-routing capability. C&W has received recognition for its wholesale services. In 2020, C&W was recognized by Frost & Sullivan with the Latin American and Caribbean Hosted IP Telephony and UCaaS Growth Excellence Frost Radar Award. Our C&W Caribbean and Networks business was named the Best Marketing Team and Best Social Media Campaign at the 2020 Global Carrier Awards. We hold several notable certifications, including the International ISO 27001 Certification, which reinforces the commitment to customer data safety, as well as CISCO Cloud and Managed Services Partner Master Certification, along with several others such as SOC 1 Type 2 and SOC 2 Type 2 attestations and PCI-DSS for select services. We also provide services to business customers across various segments, from small and medium businesses to larger corporate and enterprise organizations including multi-national companies and governments. We work with our business customers to customize the information and communication services they require. We target specific industry segments, such as financial institutions, the hospitality sector, education institutions and government ministries and agencies. We have agreements to provide our services over fully managed and monitored network bandwidth, dedicated fiber lines and third-party fiber networks. We offer tailored solutions that combine our standard services with value-added features, such as dedicated customer care and enhanced service performance monitoring, to meet specific customer requirements. Our business products and services include voice, broadband, enterprise-grade connectivity, network security, unified communications and a range of cloud based IT solutions, such as Infrastructure as a Service ( IaaS ), disaster recovery and other service offerings. We also offer a range of data, voice and internet services to carriers, ISPs and mobile operators. Our extensive fiber optic cable networks allow us to typically deliver redundant, end-to-end connectivity. Our networks also allow us to provide business customers our services over fiber lines and local networks; thereby, seamlessly connecting businesses anywhere in the region. We continuously enhance our capabilities and offerings to be the preferred provider for the business market. Our business services fall into five broad categories: • VoIP and circuit-switch telephony, on-premise and hosted private branch exchange solutions and conferencing options, hosted contact center solutions; • Data services for internet access, virtual private networks, high capacity point-to-point, point-to-multi-point and multi-point-to-multi-point services, managed networking services such as wide area networks and WiFi networks; • Wireless services for mobile voice and data; • Interactive TV service with specialized channel lineups for targeted industries; and • Value added services, including cloud IT services such as disaster recovery as a service, backup services, and IaaS ; managed network security services; and specialized services such as digital signage, retail analytics and location based marketing. The extensive reach of our network and assets, as well as our comprehensive set of capabilities positions us to meet the needs of carriers, businesses and government customers that are searching for a capable, progressive provider to manage their ever more complex communications, connectivity and information technology needs . Technology In many of our markets, we transmit our broadband internet, video and fixed-line telephony services over a hybrid fiber coaxial ( HFC ) cable network, and increasingly through FTTx networks. An HFC network consists primarily of fiber networks that we connect to the home over the last few hundred meters by coaxial cable and an FTTx network uses fiber-to-the-home/-cabinet/-building/-node. In several of our Caribbean markets, we transmit our services over a fixed network consisting of FTTx , VDSL or DSL copper lines. Approximately 95% of our networks allow for two-way communications and are flexible enough to support our current services as well as new services. I-15 We closely monitor our network capacity and customer usage. We continue to take actions and explore improvements to our technologies that will increase our capacity and enhance our customers’ connected entertainment experience. These actions include: • recapturing bandwidth and optimizing our networks by: ◦ increasing the number of nodes in our markets; ◦ increasing the bandwidth of our hybrid fiber coaxial cable networks; ◦ converting analog channels to digital; ◦ bonding additional data over cable service interface specification ( DOCSIS ) 3.0 channels; ◦ deploying VDSL over our fixed telephony network; ◦ replacing copper lines with modern optic fibers; and ◦ using digital compression technologies. • freeing spectrum for high-speed internet, VoD and other services by encouraging customers to move from analog to digital services; • increasing the efficiency of our networks by moving headend functions (encoding, transcoding and multiplexing) to cloud storage systems; • enhancing our network to accommodate further business services; • using our wireless technologies to extend services outside of the home; • offering remote access to our video services through laptops, smart phones and tablets; • expanding the availability of next generation decoder and set-top boxes and related products, as well as developing and introducing online media sharing and streaming or cloud-based video; and • testing new technologies. We are engaged in network extension and upgrade programs across Liberty Latin America. We collectively refer to these network extension and upgrade programs as the “ Network Extensions .” Through the Network Extensions , we continue to expand our fixed networks pursuant to which we pass or upgrade homes and businesses with our broadband communications network. In addition, we look for mobile service opportunities where we have established cable networks and have expanded our fixed-line networks where we have a strong mobile offering. This will allow us to offer converged fixed-line and mobile services to our customers. We deliver high-speed data and fixed-line telephony over our various fixed networks, including cable, FTTx and copper networks. These networks are further connected via our subsea and terrestrial fiber optic cable networks that provide connectivity within and outside the region. Our subsea network cables terminating in the United States carry over 3 Tbps , which represent less than 10% of their potential capacity based on current deployed technology, presenting us with significant growth opportunities. In Puerto Rico, our network includes a fiber ring around the island that provides enhanced interconnectivity points to the island’s other local and international telecommunications companies. As noted above, we operate one of the largest subsea fiber networks in the region and our systems include long-haul terrestrial backbone and metro fiber networks that provide access to major commercial zones, wireless carrier cell sites and customers in key markets within our operating footprint. For more information about our subsea network, see — Business Services above. Mobile We operate mobile networks in all of our consumer markets except Chile (where we operate as an MVNO), Costa Rica and Trinidad & Tobago. Our networks deliver high-speed services across our markets, with approximately 95% LTE population coverage . Our primary wireless networks use GSM/EDGE, 3G and 4G LTE technologies, which we offer in most of the I-16 countries where we operate. We aim to increase the speed of transmission of our data services and have been expanding our 3G and 4G LTE coverage. We transmit wireless calls and data through radio frequencies that we use under spectrum licenses. We have a diversified portfolio of frequencies which support 3G, 4G and 5G (Puerto Rico & USVI only) technologies. While spectrum is a limited resource, and, as a result, we may face spectrum and capacity constraints on our wireless network in certain countries. We believe our current spectrum portfolio will allow us to meet subscribers’ needs in the coming years and minimal further investment, although we will continue to evaluate our need to acquire additional frequencies to supplement our existing spectrum portfolio. For example, in 2020, we acquired CBRS (3.5 GHz) spectrum in Puerto Rico and the USVI in the auction for that frequency. In Puerto Rico and USVI the 700 MHz FirstNet (Band 14) is usable by us (when not occupied by first responders’ traffic) but owned by AT&T and the First Responders Public Private Partnership. We continue to invest significant capital in expanding our network capacity and reach and to address spectrum and capacity constraints on a market-by-market basis. Our prime 5G deployed market is Puerto Rico and USVI where over 90% of the population is served by our 5G capable network. We continually look for opportunities to expand our 5G footprint to other countries where a positive business case exists. Similarly, we are investing to build a new mobile core in Puerto Rico, which when built, will be virtualized, redundant and “pooled” across all our countries/islands in the Caribbean region (inside and outside hurricane regions) to provide redundancy and resilience. These pooled and redundant network elements will be connected by our owned and operated diverse submarine cable routes with automatic alternate routing. Across all our mobile operations we continually strive to improve our network performance by commissioning annual competitive performance benchmarking studies and undertaking customer experience improvement programs. In Puerto Rico and the USVI, we are a part of the national US Firstnet (Emergency/First Responders) network, which necessitates above-average network resilience and other customer performance requirements, subject to governmental penalties for non-compliance. Supply Sources Content With telecommunication companies increasingly offering similar services, content is one of the drivers for customers in selecting a provider of video, broadband and/or wireless services. Therefore, in addition to providing products that allow our customers to consume content whenever and wherever they want, we continue to invest into content that matters the most to our customers. Our programming strategy is based on: • product (enabling access through home and mobile screens at anytime, including live, restart, catch-up, personal recording, on-demand and third party apps); • proposition (exceeding our customers’ expectations on content and entertainment by offering access to the wider range of channels and third party app services); • acquisition (investment in the most relevant channels, sports and on-demand); and • partnering (alliances with content partners and leading distributors to aggregate the best linear, non linear and third party apps content). Except for Flow Sports and Flow 1 services in the Caribbean, and the RUSH sports channel operated by a consolidated joint venture with the Digicel Group, we license almost all of our programming and on-demand content through distribution agreements with third-party content providers, including broadcasters and leading cable networks. For such licenses, we generally pay a monthly fee on a per subscriber basis, through long-term programming licenses. In our distribution agreements, we seek to include the rights to offer the licensed channels and programming to our authenticated customers through multiple delivery platforms including through our apps for IP-connected mobile and fixed devices, and our websites. We also acquire rights to make available, in selected markets, our and third party video services to mobile and/or broadband subscribers that are not subscribers to fixed TV services. With respect to rights for the sports and entertainment services we operate directly or in a joint-venture in the Caribbean, we seek to license the most locally relevant sports content, such as the English Premier League, UEFA Champions League and Bundesliga soccer, Indian Premier League cricket, and WWE Wrestling. Our latest video device that is distributed to a growing number of markets, including Puerto Rico, Chile and Panama, also enables our customers to access, through its App Store, leading subscription video on demand ( SVOD ) services such as Netflix, HBOMax and Amazon Prime Video. I-17 Mobile Handsets and Customer Premises Equipment We use a variety of suppliers for mobile handsets to offer our customers mobile services. For other customer premises equipment, we purchase from a number of different suppliers and regularly assess production lead times to ensure supply continuity and implement dual sourcing strategies to mitigate further risks when applicable. Customer premises equipment includes set-top boxes, modems, WiFi routers, extenders and similar devices. For each type of equipment, we retain specialists to provide customer support. For our broadband services, we use a variety of suppliers for our network equipment and the various services we offer. Software Licenses We license software products, including email and security software as well as content, such as news feeds, from several suppliers for our internet services and internal IT platforms. The agreements for these products require us to pay a per subscriber fee or a one-off software license fee and a share of advertising revenue for content licenses. For our mobile network operations and our fixed-line telephony services, we license software products, such as voicemail, text messaging and caller ID, from a variety of suppliers. For these licenses we seek to enter into long-term contracts, which generally require us to pay based on usage of the services. Access Arrangements For our mobile services provided through MVNO arrangements at VTR , we are dependent on third-party wireless network providers, with whom we contract to carry the mobile communications traffic of our customers. We seek to enter into medium to long-term arrangements for this service. Any termination of these arrangements could significantly impact our mobile services provided through VTR . Regulatory Matters Video distribution, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony and mobile businesses are regulated in each of the markets in which we operate, and the scope of regulation varies from market to market. Adverse regulatory developments could subject our businesses to a number of risks. Regulation, including conditions imposed on us by competition or other authorities as a requirement to close acquisitions or dispositions, could limit growth, revenue and the number and type of services offered and could lead to increased operating costs and property and equipment additions. In addition, regulation may restrict our operations and subject them to further competitive pressure, including pricing rules and restrictions, interconnect and other access obligations, and restrictions or controls on content, including content provided by third parties. Failure to comply with current or future regulation could expose our businesses to various penalties. C&W Caribbean and Networks The video, broadband, telephony and mobile services provided by C&W Caribbean and Networks are subject to regulation and enforcement by various governmental and regulatory entities in each of the jurisdictions where such services are provided. The scope and reach of these regulations are distinct in each market. Generally, C&W Caribbean and Networks provides services in accordance with licenses and concessions granted by national authorities pursuant to national telecommunication legislation and associated regulations. Certain of these regulatory requirements are summarized below. As the incumbent telecommunications provider in many of its jurisdictions, C&W Caribbean and Networks is subject to significant regulatory oversight with respect to the provision of fixed-line and mobile telephony services. Generally, in these markets, C&W Caribbean and Networks operates under a government issued license or concession that enables it to own and operate its telecommunication networks, including the establishment of wireless networks and the use of spectrum. These licenses and concessions are typically non-exclusive and have renewable multi-year terms that include competitive, qualitative and rate regulation. Licenses and concessions are scheduled to expire over the next two years in the Cayman Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. We believe we have complied with all local requirements to have existing licenses renewed and have provided all necessary information to enable local authorities to process applications for renewal in a timely manner. In addition, in some of the ECTEL (as defined below) states we are operating under expired licenses and have applied for renewal of such licenses. We expect that such licenses will be granted or renewed, as applicable, on the same or substantially similar terms and conditions in a timely manner. Pending issuance of new or renewed licenses or concessions, we continue to operate on the same terms and conditions as prior to the licenses expiring. With respect to licenses for mobile spectrum, the initial grant of the spectrum is sometimes subject to an auction process, but in a number of other cases, the license may be granted on the basis of an administrative process at a set level of fees for a fixed period of time, typically to coincide with carrier licenses, subject to the payment of annual fees and compliance with I-18 applicable license requirements. In very rare cases, spectrum previously assigned to C&W Caribbean and Networks may be re-allocated by regulatory authorities to other operators in the market. Alternatively, spectrum sought by C&W Caribbean and Networks may not be available for grant, due to prior historical grants or due to the need to avoid interference with neighboring markets particularly in the Caribbean. By and large, spectrum assignments, once granted, remain unchanged for the duration of a license and beyond. Rate regulation of C&W Caribbean and Networks’ telephony services typically includes price caps that set the maximum rates it may charge to customers, or legislation that requires consent from a regulator prior to any price increases. In addition, all regulators determine and set the rates that may be charged by all telephony operators, including C&W Caribbean and Networks , for interconnect charges, access charges between operators for calls originating on one network that are completed through connections with one or more networks of other providers, and charges for network unbundling services. In addition, in certain markets, regulators set, or are seeking to set, mobile roaming rates. Interconnection rates (and primarily mobile termination and roaming rates) in the telecommunications industry worldwide are decreasing, and we are experiencing this trend towards lower interconnection rates in our markets. In recent years, a number of markets in which C&W Caribbean and Networks operates have demonstrated an increased interest in regulating various aspects of broadband internet services due to the increasing importance of high speed broadband. National regulators have also demonstrated an increased focus on the issues of network resilience, broadband affordability and penetration, quality of services and consumer rights. Certain regulators are also seeking to mandate third-party access to C&W Caribbean and Networks ’ network infrastructure, including dark fiber and landing stations, as well as to regulate wholesale services and prices. Any such decision and application to grant access to our network infrastructure may strengthen our competitors by granting them the ability to access our network to offer competing products and services without making the corresponding capital intensive infrastructure investment. In addition, any resale access granted to competitors on favorable economic terms that are not set by the free market could adversely impact our ability to maintain or increase our revenue and cash flows. The extent of any such adverse impacts ultimately will be dependent on the extent that competitors take advantage of the resale access ultimately afforded to our network, the pricing mandated by regulatory authorities and other competitive factors or market developments. As an example of infrastructure sharing, the Office of Utilities Regulation ( OUR ) in Jamaica has completed a consultation process on telecom facilities sharing rules that would require all licensees to share infrastructure (including dark fiber, ducts, subsea cable landing stations and mobile network towers) with third parties, including competitors, without any requirement of making a corresponding capital intensive infrastructure investment. Once the rules are finalized by the Chief Parliamentary Counsel in Jamaica, they will be formally published and thereafter become law. Our operations in Jamaica intend to appeal to the telecommunications tribunal and finally to the courts for changes to be made to the adverse provisions of the new rules or to revoke them entirely. The process of such a challenge is likely to be long and we cannot at this time determine the possibility of a successful outcome. In addition, the Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications Authority ( ECTEL ), the regulatory body for telecommunications in five Eastern Caribbean States (Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia and St. Vincent and the Grenadines), has adopted an Electronic Communications Bill that may have a material adverse impact on C&W Caribbean, and Networks’ operations in the ECTEL member states. The proposed Electronic Communications Bill includes provisions relating to: • net neutrality principles mandating equal access to all content and applications regardless of the source and without favoring, degrading, interrupting, intercepting, blocking access or throttling speeds; • subscription television rate regulation; • regulations implementing market dominance rules; • network unbundling at regulated rates; and • mandated unbundled access to all landing station network elements at cost-based rates. We currently cannot determine the impact these provisions will have on our operations because national regulators are required to conduct extensive market reviews before adopting specific measures and these measures might be reconsidered in I-19 accordance with the market reviews. It is currently unclear as to when the new legislation will be enacted. We expect that consensus on the final version of the bill will take some time. As such, the timing and ultimate effect of the bill is unclear. In addition to rate regulation, several markets in which C&W operates have imposed, or are considering imposing, regulations designed to further encourage competition, including introducing requirements related to unbundling, network access to third parties, and local number portability ( LNP ) for fixed and mobile services. Jurisdictions such as the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands and Jamaica have implemented fixed and mobile LNP and ECTEL has implemented mobile LNP. Other jurisdictions, including Barbados, have considered or begun to implement LNP. Trinidad and Tobago has yet to implement fixed LNP, although mobile LNP rules are already in place. The pay television service provided in certain C&W markets is subject to, among other things, subscriber privacy regulations, data protection laws and regulations, and the must-carry rule (as defined below) and retransmission consent rights of broadcast stations. C&W is also subject to universal service obligations in a number of markets. These obligations vary in specificity and extent, but they are generally related to ensuring widespread geographic coverage of networks and that the populations of C&W ’s individual markets have access to basic telecommunication services at minimum quality standards. In a number of cases, C&W is required to support universal access/service goals through contributions to universal service funds or participate in universal service-related projects. In Panama, there is a proposal to modify the universal service law to expand its scope to include television services and provide conditions that would diminish the value of the contribution to the fund vis-a-vis projects covered by the law. An additional process regarding coverage of maintenance cost of universal service law phones is ongoing. In addition to the industry-specific regimes discussed above, C&W ’s operating companies must comply with both specific and general legislation concerning, among other matters, data retention, consumer protection and electronic commerce. These operating companies are also subject to national level regulations on competition and on consumer protection. In Trinidad and Tobago, C&W was required by the Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago ( TATT ), in connection with TATT ’s approval of C&W ’s acquisition of Columbus International Inc. in March 2015, to dispose of its 49% shareholding in the Telecommunications Services of Trinidad and Tobago Limited ( TSTT ). The disposal of C&W ’s stake in TSTT is not complete. We cannot predict when, or if, we will be able to dispose of this investment at an acceptable price. As such, no assurance can be given that we will be able to recover the carrying value of our investment in TSTT . With respect to C&W’s B2B and networks business in Latin America, we are subject to significantly less regulation in the markets in which we operate compared to our residential businesses described above. We do have the licenses in Latin America and the U.S. necessary to operate wholesale and enterprise services in all countries in which we operate. Although the legal framework in Latin America changes from country to country, we do own international/local carrier and Internet or data services licenses in every jurisdiction in which we operate. Most licenses are granted for a 10 to 15 year term. The networks business operates over 50,000 km of submarine fiber optic cable systems in the U.S., the Caribbean and Latin America. These sub-systems have cable landing stations and facilities in the U.S. and its territories. These facilities are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ), the Department of Homeland Security and other U.S. governmental agencies that impose additional reporting and licensing obligations on C&W Caribbean and Networks . C&W Panama C&W Panama is subject to regulatory entities, principally the National Authority of Public Services ( ASEP ), created in 1996 and modified in 2006 through Decree Law No. 10. ASEP regulates and controls the public services for the supply of drinking water, sanitary sewerage, telecommunications and electricity. Also, C&W Panama is subject to the Authority for Consumer Protection and Defense of Competition ( ACODECO ), guarantor of consumer protection and antitrust, which operates under the direction of the Ministry of Commerce and Industries. By virtue of the Telecommunications Law 1996, public services in Panama are classified as “Type A services” and “Type B services,” with Mobile Telephony (STMC) and Personal Communication (PCS) services being classified as Type A services. Spectrum. C&W Panama has a total of 65MHz allocated (20 MHz in the 700 MHz band, 20 MHz in the 1900 MHz band and 25 MHz in the 850 MHz band). Due to COVID-19, ASEP granted temporary use from April 2020 and until June 30th, 2021, free of charge, of 30 MHz to each of the 4 operators, between 1710 – 1780 MHz and 2110 – 2180 MHz (AWS Band). I-20 Concessions . C&W Panama holds thirteen concessions renewed for the following twenty years, available until the year 2037, except a pay TV license that was renewed in 2008 for 25 years. C&W Panama decided not to renew the concessions corresponding to discontinued or not provided services (facsimile retransmission service and conventional trunk systems service for public or private use), and the Concession #104 (Pay Phone Services), was renewed under special conditions imposed by the regulator. C&W Panama was obliged to obtain regulator approval to remove public pay phones in places where the service is no longer exclusive and are not profitable; the service can be provided by any other concessionaires in the territory of Panama. C&W Panama filed a legal action within the Supreme Court of the Republic of Panama, opposing the aforementioned condition imposed by the regulator, however in 2019, the Supreme Court confirmed the obligation to obtain regulator approval and the necessity to define a procedure to formalize each disconnection. Public Telephone Service . By means of Resolution AN No. 11208-Telco of May 3rd, 2017, renewed for the following twenty years the concession for the Public and Semi-Public Terminal Service (identified with No. 104). C&W Panama is the only operator that provides Public Telephone Service in Panama. Fixed Services (Fixed-Line Telephony, Public and Semipublic Telephone) . C&W Panama has a license to provide Basic Local, National and International Telecommunications Services, as well as Public and Semipublic Terminals and Rental of Dedicated Voice Circuits, within the entire territory of Panama until the year 2037. C&W Panama is a Type B concessionaire, with or without use of radio spectrum, subject to compliance with Law No. 31 of February 8th, 1996, Executive Decree No. 73 of 1997 and the Resolutions issued by the regulator regarding the fulfillment of quality goals for the provision of these services, such as the attention to recommendations issued by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). Mobile Services . Through Contract DAF-034-2013, dated November 22nd, 2013, C&W Panama is authorized to install, maintain, manage, operate and commercially exploit the Mobile Telephone Service, in the assigned radio spectrum segments, which currently C&W Panama has 65 MHz (32.5MHz uplink + 32.5MHz downlink), under the prepaid and post-paid contract modalities, public and semi-public telephones, including supplementary services and other Mobile Telephony services, throughout Panama, which is valid until 2037. Pay Television Service . Initially, the concession for the provision of the pay television service was granted to the International Contact Center Company in 2008, and then the rights were transferred in favor of C&W Panama, whose provision is governed by Law No. 24/99, and its regulations in Executive Decree No. 189/99 and No. 111/00. The license was granted to retransmit audio and video signals through coaxial cable and fiber optics in the province of Panama, with a validity of 25 years, which was later extended to other provinces in the coverage area for the provision of paid TV service. VTR / Cabletica VTR VTR is subject to regulation and enforcement by various governmental entities in Chile including the Chilean Antitrust Authority, the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications (the Ministry ) through the Chilean Undersecretary of Telecommunications ( SubTel ), the National Television Council ( CNTV ) and the National Consumer Service ( SERNAC ). In addition to the specific regulations described below, VTR.com is subject to certain regulatory conditions which were imposed by the Chilean Antitrust Authority in connection with VTR.com ’s combination with Metrópolis Intercom SA in April 2005. These conditions are indefinite and include, among others, (i) prohibiting VTR.com and its control group from participating, directly or indirectly through a related person, in Chilean satellite or microwave television businesses, (ii) prohibiting VTR.com from using its market power over programmers without justification, (iii) prohibiting VTR.com from obtaining exclusive broadcast rights, except for specific events, (iv) requiring VTR.com to offer its broadband capacity for resale of internet services on a wholesale basis, and (v) requiring VTR to maintain a uniform single price policy for all of the national territory. In September 2019, VTR submitted a petition to the Chilean Competition Court ( TDLC ) to lift all the above-mentioned conditions. VTR asserts that such conditions should only have been adopted for a transitional period and that they have been in place for an excessively long period during which the market structure and levels of competition have materially changed. Objections were filed by other operators and by the Free Competition Prosecutor and SubTel. In December 2019, the TDLC joined this procedure with an adversarial procedu re initiated by AMC Networks Latin America LLC ( AM C ) against VTR. In 2019, AMC alleged that VTR had violated condition (ii) noted above by not agreeing to a content distribution agreement with AMC (see below for more information regarding this matter). We can’t estimate at this time when this matter will be resolved. Video . The provision of pay television services requires a permit issued by the Ministry . Cable pay television permits are granted for an indefinite term and are non-exclusive. As these permits do not involve radio electric spectrum, they are granted I-21 without ongoing duties or royalties. VTR.com has permits to provide cable pay television services in most of the medium- and large-sized markets in Chile. Cable television service providers in Chile are free to define the channels and content included in their services and are not required to carry any specific programming, except as described below. However, CNTV may impose sanctions on providers who are found to have run programming containing excessive violence, adult content or other objectionable programming or advertising of certain categories of products within certain time slots throughout the day. Pay television operators are directly responsible for violation of such prohibitions. Additionally, the Chilean Television Act (the Television Act ) requires pay television operators to offer a certain quota of cultural content and to distribute public interest campaigns. The Television Act establishes a retransmission consent regime between broadcast television concession holders and pay television operators. This regime provides that once a broadcast operator achieves digital coverage of 85% of the population within its concession areas, the broadcast operator may require that pay television operators enter into an agreement for the retransmission of its digital signal. In addition, the Television Act requires that the technical or commercial conditions imposed by broadcast operators not discriminate among pay television operators. Also, the Television Act establishes a must carry regime requiring pay television operators to distribute up to four local broadcast television channels in each operating area. The channels that must be carried by any particular pay television operator are to be selected by CNTV . The full implementation of the retransmission and must carry regimes are still pending. VTR.com ’s ability to change its channel lineup is restricted by an agreement reached with SERNAC in July 2012 and the general regulation established by SubTel in February 2014 (by the Telecommunication Services General Rulemaking). This framework allows VTR.com to change one or more channels from its lineup after a 60-day notice period to its subscribers. In such cases, VTR.com shall offer a channel of similar content and quality or proportional compensation. Despite this, TVI, a mid-sized programmer in Chile, sued VTR in July 2016, after VTR’s decision to remove TVI’s channels from its channel lineup. TVI argued that VTR was violating the condition set out in the 2005 VTR/Metrópolis merger conditions (as summarized above), which prohibits VTR from using its market power to unjustifiably refuse to contract with programmers. The TDLC dismissed the lawsuit, but the Supreme Court, in May 2019, reversed that decision questioning the termination procedure applied by VTR. The Supreme Court required VTR to open a new negotiation period and if no agreement was reached, to return TVI’s channels until the original contractual term is fulfilled. As a result, the TVI channels have been reinstated on VTR’s channel lineup. Using the precedent from the TVI case, in August 2019, AMC sued VTR claiming a breach of the condition related to contracting with programmers. This process is still pending and was joined with VTR’s petition to lift the 2005 merger conditions as described above. Additionally, a consumer association filed a class action against VTR requesting that VTR compensate clients with a permanent discount on the monthly rent for each change of channels or, in the alternative, the nullification of the power enshrined in VTR’s subscriber contract that authorizes the company to change its channel lineup. This collective process is still pending. Internet . A law passed in November 2017 requires all ISPs to apply for a public service concession for data transmission within three months of the passage of such law. Because VTR.com operates via networks that were previously approved by SubTel , VTR.com timely applied and an approval is pending. A law on internet neutrality prohibits “arbitrary blockings” of legal content, applications or services and the provision of differentiated service conditions according to the origin or ownership of the content or service provided through the internet. Additionally, the law authorizes ISPs to take measures to ensure the privacy of their users and provide virus protection and safety processes over their network, as long as these measures do not infringe antitrust laws. Additional measures have been implemented, including obligations related to consumer information, traffic management policies, internet quality of service requirements and notices required by law concerning the effective maximum and minimum traffic speeds offered under internet access plans. In order to protect the constitutional rights of privacy and safety of communications, ISPs are prohibited from undertaking surveillance measures over data content on their networks. Also, special summary proceedings have been created in order to safeguard intellectual property rights against violations committed through networks or digital systems. These proceedings include measures designed to withdraw, disqualify or block infringing content in the ISP’s network or systems. The law also provides for the right of intellectual property owners to judicially request from ISPs the delivery of necessary information to identify the provider of infringing content. A law passed in November 2017 requires all fixed and mobile ISP s to meet levels of quality of service, guarantee a minimum broadband throughput based on the offered speed, and provide their subscribers with a certified measurement tool allowing subscribers to verify this minimum service level, imposing fines or penalties to ISPs if the service level is not fulfilled. During 2020, the Ministry issued the Regulation on the Organization, Operation, and Public Tender Mechanism of the I-22 Independent Technical Body ( OTI ) which, according to this legal framework, will be responsible for performing the quality-of-service measurements. Also, SubTel issued a technical rule on the service levels that ISPs need to comply with in the provision of their internet service. Finally, as required by the above regulation, major ISPs organized a Representative Committee and filed before SubTel a proposal of the terms and conditions of the public tender to designate the OTI (which is not approved by Subtel yet). Fixed-Line Telephony and Mobile Services . The provision of fixed-line telephony and mobile services requires a public telecommunications service concession. VTR has concessions to provide fixed-line telephony in most major and medium-sized markets in Chile. Telephony concessions are non-exclusive and have renewable 30-year terms. The original term of VTR ’s fixed-line telephony concessions expires in November 2025. Long distance telephony services are considered intermediate telecommunications services and, as such, are also regulated by the Ministry . VTR has concessions to provide this service, which is non-exclusive, for a 30-year renewable term expiring in September 2025. VTR.com holds concessions to provide fixed wireless local telephony service on the 3.5 GHz band in several regions of the country. These concessions have renewable 30-year terms, expiring in 2036. During 2018, SubTel partially froze 20MHz of the 50 MHz concession granted to VTR.com in order to evaluate future 5G concession auctions. VTR.com is contesting SubTel’s legal ability to take such a measure. In November 2018, Movistar asked the TDLC to rule on whether the decision to keep part of the spectrum at 3.5 GHz available for immediate deployment (with potential use for mobile services), was consistent with previous decisions requiring this band to be allocated to fixed services. Although the TDLC rejected Movistar’s request, it considered that in order to allow the use of this already assigned spectrum for mobile services, SubTel should open public tenders to assign the concessions for mobile services. This decision has been challenged before the Supreme Court by all interested parties, including VTR, and a final decision on the case is pending. In January 2020, SubTel opened for public comments its plan for a 5G tender, which ended with a contest for four bands of spectrum: 20MHz in the 700 MHz band, 30 MHz in the AWS Band, 150 MHz in the 3.5 MHz band (not including the spectrum previously assigned to fixed wireless local telephony), and 400 MHz in the 26 GHz band. Technical proposals were submitted in October 2020, and given that several competitors tied there was an auction to define the winners. In February 2021, Entel, Movistar, WOM and Claro were awarded with several spectrum bands to provide mobile services using 5G technologies. Additionally, the concessions granted in this tender allow SubTel to modify the licenses in case of non-use or inefficient use of the spectrum. With respect to mobile services, in 2009, SubTel awarded VTR.com a 30MHz license in the 1700/2100 MHz band. The license has a 30-year renewable term, expiring in 2040. Currently, antitrust bodies and the Supreme Court have declared a new cap structure for spectrum allocation, which is variable depending on the macro band were spectrum is being assigned and the amount of spectrum available. Therein for the low macro-band from 0 to 1.000 MHz the cap is 32% of the band, from 1.001 MHz to 3000MHz the cap is 30% of the band, for 3001MHz band to 6000MHz band the cap is 30% and for higher than 6001MHz the cap is 25%. VTR.com has concessions to provide fixed-line telephony in most major and medium-sized markets in Chile. Telephony concessions are non-exclusive and have renewable 30-year terms. The original term of VTR.com ’s fixed-line telephony concessions expires in November 2025. Long distance telephony services are considered intermediate telecommunications services and, as such, are also regulated by the Ministry . VTR.com has concessions to provide this service, which is non-exclusive, for a 30-year renewable term expiring in September 2025. There are no universal service obligations in Chile. However, local service concession holders are obligated to provide telephony service to all customers that are within their service area or are willing to pay for an extension to receive service. All local service providers, including VTR.com , must give long distance telephony service providers equal access to their network connections at regulated prices and must interconnect with all other public service concession holders whose systems are technically compatible. As a general rule, fixed-line telephony service providers are free to establish the rates directly charged to their customers, unless the Chilean Antitrust Authority concludes that due to a lack of sufficient competition in the market, rates should be fixed by SubTel . However, SubTel sets the maximum rates that may be charged by each operator for interconnect charges, access charges between operators for calls originating on one network that are completed through connections with one or more networks of other providers. Rate regulation on interconnection charges is applicable to all fixed-line and mobile telephony companies, including VTR.com . The determination of the maximum rates that may be charged by operators for their fixed-line or mobile services are made on a case-by-case basis by SubTel and are effective for five years. I-23 Other Chilean Regulation Price Increase . The Consumer Rights Protection Law has been interpreted to require that any raise in rates exceeding inflation must be previously accepted and agreed to by subscribers. Although VTR.com disagrees with this interpretation, in July 2012, VTR.com reached an agreement with SERNAC that permits VTR.com to make adjustments to its published prices twice per year to adjust for inflation, except those services that are subject to rate regulation. VTR.com is generally prohibited from increasing the rates over the inflation adjustment. VTR.com may, however, cancel a subscriber’s contract after 12 months and propose a new contract with new rate provisions. Once a year VTR.com may propose to its existing subscribers additional changes to their rates, which must be accepted by the subscriber for the rates to go into effect. Bundling . In 2012, the Chilean Antitrust Authority issued its regulation governing the on-net/off-net pricing practice in the mobile industry and the offering of bundled telecommunication services. Pursuant to the terms of this regulation, as revised by the Chilean Supreme Court, mobile services may be sold jointly with fixed-line services. However, promotional discounts are not permitted for these double-play offers. As for traditional bundling over the same platform (e.g., bundled fixed-line services such as our double-play and triple-play packages, or bundled mobile services), this regulation provides that such services may be bundled, subject to certain price limitations. These limitations require that the total price for a bundle must be greater than the standalone price for the most expensive service included in the bundle. Also, when three or more services are bundled, the price for the bundle must be greater than the sum of the standalone prices for each service in the bundle, excluding the lowest priced service. Consumer’s Rights Protection Law . In 2018, a bill was enacted introducing significant new powers to SERNAC including a material increase in its ability to levy fines and compensations. Cabletica Cabletica is subject to regulation and enforcement by various governmental entities in Costa Rica, including the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Costa Rican Telecommunications Superintendence ( Sutel ), and the Consumer Support Office of the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Commerce ( MEIC ). Cabletica holds a telecommunications services concession, expiring in 2028, issued by Sutel that authorizes the deployment and operation of its wireline HFC network throughout the country. At the service layer, the concession permits: (i) paid television; (ii) the provision of fixed telephony service; (iii) internet access; and (iv) data links. Video. Cable television service providers in Costa Rica are free to define the channels and content included in their services and are not required to carry any specific programming, except as described below. However, the Commission of Control and Qualification of Public Spectacles of the Ministry of Justice and Peace may impose sanctions on providers that have run programming containing excessive violence, adult content, or other objectionable content. Pay television operators are directly responsible for violating such prohibitions. The Costa Rican General Telecommunications Law (art.138) establishes a retransmission consent regime between broadcast television concessionaires and pay television operators. This regime provides that (i) the concessionaires must include within their programming the Costa Rican television channels that have coverage in at least sixty percent of the national territory, excluding Isla del Coco, which complies with at least fourteen minimum hours of daily transmission, and (ii) the reception of the signal complies with the minimum signal requirements established in this regulation, which have acceptable ratings and have the corresponding transmission rights. Internet. The Regulation of Provision and Quality of Services of Sutel establishes minimum quality thresholds, such as minimum speeds, oversubscription, and delay. Fixed-Line Telephony Services . The current regulations separate VoIP fixed telephony from traditional fixed telephony (e.g., copper lines) and there is no fixed number portability. Other Costa Rican Regulation The powers of the Agency for the Protection of Data of Inhabitants (Prohab) are stipulated in the Law on the Protection of the Person against the Processing of Personal Data (Law No. 8968). Its functions are focused on compliance with data protection regulations. The Commission to Promote Competition (Coprocom) is a maximum deconcentration body attached to MEIC. Its fundamental purpose is to comply with the provisions of the Law on Promotion of Competition and Effective Defense of the Consumer (Law No. 7472) through the protection and promotion of (i) the process of competition and free I-24 competition, (ii) investigating and sanctioning monopolistic practices, and (iii) other restrictions related to the efficient functioning of the market. Liberty Puerto Rico Liberty Puerto Rico is subject to regulation in Puerto Rico by various governmental entities at the Puerto Rico and the U.S. federal level, including the FCC and the Puerto Rico Telecommunications Regulatory Bureau ( TRB ). TRB has primary regulatory jurisdiction in Puerto Rico at the local level and is responsible for awarding franchises to cable operators for the provision of cable service in Puerto Rico and regulating cable television and telecommunications services. Our business in Puerto Rico is subject to comprehensive regulation under the United States Communications Act of 1934, as amended (the Communications Act ), which regulates communication, telecommunication and cable television services. The Communications Act also provides the general legal framework for, among other things, the provision of telephone services, services related to interconnection between telephone carriers, and television, radio, cable television and direct broadcast satellite services. The FCC and/or the TRB have the authority to impose sanctions, including warnings, fines, license revocations and, in certain specific cases, termination of the franchise, although license revocation and franchise termination are rare. The Communications Act specifies causes for the termination of licenses, including, for example, the failure to comply with license requirements and conditions or to pay fines or fees in a timely manner. Such sanctions by the TRB and/or FCC can be appealed to, and reviewed by, Puerto Rican courts and U.S. federal courts. In May 2018, the FCC established the Uniendo a Puerto Rico Fund ( UPR Fund ) to provide subsidies for the deployment and hardening of fixed wireline and mobile wireless communications networks in Puerto Rico. Stage 1 of the UPR Fund made $51 million of new funding available for Puerto Rico telecommunications providers following Hurricanes Maria and Irma in 2017 (the 2017 Hurricanes ). Stage 2 of the UPR fund made additional funding available to providers of services over fixed wireline networks through a competitive bidding process, and to mobile wireless providers subject to those providers meeting certain conditions. To be eligible for Stage 2 UPR funding for fixed services, Liberty Puerto Rico requested that TB designate it as an Eligible Telecommunications Carrier ( ETC ), which the TB did in June 2018. As part of its obligations as an ETC, Liberty Puerto Rico must offer services to low income customers under the federal Lifeline Program and low-cost services to schools and libraries under the Schools and Libraries Program ( E-Rate ). Both programs provide FCC subsidies to ensure access to telecommunications and broadband access services for specified classes of customers. Liberty Puerto Rico began offering Lifeline services in April 2019 and will bid on Funding Year 2022 for E-Rate subsidies. In September 2019, the FCC established rules governing UPR Fund Stage 2 funding to support certain fixed and mobile providers of voice and broadband service in Puerto Rico. The FCC stated that it would award up to $505 million over 10 years to eligible providers of fixed voice and broadband services in Puerto Rico through a single round competitive bidding process that would select one support recipient in each of the 78 municipalities in Puerto Rico, using a specified formula for evaluating bids. Entities winning Stage 2 support must also: (1) submit to the FCC’s Wireline Competition Bureau ( Bureau) a detailed network deployment plan as well as a plan that describes and commits to the methods and procedures that will be used to prepare for and respond to disasters in Puerto Rico; and (2) participate in the FCC’s Disaster Information Report System, which is a web-based system that communications companies can use to report to the FCC communications infrastructure status during disasters. On February 5, 2020, the Bureau released a Public Notice that established the application requirements and submission process for the UPR Fund Stage 2 Competition. The Bureau later released an application form and instructions, and announced the application deadline. On November 2, 2020 LCPR received preliminary approval from the FCC for an award of approximately $71.54 million through the UPR Fund. The funds are in support of providing high-speed broadband access to all locations within 43 of Puerto Rico’s 78 municipalities, representing service to over 914,000 locations. Liberty Puerto Rico is in the process of submitting all required materials to finalize its award and is awaiting final FCC action. With respect to Stage 2 UPR funding for mobile wireless providers, the FCC also established in September 2019 that mobile wireless providers providing service in Puerto Rico as of June 2017 were eligible to receive up to $254 million over three years based on their relative number of subscribers for such service as of June 2017. In order to obtain such support, the mobile providers were required to confirm the number of mobile wireless subscribers they served as of June 2017, and obtain FCC approval of a plan that describes and commits to the methods and procedures that will be used to prepare for and respond to disasters in Puerto Rico. Liberty’s predecessor wireless provider in Puerto Rico (AT&T) submitted the required documentation and in June 2020, the FCC authorized that entity to receive approximately $33M in funding over three years. I-25 That entity had previously obtained the required ETC designation in Puerto Rico. Liberty, having purchased that business in the AT&T Acquisition, will now receive those funds. In Puerto Rico, antitrust regulation is governed by the U.S. Sherman Act, other federal antitrust legislation, and the Puerto Rico Anti-Monopoly Law. In particular, the Sherman Act seeks to prevent anti-competitive practices in the marketplace and requires governmental review of certain business combinations, among other things. The Puerto Rico Anti-Monopoly Law substantially parallels the Sherman Act and authorizes the Puerto Rico Department of Justice to investigate and impose competition-related conditions on transactions. The Attorney General of Puerto Rico is permitted to investigate a transaction under federal law or under the Puerto Rico Anti-Monopoly Law. Puerto Rico Law 5 of 1973, as amended, created the Puerto Rico Department of Consumer Affairs, which regulates marketing campaigns, publicity, and breach of service contracts, and prohibits false advertising. The Puerto Rico Telecommunications Act of 1996 ( Law 213 ), which created the TRB , requires that rates for telecommunication services be cost-based, forbids cross-subsidies and focuses on encouraging, preserving and enforcing competition in the cable and telecommunications markets. Although Law 213 does not require Liberty Puerto Rico to obtain any approval of rate increases for cable television or telecommunication services, any such increases must be in compliance with Law 213 ’s requirements, including notification to the TRB before such increases take effect. Video. The provision of cable television services requires a franchise issued by the TRB . Franchises are subject to termination proceedings in the event of a material breach or failure to comply with certain material provisions set forth in the franchise agreement governing a franchisee’s system operations, although such terminations are rare. In addition, franchises require payment of a franchise fee as a requirement to the grant of authority. Franchises establish comprehensive facilities and service requirements, as well as specific customer service standards and monetary penalties for non- compliance. Franchises are generally granted for fixed terms of up to ten years and must be periodically renewed. Our pay television service in Puerto Rico is subject to, among other things, subscriber privacy regulations and must-carry and retransmission consent rights of broadcast television stations. The Communications Act and FCC rules govern aspects of the carriage relationship between broadcast television stations and cable companies. To ensure that every qualifying local television station can be received in its local market without requiring a cable subscriber to switch between cable and off-air signals, the FCC allows every qualifying full-power television broadcast station to require that all local cable systems transmit that station’s primary digital channel to their subscribers within the station’s market (the “must-carry” rule ) pursuant to the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992. Alternatively, a station may elect every three years to forego its must carry rights and seek a negotiated agreement to establish the terms of its carriage by a local cable system, referred to as retransmission consent. Internet. Liberty Puerto Rico offers high-speed internet access throughout its entire footprint. In March 2015, the FCC issued an order classifying mass-market broadband internet access service as a “telecommunications service,” changing its long-standing treatment of this offering as an “information service,” which the FCC traditionally has subjected to limited regulation. The rules adopted by the FCC prohibited, among other things, broadband providers from: (i) blocking access to lawful content, applications, services or non-harmful devices; (ii) impairing or degrading lawful internet traffic on the basis of content, applications, services or non-harmful devices; and (iii) favoring some lawful internet traffic over other lawful internet traffic in exchange for consideration (collectively, 2015 Restrictions ). In addition, the FCC prohibited broadband providers from unreasonably interfering with users’ ability to access lawful content or use devices that do not harm the network, or with edge providers’ ability to disseminate their content, and imposed more detailed disclosure obligations on broadband providers than were previously in place. On December 14, 2017, the FCC adopted a Declaratory Ruling, Report and Order (the 2017 Order ) that, in large part, reversed the regulations issued by the FCC in 2015. The 2017 Order, among other things, restores the classifications of broadband Internet access as an information service under Title I of the Communications Act, and mobile broadband Internet access service as a private mobile service, and eliminates the 2015 Restrictions. The 2017 Order does require ISPs to disclose information to consumers regarding practices such as throttling, paid prioritization and affiliated prioritization, and restores broadband consumer protection authority to the Federal Trade Commission. On October 1, 2019, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( D.C. Circuit ) ruled on numerous appeals of the 2017 Order by interested parties. The D.C. Circuit largely upheld the 2017 Order. However, it vacated that portion of the 2017 Order preempting inconsistent state or local regulations, and remanded the 2017 Order to the FCC for further consideration of its effect on public safety, pole attachment regulation, and the Lifeline support program. The D.C. Circuit’s ruling may be subject to further judicial review. Legislative proposals regarding the net neutrality rules also are pending in Congress. I-26 Fixed-Line Telephony Services. Liberty Puerto Rico offers fixed-line telephony services, including both circuit-switched telephony and VoIP . Its circuit-switched telephony services are subject to FCC and local regulations regarding the quality and technical aspects of service. All local telecommunications providers, including Liberty Puerto Rico , are obligated to provide telephony service to all customers within the service area, subject to certain exceptions under FCC regulations, and must give long distance telephony service providers equal access to their network. Under the Communications Act , competitive local exchange carriers ( CLEC s ), like us, may require interconnection with the incumbent local exchange carrier ( ILEC ), and the ILEC must negotiate a reasonable and nondiscriminatory interconnection agreement with the CLEC . Such arrangement requires the ILEC to interconnect with the CLEC at any technically feasible point within the ILEC ’s network, provide access to certain unbundled network elements of the ILEC ’s network, and allow physical collocation of the CLEC ’s equipment in the ILEC ’s facilities to permit interconnection or access to unbundled network element services. Therefore, we have the right to interconnect with the incumbent local exchange carrier Puerto Rico Telcom ( PRTC ). We have negotiated an interconnection agreement with PRTC , and the physical interconnection between both companies has been activated. All of the circuit-switched telephony and VoIP services of Liberty Puerto Rico are subject to a charge for the federal Universal Service Fund ( USF ), which is a fund created under the Communications Act to subsidize telecommunication services in high-cost areas, to provide telecommunications services for low-income consumers, and to provide certain subsidies for schools, libraries and rural healthcare facilities. The FCC has redirected the focus of USF to support broadband deployment in high-cost areas. In addition, our circuit-switched telephony and VoIP services are subject to a charge for a local Puerto Rico Universal Service Fund, which was created by law to subsidize telecommunications services for low-income families under the federal USF Lifeline and Link-Up programs. The FCC has adopted other regulations for VoIP services, including the requirement that interconnected VoIP providers and facilities-based broadband internet access providers must comply with the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, which requires carriers to provide certain assistance to federal law enforcement authorities. VoIP providers are also required to offer basic and enhanced 911 emergency calling services, which requires disclosure to all VoIP customers. VoIP providers are also subject to federal customer proprietary network information rules related to c ustomer privacy. Mobile Services . Liberty Mobile Puerto Rico and Liberty Mobile U.S. Virgin Islands offer mobile services in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The FCC regulates virtually all aspects of United States wireless communications systems, including spectrum licensing, tower and antenna construction, modification and operation, the ownership and sale of wireless systems and licenses, as well as the acquisition and use of wireless spectrum. Local governments, such as in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, typically regulate the placement of wireless towers and similar facilities via zoning laws. At present, neither the FCC nor state or local governments regulate specific service offerings or rate plans. In addition, other federal and state agencies have asserted jurisdiction over consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of anticompetitive business practices in the wireless industry. The specific issues as to which our United States mobile services operations are subject to regulatory oversight include: roaming, interconnection, spectrum allocation and licensing, facilities siting, pole attachments, intercarrier compensation, Universal Service Fund (“USF”) contributions and distributions (such as through the UPR program), network neutrality, 911 services, consumer protection, consumer privacy, and cybersecurity. Failure to comply with applicable regulations could subject us to fines, forfeitures, and other penalties (including, in extreme cases, revocation of our spectrum licenses), even if any non-compliance was unintentional. Competition We operate in an emerging region of the world, where market penetration of telecommunication services such as broadband and mobile data is lower than in more developed markets. Generally, our markets are at a relatively nascent stage of the global shift to a “data-centric” world. Although there has been strong growth in data consumption in our key markets, data consumption in our operating regions still lags significantly when compared to international benchmarks. We believe that we have the opportunity to capitalize upon this underlying growth trend in the majority of our markets, and benefit from increasing penetration of our data services as well as economic growth, in all of our markets, over time. However, technological advances and product innovations have increased and are likely to continue to increase giving customers several options for the provision of their communications services. Our customers want access to high quality communication services that allow for seamless connectivity. Accordingly, our ability to offer converged services (video, internet, fixed telephony and mobile) is a key component of our strategy. In many of our markets, we compete with companies that provide converged services, as well as companies that are established in one or more communication products and services. Consequently, our businesses face significant competition. In all markets, we seek to differentiate our communications services by focusing on customer service, competitive pricing and offering quality high-speed connectivity. I-27 Mobile and Telephony Services In many of our markets we are either the leading or one of the leading mobile providers. In the markets where we are one of the top mobile providers, we continue to seek additional bandwidth to deliver our wide range of services to our customers and increase our LTE coverage. We also offer various calling plans, such as unlimited network, national or international calling, unlimited off-peak calling and minute packages, including calls to fixed and mobile phones. In addition, we use our bundled offers with our video and high-speed internet services to gain mobile subscribers where possible. Our ability to offer fixed-mobile convergence services is expected to be a key driver. In several of our markets, we expect to increase focus on converged services, including mobile, fixed-line, broadband and video. • C&W Caribbean and Networks . We typically operate in duopoly mobile market structures and face competition from Digicel Group Ltd. ( Digicel ) in most of our C&W Caribbean and Networks’ residential markets, and ALIV in the Bahamas. • C&W Panama . In Panama, our most competitive mobile market, we compete with subsidiaries of Millicom International Cellular S.A. ( Millicom ), América Móvil , S.A.B. de C.V. ( Claro ) and Digicel. Millicom entered the market through the acquisition of Movistar’s assets in Panama in 2019. • Liberty Puerto Rico . Liberty Puerto Rico competes with T-Mobile US, Claro, Worldnet, and Neptuno for the provision of mobile services . • VTR. Movistar , Claro and Empresa Nacional de Telecomunicaciones S.A. ( Entel ) are the primary companies that offer mobile telephony in Chile. In mid-2015, WOM S.A. ( WOM ) entered the mobile services market through its acquisition of the Nextel Chile network. As an MVNO , VTR offers its mobile services on a standalone basis. To attract and retain customers, VTR focuses on its triple-play and double-play customer bases, offering them postpaid mobile accounts at an attractive price. The market for fixed-line telephony services is mature across our markets. Changes in market share are driven by the combination of price and quality of services provided and the inclusion of telephony services in bundled offerings. In most of our C&W Caribbean and Networks’ markets, we are the incumbent telecommunications provider with long established customer relationships. In our other markets, our fixed-line telephony services compete against the incumbent telecommunications operator in the applicable market. In these markets, the incumbent operators have substantially more experience in providing fixed-line telephony, greater resources to devote to the provision of such services and long-standing customer relationships. In all of our markets, we also compete with VoIP operators offering services across broadband lines and over-the-top ( OTT ) telephony providers, such as WhatsApp. In many countries, our businesses also face competition from other cable telephony providers, FTTx -based providers or other indirect access providers. Competition exists in both the residential and business fixed-line telephony products due to market trends, the offering of carrier pre-select services, number portability, the replacement of fixed-line with mobile telephony and the growth of VoIP services, as well as continued deregulation of telephony markets and other regulatory action, such as general price competition. Carrier pre-select allows the end user to choose the voice services of operators other than the incumbent while using the incumbent’s network. Our fixed-line telephony strategy is focused around value leadership, and we position our services as “anytime” or “any destination.” Our portfolio of calling plans includes a variety of innovative calling options designed to meet the needs of our subscribers. In many of our markets, we provide product innovation, such as telephone applications that allow customers to make and receive calls from their fixed-line call packages on smart phones. In addition, we offer varying plans to meet customer needs and, similar to our mobile services, we use our telephony bundle options with our digital video and internet services to help promote our telephony services and flat rate offers are standard. • C&W Caribbean and Networks . We face competition in the provision of fixed-telephony services from Digicel in our Caribbean markets and Cable Bahamas Limited ( Cable Bahamas ) in the Bahamas. These companies all have competitive pricing on similar services, and the intensified level of competition we are experiencing in several of our markets has added increased pressure on the pricing of our services. • C&W Panama . We face competition from a subsidiary of Millicom in Panama. Millicom entered the Panama market through its acquisition of an 80% stake in Cable Onda S.A. ( Cable Onda ) in 2019. • Liberty Puerto Rico . Liberty Puerto Rico primarily competes with Claro who is the incumbent fixed operator in Puerto Rico . For B2B, Liberty Puerto Rico primarily competes with Claro and WorldNet. I-28 • VTR. VTR faces fixed-telephony competition from the incumbent telecommunications operator, Movistar and other telecommunications operators. Movistar has substantial experience in providing telephony services, resources to devote to the provision of telephony services and long-standing customer relationships. Price is a key factor as are bundles with quality services. We distinguish our services by delivering reliable market leading internet access speeds with attractive bundled offers . Broadband Internet With respect to broadband internet services and online content, our businesses face competition in a rapidly evolving marketplace from incumbent and non-incumbent telecommunications companies, mobile operators and cable-based ISPs , many of which have substantial resources. The internet services offered by these competitors include both fixed-line broadband internet services using cable, DSL or FTTx networks and wireless broadband internet services. These competitors have a range of product offerings with varying speeds and pricing, as well as interactive services, data and other non-video services offered to homes and businesses. With the demand for mobile internet services increasing, competition from wireless services using various advanced technologies is a competitive factor. In several of our markets, competitors offer high-speed mobile data via LTE wireless networks. In addition, other wireless technologies, such as WiFi, are available in almost all of our markets. In this intense competitive environment, speed, bundling, and pricing are key drivers for customers. A key component of our strategy is speed leadership. Our focus is on increasing the maximum speed of our connections as well as offering varying tiers of services and prices, a variety of bundled product offerings and a range of value added services. We update our bundles and packages on an ongoing basis to meet the needs of our customers. Our top download speeds generally range from 50 Mbps to speeds of up to 600 Mbps. In Barbados we also deliver speeds of up to 1 Gbps for our customers. In many of our markets, we offer the highest download speeds available via our cable and FTTx networks. The focus is on high-speed internet products to safeguard our high-end customer base and allow us to become more aggressive at the low- and medium-end of the internet market. By fully utilizing the technical capabilities of DOCSIS 3.0 technology on our cable systems, we can compete with local FTTx initiatives and create a competitive advantage compared to DSL infrastructures and LTE initiatives on a national level. In several of our C&W Caribbean and Networks’ markets, we are the incumbent phone company offering broadband internet products through a variety of technologies, ranging from DSL to FTTx. In these markets and our other Latin American markets, our key competition for internet services is from cable and IPTV operators and mobile data service providers. To compete effectively, we are expanding our LTE service areas and increasing our download speeds. In most of our markets, we offer our internet service through bundled offerings that include video and fixed-line telephony. We also offer a wide range of mobile products either on a prepaid or postpaid basis. • C&W Caribbean and Networks. Where C&W Caribbean and Networks is the incumbent telecommunications provider, it competes with cable operators, the largest of which are Cable Bahamas in the Bahamas and Digicel in certain of C&W Caribbean and Networks’ markets. To distinguish itself from these competitors, C&W Caribbean and Networks is investing in footprint expansion and upgrades and uses its bundled offers with video and telephony to promote its broadband internet services. • C&W Panama . The largest competitor in Panama is Cable Onda. • VTR. VTR faces competition primarily from non-cable-based ISPs , such as Movistar, Entel , and Mundo Pacifico, and from other cable-based providers, such as Claro and GTD Manquehue ( GTD ). Competition is particularly intense with each of these companies offering competitively priced services, including bundled offers with high-speed internet services. Mobile broadband competition is significant as well. Movistar , Claro and Entel have launched LTE networks for high-speed mobile data. To compete effectively, VTR is expanding its two-way coverage and offering attractive bundling with fixed-line telephony and digital video service and high-speed internet with download speeds of up to 600 Mbps. • Liberty Puerto Rico . Liberty Puerto Rico competes primarily with Claro and other operators using fiber networks or fixed wireless access technologies. To compete with these providers, Liberty Puerto Rico offers its high-speed internet with download speeds of up to 500 Mbps. Video Distribution Our video services compete primarily with traditional free-to-air ( FTA ) broadcast television services, DTH satellite service providers and other fixed-line telecommunications carriers and broadband providers, including operations offering (i) services over hybrid fiber coaxial networks, (ii) DTH satellite services, (iii) internet protocol television ( IPTV ) over broadband internet I-29 connections using asymmetric DSL or VDSL or an enhancement to VDSL called “vectoring,” (iv) IPTV over FTTx networks, or (v) LTE services. Many of these competitors have a national footprint and offer features, pricing and video services individually and in bundles comparable to what we offer. In certain markets, we also compete with other cable or FTTx based providers who have overbuilt portions of our systems. OTT aggregators and SVOD services util izing our or our competitors’ high-speed broadband connections are also a significant competitive factor as are other video service providers that overlap our service areas. OTT video providers (such as HBO Go/Max, Amazon Prime Video, Disney+ and Netflix in most of our markets, and Hulu, DirecTV Now, Sling, and Digicel Play in selected markets) offer rich VOD catalogues and/or linear channels . In some cases, these AVOD services are provided free-of-charge (such as YouTube and Pluto TV). Typically these services are available on multiple devices in and out of the home. To enhance our video offering, we are developing cloud-based, next generation user interfaces based on advanced technologies, and are providing our subscribers with TV Everywhere applications, and in some markets, we feature leading premium and AVOD OTT video services in our video platforms (such as HubTV in Puerto-Rico), and our users can subscribe to these OTT services, search and discover and consume programs through our UI. Our businesses also compete to varying degrees with other sources of entertainment and information, such as online entertainment, newspapers, magazines, books, live entertainment/concerts and sporting events. Piracy and other unauthorized uses and distribution of content, including through web-based applications, devices and online platforms, also present challenges for our video business. These platforms illegally stream copyrighted content, for example, Premier League games that can be viewed with an internet connection. While piracy is a challenge in most jurisdictions in which we operate, it is particularly prevalent in those jurisdictions that lack developed copyright laws and effective enforcement of copyright laws. We believe that our deep-fiber access, where available, provides us with several competitive advantages. For instance, our cable networks allow us to concurrently deliver internet access, together with real-time television and VoD content, without impairing our high-speed internet service. In addition, our cable infrastructure in most of our footprint allows us to provide triple-play bundled services of broadband internet, television and fixed-line telephony services without relying on a third-party service provider or network. Where mobile is available, our mobile networks, together with our fixed fiber-rich networks, will allow us to provide a comprehensive set of converged mobile and fixed-line services. Our capacity is designed to support peak consumer demand. In serving the business market, many aspects of the network can be leveraged at very low incremental costs given that business demand peaks at a time when consumer demand is low, and peaks at lower levels than consumer demand. In response to the continued growth in OTT viewing, we have launched a number of innovative video services, including Flow ToGo and +TV Go in C&W Caribbean and Networks’ markets, LibertyGo in Puerto Rico and VTR Play in Chile. Our ability to attract and retain customers depends on our continued ability to acquire appealing content and services on competitive terms and to make such content available on multiple devices and outside the home. Some competitors have obtained long-term exclusive contracts for certain sports programs, which limits the opportunities for other providers to offer such programs. Other competitors also have obtained long-term exclusive contracts for programs, but our operations have limited access to certain of such programming through select contracts with those companies. If exclusive content offerings increase through other providers, programming options could be a deciding factor for subscribers on selecting a video service. In this competitive environment, we enhance our offers with converged digital services, such as DVR and replay functionalities, and VoD and multiscreen services. In addition, we offer attractive content packages tailored to particular markets and discounts for bundled services. To improve the quality of the programming in our packages, our operations periodically modify their digital channel offerings. Where we offer mobile, we focus on our converged service offerings. We use these services, as well as bundles of our fixed-line services, as a means of driving video and other products where we can leverage convenience and price across our portfolio of available services. • C&W Caribbean and Networks . C&W Caribbean and Networks competes with a variety of pay TV service providers, with several of these competitors offering double-play and triple-play packages. Fixed-mobile convergence services are not currently a significant factor in most of C&W Caribbean and Networks’ residential markets. In several of its other markets, including Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados, C&W Caribbean and Networks is the largest or one of the largest video service providers. In these markets, its primary competition is from DTH providers, such as DIRECTV Latin America Holdings, Inc. ( DirecTV ), which is now called Vrio Corp., and operators of IPTV services over VDSL and FTTx , such as Digicel . • C&W Panama . C&W Panama competes primarily with Cable Onda, which is 80% owned by Millicom and which offers video, internet and fixed-line telephony over its cable network, and with the DTH services of Claro . To compete effectively, C&W Panama invests in leading mobile and fixed networks and content. I-30 • VTR . VTR competes primarily with DTH and IPTV service providers, including Movistar , Claro and DirecTV , among others. Movistar offers double-play and triple-play packages using IPTV for video in its FTTx footprint and OTT on its DSL footprint. Claro offers triple-play packages using DTH and, in most major cities in Chile, through a hybrid fiber coaxial cable network. It also offers mobile services. DirecTV offers video through DTH and does not bundle with any broadband or telephony services. To compete effectively, VTR focuses on enhancing its subscribers’ viewing options in and out of the home through a broad non-linear content offering, catch-up television, DVR functionality, and a variety of premium channels. These services and its variety of bundled options, including internet and telephony, enhance VTR ’s competitive position. • Liberty Puerto Rico . Liberty Puerto Rico is the largest provider of fixed-line video services in Puerto Rico. Liberty Puerto Rico ’s primary competition for video customers is from DTH satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network Corporation ( Dish Network ). Dish Network is an aggressive competitor, offering low introductory offers, free HD channels and, in its top tier packages, a free multi-room DVR service. DirecTV is also a significant competitor offering similar programming in Puerto Rico compared to Dish Network . In order to compete, Liberty Puerto Rico focuses on offering video packages with attractive programming, including HD and Spanish language channels, plus a specialty video package of Spanish-only channels that has gained popularity. In addition, Liberty Puerto Rico uses its bundled offers that include high-speed internet with download speeds of up to 500 Mbps to drive its video services. Business and Wholesale Services Through C&W , we provide a variety of advanced, point-to-point, clear channel broadband capacity, IP, Multiprotocol Label Switching, Ethernet and managed services over our owned and operated, technologically advanced, subsea fiber optic cable network. Our subsea and terrestrial fiber routes combine to form a series of fully integrated networks that typically provide complete operational redundancy, stability and reliability, allowing us in most cases to provide our clients with superior service and minimal network downtime. Given the advanced technical state of the network combined with the challenges in securing the necessary governmental and environmental licenses in all of our operating markets, we believe the network is unlikely to be replicated in the region. Competing networks in the region connect fewer countries than we do and are either linear in design, or if ringed, have high latency protection routes. In addition, our network as of December 31, 2020, utilized less than 10% of its potential design capacity, and we believe that our ability to take advantage of this large unused carrying capacity, as well as the financial and time investment required to build a similar network, and the potential delays associated with acquiring governmental permissions, makes it unlikely that our network will be replicated in the near term. We compete in the provision of B2B services with residential telecommunications operators as noted above. We also compete with regional and international service providers, particularly when addressing larger customers. Human Capital Resources Our Team . As of December 31, 2020, we employed approximately 11,900 full-time employees across our five reportable segments. Our employees are employed across our segments as follows: C&W Caribbean and Networks approximately 4,800 full-time employees, C&W Panama approximately 2,400 full-time employees, VTR/Cabletica approximately 2,300 employees and Liberty Puerto Rico approximately 2,200 employees. The remaining employees are employed by our corporate entities. Women represented 42% of our global employees and 38% of our managerial positions. Of our total employee population, approximately 4,000 are covered by contracts with various unions, primarily across our Caribbean markets, Panama and Puerto Rico. During 2020, our total employee attrition rate, both voluntary and involuntary, was approximately 21%. The Employee Net Promoter Score is a widely-used methodology to measure the employee experience (eNPS). From 2018 to 2020, we saw an increase of 30 points (net change of 243%) in our eNPS as measured by our annual employee survey, and believe that we have a passionate, engaged and dedicated workforce. Our Chief People Officer, who reports to the CEO and is part of the Executive Team, leads our People and Culture initiatives. Initiatives form part of the strategy and priorities of all leaders and our Chief People Officer regularly reports progress on these initiatives to our Board of Directors. Talent Strategy. We manage our talent strategy through a cycle consisting of Talent Acquisition, Learning & Development, and Performance Management. We offer prospective candidates a compelling employee value proposition rooted in our culture, which combines a shared vision, philosophy and principles for how we work. We foster an environment where employees can learn, develop, and gain experience through new opportunities to work in different geographies. Unique to our region, we have revamped our performance management process from an annual performance rating to a more agile system that better aligns with our culture and ways of working as one team. We offer a simpler, meaningful, and engaging Agile I-31 Performance Development (APD) experience for all our employees, focused on frequent conversations throughout the year combined with real-time feedback between managers and employees. Our employees are the heart and soul of our business, helping us to deliver value to our customers, shareholders and communities. As our employees grow and develop, so will our company. Equality, Diversity & Inclusion. Our employees comprise many races, ethnicities, beliefs, and cultures, and we are built on a set of strong principles including respect. We learned from the events and global dialogue in 2020 that we can always improve our efforts in this area, and in 2020 we took a number of actions in the areas of Equality, Diversity & Inclusion. In 2020, we conducted a virtual listening tour across 22 countries to learn from our employees, understand their experiences within our company and in their community, and identify focus areas where we could implement initiatives that would drive progress. As an initial undertaking, this process of listening, asking questions, and being open to feedback created a heightened understanding of the need to continue to work on the areas of Equality, Diversity & Inclusion. As a result, we developed an Equality, Diversity and Inclusion strategy and established an employee volunteer team and a senior advisory team to oversee, guide and drive the strategy. Our CEO signed the CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion pledge with a focus on four components: creating an environment for open dialogue, conducting implicit bias training, sharing best practices and lessons learned, and developing dedicated Diversity & Inclusion plans in consultation with our Board of Directors. We know that our success depends on our people. Having a diverse and inclusive workforce will help us become more innovative, more reflective of our customer base, and more creative when it comes to engaging with our customers and our communities. COVID-19 Response. We had to adapt quickly to the impact of the pandemic and rapidly put into place measures that would protect our employees, our customers, and our communities. As we were deemed an essential business across our markets, providing critical connectivity and access, we mobilized and equipped our office personnel to be able to work remotely, while supplying our front-line team members with appropriate personal protective equipment and sanitation supplies. We took necessary precautions across our retail footprint as well, and complied with local government regulations. We also created a COVID-19 Employee Assistance Fund where employees could apply for grants up to $500 USD to support financial needs created by the pandemic. We funded the Employee Assistance Fund through donations from members of our Board of Directors, our Executive Team and employees. We also extended our Employee Assistance Program providing 24/7 support via a helpline of trained counselors, psychologists and advisors to those who need it. Corporate Social Responsibility . In addition to our core products and services, we contribute to the communities where we operate. Our communities are so much more than locations for our business. It’s where we live, where our families grow, where we celebrate and connect. We believe we have a responsibility to enable progress and build more resilient communities. We bring this to life through a shared approach across our markets with a focus on four critical areas: Learning; Environment; Access; Disaster Relief. When our communities thrive, we all win. Our employees lead many of our outreach programs, working alongside our local and regional charitable foundations. We proudly support and give back. In 2020, through our company-wide initiative, Mission Week , over 1,000 employees came together to make a positive impact in local communities through a wide range of volunteer activities.  Compensation, Benefits and Well-being. As part of our Employee Value Proposition, we offer compensation, benefits, and well-being packages that we believe are fair and competitive. We include a mix of base salary, short and long-term incentives (based on eligibility), as well as a wide range of programs that support our employees’ overall well-being including: retirement savings plans, healthcare and insurance benefits, paid parental leave, paid time off, and employee assistance programs. These programs vary by employee level and geography. Compliance and Ethics. We conduct our business with honesty and integrity in accordance with high ethical and legal standards, and with respect for each other and those with whom we do business. Our Code of Conduct sets out the basic rules, standards and behaviors necessary to achieve those objectives. Employees can confidentially and anonymously report any behavior or action they see or experience which goes against our Code of Conduct through SpeakUp, our employee hotline. I-32 We expect our employees and directors to display responsible and ethical behavior, to follow consistently both the meaning and intent of our Code of Conduct and to act with integrity in all of our business dealings. We expect managers and supervisors to take such action as is necessary and appropriate to ensure that our business processes and practices are in full compliance with our company culture and principles. We expect our business partners to also act with integrity in all business dealings with us and others. Our Business Partner Code of Conduct sets forth the basic rules, standards and behaviors that we expect of our business partners. As part of our global onboarding process, we require all new employees to complete training on our Code of Conduct. Additionally, we periodically host seminars on anti-corruption, anti-bribery and other important compliance topics. Health & Safety. Our vision is to have the safest operations in our industry and markets. To reduce the risk of serious injuries we invest in systems that enable us to receive reliable and structured data to enable informed decision making. We also work to improve our safety practices in the field and in our retail and office locations to prevent work-related illness and injuries. Available Information All our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ), as well as amendments to such filings, are available on our internet website free of charge generally within 24 hours after we file such material with the SEC. Our website address is www.lla.com. The information on our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is not incorporated by reference herein. Item 1A. RISK FACTORS In addition to the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, you should consider the following risk factors in evaluating our results of operations, financial condition, business and operations or an investment in the shares of our company. The risk factors described in this section have been separated into five groups: • risks that relate to the competition we face and the technology used in our businesses; • risks that relate to our operating in overseas markets and being subject to foreign and domestic regulation; • risks that relate to certain financial matters; • risks relating to our corporate history and structure; and • risks relating to our common shares and the securities market. Although we describe below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K the risks we consider to be the most material, there may be other unknown or unpredictable economic, business, competitive, regulatory or other factors that also could have material adverse effects on our results of operations, financial condition, businesses or operations in the future. In addition, past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future periods. If any of the events described below, individually or in combination, were to occur, our businesses, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows could be materially adversely affected. Risks that Relate to the Competition we Face and the Technology Used in Our Businesses We operate in increasingly competitive markets, and there is a risk that we will not be able to effectively compete with other service providers. The markets for cable television, broadband internet, telephony and mobile services are highly competitive. In the provision of video services, we face competition from FTA and digital terrestrial television ( DTT ) broadcasters, DTH satellite providers, networks using DSL , VDSL or vectoring technology, Multi-channel Multipoint Distribution System operators, FTTx networks, OTT content providers, and, in some countries where parts of our systems are overbuilt, cable networks, among others. Our operating businesses are facing increasing competition from video services provided by, or over the networks of, other telecommunications operators and service providers. As the availability and speed of broadband I-33 internet increases, we also face competition from OTT providers, including telephony providers such as WhatsApp, utilizing our or our competitors’ high-speed internet connections. Some of these providers offer services without charging a fee, which could erode relationships with customers and may lead to a downward pressure on prices and returns for telecommunication services providers. In the provision of telephony and broadband internet services, we are experiencing increasing competition from other telecommunications operators and other service providers in each country in which we operate, as well as other mobile providers of voice and data. Many of the other operators offer double-play, triple-play and quadruple-play bundles of services. In many countries, we also compete with other facilities-based operators and wireless providers. Developments in wireless technologies, such as LTE (the next generation of ultra-high-speed mobile data) and WiFi, are creating additional competitive challenges. In almost all cases, our licenses are not exclusive. As a result, our competitors have similar licenses and have and may continue to build systems and provide services in areas in which we hold licenses. In the case of cable- and broadband-enabled services, the existence of more than one cable system operating in the same territory is referred to as an “overbuild.” Overbuilds could increase competition or create competition where none existed previously, either of which could adversely affect our growth, financial condition and results of operations. In some of our markets, national and local government agencies may seek to become involved, either directly or indirectly, in the establishment of FTTx networks, DTT systems or other communications systems. We intend to pursue available options to restrict such involvement or to ensure that such involvement is on commercially reasonable terms. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be successful in these pursuits. As a result, we may face competition from entities not requiring a normal commercial return on their investments. In addition, we may face more vigorous competition than would have been the case if there were no such government involvement. Increased competition could result in increased customer churn, reductions of customer acquisition rates for some products and services and significant price and promotional competition. In combination with difficult economic environments, these competitive pressures could adversely impact our business, results of operations and cash flows . Changes in technology may limit the competitiveness of and demand for our services. Technology in the video, telecommunications and data services industries is changing rapidly, including advances in current technologies and the emergence of new technologies. New technologies, products and services may impact consumer behavior and therefore demand for our products and services. Our ability to anticipate changes in technology and consumer tastes and to develop and introduce new and enhanced products and services on a timely basis will affect our ability to maintain, continue to grow, or increase our revenue and number of customers and remain competitive. New products and services, once marketed, may not meet consumer expectations or demand, can be subject to delays in development and may fail to operate as intended. A lack of market acceptance of new products and services that we may offer, or the development of significant competitive products or services by others, could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and cash flows. Our significant property and equipment additions may not generate a positive return. Significant additions to our property and equipment are, or in the future may be, required to add customers to our networks and to upgrade or expand our broadband communications networks and upgrade customer premises equipment to enhance our service offerings and improve the customer experience. Additions to our property and equipment, including in connection with Network Extensions , require significant capital expenditures for equipment and associated labor costs to build out and/or upgrade our networks as well as for related customer premises equipment. Additionally, significant competition, the introduction of new technologies, the expansion of existing technologies, such as FTTx and advanced DSL technologies, the impact of natural disasters like hurricanes, or adverse regulatory developments could cause us to decide to undertake previously unplanned builds or upgrades of our networks and customer premises equipment. No assurance can be given that any rebuilds, upgrades or extensions of our network will increase penetration rates, increase average monthly subscription revenue per average cable RGU or mobile subscriber, as applicable, or otherwise generate positive returns as anticipated, or that we will have adequate capital available to finance such rebuilds, upgrades or extensions. Additionally, costs related to our Network Extensions and property and equipment additions could end up being greater than originally anticipated or planned. If this is the case, we may require additional financing sooner than anticipated or we may have to delay or abandon some or all of our development and expansion plans or otherwise forego market opportunities. Additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, if at all, and our ability to incur additional debt will be limited by our debt agreements. If we are unable to, or elect not to, pay for costs associated with adding new customers, expanding, extending or upgrading our networks or making other planned or unplanned additions to our property I-34 and equipment, or are delayed in making such investments, our growth could be limited and our competitive position could be harmed. We depend almost exclusively on our relationships with third-party programming providers and broadcasters for programming content, and a failure to acquire a wide selection of popular programming on acceptable terms could adversely affect our business. The success of our video subscription business depends, in large part, on our ability to provide a wide selection of popular programming to our subscribers. We do not produce our own content and we depend on our agreements, relationships and cooperation with public and private broadcasters and collective rights associations to obtain such content. If we fail to obtain a diverse array of popular programming for our pay television services, including a sufficient selection of HD channels as well as non-linear content (such as a selection of attractive VoD content and rights for ancillary services such as DVR s and catch up or ‘Replay’ services), on satisfactory terms, we may not be able to offer a compelling video product to our customers at a price they are willing to pay. Additionally, we frequently negotiate and renegotiate programming agreements and our annual costs for programming can vary. There can be no assurance that we will be able to renegotiate or renew the terms of our programming agreements on acceptable terms or at all. If we are unable to obtain or retain attractively priced competitive content, demand for our television services could decrease, thereby limiting our ability to attract new customers, maintain existing customers and/or migrate customers from lower tier programming to higher tier programming. Furthermore, we may be placed at a competitive disadvantage as certain OTT providers increasingly produce their own exclusive content and if certain of our competitors acquire exclusive programming rights, particularly with respect to popular sports. We depend on third-party suppliers and licensors to supply and maintain necessary equipment, software and certain services required for our businesses. We rely on third-party vendors for the equipment (including customer premises equipment, network infrastructure and mobile handsets), software and services that we require in order to provide services to our customers. Our suppliers often conduct business worldwide and their ability to meet our needs is subject to various risks, including political and economic instability, international regulations or sanctions, natural calamities, interruptions in transportation systems, power supplies, terrorism and labor issues. In addition, we rely on third parties (in particular, local municipalities, power companies and other telecommunications companies) for access to poles to attach our network equipment, and their ability to provide such access is subject to similar risks. As a result, we may not be able to obtain the equipment, software, access and services required for our businesses on a timely basis or on satisfactory terms. Any shortfall in our equipment could lead to delays in completing extensions to our networks and in connecting customers to our services and, accordingly, could adversely impact our ability to maintain or increase our RGU s, revenue and cash flows. Also, if demand exceeds the suppliers’ and licensors’ capacity or if they experience financial difficulties, the ability of our businesses to provide some services may be materially adversely affected, which in turn could affect our businesses’ ability to attract and retain customers. To the extent that we have minimum order commitments, we would be adversely affected in the event that we were unable to resell committed products or otherwise decline to accept committed products. Although we actively monitor the creditworthiness of our key third-party suppliers and licensors, the financial failure of a key third-party supplier or licensor could disrupt our operations and have an adverse impact on our revenue and cash flows. We rely upon intellectual property that is owned or licensed by us to use various technologies, conduct our operations and sell our products and services. Legal challenges could be made against our use of our owned or licensed intellectual property rights (such as trademarks, patents and trade secrets) and we may be required to enter into licensing arrangements on unfavorable terms, incur monetary damages or be enjoined from use of the intellectual property rights in question. We rely on power companies to provide power necessary to operate equipment necessary to conduct our operations and to operate our customer premises equipment. As a result of any long-term interruption in power supplies, we may not be able to deliver our services on a timely or satisfactory basis, which could accordingly adversely impact our ability to maintain or increase our RGUs, revenue and cash flows. In addition, the operation, administration, maintenance and repair of our network, including our subsea cable network, requires the coordination and integration of sophisticated and highly specialized hardware and software technologies and equipment located throughout the Caribbean and Latin America and requires operating and capital expenses. Events outside of our control, such as natural disasters, technological failures, vandalism, war, terrorism, inadvertent cuts or extraordinary social or political events, could impact the continued operation of our network. We cannot assure you that our systems will continue to function as expected in a cost-effective manner. I-35 VTR, which offers mobile telephony and data services, relies on the radio access network of a third-party wireless network provider to carry its mobile communications traffic. VTR’s services to mobile customers in Chile rely on the use of an MVNO arrangement in which VTR utilizes the radio access network of a third-party wireless network provider to carry its mobile communications traffic. If the MVNO arrangement is terminated, or if the third-party wireless network provider fails to provide the services required under the MVNO arrangement, or if a third-party wireless network provider fails to deploy and maintain its network, and VTR is unable to find a replacement network operator on a timely and commercially reasonable basis or at all, VTR could be prevented from continuing the mobile services relying on such MVNO arrangement. Failure in our technology or telecommunications systems from security attacks or natural disasters could significantly disrupt our operations, which could reduce our customer base and result in lost revenue. Our success depends, in part, on the continued and uninterrupted performance of our information technology and network systems as well as our customer service centers. The hardware supporting a large number of critical systems for our cable network in a particular country or geographic region is housed in a relatively small number of locations. Our systems and equipment (including our routers and set-top boxes) are vulnerable to damage or security breach from a variety of sources, including a cut in our terrestrial network or subsea cable network, telecommunications failures, power loss, malicious human acts, security flaws and natural disasters. In particular, our systems and equipment are in regions prone to hurricanes, earthquakes and other natural disasters, and they have been impacted by hurricanes in the recent past. Moreover, despite security measures, our servers, systems and equipment are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses and similar disruptive actions as further discussed below. See “ Cyberattacks or other network disruptions could have an adverse effect on our business.” Our disaster recovery, security and service continuity protection measures include back-up power systems, resilient ring network systems, procuring capacity in competing networks to further strengthen our reliability profile and network monitoring. We also are party to the Atlantic Cable Maintenance and Repair Agreement, which provides us with certain dedicated repair vessels and timely call out services with respect to our subsea cables through to the present. We cannot assure you, however, that these precautions will be sufficient to prevent loss of data or prolonged network downtime or that we will be able to renegotiate arrangements with the Atlantic Cable Maintenance and Repair Agreement on successful terms. Despite the precautions we have taken, unanticipated problems affecting our systems could cause failures in our information technology systems or disruption in the transmission of signals over our networks or similar problems. Any disruptive situation that causes loss, misappropriation, misuse or leakage of data could damage our reputation and the credibility of our operations. Further, sustained or repeated system failures that interrupt our ability to provide service to our customers or otherwise meet our business obligations in a timely manner could adversely affect our reputation and result in a loss of customers and revenue. Cyberattacks or other network disruptions could have an adverse effect on our business. As described above, our success depends, in part, on the continued and uninterrupted performance of our information technology and network systems. The hardware supporting a large number of critical systems for our cable network in a particular country or geographic region is housed in a relatively small number of locations. In addition, through our operations, sales and marketing activities, we collect and store certain non-public personal information related to our customers, and we also gather and retain information about employees in the normal course of business. We may share information about such persons with vendors, contractors and other third-parties that assist with certain aspects of our business. Our and our vendors’ servers, systems and equipment (including our routers and set-top boxes) are vulnerable to damage or security breach from a variety of sources, including a cut in our terrestrial network or subsea cable network, security flaws, and malicious human acts. Despite security measures, our and our vendors’ servers, systems and equipment are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, worms, phishing attacks and similar disruptive actions. Furthermore, our operating activities could be subject to risks caused by misappropriation, misuse, leakage, falsification or accidental release or loss of information maintained in our information technology systems and networks and those of our third-party vendors, including customer, personnel and vendor data. The techniques used to gain such access to our or our vendors’ technology systems, data or customer information, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems are constantly evolving, may be difficult to detect quickly, and often are not recognized until launched against a target. It is possible for such cyberattacks to go undetected for an extended period of time, increasing the potential harm to our customers, employees, assets, and reputation. I-36 Cyberattacks against our or our vendors’ technological infrastructure or breaches of network information technology may cause equipment failures, disruption of our or their operation, and potentially unauthorized access to confidential customer or employee data, which could subject us to increased costs and other liabilities as discussed further below. To date, we have not been subject to cyberattacks or network disruptions that, individually or in the aggregate, have been material to our operations or financial condition. Although we have not detected a material security breach or cybersecurity incident to date, we have been the target of events of this nature and expect to be subject to similar attacks in the future. We engage in a variety of preventive measures at an increased cost to us, in order to reduce the risk of cyberattacks and safeguard our infrastructure and confidential customer information, but as with all companies, these measures may not be sufficient for all eventualities and there is no guarantee that they will be adequate to safeguard against all cyberattacks, system compromises or misuses of data. If hackers or cyberthieves gain improper access to our or our vendors’ technology systems, networks, or infrastructure, they may be able to access, steal, publish, delete, misappropriate, modify or otherwise disrupt access to confidential customer or employee data or our or our customers’ business systems or networks. Moreover, additional harm to customers or employees could be perpetrated by third parties who are given access to the confidential customer data or business systems or networks. A network disruption (including one resulting from a cyberattack) could cause an interruption or degradation of service and diversion of management attention, as well as permit access, theft, publishing, deletion, misappropriation, or modification to or of confidential customer data or business systems or networks. Due to the evolving techniques used in cyberattacks to disrupt or gain unauthorized access to technology networks, we may not be able to anticipate or prevent such disruption or unauthorized access. The costs imposed on us as a result of a cyberattack or network disruption could be significant. Among others, such costs could include increased expenditures on cyber security measures, litigation, regulatory actions, fines, sanctions, lost revenue from business interruption, and damage to the public’s perception regarding our ability to provide a secure service. As a result, a cyberattack or network disruption could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and operating results. We also face similar risks associated with security breaches affecting third parties with which we are affiliated or otherwise conduct business. While we maintain cyber liability insurance that provides both third-party liability and first-party insurance coverage, our insurance may not be sufficient to protect against all of our losses from any future disruptions or breaches of our systems or other events as described above. We rely on information technology to operate our business and maintain our competitiveness, and any failure to invest in and adapt to technological developments and industry trends could harm our business. We depend on the use of sophisticated information technologies and systems, including technology and systems used for website and mobile applications, network management systems, customer billing, financial reporting, human resources and various other processes and transactions. As our operations grow in size, scope and complexity, we must continuously improve and upgrade our systems and infrastructure to offer an increasing number of customers enhanced products, services, features and functionality, while maintaining or improving the reliability and integrity of our systems and infrastructure. Our future success also depends on our ability to adapt our services and infrastructure to meet rapidly evolving consumer trends and demands while continuing to improve the performance, features and reliability of our services in response to competitive service and product offerings. The emergence of alternative platforms such as smartphone and tablet computing devices and the emergence of niche competitors who may be able to optimize products, services or strategies for such platforms have, and will continue to, require new and costly investments in technology. We may not be successful, or may be less successful than our current or new competitors, in developing technology that operates effectively across multiple devices and platforms and that is appealing to consumers, either of which would negatively impact our business and financial performance. New developments in other areas, such as cloud computing and software as a service provider, could also make it easier for competition to enter our markets due to lower up-front technology costs. In addition, we may not be able to maintain our existing systems or replace or introduce new technologies and systems as quickly as customers would like or in a cost-effective manner. Unauthorized access to our network resulting in piracy could result in a loss of revenue. We rely on the integrity of our technology to ensure that our services are provided only to identifiable paying customers. Increasingly, sophisticated means of illicit piracy of television, broadband and telephony services are continually being developed in response to evolving technologies. Furthermore, billing and revenue generation for television services rely on the proper functioning of encryption systems. While we continue to invest in measures to manage unauthorized access to our networks, any such unauthorized access to our cable television service could result in a loss of revenue, and any failure to I-37 respond to security breaches could raise concerns under our agreements with content providers, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. If we are unable to retain key employees, our ability to manage our business could be adversely affected. Our operational results depend upon the retention and continued performance of our management team. Our ability to retain and hire new key employees for management positions could be impacted adversely by the competitive environment for management talent in the broadband communications industry. The loss of the services of key members of management and the inability or delay in hiring new key employees could adversely affect our ability to manage our business and our future operational and financial results. We may not have sufficient insurance to cover damage due to natural catastrophe claims and future claims either due to coverage limits or as a result of insurance carriers seeking to deny coverage of such claims, which in either case could expose us to significant liabilities. We maintain a program of third-party traditional and parametric wind risk insurance coverage against various liability, property and business interruption damage risks. We believe these insurance programs are an effective way to protect our assets against these risks. However, the potential damage that could arise from a natural catastrophe event or events in the future could exceed the coverage provided by such programs. In addition, our insurance carriers have in the past sought and may in the future seek to rescind or deny coverage with respect to pending or future claims related to such natural catastrophe damage. Additionally, if we sustain certain wind damage that does not trigger coverage under our parametric wind risk insurance, we may receive no proceeds or proceeds that do not fully cover such damage. If we do not have sufficient coverage under our policies, or if the insurance companies are successful in rescinding or denying coverage, we may be required to make material investments to repair such damage which could result in decreased capital investment, decreased liquidity or increased use of credit facilities or other existing or new debt or funding arrangements. Data privacy regulations are expanding and compliance with, and any violations of, these regulations may cause us to incur significant expenses. Privacy legislation, enforcement and policy activity in this area are expanding rapidly in many jurisdictions and creating a complex regulatory compliance environment. The cost of complying with and implementing these privacy-related and data protection measures could be significant. In addition, even our inadvertent failure to comply with federal, state or international privacy-related or data protection laws and regulations could result in proceedings against us by governmental entities or others, and substantial fines and damages. The theft, loss or misuse of personal data collected, used, stored or transferred by us to run our business could result in significantly increased business and security costs or costs related to defending legal claims. We are involved in disputes and legal proceedings that, if determined unfavorably to us, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We are continually involved in disputes and legal proceedings arising out of the regular course of our business, including disputes and legal proceedings initiated by regulatory, competition and tax authorities as well as proceedings with competitors and other parties, including legal proceedings that programmers may institute against us and proceedings that may arise from acquisitions and other transactions we may consummate. For example, certain copyright agencies have asserted, and may in the future assert, claims against us and our subsidiaries regarding the transmission of any of the musical works within such agencies’ repertoire. Such claims seek injunctive relief as well as monetary damages. Additionally, VTR is subject to various legal proceedings in Chilean courts. For more information on these VTR legal proceedings, see Item 3. Legal Proceedings included in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We cannot assure you that we will obtain a final favorable decision with regard to any particular proceeding. Any such disputes or legal proceedings could be expensive and time consuming, could divert the attention of our management and, if resolved adversely to us, could harm our reputation and increase our costs, all of which could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Risks that Relate to Our Operating in Overseas Markets and Being Subject to Foreign and Domestic Regulation Our businesses are conducted almost exclusively outside of the U.S., which gives rise to numerous operational risks. Our businesses operate almost exclusively in countries outside the U.S., and we have substantial physical assets and derive a substantial portion of our revenues from operations in Latin America and the Caribbean. Therefore, we are subject to the following inherent risks: • fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; I-38 • difficulties in staffing and managing operations consistently through our several operating areas; • export and import restrictions, custom duties, tariffs and other trade barriers; • burdensome tax, customs, duties or regulatory assessments based on new or differing interpretations of law or regulations, including increases in taxes and governmental fees; • economic and political instability, social unrest, and public health crises, such as the occurrence of a contagious disease like the novel coronavirus; • changes in foreign and domestic laws and policies that govern operations of foreign-based companies; • interruptions to essential energy inputs; • direct and indirect price controls; • cancellation of contract rights and licenses; • delays or denial of governmental approvals; • a lack of reliable security technologies; • privacy concerns; and • uncertainty regarding intellectual property rights and other legal issues. Operational risks that we may experience in certain countries include uncertain and rapidly changing political, regulatory and economic conditions, including the possibility of disruptions of services or loss of property or equipment that are critical to overseas businesses as a result of vandalism, expropriation, nationalization, war, insurrection, terrorism or general social or political unrest. In certain countries and territories in which we operate, political, security and economic changes may result in political and regulatory uncertainty and civil unrest. Governments may expropriate or nationalize assets or increase their participation in the economy generally and in telecommunications operations in particular. C ivil unrest in one or more of our markets may adversely affect our operations in the affected market or possibly in other markets depending on the scope of other operations supported by the affected market. For example, riots broke out in Chile in October 2019 in support of concerns over social inequality. These riots led to the injury or detainment of protesters and the dismissal of members of the Chilean President’s cabinet. Continued internal turmoil could slow or halt the development of, or otherwise constrain the market for our VTR products and services, could impact foreign exchange rates, and could otherwise impair the business and financial condition of VTR. In addition, following these riots and protests the government announced that it would initiate a process to draft a new constitution for the country. On October 25, 2020, the government conducted a national plebiscite to determine whether to draft a new constitution and the process to do so. 78% of voters approved a proposal to adopt a new constitution and 79% approved a proposal to call a new constitutional convention (without participation of existing representatives in the Chilean Congress). Chile has scheduled another national vote on April 11, 2021 to elect the members of the constitutional convention. Chile anticipates holding another national vote in August 2022 to approve the new constitution. There is still significant uncertainty regarding the process to approve a new constitution and further protests and political instability cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, the existing constitution has been in place since 1980 and any new constitution could change Chile’s political situation, potentially affecting the Chilean economy and business outlook, and ultimately VTR’s financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, certain countries and territories in which we operate, or in which we may operate in the future, face significant challenges relating to the lack, or poor condition, of physical infrastructure, including transportation, electricity generation and transmission. Such countries and territories may also be subject to a higher risk of inflationary pressures, which could increase our operating costs and decrease consumer demand and spending power. Each of these factors could, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Moreover, in many foreign countries, particularly in certain developing economies, it is not uncommon to encounter business practices that are prohibited by certain regulations, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ( FCPA ) and similar laws. Although our subsidiaries and business affiliates have undertaken, and will continue to undertake, compliance efforts with respect to these laws, their respective employees, contractors and agents, as well as those companies to which they outsource I-39 certain of their business operations, may take actions in violation of their policies and procedures. Any such violation could result in penalties imposed on, and adversely affect the reputation of, these subsidiaries and business affiliates. Any failure by these subsidiaries and business affiliates to effectively manage the challenges associated with the international operation of their businesses could materially adversely affect their, and hence our, financial condition. Public health crises, such as the recent outbreak of the novel coronavirus, in countries where we operate or where our contractors’ or vendors’ facilities are located could also have an effect on our financial condition or operations through impacts on our customers’ ability to use our services, on the availability of our workforce or through adverse impacts to our supply chain. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk with respect to our debt in situations where our debt is denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the operations whose cash flows support our ability to service, repay or refinance such debt. Although we generally seek to match the denomination of our borrowings with the functional currency of the operations that are supporting the respective borrowings, market conditions or other factors may cause us to enter into borrowing arrangements that are not denominated in the functional currency of the underlying operations (unmatched debt). Our policy is generally to provide for an economic hedge against foreign currency exchange rate movements, whenever possible and when cost effective to do so, by using derivative instruments to synthetically convert unmatched debt into the applicable underlying currency. In addition to the exposure that results from unmatched debt, we are exposed to foreign currency risk to the extent that we enter into transactions denominated in currencies other than our operating subsidiaries’ respective functional currencies (non-functional currency risk), such as equipment purchases and programming contracts. Changes in exchange rates with respect to amounts recorded in our consolidated balance sheet related to these items will result in unrealized (based upon period-end exchange rates) or realized foreign currency transaction gains and losses upon settlement of the transactions. Moreover, to the extent that our revenue, costs and expenses are denominated in currencies other than our respective functional currencies, we will experience fluctuations in our revenue, costs and expenses solely as a result of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Generally, we will consider hedging non-functional currency risks when the risks arise from agreements with third parties that involve the future payment or receipt of cash or other monetary items to the extent that we can reasonably predict the timing and amount of such payments or receipts and the payments or receipts are not otherwise hedged. In this regard, we have entered into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge certain of these risks. Certain non-functional currency risks related to our programming and other direct costs of services and other operating costs and expenses and property and equipment additions were not hedged as of December 31, 2020. We also are exposed to unfavorable and potentially volatile fluctuations of the U.S. dollar (our reporting currency) against the currencies of our operating subsidiaries when their respective financial statements are translated into U.S. dollars for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements. Cumulative translation adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive earnings or loss as a separate component of equity. Any increase (decrease) in the value of the U.S. dollar against any foreign currency that is the functional currency of one of our operating subsidiaries will cause us to experience unrealized foreign currency translation losses (gains) with respect to amounts already invested in such foreign currencies. Accordingly, we may experience a negative impact on our comprehensive earnings or loss and equity with respect to our holdings solely as a result of FX. Our primary exposure to FX risk during 2020 was to the Chilean peso as 21.5% of our reported revenue during the period was derived from VTR, whose functional currency is the Chilean peso. In addition, our reported operating results are impacted by changes in the exchange rates for other local currencies in Latin America and the Caribbean. We generally do not hedge against the risk that we may incur non-cash losses upon the translation of the financial statements of our operating subsidiaries and affiliates into U.S. dollars. Failure to comply with economic and trade sanctions, and similar laws could have a materially adverse effect on our reputation, results of operations or financial condition, or have other adverse consequences. We operate in the Caribbean and Latin America, and similar to other international companies, we are subject to economic and trade sanctions programs, including certain of which that are administered by OFAC, which prohibit or restrict transactions or dealings with specified countries, their governments, and in certain circumstances, their nationals, and with individuals and entities that are specially designated. These regulations are extensive and complex, and they differ from one sanctions regime to another. Failure to comply with these regulations could subject us to legal and reputational consequences, including civil and criminal penalties. I-40 For example, certain of our companies provide (and may in the future provide), directly or indirectly, certain services to governmental entities in Cuba ( e.g. , C&W sells IP and international transport telecommunication services to La Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba S.A. ( ETECSA ), the Cuba state-owned telecommunications provider and to three international telecommunications providers that in turn sell telecom services to ETECSA ). All these services are provided outside of Cuba and the provision of non-facilities based telecom services to Cuba are permissible under a general license from OFAC . We also have interconnection and services contracts with telecommunications carriers located in Venezuela. With respect to Cuba, we believe we have designed our activities to comply with certain telecommunications and information systems general license and exemptions. With respect to Venezuela, we have advised OFAC that we believe that our activities there are not covered by the OFAC regulations or are otherwise allowed under a general license and exemptions or, in the alternative, should be licensed by OFAC. We believe that our activities with respect to these countries are known to OFAC. We note, however, that OFAC regulations and related interpretive guidance are complex and subject to varying interpretations. Due to this complexity, OFAC’s interpretation of its own regulations and guidance vary on a case to case basis. As a result, we cannot provide any guarantees that OFAC will not challenge any of our activities in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Any violations of applicable economic and trade sanctions could limit certain of our business activities until they are satisfactorily remediated and could result in civil and criminal penalties, including fines, that could damage our reputation and have a materially adverse effect on our results of operation or financial condition. Our businesses are subject to risks of adverse regulation. Our businesses are subject to the unique regulatory regimes of the countries in which they operate. Video distribution, broadband internet, telephony and mobile businesses are subject to licensing or registration eligibility rules and regulations, which vary by country. Our ability to provide telecommunications services depends on applicable law, telecommunications regulations and the terms of the licenses and concessions we are granted under such laws and regulations. In particular, we are reliant on access with mutually beneficial terms to spectrum for both existing and next generation telecommunication services, entrance into interconnection agreements with other telecommunications companies and are subject to a range of decisions by regulators, including in respect of pricing, for example, for termination rates. The provision of electronic communications networks and services requires our licensing from, or registration with, the appropriate regulatory authorities. It is possible that countries in which we operate may adopt laws and regulations regarding electronic commerce, which could dampen the growth of the internet services being offered and developed by these businesses. In a number of countries, our ability to increase the prices we charge for our cable television service or make changes to the programming packages we offer is limited by regulation or conditions imposed by competition authorities, or is subject to review by regulatory authorities or termination rights of customers. In addition, regulatory authorities may grant new licenses to third parties and, in any event, in most of our markets new entry is possible without a license, although there may be registration eligibility rules and regulations, resulting in greater competition in territories where our businesses may already be active. More significantly, regulatory authorities may require us to grant third parties access to our bandwidth, frequency capacity, infrastructure, facilities or services to distribute their own services or resell our services to end customers. For example, certain regulators are seeking to mandate third-party access to portions of C&W’s network infrastructure. Consequently, our businesses must adapt their ownership and organizational structure as well as their pricing and service offerings to satisfy the rules and regulations to which they are subject. A failure to comply with applicable rules and regulations could result in penalties, restrictions on our business or loss of required licenses or other adverse conditions. We may continue to operate in jurisdictions where governments fail to grant or renew licenses for our operations, which could result in penalties, fines or restrictions that could have a material adverse impact on our business and financial condition. Adverse changes in rules and regulations could: • impair our ability to use our bandwidth in ways that would generate maximum revenue and cash flow; • create a shortage of capacity on our networks, which could limit the types and variety of services we seek to provide our customers; • impact our ability to access spectrum for our mobile services; • strengthen our competitors by granting them access and lowering their costs to enter into our markets; and • otherwise have a significant adverse impact on our results of operations. I-41 Businesses, including ours, that offer multiple services, such as video distribution as well as internet, telephony, and/or mobile services, often face close regulatory scrutiny from competition authorities in countries in which they operate. This is particularly the case with respect to any proposed business combinations, which will often require clearance from national competition authorities. The regulatory authorities in several countries in which we do business have considered from time to time what access rights, if any, should be afforded to third parties for use of existing cable television networks and have imposed access obligations in certain countries. This has resulted, for example, in video must carry obligations in many markets in which we operate. For more information, see Item 1. Business—Description of Business—Regulatory Matters. Regulations may be especially strict in the markets of those countries in which we are considered to hold a significant market position. We have been, in the past, and may be in the future, subject to allegations and complaints by our competitors and other third parties regarding our competitive behavior as a significant market operator. When we acquire additional communications companies, these acquisitions may require the approval of governmental authorities, which can block, impose conditions on, or delay an acquisition, thus hampering our opportunities for growth. If conditions are imposed and we fail to meet them in a timely manner, the governmental authority may impose fines and, if in connection with an acquisition transaction, may require restorative measures, such as mandatory disposition of assets or divestiture of operations, similar to the divestiture with respect to the AT&T Acquisition. The acquisition of C&W in May 2016 triggered regulatory approval requirements in certain jurisdictions in which C&W operates. The regulatory authorities in all of these jurisdictions, except for Trinidad and Tobago, have completed their review of the May 16, 2016 acquisition of C&W (the C&W Acquisition ) and have granted their approval. While we expect to receive this outstanding approval, such approval may include binding conditions or requirements that could have an adverse impact on C&W ’s operations and financial condition. Furthermore, the governments in the countries and territories in which we operate differ widely with respect to political structure, constitution, economic philosophy, stability and level of regulation. Many of our operations depend on governmental approval and regulatory decisions, and we provide services to governmental organizations in certain markets (and in certain cases, like Venezuela, governmental organizations are our biggest customers). Moreover, in several of C&W ’s key markets, including Panama and the Bahamas, governments are C&W ’s partners and co-owners. The Government of the Bahamas is a part-owner in C&W Bahamas and the Government of Panama is a part-owner in CWP, and each of the governments have the right to appoint members to the board of directors of the respective entity. In both the Bahamas and Panama, we hold licenses or have received concessions from the government or independent regulatory bodies to operate our business, including our mobile and fixed networks. Consequently, we may not be able to fully utilize C&W ’s contractual or legal rights or all options that may otherwise be available, where to do so might conflict with broader regulatory or governmental considerations. In addition, we are, and in the future may be, a party to certain disputes with regulators and governments from time to time that could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Changes to existing legislation and new legislation may significantly alter the regulatory regime applicable to us, which could adversely affect our competitive position and profitability, and we may become subject to more extensive regulation if we are deemed to possess significant market power in any of the markets in which we operate. Significant changes to the existing regulatory regime applicable to the provision of cable television, telephony and internet services have been and are still being introduced. In addition, we are subject to review by competition or national regulatory authorities in certain countries concerning whether we exhibit significant market power. A finding of significant market power could result in us becoming subject to access and pricing obligations and other requirements that could provide a more favorable operating environment for existing and potential competitors. Government regulation or administrative policies may change unexpectedly and negatively affect our interests. For example, there has been a general trend for governments to seek greater access to telecommunications records and to communications for law enforcement purposes and a trend in certain countries experiencing civil unrest to restrict access to telecommunications on national security grounds. Adverse regulatory developments could subject our businesses to a number of risks. For more information, see Item 1. Business—Description of Business—Regulatory Matters. For various reasons, governments may seek to increase the regulation of the use of the internet, particularly with respect to user privacy and data protection, access rights content, pricing, copyrights, consumer protection, distributions and characteristics and quality of products and services. Application of existing laws, including those addressing property ownership and personal privacy in the context of rapidly evolving technological developments remains uncertain and in flux. New interpretations of such laws could have an adverse effect on our business. Governments may also seek to regulate the content of communications in all of our revenue streams, which could reduce the attractiveness of our services. Governments may also change their attitude towards foreign investment or extract extra concessions from businesses. Or governments may elect to intervene directly in our markets by constructing their own infrastructure. In Jamaica for example, the government recently announced an intention to explore the possibility of constructing its own national broadband backbone, connecting schools, hospitals, government ministries and fire and police stations. Accordingly, our operations may be constrained by the I-42 relevant political environment and may be adversely affected by such constraints, as well as by changes to the political structure or government in any of the markets in which we operate. Future changes to regulation or changes in political administrations or a significant deterioration in our relationship with relevant regulators in the jurisdictions in which we operate, as well as failure to acquire and retain the necessary consents and approvals or in any other way comply with regulatory requirements, or excessive costs of complying with new or more onerous regulations and restrictions could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. We may not be successful in acquiring future spectrum or other licenses that we need to offer new mobile data or other services. We offer mobile data services through licensed spectrum in a number of markets. While these licenses, and other licenses that we possess, enable us to offer mobile data services today, as technology develops and customer needs change, it may be necessary to acquire new spectrum or other licenses in the future to provide us with additional capacity and/or offer new technologies or services. While we actively engage with regulators and governments to ensure that our spectrum needs are met, there can be no guarantee that future spectrum licenses will be made available in certain or all territories or that they will be made available on commercially viable terms. We will likely require additional spectrum licenses for LTE networks, and there may be competition for their acquisition. In addition, we may need other types of licenses for the new products and services that we contemplate or will consider offering. Failure to acquire necessary new spectrum licenses or other required licenses for new services or products, or to do so on commercially viable terms, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot be certain that we will be successful in acquiring new businesses or integrating acquired businesses with our existing operations, or that we will achieve the expected returns on our acquisitions. Part of our business strategy is to grow and expand our businesses, in part, through selective acquisitions that enable us to take advantage of existing networks, local service offerings and region-specific management expertise. Our ability to acquire new businesses may be limited by many factors, including availability of financing, debt covenants, the prevalence of complex ownership structures among potential targets, government regulation and competition from other potential acquirers, including private equity funds. Even if we are successful in acquiring new businesses, the integration of these businesses, such as in the AT&T Acquisition and Telefonica-Cost Rica Acquisition, may present significant costs and challenges associated with: realizing economies of scale in interconnection, programming and network operations; eliminating duplicative overheads; integrating personnel, networks, financial systems and operational systems; greater than anticipated expenditures required for compliance with regulatory standards or for investments to improve operating results; and failure to achieve the business plan with respect to any such acquisition. We cannot be assured that we will be successful in acquiring new businesses or realizing the anticipated benefits of any completed acquisition. In addition, we anticipate that any companies we may acquire will be located in the Caribbean or Latin America. Such companies may not have disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls over financial reporting that are as thorough or effective as those required by U.S. securities laws and the FCPA. While we intend to conduct appropriate due diligence and to implement appropriate controls and procedures as we integrate acquired companies, we may not be able to certify as to the effectiveness of these companies’ disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls over financial reporting until we have fully integrated them. We may not be successful in renewing the necessary regulatory licenses, concessions or other operating agreements needed to operate our businesses upon expiration, and such licenses may be subject to termination, revocation or material alteration in the event of a breach or to promote the public interest or as a result of triggering a change of control clause. While we actively engage with the applicable governments and other regulatory bodies in advance of the expiry of our licenses, concessions and operating agreements, there can be no guarantee that when such licenses, concessions and operating agreements expire, we will be able to renew them on similar or commercially viable terms, or at all. For instance, C&W ’s licenses in the Cayman Islands and the Turks and Caicos Islands are scheduled to expire in the next year; however, we have already applied for renewals in both jurisdictions. In addition, in some of the ECTEL states, we are operating under expired licenses and have applied for renewal of such licenses. Some of these licenses may also include clauses that allow the grantor to terminate or revoke or alter them in the event of a default or other failure by us to comply with applicable conditions of the license or to promote the public interest. Further, a number of our operating licenses include change of control clauses, which may be triggered by the sale of a business to which those clauses relate, or certain types of corporate restructurings. Some of these change of control clauses may restrict our I-43 strategic options, including the ability to complete any potential disposal of individual businesses, a combination of businesses or the entire company unless a consent or waiver is obtained, and, if triggered, may lead to some licenses being terminated. Failure to hold or to continue to hold or obtain the necessary licenses, concessions and other operating agreements required to operate our businesses could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. We do not have complete control over the prices that we charge. Our businesses are in some countries subject to regulation or review by various regulatory, competition or other government authorities responsible for the regulation or the review of the charges to our customers for our services. Such authorities, in certain cases, could potentially require us to repay such fees to the extent they are found to be excessive or discriminatory. We also may not be able to enforce future changes to our subscription prices. Additionally, in certain markets, our ability to bundle or discount our services may be constrained if we are held to be dominant with respect to any product we offer. This may have an adverse impact on our revenue, profitability of new products and services and our ability to respond to changes in the markets in which we operate. Strikes, work stoppages and other industrial actions could disrupt our operations or make it more costly to operate our businesses. We are exposed to the risk of strikes, work stoppages and other industrial actions. In the future we may experience lengthy consultations with labor unions or strikes, work stoppages or other industrial actions. Strikes and other industrial actions, as well as the negotiation of new collective bargaining agreements or salary increases in the future, could disrupt our operations and make it more costly to operate our facilities. In addition, strikes called by employees of any of our key providers of materials or services could result in interruptions of the performance of our services. The occurrence of any of the above risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We depend on third-party suppliers and licensors to supply necessary equipment, software and certain services required for our businesses. We may have exposure to additional tax liabilities. We are subject to income taxes as well as non-income based taxes in the Caribbean, parts of Latin America, parts of Europe and the U.S. In addition, most tax jurisdictions that we operate in have complex and subjective rules regarding the valuation of intercompany services, cross-border payments between affiliated companies and the related effects on income tax and transfer tax. Significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities. In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. In addition, our business has undertaken acquisitions, restructurings and other transactions in prior years where the ultimate tax determination resulting from these transactions remains uncertain. We are regularly under audit by tax authorities in many of the jurisdictions in which we operate. Although we believe that our tax estimates are reasonable, any material differences as a result of final determinations of tax audits or tax disputes could have an adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations in the period or periods for which determination is made. We are subject to changing tax laws, treaties and regulations in and between countries in which we operate or otherwise have a presence. Also, various income tax proposals in the jurisdictions in which we operate could result in changes to the existing laws on which our deferred taxes are calculated. A change in these tax laws, treaties or regulations, or in the interpretation thereof, could result in a materially higher income or non-income tax expense. Any such material changes could cause a material change in our effective tax rate. Further changes in the tax laws of the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate could arise as a result of the base erosion and profit shifting project being undertaken by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) . The OECD, which represents a coalition of member countries that includes Chile and the United States, has undertaken studies and is publishing action plans that include recommendations aimed at addressing what they believe are issues within tax systems that may lead to tax avoidance by companies. The OECD has extended inclusion to non- OECD countries under their Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting ( BEPS ), bringing together over 100 countries to collaborate on the implementation of the OECD BEPS Package. This framework allows interested countries and jurisdictions to work with the OECD and G20 members on developing standards on BEPS -related issues and reviewing and monitoring the implementation of the whole BEPS Package. Included within this expanded group of countries are several jurisdictions in which we do business. It is possible that additional jurisdictions in which we do business could react to these initiatives or their own concerns by enacting tax legislation that could adversely affect us or our shareholders through increasing our tax liabilities. I-44 Risks that Relate to Certain Financial Matters The effects of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak could continue to adversely impact our business and results of operations. The outbreak and continuing exponential spread of COVID-19, which first surfaced in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and was declared a “pandemic” by the Word Health Organization in March 2020, may continue to lead to a significant number of adverse effects, both external and internal, on our business and results of operations. With respect to external impacts, the COVID-19 outbreak has resulted in a substantial curtailment of the global economy, including global travel, tourism, and business activities. As part of the global efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19, most of the countries in which we operate have imposed travel restrictions, with a significant number of airport closures, flight cancellations and suspensions, and port closures. These measures, coupled with the further spread of COVID-19, have resulted in a significant reduction of worldwide travel, including travel related to tourism, which is an important economic activity for many of the markets in which we operate. If these conditions continue for an extended period of time, we could experience reduced demand for our products and services, including a reduction in roaming charges incurred by tourists , which could continue to have a negative impact on our ability to enter into new customer contracts or renew existing customer contracts, specifically in our B2B operations and with hotels and other tourist-related businesses. In addition, a continued prolonged period of travel, commercial and other similar restrictions, or delays in vaccine rollouts, and the resulting reduced demand for air and sea travel as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak could continue to have a negative impact on the ability of our government customers to perform their obligations to us under their existing customer contracts, as many of these markets rely heavily on tourism to drive their respective economies. With respect to internal impacts, the COVID-19 outbreak has resulted in significant uncertainty in many areas of our business. This continued uncertainty is expected to continue to negatively impact our operations. We may experience labor shortages if our employees are unable or unwilling to come to work due to being infected with COVID-19, quarantine measures, or related outcomes as a result of this outbreak. In this regard, our internal controls over financial reporting measures may be impacted by labor shortages and/or work from home initiatives. Similarly, some of our retail stores, offices and facilities either have been or may be temporarily shut down because of this outbreak, which certain of our customers frequently access to pay for our products and services. The inability of our customers to pay for our products and services, as well as continued government intervention precluding payment from customers for a certain period of time, whether in such retail stores, due to a continued general downturn in the global economy or otherwise, could continue to negatively impact our cash flows, liquidity, including working capital, and ability to borrow. To the extent to which any of the above materialize for a meaningful period of time, we would have to rely on committed liquidity facilities to bridge cash flow, working capital and or capital expenditure requirements. This may have a long term consequence for both our liquidity position and longer term leverage levels across the business. In turn, such results could impact our capital expenditures, including those earmarked for equipment and associated labor costs to build out and/or upgrade our networks as well as for related customer premises equipment. Additionally, certain of our product shipments from vendors may be delayed. If such a disruption were to extend over a prolonged period, it could have an impact on the continuity of our supply chain. Any disruption resulting from similar events on a larger scale or over a prolonged period could cause significant delays in shipments of products until we are able to resume such shipments or shift from the affected contractor or vendor to another third-party vendor. If our suppliers cannot deliver the supplies we need to operate our business, including handsets, set-top boxes, and other devices, and if we are unable to deliver our products to our customers, our business and results of operations could continue to be negatively impacted. As of December 31, 2020, the impact of COVID-19 has had a significant impact on our results of operations, financial position, cash flows and liquidity. The extent of the impact of the continued outbreak on our operational and financial performance will depend on certain developments, including the duration and spread of the outbreak, vaccine rollouts, the impact on our customers and our sales cycles, the impact on our employees, and the effect on our vendors, all of which are uncertain and cannot be predicted. The outbreak has resulted in systemic disruption of the worldwide equity markets, and the market values of our publicly-traded equity declined significantly beginning in late February 2020. If, among other factors, (i) our equity values were to remain at these declined levels for a sustained period or were to decline further or (ii) the adverse impacts stemming from the COVID-19 outbreak, competition, economic, regulatory or other factors, including macro-economic and demographic trends, were to cause our results of operations or cash flows to be worse than anticipated, we could conclude in future periods that impairment charges are required in order to reduce the carrying values of goodwill or other long-lived assets. Any such impairment charges could be significant. Additionally, our ability to execute on cost-cutting measures and organizational change initiatives may impact our financial performance and results of operations, including less-than-anticipated cost savings. For instance, in the event demand for our products or services continue to be reduced as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic impacts, we may need to assess different corporate actions, organizational change initiatives, and cost-cutting measures, including reducing our workforce, reducing our operating and capital costs, or closing one or more of our retail stores, offices or facilities, and these actions could cause us to incur costs and expose us to other risks and inefficiencies, including whether we would be able to rehire our workforce or recommence operations at such facilities if our business experiences a subsequent recovery. Also, the expansion of our new Operations Center in Panama City, Panama, which is one of our key organizational change initiatives, may continue to be impacted as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. I-45 Our substantial leverage could limit our ability to obtain additional financing and have other adverse effects. Our businesses are highly leveraged. At December 31, 2020, the outstanding principal amount of our debt, together with our finance lease obligations, aggregated $8,514 million, including $162 million that is classified as current in our consolidated balance sheet and $7,225 million that is not due until 2026 or thereafter. In addition, we may incur substantial additional debt in the future, including in connection with any future acquisitions. We believe that we have sufficient resources to repay or refinance the current portion of our debt and finance lease obligations and to fund our foreseeable liquidity requirements during the next 12 months. However, as our debt maturities grow in later years, we anticipate that we will seek to refinance or otherwise extend our debt maturities. No assurance can be given that we will be able to complete refinancing transactions or otherwise extend our debt maturities. In this regard, it is difficult to predict how political and economic conditions, sovereign debt concerns or any adverse regulatory developments will impact the credit and equity markets we access and our future financial position. Our ability to service or refinance our debt and to maintain compliance with the leverage covenants in our credit agreements is dependent primarily on our ability to maintain or increase the cash flow of our operating subsidiaries and to achieve adequate returns on our property and equipment additions and acquisitions. Accordingly, if our cash provided by operations declines or we encounter other material liquidity requirements, we may be required to seek additional debt or equity financing in order to meet our debt obligations and other liquidity requirements as they come due. In addition, our current debt levels may limit our ability to incur additional debt financing to fund working capital needs, acquisitions, property and equipment additions, or other general corporate requirements. We can give no assurance that any additional debt or equity financing will be available on terms that are as favorable as the terms of our existing debt or at all or that we will be able to maintain compliance with the leverage covenants in our credit agreements, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity and results of operations. We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to meet our debt service obligations. Our ability to meet our debt service obligations or to refinance our debt, depends on our future operating and financial performance, which will be affected by our ability to successfully implement our business strategy as well as general macroeconomic, financial, competitive, regulatory and other factors beyond our control. In addition, we are dependent on customers, in particular local, municipal and national governments and agencies, to pay us for the services we provide in order for us to generate cash to meet our debt service obligations and to maintain our business. Accordingly, we are exposed to the risk that our government customers could default on their obligations to us and we cannot rule out the possibility that unexpected circumstances in a particular country’s economic condition may render such government unable to meet its obligation to us. Any such event could have an adverse effect on our cash flows, results of operations, financial condition and/or liquidity. If we cannot generate sufficient cash to meet our debt service requirements or to maintain our business, we may, among other things, need to delay planned capital expenditures or investments or sell material assets to meet those obligations. If we are not able to refinance any of our debt, obtain additional financing or sell assets on commercially reasonable terms or at all, we may not be able to satisfy our debt obligations. In that event, borrowings under other debt agreements or instruments that contain cross-default or cross-acceleration provisions with respect to other indebtedness of relevant members of each of our four borrowing groups (i.e. C&W , VTR , Cabletica, and Liberty Puerto Rico ) may become payable on demand and we may not have sufficient funds to repay all of our debts. See Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources. Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to various debt instruments that contain restrictions on how we finance our operations and operate our businesses, which could impede our ability to engage in beneficial transactions. Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to significant financial and operating restrictions contained in outstanding credit agreements, indentures and similar instruments of indebtedness. These restrictions will affect, and in some cases significantly limit or prohibit, among other things, the ability of those subsidiaries to: • incur or guarantee additional indebtedness; • pay dividends or make other upstream distributions; • make investments; • transfer, sell or dispose of certain assets, including their stock; I-46 • merge or consolidate with other entities; • engage in transactions with us or other affiliates; or • create liens on their assets. As a result of restrictions contained in these debt instruments, the companies party thereto, and their subsidiaries, could be unable to obtain additional capital in the future to: • fund property and equipment additions or acquisitions that could improve our value; • meet their loan and capital commitments to their business affiliates; • invest in companies in which they would otherwise invest; • fund any operating losses or future development of their business affiliates; • obtain lower borrowing costs that are available from secured lenders or engage in advantageous transactions that monetize their assets; or • conduct other necessary or prudent corporate activities. In addition, some of the credit agreements to which these subsidiaries are parties include financial covenants that require them to maintain certain financial ratios. Their ability to meet these financial covenants may be affected by adverse economic, competitive, or regulatory developments and other events beyond their control, and we cannot assure you that these financial covenants will be met. In the event of a default under our subsidiaries’ credit agreements or indentures, the lenders may accelerate the maturity of the indebtedness under those agreements or indentures, which could result in a default under other outstanding credit facilities or indentures. We cannot assure you that any of these subsidiaries will have sufficient assets to pay indebtedness outstanding under their credit agreements and indentures. Any refinancing of this indebtedness is likely to contain similar restrictive covenants. We are exposed to interest rate risks and other adverse changes in the credit market. Shifts in such rates may adversely affect the debt service obligation of our subsidiaries. We require a significant amount of capital to operate and grow our business. We fund our capital needs in part through borrowings in the public and private credit markets. Adverse changes in the credit markets, including increases in interest rates, could increase our cost of borrowing and/or make it more difficult for us to obtain financing for our operations or refinance existing indebtedness. In addition, our borrowing costs can be affected by short- and long-term debt ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, which are based, in significant part, on our performance as measured by customary credit metrics. A decrease in these ratings would likely increase our cost of borrowing and/or make it more difficult for us to obtain financing. A severe disruption in the global financial markets could impact some of the financial institutions with which we do business, and such instability could also affect our access to financing. In particular, we are exposed to the risk of fluctuations in interest rates, primarily through the credit facilities of certain of our subsidiaries, which are indexed to the London Interbank Offered Rate ( LIBOR ) or other base rates. Although we enter into various derivative transactions to manage exposure to movements in interest rates, there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to do so at a reasonable cost or at all. If we are unable to effectively manage our interest rate exposure through derivative transactions, any increase in market interest rates would increase our interest rate exposure and debt service obligations, which would exacerbate the risks associated with our leveraged capital structure. Regulators in the U.K. have announced that LIBOR will be phased out by the end of 2021. On November 30, 2020, the administrator of U.S. dollar LIBOR announced a delay in the phase out of a majority of the U.S. dollar LIBOR publications until June 30, 2023, with the remainder of LIBOR publications still being phased out at the end of 2021. Our loan documents contain customary provisions that contemplate alternative calculations of the applicable base rate once LIBOR is no longer available. We do not expect that these alternative calculations will be materially different from what would have been calculated under LIBOR at this time. The phasing out of LIBOR and EURIBOR will result in a new reference rate being applied to our LIBOR-indexed debt which may not be the same as the new reference rate applied to our LIBOR-indexed derivative instruments, and will have to be adjusted for. I-47 In July 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (the authority that regulates LIBOR) announced that it intends to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021. Additionally, the European Money Markets Institute (the authority that administers the Euro Interbank Offered Rate ( EURIBOR )) has announced that measures will need to be undertaken by the end of 2021 to reform EURIBOR to ensure compliance with E.U. Benchmarks Regulation. Currently, it is not possible to predict the exact transitional arrangements for calculating applicable reference rates that may be made in the U.K., the U.S., the Eurozone or elsewhere given that a number of outcomes are possible, including the cessation of the publication of one or more reference rates. Our loan documents contain provisions that contemplate alternative calculations of the base rate applicable to our LIBOR-indexed debt to the extent LIBOR is not available, which alternative calculations we do not anticipate will be materially different from what would have been calculated under LIBOR. Additionally, no mandatory prepayment or redemption provisions would be triggered under our loan documents in the event that the LIBOR rate is not available. It is possible, however, that any new reference rate that applies to our LIBOR-indexed debt could be different than any new reference rate that applies to our LIBOR-indexed derivative instruments. We anticipate managing this difference and any resulting increased variable-rate exposure through modifications to our debt and/or derivative instruments, however future market conditions may not allow immediate implementation of desired modifications and the company may incur significant associated costs. We are subject to increasing operating costs and inflation risks, which may adversely affect our results of operations. While our operations attempt to increase our subscription rates to offset increases in programming and operating costs, there is no assurance that they will be able to do so. In certain countries in which we operate, our ability to increase subscription rates is subject to regulatory controls. For example, VTR is generally prohibited from increasing subscription rates over the rate of inflation. Also, our ability to increase subscription rates may be constrained by competitive pressures. Therefore, operating costs may rise faster than associated revenue, resulting in a material negative impact on our cash flow and results of operations. We are also impacted by inflationary increases in salaries, wages, benefits and other administrative costs in certain of our markets. Uncertainties and challenging conditions in the global economy and in the countries in which we operate may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. The macroeconomic environment can be highly volatile, and instability in global markets has contributed, and could in the future contribute, to a challenging global economic environment. Future developments are dependent upon a number of political and economic factors, and as a result, we cannot predict when challenging conditions will exist or the extent to which the markets in which we operate may deteriorate. Unfavorable economic conditions may impact a significant number of our customers and/or the prices we are able to charge for our products and services, and, as a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract new customers and more likely that customers will downgrade or disconnect their services. Countries may also seek new or increased revenue sources due to fiscal deficits, including increases in regulatory levels, and any such actions may adversely affect our company. In addition, as countries seek to recover from natural disasters like hurricanes, they may seek new or increased revenue sources from businesses such as ours, including by increasing taxes and levies. Accordingly, our results of operations and cash flows may be adversely affected if the macroeconomic environment becomes uncertain or declines or governments increase taxes or levies as a result of fiscal deficits or natural disasters. We are currently unable to predict the extent of any of these potential adverse effects. Additional factors that could influence customer demand include access to credit, unemployment rates, affordability concerns, consumer confidence, capital and credit markets volatility, geopolitical issues and general macroeconomic factors. Certain of these factors drive levels of disposable income, which in turn affect many of our revenue streams. Business solutions customers may delay purchasing decisions, delay full implementation of service offerings or reduce their use of services. Our residential customers may similarly elect to use fewer higher margin services, switch from fixed to mobile services resulting in the so-called traffic substitution effect, reduce their consumption of our video services or similarly choose to obtain products and services under lower cost programs offered by our competitors. In addition, adverse economic conditions may lead to a rise in the number of our customers who are not able to pay for our services. Adverse economic conditions can also have an adverse impact on tourism, which in turn can adversely impact our business. In tourist destinations, levels of gross domestic products and levels of foreign investment linked to tourism are closely tied to levels of tourist arrivals and length of stay. In addition to having a direct impact on our revenue, due, for example, to reduction of roaming charges incurred by tourists, these factors will in turn drive disposable income, with the corresponding impact on use of our products and services. Due to the Caribbean’s heavy reliance on tourism, the Caribbean economy has suffered during previous periods of global recession and fluctuations in exchange rates and is likely to be adversely affected if major economies again find themselves in I-48 recession or if consumer and/or business confidence in those economies erodes in the face of trends in the global financial markets and economies. Should current economic conditions deteriorate, there may be volatility in exchange rates, increases in interest rates or inflation, liquidity shortfalls and an adverse effect on our revenue and profits. Recessionary pressures or country-specific issues could, among other things, affect products and services, the level of tourism experienced by some countries and the level of local consumer and business expenditure on telecommunications. In addition, most of our operations are in developing economies, which historically have experienced more volatility in their general economic conditions. The impact of poor economic conditions, globally or at a local or national level in the countries and territories in which we operate, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations. We are exposed to sovereign debt and currency instability risks that could have an adverse impact on our liquidity, financial condition and cash flows. Our operations are subject to macroeconomic and political risks that are outside of our control. For example, high levels of sovereign debt in the U.S., Puerto Rico and several other countries in which we operate, combined with weak growth and high unemployment, could potentially lead to fiscal reforms (including austerity measures), tax and levy increases, sovereign debt restructurings, currency instability, increased counterparty credit risk, high levels of volatility and disruptions in the credit and equity markets, as well as other outcomes that might adversely impact our company. We are exposed to the risk of default by the counterparties to our derivative and other financial instruments, undrawn debt facilities and cash investments. Although we seek to manage the credit risks associated with our derivative and other financial instruments, cash investments and undrawn debt facilities, we are exposed to the risk that our counterparties could default on their obligations to us. Also, even though we regularly review our credit exposures, defaults may arise from events or circumstances that are difficult to detect or foresee. At December 31, 2020, our exposure to counterparty credit risk included (i) cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash balances of $913 million and (ii) aggregate undrawn debt facilities of $1,173 million. While we currently have no specific concerns about the creditworthiness of any counterparty for which we have material credit risk exposures, the current economic conditions and uncertainties in global financial markets have increased the credit risk of our counterparties and we cannot rule out the possibility that one or more of our counterparties could fail or otherwise be unable to meet its obligations to us. Any such instance could have an adverse effect on our cash flows, results of operations, financial condition and/or liquidity. In this regard, (i) the financial failure of any of our counterparties could reduce amounts available under committed credit facilities and adversely impact our ability to access cash deposited with any failed financial institution, thereby causing a default under one or more derivative contracts, and (ii) tightening of the credit markets could adversely impact our ability to access debt financing on favorable terms, or at all. The liquidity and value of our interests in certain of our partially-owned subsidiaries, as well as the ability to make decisions related to their operations, may be adversely affected by shareholder agreements and similar agreements to which we are a party. We indirectly own equity interests in a variety of international video, broadband internet, telephony, mobile and other communications businesses. Certain of these equity interests, such as our interests in our operating subsidiaries of CWP and C&W Bahamas, are held pursuant to concessions or agreements that provide the terms of the governance of the subsidiaries as well as the ownership of such interests. These agreements contain provisions that affect the liquidity, and therefore the realizable value, of those interests by subjecting the transfer of such equity interests to consent rights or rights of first refusal of the other shareholders or partners or similar restrictions on transfer. In certain cases, a change in control of the subsidiary holding the equity interest will give rise to rights or remedies exercisable by other shareholders or partners. All of these provisions will restrict the ability to sell those equity interests and may adversely affect the prices at which those interests may be sold. Additionally, these agreements contain provisions granting us and the other shareholders or partners certain liquidity rights as well as certain governance rights, for example, with respect to material matters, including but not limited to acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, shareholder distributions, incurrence of debt, material expenditures and issuances of equity interests, which may prevent the respective subsidiary from making decisions or taking actions that would protect or advance the interests of our company, and could even result in such subsidiary making decisions or taking actions that adversely impact our company. Furthermore, our ability to access the cash of these non-wholly-owned subsidiaries may be restricted in certain circumstances under the respective shareholder, joint venture, partnership or similar agreements. Goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets represent a significant portion of our total assets, and we may never realize the full value of our intangible assets. I-49 As of December 31, 2020, we had goodwill of $4,886 million, which represented approximately 32% of our total assets. We evaluate goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets (primarily spectrum licenses and cable television franchise rights) for impairment at least annually on October 1 and whenever facts and circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. As further described in note 9 to our consolidated financial statements, during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we incurred significant goodwill impairments. If, among other factors, (i) our equity values were to decline significantly or (ii) the adverse impacts of competition, economic, regulatory or other factors, including macro-economic and demographic trends, were to cause our results of operations or cash flows to be worse than anticipated, we could conclude in future periods that impairment charges are required in order to reduce the carrying values of the goodwill and, to a lesser extent, other long-lived assets of C&W, including C&W Panama. Any such impairment charges could be significant. Risks Relating to our Corporate History and Structure We are a holding company, and we could be unable in the future to obtain cash in amounts sufficient to service our financial obligations or meet our other commitments. Our ability to meet our financial obligations at the parent company level depends upon our ability to access cash. As a holding company, our sources of cash are limited to our available cash balances, net cash from the operating activities of our wholly-owned subsidiaries that are available to us, any cash dividends and cash interest we may receive from our other subsidiaries and cash proceeds from any asset sales we may undertake in the future. The ability of our operating subsidiaries to pay cash dividends or to make other cash payments or advances to us depends on their individual operating results and any statutory, regulatory or contractual restrictions to which they may be or may become subject. Certain of the company’s directors and an executive officer overlap with Liberty Global , and certain directors and officers have financial interests in Liberty Global , which may lead to conflicting interests. As a result of the Split-Off , Miranda Curtis and Paul A. Gould, who serve as directors of Liberty Global, and Liberty Global ’s chief financial officer, also serve as directors of Liberty Latin America . Additionally, the chief executive officer of Liberty Global , Michael Fries, also serves as our executive chairman. Our directors (including the executive chairman) have fiduciary duties to our company. Likewise, any such persons who serve in similar capacities at Liberty Global or any other public corporation have fiduciary duties to that corporation or to that corporation’s shareholders. For example, there may be the potential for a conflict of interest when the company or Liberty Global pursues acquisitions and other corporate opportunities that may be suitable for each of them. In addition, all of our directors and executive officers, other than our directors Alfonso de Angoitia Noriega and Eric L. Zinterhofer, have financial interests in Liberty Global as a result of their ownership of Liberty Global ordinary shares and/or equity awards. As a result of these multiple fiduciary duties and financial interests, these directors and executive officers may have conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of interest with respect to matters involving or affecting more than one of the companies to which they owe fiduciary duties or in which they have financial interests. Our bye-laws provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, we have waived and renounced on behalf of ourselves and our subsidiaries any breach of a fiduciary duty by each of our directors by reason of the fact that such person directs a corporate opportunity to another person or entity (such as Liberty Global ) instead of the company, or does not refer or communicate information regarding such corporate opportunity to the company, unless such opportunity was expressly offered to such person solely in his or her capacity as a director of our company and such opportunity relates to a line of business in which we or any of our subsidiaries are then directly engaged. The waiver given to our directors in respect of the diversion of corporate opportunities does not amount to a general authorization to our directors to subordinate Liberty Latin America ’s interests to their personal interests. Our directors will continue to be bound by their common law and statutory duties under the Bermuda Companies Act to act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of Liberty Latin America and to exercise the care, diligence and skill that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. Furthermore, our bye-laws contain a general waiver by shareholders for any claim or right of action a shareholder might have (whether individually or by or in the right of the company) against any director or officer of the company, arising from any action or inaction by such director or officer in the performance of their duties for us or any of our subsidiaries (but excluding any matter involving fraud or dishonesty). This general waiver does not eliminate directors’ or officers’ fiduciary duties to Liberty Latin America under Bermuda law. Rather, it prohibits actions from being taken by shareholders against directors or officers in the event of a breach of such duties, unless the breach involves fraud or dishonesty. In addition, any potential conflict that qualifies as a “related party transaction” (as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K) is subject to review by an independent committee of the applicable company’s board in accordance with its corporate governance guidelines. Any other potential conflicts that arise will be addressed on a case-by-case basis, keeping in mind the applicable fiduciary duties owed by the executive officers and directors of each company. From time to time, we may enter into transactions with Liberty Global and/or any of its subsidiaries or other affiliates. In the event of any potential conflict that I-50 qualifies as a “related party transaction” (as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K) involving Liberty Global and/or any of its subsidiaries or other affiliates, the audit committee or another independent body of Liberty Latin America would be required to review and approve the transaction. If the potential conflict or transaction involved an executive officer of Liberty Latin America , the audit committee of our company would be the independent committee charged by our corporate governance guidelines with this duty, and if the potential conflict or transaction involved a director of Liberty Latin America , a committee of the disinterested independent directors of Liberty Latin America would be the independent committee charged by our corporate governance guidelines with this duty. There can be no assurance that the terms of any such transactions will be as favorable to the company or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates as would be the case where there is no overlapping director or officer or where there are no financial interests in Liberty Global . Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and the Securities Market Different classes of our common shares have different voting rights, but all common shares vote together as one class; if you hold Class C common shares you will have no significant voting rights. Holders of our Class A common shares are entitled to one vote per share; holders of our Class B common shares are entitled to 10 votes per share; and holders of our Class C common shares are not entitled to any votes in respect of their common shares, unless such common shares are required to carry the right to vote under applicable law, in which case holders of our Class C common shares will be entitled to 1/100 of a vote per share. Our bye-laws prescribe that all classes of common shares vote together as one class, meaning that those holding Class C common shares will have little to no ability to influence the outcome of a shareholder vote as they will be consistently outvoted by holders of our Class A and Class B common shares. The division of our common shares into different classes with different relative voting rights does not affect the fiduciary duties owed by our directors. As a Bermuda company, our directors’ fiduciary duties are owed primarily to Liberty Latin America rather to holders of our common shares, or any class of our common shares. It may be difficult for a third-party to acquire us, even if doing so may be beneficial to our shareholders. Certain provisions of our bye-laws and Bermuda law may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of the company that a shareholder may consider favorable. These provisions include the following: • authorizing a capital structure with multiple classes of shares: a Class B that entitles the holders to ten votes per share, a Class A that entitles the holders to one vote per share and a Class C that entitles the holder to no voting rights, except as otherwise required by applicable law (in which case, the holder is entitled to 1/100 of a vote per share); • authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred shares, which could be issued by our board to increase the number of outstanding shares and thwart a takeover attempt; • classifying our board with staggered three-year terms, which may lengthen the time required to gain control of our board; • prohibiting shareholder action by written consent, thereby requiring all shareholder actions to be taken at a meeting of the shareholders; • establishing advance notice requirements for nominations of candidates for election to our board or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by shareholders at shareholder meetings; • requiring supermajority shareholder approval with respect to certain extraordinary matters, such as certain mergers, amalgamations, or consolidations of the company, or in the case of amendments to our bye-laws; and • the existence of authorized and unissued shares which would allow our board to issue shares to persons friendly to current management, thereby protecting the continuity of its management, or which could be used to dilute the share ownership of persons seeking to obtain control of us. Although our Class B common shares are eligible to trade on the OTC Grey Markets, there is no meaningful trading market for these shares and the market price of these shares is subject to volatility. Our Class B common shares are not widely held, with over 75% of such outstanding shares beneficially owned by John C. Malone, a director emeritus of our company. Although our Class B common shares are eligible to trade on the OTC Grey Markets, they are sparsely traded and do not have an active trading market. The OTC Grey Markets tend to be highly illiquid, in part, because there is no national quotation system by which potential investors can track the market price of shares. OTC Grey I-51 Market securities do not have bid or ask quotations in the OTC Link system or the OTC Bulletin Board. Broker-dealers must report OTC Grey Market trades to the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, and therefore trade data is available on http://www.otcmarkets.com and other public sources. As a result, trading in the OTC Grey Markets is generally much more limited than trading on any national securities exchange. There is also a greater chance of market volatility for securities that trade on the OTC Grey Markets as opposed to a national exchange or quotation system due to many factors, including, among other things, a lack of readily available price quotations, lower trading volume, absence of consistent administrative supervision of “bid” and “ask” quotations and similar market conditions. Each Class B common share is convertible, at any time at the option of the holder, into one Class A common share. We may be significantly influenced by one principal shareholder, and he may sell his shares, which may cause the price of our common shares to decrease. As of December 31, 2020, John C. Malone beneficially owned a number of our common shares representing approximately 25% of the aggregate voting power of our outstanding common shares. As a result, Mr. Malone has significant influence over Liberty Latin America. Mr. Malone’s rights to vote or dispose of his equity interest in Liberty Latin America are not subject to any restrictions in favor of Liberty Latin America other than as may be required by applicable law and except for customary transfer restrictions pursuant to incentive award agreements. The sale of a substantial number of our common shares by Mr. Malone within a short period of time, or the perception that such sale might occur, could cause our share price to decrease, make it more difficult for us to raise funds through future offerings of our common shares or acquire other businesses using our common shares as consideration. Bermuda law may, in certain circumstances, afford less protection to our shareholders than the laws in effect in other jurisdictions. We are incorporated and organized under the laws of Bermuda. As a result, our corporate affairs are governed by the Bermuda Companies Act. Bermuda law permits a company to specify thresholds for shareholder approval different from those applicable by default, either generally or for specific corporate actions. Our bye-laws prescribe a shareholder approval threshold that is higher than the default of a simple majority of votes cast at a quorate general meeting of shareholders for certain corporate actions. With respect to a Bermuda company’s directors, there is no requirement for shareholder approval for transactions between directors and companies or their subsidiaries of which they are directors (except in the case of loans, guarantees or the provision of security by a company to its directors or certain connected persons in their personal capacity). In addition, the rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Bermuda law are not as clearly established as under statutes or judicial precedent in other jurisdictions, where directors’ duties are sometimes codified under applicable law. Therefore, our shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their interests than would shareholders of a public company incorporated in another jurisdiction. We are a Bermuda company and it may be difficult for you to enforce judgments against us or our directors and executive officers. We are a Bermuda exempted company organized under the laws of Bermuda. As a result, the rights of holders of our common shares are governed by Bermuda law and our memorandum of association and bye-laws. The rights of shareholders under Bermuda law may differ from the rights of shareholders of companies incorporated in other jurisdictions, including the U.S. and the U.K. Certain of our directors are not residents of the United States, and a substantial portion of our assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process on those persons in the United States or to enforce in the United States judgments obtained in U.S. courts against us or those persons based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. securities laws. It is doubtful whether courts in Bermuda will enforce judgments obtained in other jurisdictions, including the United States, or entertain actions in Bermuda against us or our directors or officers under the securities laws of those jurisdictions. We are a Bermuda company and the Bermuda Economic Substance Act 2018 may cause us to incur substantial additional costs, incur significant penalties or possibly require us to re-domicile. Bermuda recently enacted the Economic Substance Act 2018 requiring affected Bermuda registered companies to maintain a substantial economic presence in Bermuda. This legislation could require us to incur substantial additional cost, and/or incur significant penalties and possibly require us to re-domicile our company to a jurisdiction with higher tax rates. Our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected if we become subject to these or other unanticipated tax liabilities. I-52 Our bye-laws generally restrict shareholders from bringing legal action against our officers and directors. Our bye-laws contain a general waiver by shareholders for any claim or right of action a shareholder might have (whether individually or by or in the right of the company) against any director or officer of the company, arising from any action or inaction by such director or officer in the performance of their duties for us or any of our subsidiaries (but excluding any matter involving fraud or dishonesty). Consequently, this waiver limits the right of shareholders to assert claims against our officers and directors unless the act or failure to act involves fraud or dishonesty. There are regulatory limitations on the ownership and transfer of our common shares. Our common shares may be offered or sold in Bermuda only in compliance with the provisions of the Bermuda Companies Act and the Bermuda Investment Business Act 2003, which regulates the sale of securities in Bermuda. In addition, the Bermuda Monetary Authority must approve all issues and transfers of shares of a Bermuda exempted company. However, the Bermuda Monetary Authority has, pursuant to its statement of June 1, 2005, given its general permission under the Exchange Control Act 1972 and related regulations for the issue and free transfer of our common shares to and among persons who are non-residents of Bermuda for exchange control purposes as long as any class of our common shares are listed on an appointed stock exchange, which includes Nasdaq. This general permission would cease to apply if none of our common shares were to be listed on Nasdaq or another appointed stock exchange. Certain Searchlight parties may sell Class C common shares subject to a Registration Rights Agreement in the public market, which may cause the market price of our common shares to decrease, and therefore make it more difficult to raise equity financing or issue equity as consideration in an acquisition. Our Registration Rights Agreement with certain Searchlight parties requires us to promptly register under the Securities Act the 9,500,000 Class C common shares subject to such agreement and held by such shareholders or their permitted transferee(s), upon their request. The registration rights for such Searchlight parties will allow them to sell such shares without compliance with the volume and manner of sale limitations under Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act and will facilitate the resale of such securities into the public market. The market value of our common shares could decline as a result of sales by such shareholders from time to time. In particular, the sale of a substantial number of our shares by such shareholders within a short period of time, or the perception that such sale might occur, could cause our share price to decrease, make it more difficult for us to raise funds through future offerings of our common shares or acquire other businesses using our common shares as consideration. We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, which could, if not remediated, result in material misstatements in our financial statements. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires any company subject to the reporting requirements of the U.S. securities laws to include in its annual report on Form 10-K an assessment of its and its consolidated subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting. To comply with this statute, we are required to issue a statement as to whether or not our internal control over financial reporting is effective; and our independent auditors are required to issue an audit opinion on our internal control over financial reporting. As of December 31, 2020, we did not maintain effective adequate internal control over financial reporting attributable to certain identified material weaknesses. We describe these material weaknesses in Item 9A. Controls and Procedures in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until the applicable new or enhanced controls operate for a sufficient period and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. As remediation has not yet been completed, these material weaknesses continued to exist with respect to our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. If our remedial measures are insufficient to address the material weaknesses, or if one or more additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting are discovered or occur in the future, our consolidated financial statements may contain material misstatements and we could be required to restate our financial results, which could, in turn, harm our reputation or otherwise cause a decline in investor confidence and in the market price of our stock. Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. I-53 Item 2. PROPERTIES At December 31, 2020, we leased our corporate office in Denver, Colorado, U.S. Additionally, through our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment, we own significant portions of our subsea network in the Caribbean region (see Item 1. Business—Description of Business—Products and Services—Business Services ). Also, our subsidiaries either own or lease the fixed assets necessary for the operation of their respective businesses, including office space, transponder space, headend facilities, rights of way, cable television and telecommunications distribution equipment, telecommunications switches, base stations, poles, cell towers and customer premises equipment and other property necessary for their operations. The physical components of their broadband networks require maintenance and periodic upgrades to support the new services and products they introduce. Subject to these maintenance and upgrade activities, our management believes that our current facilities are suitable and adequate for our business operations for the foreseeable future. Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS VTR Class Action On August 25, 2020, VTR was notified that the Chilean National Consumer Authority (“ SERNAC ”, the Spanish acronym for Servicio Nacional del Consumidor) had filed a class action complaint against VTR in the 14th Civil Court of Santiago. The complaint relates to consumer complaints regarding VTR’s broadband service and capacity during the pandemic and raises claims regarding, among other things, VTR’s disclosure of its broadband speeds and aggregate capacity availability and VTR’s response to address the causes of service instability during the pandemic. VTR was also notified in August about two additional class action complaints filed by two Chilean consumer associations (ODECU and AGRECU) making similar claims and allegations. The class action complaint of ODECU was filed in the 21st Civil Court of Santiago, and the class action complaint of AGRECU was filed in the 26th Civil Court of Santiago. The complaint of SERNAC and ODECU seeks (i) the Court declare that VTR has infringed the rules of the Consumer Protection Law; (ii) the responsibility of VTR for such infractions and, if so, establish the corresponding fines; and (iii) compensatory damages. In the case of AGRECU, the complaint only seeks compensatory damages. On October 22, 2020, VTR was notified of a fourth class action complaint filed by Conadecus in the 16 th Civil Court of Santiago alleging that VTR did not adhere to certain call center, technical visit and service level requirements under applicable law. We believe that the allegations contained in the complaints are without merit, in particular as it relates to VTR’s service and response during the pandemic and intend to defend the complaints vigorously. We cannot predict at this point the length of time that these actions will be ongoing. In addition, from time to time, our subsidiaries and affiliates have become involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of their operations in the normal course of business. For additional information, see note 20 to our consolidated financial statements in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. I-54 PART II Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES General The capitalized terms used in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are defined in the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. In the following text, the terms “ we ,” “ our ,” “ our company ” and “ us ” may refer, as the context requires, to Liberty Latin America or collectively to Liberty Latin America and its subsidiaries. Market Information Our outstanding share capital comprises Class A, Class B and Class C common shares. Our Class A and Class C common shares trade on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbols “LILA” and “LILAK,” respectively. Our Class B common shares are eligible to be traded on the OTC Grey Markets under the symbol “LILAB,” although they do not have an established public trading market. The following table sets forth the range of highest and lowest prices for our Class B common shares for each of the periods indicated, as reported by Bloomberg, taking into account both opening and closing prices. Over-the-counter market prices reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission and may not necessarily represent actual transactions. Class B High Low Year ended December 31, 2019 First quarter $ 23.80 $ 18.00 Second quarter $ 18.00 $ 18.00 Third quarter (a) $ 18.00 $ 18.00 Fourth quarter (a) $ 18.00 $ 18.00 Year ended December 31, 2020 First quarter $ 15.00 $ 15.00 Second quarter $ 17.00 $ 17.00 Third quarter (b) $ 17.00 $ 17.00 Fourth quarter (b) $ 17.00 $ 17.00 (a) The Class B common shares trade infrequently. During the third and fourth quarters of 2019, no trades occurred. As such, the high and low prices shown for this period relate to the second quarter of 2019. (b) During the third and fourth quarters of 2020, no trades occurred. As such, the high and low prices shown for this period relate to the second quarter of 2020. Holders As of January 31, 2021, we had the following number of holders of record of our common stock: 10,905 Class A; 24 Class B; and 24,977 Class C. The foregoing does not include the number of shareholders whose shares are nominally held by banks, brokerage houses or other institutions, but include each such institution as one record holder. Dividends We have not paid any cash dividends on our shares, and we have no present intention of doing so. Any future payment of cash dividends will be determined by our board of directors in light of our earnings, financial condition and other relevant considerations . Except as noted in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and note 10 to our consolidated financial statements, there are currently no contractual restrictions on our ability to pay dividends in cash or shares. Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2021 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders. II-1 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities All information under this Item has been previously reported on our Current Reports on Form 8-K. Issuer Purchase of Equity Securities On March 17, 2020, we announced that our Directors authorized a share repurchase program, which authorizes us to repurchase from time to time up to $100 million of our Class A common shares and/or Class C common shares, as the case may be, over two years (the Share Repurchase Program ). The Share Repurchase Program does not obligate us to repurchase any of our Class A or C common shares. Under the Share Repurchase Program, we may repurchase our common shares from time to time in open market purchases at prevailing market prices, in privately negotiated transactions, in block trades, derivative transactions and/or through other legally permissible means. There were no repurchases of our Class A or C common shares during the three months ended December 31, 2020. At December 31, 2020, the remaining amount authorized for repurchases of Liberty Latin America Shares was $91 million. Stock Performance Graph The following graph compares the changes in the cumulative total shareholder return on our Liberty Latin America Class A and Class C ordinary shares from January 2, 2018 (the day the shares began trading following the Split-Off) to December 31, 2020, to the change in the cumulative total return on the MSCI Emerging Markets NTR Index and the Nasdaq Composite TR Index (assuming reinvestment of dividends, where applicable). The graph assumes that $100 was invested on January 2, 2018. January 2, June 30, December 31, June 30, December 31, 2018 2019 Liberty Latin America Shares - Class A $ 100.00 $ 88.60 $ 67.10 $ 79.84 $ 89.43 Liberty Latin America Shares - Class C $ 100.00 $ 90.60 $ 68.12 $ 80.36 $ 90.98 MSCI Emerging Markets NTR Index $ 100.00 $ 91.79 $ 84.00 $ 92.90 $ 99.48 Nasdaq Composite TR Index $ 100.00 $ 107.75 $ 95.72 $ 116.13 $ 130.84 II-2 June 30, December 31, 2020 Liberty Latin America Shares - Class A $ 42.43 $ 51.58 Liberty Latin America Shares - Class C $ 41.52 $ 51.85 MSCI Emerging Markets NTR Index $ 89.75 $ 117.73 Nasdaq Composite TR Index $ 147.42 $ 189.61 Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following tables present selected historical financial information of Liberty Latin America. The selected financial data (i) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 and for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and (ii) as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This information is only a summary and should be read in conjunction with Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and our consolidated financial statements. December 31, 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 in millions Summary Balance Sheet Data (a): Goodwill $ 4,885.5 $ 4,906.4 $ 5,133.3 $ 5,673.6 $ 6,353.5 Property and equipment, net $ 4,911.4 $ 4,301.1 $ 4,236.9 $ 4,169.2 $ 3,860.9 Total assets (b) $ 15,230.0 $ 14,937.5 $ 13,446.6 $ 13,616.9 $ 14,143.9 Debt and finance lease obligations, including current portion $ 8,357.2 $ 8,370.0 $ 6,682.1 $ 6,371.5 $ 6,047.9 Total equity $ 3,443.7 $ 870.1 $ 4,123.4 $ 4,690.6 $ 5,660.4 Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 in millions, except per share amounts Summary Statement of Operations Data (a): Revenue $ 3,764.6 $ 3,867.0 $ 3,705.7 $ 3,590.0 $ 2,723.8 Operating income (loss) $ 91.7 $ 353.8 $ (23.6) $ (162.9) $ 315.3 Net loss $ (808.9) $ (182.4) $ (635.8) $ (798.7) $ (404.0) Net loss attributable to Liberty Latin America shareholders $ (687.2) $ (80.1) $ (345.2) $ (778.1) $ (432.3) Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to Liberty Latin America shareholders (c) $ (3.51) $ (0.43) $ (1.96) $ (4.46) $ (3.39) (a) We completed the AT&T Acquisition on October 31, 2020 and acquired UTS effective March 31, 2019, Cabletica on October 1, 2018 and C&W on May 16, 2016. (b) We adopted ASU 2016-02, as defined and described in note 2 to our consolidated financial statements, on January 1, 2019 using the effective date transition method. The main impact of the adoption of this standard was the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. (c) Amounts are calculated based on weighted average number of shares outstanding of 195,535,301 , 184,369,078, 176,001,049, 174,490,845 and 127,542,735, respectively. The 2020, 2019 and 2018 amounts represent the weighted average number of Liberty Latin America common shares outstanding during the year, respectively. The 2017 amount represents (i) the weighted average number of LiLAC Shares outstanding during the year prior to the Split-Off and (ii) the weighted average number of Liberty Latin America common shares outstanding during the year subsequent to the Split-Off. The 2016 amount represents the actual weighted average number of LiLAC Shares outstanding, as adjusted to reflect the total 119,210,601 Class A and Class C LiLAC Shares issued to holders of Class A and Class C Liberty Global ordinary shares in recognition of the Liberty Global ordinary shares that were issued to acquire C&W as if such distribution was completed on the May 16, 2016 date of the C&W Acquisition. II-3 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion and analysis, which should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, is intended to assist in providing an understanding of our results of operations and financial condition and is organized as follows: • Overview. This section provides a general description of our business and recent events. • Results of Operations. This section provides an analysis of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. • Liquidity and Capital Resources. This section provides an analysis of our liquidity, consolidated statements of cash flows and contractual commitments. • Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates. This section discusses those material accounting policies that involve uncertainties and require significant judgment in their application. Unless otherwise indicated, convenience translations into U.S. dollars are calculated, and operational data (including subscriber statistics) are presented, as of December 31, 2020. Overview General We are an international provider of fixed, mobile and subsea telecommunications services. We provide residential and B2B services in (i) over 20 countries across Latin America and the Caribbean, through two of our reportable segments, C&W Caribbean and Networks and C&W Panama, (ii) Chile and Costa Rica, through our reportable segment, VTR/Cabletica, and (iii) Puerto Rico, through our reportable segment, Liberty Puerto Rico. Through our Networks & LatAm business, C&W Caribbean and Networks also provides (i) B2B services in certain other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and (ii) wholesale communication services over its subsea and terrestrial fiber optic cable networks that connect over 40 markets in that region. C&W owns less than 100% of certain of its consolidated subsidiaries, including C&W Bahamas (a 49%-owned entity that owns all of our operations in the Bahamas), C&W Jamaica (a 92%-owned entity that owns the majority of our operations in Jamaica), and CWP (a 49%-owned entity that owns most of our operations in Panama). In addition, we own Cabletica through our 80.0% ownership of its parent, LBT CT Communications, S.A.. Operations At December 31, 2020, we (i) owned and operated fixed networks that passed 7,848,500 homes and served 6,186,300 revenue generating units (RGUs), comprising 2,763,900 broadband internet subscribers, 1,951,000 video subscribers and 1,471,400 fixed-line telephony subscribers and (ii) served 4,451,300 mobile subscribers. During the fourth quarter of 2020, we completed an organizational change with respect to our C&W operations whereby management of the CWP subsidiary of C&W now reports directly to the Chief Operating Officer of Liberty Latin America and no longer reports to the former C&W segment decision maker. As a result, CWP is now a separate operating and reportable segment, herein referred to as the C&W Panama segment. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2020, our reportable segments are as follows: • C&W Caribbean and Networks; • C&W Panama; • VTR/Cabletica; and • Liberty Puerto Rico. As a result of the aforementioned segment change, we have revised the presentation of the discussion and analysis set forth below in order to align with the current segment presentation included in our consolidated financial statements. II-4 COVID-19 In December 2019, COVID-19 was reported in Wuhan, China. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a “pandemic,” pointing to the sustained risk of further global spread. To date, confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been experienced in each of the markets in which we operate. During 2020, COVID-19 has negatively impacted our operations, primarily within our C&W Caribbean and Networks, C&W Panama and VTR/Cabletica segments, due to resulting lockdowns, moratoriums, cancellation of live sporting events, and mobility, travel and tourism restrictions across many of the markets in which we operate. The implications of these restrictions have been (i) the issuance of discounts to customers, (ii) the pause in certain managed service projects, particularly with government agencies, (iii) at VTR, customers experiencing network connection-related issues stemming from the significant increase, over a short period of time, in the capacity usage by our customers, and (iv) delayed or deferred customer payments and increased customer churn. In VTR, our most competitive consumer fixed market, we experienced increased RGU churn following network challenges related to the increased bandwidth demand earlier in the year. We have carried out a number of operational actions to improve the experience for our customers. Within our mobile operations, the lockdowns negatively impacted, primarily at C&W Caribbean and Networks and C&W Panama during the second quarter of 2020, our customers’ ability to recharge their prepaid mobile devices. During the third and fourth quarters of 2020, we witnessed partial recovery. Since March 2020, we experienced declines in inbound roaming activity as a result of travel restrictions and reduced tourism activities in the markets in which we operate. These factors collectively resulted in declines in revenue within our B2B and mobile operations and lower ARPU (as defined below) associated with our residential fixed subscription services. The extent to which COVID-19 continues to impact our operational and financial performance will depend on certain developments, which include, among other factors: • the duration and spread of the outbreak; • the ability of governments and medical professionals in our markets to respond further to the outbreak, including securing access to a vaccine and vaccinating citizens; • the actions by governments to require the extension of services for individuals regardless of payment status; • the impact of changes to, or new, government regulations imposed in response to the pandemic, including laws and moratoriums; • the impact on our customers and our sales cycles; • the impact on actual and expected customer receivable collection patterns, including the impact of such patterns on our allowance for bad debt provisions following the adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020; • the impact on our employees, including that from labor shortages or work from home initiatives; • the impacts on foreign currency and interest rate fluctuations; and • the effect on our vendors, as COVID-19 could have adverse impacts on our supply chain thereby impacting our customers’ ability to use our services. Given the impacts of COVID-19 continue to rapidly evolve, the extent to which COVID-19 may further impact our financial condition or results of operations continues to be uncertain and cannot be predicted at this time. The heightened volatility of global markets resulting from COVID-19 further expose us to risks and uncertainties. As COVID-19 continues to spread, we have, and expect to continue to take, a variety of measures to promote the safety and security of our employees, and ensure the availability of our communication services. To this end, we upgraded our network in an effort to handle peak traffic, accelerated our digital transformation efforts, including self-installations for as many of our services and customers as possible, developed innovative pricing plans that meet customers’ needs across our products and services, and changed our cost structure. AT&T Acquisition On October 9, 2019, Liberty Latin America’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Liberty Puerto Rico, agreed to acquire AT&T’s wireless and wireline operations in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands in an all-cash transaction. The AT&T Acquisition closed on October 31, 2020. In connection with the AT&T Acquisition we paid $1.9 billion, as further described in note 4 to the consolidated financial statements. We financed this acquisition through a combination of net proceeds from the 2026 SPV Credit Facility, the 2027 LPR Senior Secured Notes and available liquidity. In connection with the AT&T Acquisition, we expect to incur significant operating and capital costs to integrate the businesses of AT&T with our existing operations in Puerto Rico, including during 2021 approximately $35 million to $40 million of integration-related costs. We expect that we will generate synergies during 2021 of approximately $10 million. As a regulatory condition to close, we were required to dispose of, among other assets, a small B2B business in our existing Puerto Rico operations. The disposal of this B2B business closed in early January 2021. II-5 Rights Offering On August 5, 2020, our Directors authorized the Rights Distribution of Class C Rights to holders of Liberty Latin America Shares to acquire Class C common shares in the Rights Offering. In the Rights Distribution, we distributed 0.269 of a Class C Right for each share of Class A, Class B or Class C common shares held as of September 8, 2020, which was the record date for the Rights Distribution. Fractional Class C Rights were rounded up to the nearest whole right. Each whole Class C Right entitled the holder to purchase, pursuant to the basic subscription privilege, one share of LILAK at a subscription price of $7.14, which was equal to an approximate 25% discount to the volume weighted average trading price of LILAK for the 3-day trading period ending on and including September 2, 2020. Each Class C Right also entitled the holder to subscribe for additional shares of LILAK that were unsubscribed for in the Rights Offering pursuant to an over-subscription privilege. The Rights Offering commenced on September 11, 2020, which was also the ex-dividend date for the Rights Distribution. The Rights Offering expired in accordance with its terms on September 25, 2020 and was fully subscribed with 49,049,073 shares of LILAK issued to those rights holders exercising basic and, if applicable, over-subscription privileges. The proceeds from the Rights Offering, which aggregated $350 million before expenses, are expected to be used to finance acquisitions, including the Telefónica-Costa Rica Acquisition, and for other general corporate purposes. Telefónica-Costa Rica Acquisition On July 30, 2020, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Telefónica S.A.’s wireless operations in Costa Rica in an all-cash transaction based upon an enterprise value of $500 million on a cash- and debt-free basis. The transaction is subject to certain customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals, and is expected to close in the first half of 2021. Strategy and Management Focus From a strategic perspective, we are seeking to build or acquire broadband communications and mobile businesses that have strong prospects for future growth. As discussed further under Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capitalization below, we also seek to maintain our debt at levels that provide for attractive equity returns without assuming undue risk. We strive to achieve “organic” revenue and customer growth in our operations by developing and marketing bundled entertainment, information and communications services, and extending and upgrading the quality of our networks where appropriate. As we use the term, organic growth excludes foreign currency translation effects ( FX ) and the estimated impact of acquisitions and disposals. While we seek to increase our customer base, we also seek to maximize the average revenue we receive from each household by increasing the penetration of our video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony and mobile services with existing customers through product bundling and up-selling. From an operational perspective, we are focused on our customer experience and increasing efficiencies. Beginning in 2019 and continuing on during 2020, we have been centralizing key parts of our business into our new operations center in Panama City, Panama. In addition, we embarked on digital transformation efforts across our company. We are engaged in network extension and upgrade programs across Liberty Latin America. We collectively refer to these network extension and upgrade programs as the “ Network Extensions .” The Network Extensions will be completed in phases with priority given to the most accretive expansion opportunities. During 2020, our network extension and upgrade programs passed approximately 387,000 homes across Liberty Latin America. Depending on a variety of factors, including the financial and operational results of the programs, the Network Extensions may be continued, modified or cancelled at our discretion. See Item 1. Business—Products and Services—Residential Services—Internet Services . For information regarding our expectation with regard to property and equipment additions as a percent of revenue during 2021, see Liquidity and Capital Resources—Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows below. Competition and Other External Factors We are experiencing significant competition from other telecommunications operators and other communication service providers in all of our markets. The significant competition we are experiencing, together with macroeconomic factors, has adversely impacted our revenue, RGUs and/or average monthly subscription revenue per average fixed residential RGU or mobile subscriber, as applicable, (ARPU) in a number of C&W’s markets. In Chile, competition increased in 2019, as VTR’s fixed-line competitors upgraded their networks at a faster rate than in prior years. For additional information regarding the revenue impact of changes in the RGUs and ARPU of our reportable segments, see discussion below . II-6 Results of Operations The comparability of our operating results during 2020, 2019 and 2018 is affected by acquisitions, a disposal and FX effects. As we use the term, “organic” changes exclude FX and the impacts of acquisitions and disposals, each as further discussed below. In the following discussion, we quantify the estimated impact on the operating results of the periods under comparison that is attributable to acquisitions and disposals. We (i) acquired (a) AT&T’s wireless and wireline operations in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands in October 2020, (b) a small B2B operation in the Cayman Islands in July 2020, (c) UTS in March 2019 and (d) Cabletica in October 2018, and (ii) disposed of our operations in the Seychelles in November 2019. With respect to acquisitions, organic changes and the calculations of our organic change percentages exclude the operating results of an acquired entity during the first 12 months following the date of acquisition. With respect to disposals, the prior-year operating results of disposed entities are excluded from organic changes and the calculations of our organic change percentages to the same extent that those operations are not included in the current year. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates may have a significant impact on our operating results, as VTR, Cabletica and certain entities within C&W have functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Our primary exposure to FX risk is to the Chilean peso, as a significant portion of our revenue is derived from VTR. For example, the average FX rate (utilized to translate our consolidated financial statements) for the U.S. dollar per one Chilean peso appreciated by 12% for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to 2019, and appreciated by 10% for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared to 2018. The impacts to the various components of our results of operations that are attributable to changes in FX are highlighted below. For information concerning our foreign currency risks and applicable foreign currency exchange rates, see Item 7A . Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Foreign Currency Risk below. For information regarding foreign currency risk and implications resulting from the political unrest in Chile, see Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Overview each set forth above. The amounts presented and discussed below represent 100% of the revenue and expenses of each segment and our corporate operations. As we have the ability to control certain subsidiaries that are not wholly-owned, we include 100% of the revenue and expenses of these entities in our consolidated statements of operations despite the fact that third parties own significant interests in these entities. In October 2018, we acquired the remaining 40.0% interest in LCPR that we did not already own. During the third quarter of 2019, we completed the UTS NCI Acquisition, as further defined and described in note 19 to our consolidated financial statements. The noncontrolling owners’ interests in the operating results of (i) certain subsidiaries of C&W, (ii) Cabletica and (iii) prior to October 17, 2018, LCPR, are reflected in net earnings or loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in our consolidated statements of operations. On April 1, 2019, certain B2B operations in Puerto Rico were transferred from our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment to our Liberty Puerto Rico segment, and on January 1, 2020, our captive insurance operation was transferred from our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment to our corporate operations. These transfers did not have a significant impact on the financial results of our C&W Caribbean and Networks or Liberty Puerto Rico segments. We are subject to inflationary pressures with respect to certain costs and foreign currency exchange risk with respect to costs and expenses that are denominated in currencies other than the respective functional currencies of our reportable segments. Any cost increases that we are not able to pass on to our subscribers would result in increased pressure on our operating margins. II-7 Year Ended December 31, 2020 as Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2019 Consolidated Adjusted OIBDA On a consolidated basis, Adjusted OIBDA is a non-U.S. GAAP measure. Adjusted OIBDA is the primary measure used by our chief operating decision maker to evaluate segment operating performance. Adjusted OIBDA is also a key factor that is used by our internal decision makers to (i) determine how to allocate resources to segments and (ii) evaluate the effectiveness of our management for purposes of incentive compensation plans. As we use the term, Adjusted OIBDA is defined as operating income or loss before share-based compensation, depreciation and amortization, provisions and provision releases related to significant litigation and impairment, restructuring and other operating items. Other operating items include (i) gains and losses on the disposition of long-lived assets, (ii) third-party costs directly associated with successful and unsuccessful acquisitions and dispositions, including legal, advisory and due diligence fees, as applicable, and (iii) other acquisition-related items, such as gains and losses on the settlement of contingent consideration. Our internal decision makers believe Adjusted OIBDA is a meaningful measure because it represents a transparent view of our recurring operating performance that is unaffected by our capital structure and allows management to (i) readily view operating trends, (ii) perform analytical comparisons and benchmarking between segments and (iii) identify strategies to improve operating performance in the different countries in which we operate. We believe our Adjusted OIBDA measure is useful to investors because it is one of the bases for comparing our performance with the performance of other companies in the same or similar industries, although our measures may not be directly comparable to similar measures used by other public companies. Adjusted OIBDA should be viewed as a measure of operating performance that is a supplement to, and not a substitute for, operating income or loss, net earnings or loss and other U.S. GAAP measures of income (loss). A reconciliation of total operating income (loss), the nearest U.S. GAAP measure, to Adjusted OIBDA on a consolidated basis, is presented below. Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 in millions Operating income $ 91.7 $ 353.8 Share-based compensation expense 97.5 57.5 Depreciation and amortization 914.6 871.0 Impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net 380.9 259.1 Consolidated Adjusted OIBDA $ 1,484.7 $ 1,541.4 The following table sets forth organic and non-organic changes in Adjusted OIBDA for the period indicated: C&W Caribbean and Networks C&W Panama VTR/Cabletica Liberty Puerto Rico Corporate Intersegment eliminations Consolidated in millions Adjusted OIBDA for the twelve months ending: December 31, 2019 $ 732.1 $ 227.6 $ 433.6 $ 203.2 $ (55.1) $ — $ 1,541.4 Organic changes related to: Revenue (58.2) (82.5) (21.5) 37.8 2.7 (3.8) (125.5) Programming and other direct costs 27.2 28.7 — (6.1) — 3.3 53.1 Other operating costs and expenses 30.3 3.4 (10.5) (14.0) 7.9 0.5 17.6 Non-organic increases (decreases): FX (11.8) — (39.7) — — — (51.5) Acquisitions/disposition, net (6.4) — — 56.0 — — 49.6 December 31, 2020 $ 713.2 $ 177.2 $ 361.9 $ 276.9 $ (44.5) $ — $ 1,484.7 II-8 Adjusted OIBDA Margin The following table sets forth the Adjusted OIBDA margins (Adjusted OIBDA divided by revenue) of each of our reportable segments: Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 % C&W Caribbean and Networks 41.8 40.4 C&W Panama 35.4 39.1 VTR/Cabletica 38.1 40.4 Liberty Puerto Rico 44.4 49.3 Adjusted OIBDA margin is impacted by organic changes in revenue, programming and other direct costs of services and other operating costs and expenses, as further discussed below, which include the impacts relating to COVID-19. The organic changes in Adjusted OIBDA for the VTR market of our VTR/Cabletica segment, was negatively impacted by $21 million from foreign currency impact of contracts denominated in U.S. dollars during the year ended December 31, 2020, of which $15 million related to programming and the remaining in various other cost categories. The significant decrease in the Adjusted OIBDA margin for Liberty Puerto Rico is primarily related to lower Adjusted OIBDA margins associated with the new mobile operations at Liberty Puerto Rico following the closing of the AT&T Acquisition. For additional information regarding the impacts of COVID-19, see discussion in Overview above. Revenue All of our segments derive their revenue primarily from (i) residential fixed services, including video, broadband internet and fixed-line telephony, (ii) residential mobile services, including, beginning in November 2020, at Liberty Puerto Rico following the closing of the AT&T Acquisition, and (iii) B2B services. C&W also provides wholesale communication services over its subsea and terrestrial fiber optic cable networks. While not specifically discussed in the below explanations of the changes in revenue, we are experiencing significant competition in all of our markets. This competition has an adverse impact on our ability to increase or maintain our RGUs and/or ARPU. Variances in the subscription revenue that we receive from our customers are a function of (i) changes in the number of RGUs or mobile subscribers during the period and (ii) changes in ARPU. Changes in ARPU can be attributable to (i) changes in prices, (ii) changes in bundling or promotional discounts, (iii) changes in the tier of services selected, (iv) variances in subscriber usage patterns and (v) the overall mix of fixed and mobile products during the period. In the following discussion, we discuss ARPU changes in terms of the net impact of the above factors on the ARPU that is derived from our video, broadband internet, fixed-line telephony and mobile products . For the 2020 and 2019 comparison below, revenue variances, including changes in ARPU, were influenced by the impacts of COVID-19, as further discussed below and in the Overview above. II-9 The following table sets forth revenue by reportable segment: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2020 2019 $ % in millions, except percentages C&W Caribbean and Networks $ 1,706.8 $ 1,812.8 $ (106.0) (5.8) C&W Panama 500.2 582.7 (82.5) (14.2) VTR/Cabletica 949.0 1,073.8 (124.8) (11.6) Liberty Puerto Rico 624.1 412.1 212.0 51.4 Corporate 2.7 — 2.7 N.M. Intersegment eliminations (18.2) (14.4) (3.8) N.M. Total $ 3,764.6 $ 3,867.0 $ (102.4) (2.6) N.M. — Not Meaningful. Consolidated. The decrease during 2020, as compared to 2019, includes (i) an increase of $209 million associated with the impact of acquisitions and (ii) a decrease of $49 million associated with the impact of a disposal and (iii) a decrease of $137 million attributable to FX. Excluding the effects of acquisitions, a disposal and FX, revenue decreased $126 million or 3.2%. The organic decrease primarily includes increases (decreases) of ($58 million), ($83 million), ($22 million) and $38 million at C&W Caribbean and Networks, C&W Panama, VTR/Cabletica and Liberty Puerto Rico, respectively, as further discussed below. C&W Caribbean and Networks . C&W Caribbean and Networks’s revenue by major category is set forth below: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2020 2019 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential revenue: Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 142.4 $ 150.1 $ (7.7) (5.1) Broadband internet 250.0 225.1 24.9 11.1 Fixed-line telephony 74.6 79.5 (4.9) (6.2) Total subscription revenue 467.0 454.7 12.3 2.7 Non-subscription revenue 42.2 47.5 (5.3) (11.2) Total residential fixed revenue 509.2 502.2 7.0 1.4 Residential mobile revenue: Service revenue 294.1 339.1 (45.0) (13.3) Interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other (a) 44.4 65.3 (20.9) (32.0) Total residential mobile revenue 338.5 404.4 (65.9) (16.3) Total residential revenue 847.7 906.6 (58.9) (6.5) B2B revenue: Service revenue 600.4 659.3 (58.9) (8.9) Subsea network revenue 258.7 246.9 11.8 4.8 Total B2B revenue 859.1 906.2 (47.1) (5.2) Total $ 1,706.8 $ 1,812.8 $ (106.0) (5.8) (a) Revenue from inbound roaming was $14 million and $34 million, respectively. For additional information regarding a change in presentation of revenue by product, see note 21 to the consolidated financial statements. II-10 The details of the changes in C&W Caribbean and Networks’s revenue during 2020, as compared to 2019, are set forth below (in millions): Increase (decrease) in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a) $ 27.7 ARPU (b) (10.9) Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue (c) (3.4) Total increase in residential fixed revenue 13.4 Decrease in residential mobile service revenue (d) (29.2) Decrease in residential mobile interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other (e) (20.9) Decrease in B2B service revenue (f) (38.0) Increase in B2B subsea network revenue (g) 16.5 Total organic decrease (58.2) Net impact of acquisitions and a disposal (14.1) Impact of FX (33.7) Total $ (106.0) (a) The increase is attributable to higher average broadband internet and video RGUs. The increase in broadband internet RGUs is partially attributable to an increase in telecommuting during COVID-19 due to work-from-home mandates. (b) The decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower ARPU from video and fixed-line telephony services and (ii) higher ARPU from broadband internet services. (c) The decrease is primarily attributable to lower volumes of interconnect revenue across our markets. (d) The decrease is primarily attributable to (i) lower ARPU from mobile services, as COVID-19 lockdowns and travel restrictions reduced (a) demand for mobile data services and (b) outbound roaming activity, and (ii) lower average prepaid mobile subscribers, primarily due to declines in the Bahamas, as a result of COVID-19 impacts, as further discussed in the Overview above. (e) The decrease is primarily attributable to an organic decrease of $18 million in inbound roaming fees, primarily related to travel restrictions associated with COVID-19. (f) The decrease is primarily due to (i) lower revenues from mobile and fixed services partially due to discounts and credits related to reduced or suspended service across our markets as a result of the COVID-19 lockdowns and (ii) lower wholesale interconnect revenues. (g) The increase is primarily attributable to (i) an increase of $7 million associated with revenue recognized on a cash basis for services provided to a significant customer and (ii) an increase in the demand for telecommunications capacity on our subsea network during COVID-19. II-11 C&W Panama. C&W Panama’s revenue by major category is set forth below: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2020 2019 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential revenue: Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 27.8 $ 31.0 $ (3.2) (10.3) Broadband internet 39.0 34.9 4.1 11.7 Fixed-line telephony 18.8 22.4 (3.6) (16.1) Total subscription revenue 85.6 88.3 (2.7) (3.1) Non-subscription revenue 11.8 14.5 (2.7) (18.6) Total residential fixed revenue 97.4 102.8 (5.4) (5.3) Residential mobile revenue: Service revenue 160.1 183.8 (23.7) (12.9) Interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other (a) 41.0 56.8 (15.8) (27.8) Total residential mobile revenue 201.1 240.6 (39.5) (16.4) Total residential revenue 298.5 343.4 (44.9) (13.1) B2B service revenue 201.7 239.3 (37.6) (15.7) Total $ 500.2 $ 582.7 $ (82.5) (14.2) (a) Revenue from inbound roaming was $2 million and $3 million, respectively. For additional information regarding a change in presentation of revenue by product, see note 21 to the consolidated financial statements. The details of the changes in C&W Panama’s revenue during 2020, as compared to 2019, are set forth below (in millions): Increase (decrease) in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a) $ 8.4 ARPU (b) (11.1) Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue (c) (2.7) Total decrease in residential fixed revenue (5.4) Decrease in residential mobile service revenue (d) (23.7) Decrease in residential mobile interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other revenue (e) (15.8) Decrease in B2B service revenue (f) (37.6) Total organic decrease $ (82.5) (a) The increase is primarily attributable to higher average broadband internet RGUs, partially attributable to an increase in telecommuting during COVID-19 due to work-from-home mandates. (b) The decrease is primarily due to lower ARPU from fixed-line telephony and video services. (c) The decrease is primarily attributable to (i) a decrease in payphone revenue and (ii) lower interconnect volumes. (d) The decrease is primarily attributable to (i) lower ARPU from mobile services , as COVID-19 lockdowns and travel restrictions negatively impacted customers’ ability to recharge handset devices, and (ii) lower average mobile subscribers, primarily resulting from the impacts of COVID-19 and competition, as further discussed in the Overview above. (e) The decrease is primarily attributable to (i) lower volumes of handset sales, as COVID-19 related lockdowns negatively impacted customers’ ability to purchase handsets and (ii) lower interconnect volumes. II-12 (f) The decrease is primarily due to (i) lower revenues from managed services, primarily driven by certain non-recurring projects that have been put on hold due to the economic uncertainty of the impact of COVID-19, (ii) lower revenues from mobile and fixed services partially due to discounts and credits related to reduced or suspended service as a result of the COVID-19 lockdowns. VTR/Cabletica . VTR/Cabletica’s revenue by major category is set forth below: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2020 2019 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential revenue: Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 370.6 $ 422.1 $ (51.5) (12.2) Broadband internet 382.7 412.0 (29.3) (7.1) Fixed-line telephony 77.2 100.7 (23.5) (23.3) Total subscription revenue 830.5 934.8 (104.3) (11.2) Non-subscription revenue 24.3 34.3 (10.0) (29.2) Total residential fixed revenue 854.8 969.1 (114.3) (11.8) Residential mobile revenue: Service revenue 55.7 62.7 (7.0) (11.2) Interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other 8.2 12.0 (3.8) (31.7) Total residential mobile revenue 63.9 74.7 (10.8) (14.5) Total residential revenue 918.7 1,043.8 (125.1) (12.0) B2B service revenue 30.3 30.0 0.3 1.0 Total $ 949.0 $ 1,073.8 $ (124.8) (11.6) The details of the changes in VTR/Cabletica’s revenue during 2020, as compared to 2019, are set forth below (in millions): Increase (decrease) in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a) $ 4.6 ARPU (b) (20.2) Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue (c) (7.6) Total decrease in residential fixed revenue (23.2) Increase in residential mobile service revenue (d) 0.3 Decrease in residential mobile interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other revenue (e) (2.8) Increase in B2B service revenue (f) 4.2 Total organic decrease (21.5) Impact of FX (103.3) Total $ (124.8) (a) The increase is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) higher average broadband internet RGUs, partially attributable to an increase in telecommuting during COVID-19 due to work-from-home mandates, and (ii) lower average fixed-line telephony RGUs at VTR. (b) The decrease, which relates to VTR, is primarily due to lower ARPU from (i) video, primarily attributable to declines associated with the cancellation of live soccer matches broadcast on our premium programming, and (ii) fixed-line telephony. (c) The decrease is primarily attributable to (i) lower activations and installations at VTR as a result of COVID-19 and (ii) lower equipment sales at Cabletica. II-13 (d) The increase, which relates to VTR, is due to the net effect of (i) higher average numbers of mobile subscribers and (ii) lower ARPU from mobile services. (e) The decrease, which relates to VTR, is primarily attributable to declines in (i) interconnect revenue due to decreased rates, partially offset by higher traffic, and (ii) handset sales due to the temporary closure of physical stores, as a result of COVID-19-related lockdowns. (f) The increase is largely attributable to higher broadband internet and fixed-line telephony services at VTR. Liberty Puerto Rico Liberty Puerto Rico’s revenue by major category is set forth below: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2020 2019 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 147.2 $ 140.9 $ 6.3 4.5 Broadband internet 204.7 175.0 29.7 17.0 Fixed-line telephony 25.5 23.4 2.1 9.0 Total subscription revenue 377.4 339.3 38.1 11.2 Non-subscription revenue 17.7 21.7 (4.0) (18.4) Total residential fixed revenue 395.1 361.0 34.1 9.4 Residential mobile revenue: Service revenue 82.9 — 82.9 N.M. Interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other (a) 50.6 — 50.6 N.M. Total residential mobile revenue 133.5 — 133.5 N.M. Total residential revenue 528.6 361.0 167.6 46.4 B2B service revenue 89.8 51.1 38.7 75.7 Other revenue (b) 5.7 — 5.7 N.M. Total $ 624.1 $ 412.1 $ 212.0 51.4 N.M. — Not Meaningful. (a) Revenue from inbound roaming was $11 million in 2020. (b) Amount relates to funds received from the FCC related to Liberty Mobile following the closing of the AT&T Acquisition. II-14 The details of the changes in Liberty Puerto Rico’s revenue during the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to 2019, are set forth below (in millions): Increase in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a) $ 33.2 ARPU (b) 4.9 Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue (c) (4.0) Total increase in residential fixed revenue 34.1 Increase in B2B service (d) 3.7 Total organic increase 37.8 Impact of an acquisition 174.2 Total $ 212.0 (a) The increase is primarily attributable to higher average broadband internet RGUs, as we experienced increased demand due in part to the impact of COVID-19 work-from-home mandates. (b) The increase is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) higher ARPU from broadband internet and video services and (ii) $2 million of credits issued to customers in connection with the earthquakes that impacted Puerto Rico in January 2020. (c) The decrease is primarily due to reconnect and late fee revenues, as such fees were generally waived during the second and third quarters in response to impacts of COVID-19. (d) The increase primarily relates to the transfer of certain B2B operations in Puerto Rico from our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment to our Liberty Puerto Rico segment. Programming and other direct costs of services Programming and other direct costs of services include programming and copyright costs, interconnect and access costs, commissions, costs of mobile handsets and other devices, and other direct costs related to our operations. Programming and copyright costs, which represent a significant portion of our operating costs, may increase in future periods as a result of (i) higher costs associated with the expansion of our digital video content, including rights associated with ancillary product offerings and rights that provide for the broadcast of live sporting events, (ii) rate increases or (iii) growth in the number of our video subscribers. The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in programming and other direct costs of services on a consolidated basis: Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Acquisition (disposition), net Organic 2020 2019 FX in millions Programming and copyright $ 389.3 $ 404.8 $ (15.5) $ (21.5) $ (0.9) $ 6.9 Interconnect and commissions 249.9 280.0 (30.1) (12.2) 3.4 (21.3) Equipment and other 206.8 193.0 13.8 (2.8) 55.3 (38.7) Total programming and other direct costs $ 846.0 $ 877.8 $ (31.8) $ (36.5) $ 57.8 $ (53.1) II-15 C&W Caribbean and Networks . The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment. Decrease from: Year ended December 31, Decrease FX Acquisition (disposition), net Organic 2020 2019 in millions Programming and copyright $ 88.8 $ 105.3 $ (16.5) $ (1.3) $ (2.8) $ (12.4) Interconnect and commissions 163.0 174.4 (11.4) (6.8) (2.6) (2.0) Equipment and other 59.1 75.0 (15.9) (0.9) (2.2) (12.8) Total programming and other direct costs $ 310.9 $ 354.7 $ (43.8) $ (9.0) $ (7.6) $ (27.2) • Programming and copyright: The organic decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower sports content costs and (ii) the net negative impact of $9 million, resulting from the reassessment and release of various accruals in certain of our markets during 2020 and 2019. • Interconnect and commissions: The organic decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower wholesale call volumes and (ii) the negative impact resulting from the reassessment of an accrual during 2019. • Equipment and other: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower volume of mobile handset sales. C&W Panama. The following table sets forth the organic changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our C&W Panama segment. Year ended December 31, Organic decrease 2020 2019 in millions Programming and copyright $ 13.9 $ 14.6 $ (0.7) Interconnect and commissions 41.1 52.0 (10.9) Equipment and other 74.0 91.1 (17.1) Total programming and other direct costs $ 129.0 $ 157.7 $ (28.7) • Interconnect and commissions: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower wholesale call volumes. • Equipment and other: The organic decrease is primarily due to (i) lower volume of mobile handset sales and (ii) a decrease driven by certain non-recurring projects that have been put on hold due to the economic uncertainty of the impact of COVID-19, . VTR/Cabletica . The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our VTR/Cabletica segment. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Decrease FX Organic 2020 2019 in millions Programming and copyright $ 194.7 $ 199.9 $ (5.2) $ (20.2) $ 15.0 Interconnect and commissions 45.0 57.4 (12.4) (5.4) (7.0) Equipment and other 18.2 28.1 (9.9) (1.9) (8.0) Total programming and other direct costs $ 257.9 $ 285.4 $ (27.5) $ (27.5) $ — II-16 • Programming and copyright: The organic increase, mostly in the VTR market, is primarily due to the net effect of (i) an increase of $15 million in the foreign currency impact of programming contracts denominated in U.S. dollars, and (ii) a net decrease in certain premium and basic content costs, primarily due to (a) a decline associated with the renegotiation of a programming contract that governs content rates for live soccer matches that were cancelled, (b) an increase in rates in other premium and basic content cost and (c) lower subscribers of other premium and basic content. • Interconnect and commissions: The organic decrease, which relates to the VTR market, is primarily due to lower rates that were partially offset by higher volumes. • Equipment and other: The organic decrease, mostly in the VTR market, is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower volumes of equipment sales as a result of changes in market dynamics and customer usage due to COVID-19-related restrictions and (ii) an increase of $3 million in the foreign currency impact on costs of handsets sales. Liberty Puerto Rico . The following table sets forth the organic changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our Liberty Puerto Rico segment. Increase from: Year ended December 31, Increase Acquisition Organic 2020 2019 in millions Programming and copyright $ 91.9 $ 85.0 $ 6.9 $ 1.9 $ 5.0 Interconnect and commissions 14.2 7.5 6.7 6.0 0.7 Equipment and other 58.2 0.3 57.9 57.5 0.4 Total programming and other direct costs $ 164.3 $ 92.8 $ 71.5 $ 65.4 $ 6.1 • Programming and copyright: The organic increase is primarily due to (i) a higher average number of video subscribers, (ii) an accrual recorded in the second quarter of 2020 related to an audit of programming services provided in 2018 and 2019 and (iii) higher programming rates. • Interconnect and commissions: The organic increase is primarily due to the transfer of certain B2B operations in Puerto Rico from our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment to our Liberty Puerto Rico segment during the first quarter of 2019. Other operating costs and expenses Other operating costs and expenses set forth in the tables below comprise the following cost categories: • Personnel and contract labor-related costs, which primarily include salary-related and cash bonus expenses, net of capitalizable labor costs, and temporary contract labor costs; • Network-related expenses, which primarily include costs related to network access, system power, core network, and CPE repair, maintenance and test costs; • Service-related costs, which primarily include professional services, information technology-related services, audit, legal and other services; • Commercial , which primarily includes sales and marketing costs, such as advertising, commissions and other sales and marketing-related costs, and customer care costs related to outsourced call centers; • Facility, provision, franchise and other , which primarily includes facility-related costs, provision for bad debt expense, franchise-related fees, bank fees, insurance, travel and entertainment and other operating-related costs; and • Share-based compensation costs that relate to (i) SARs, RSUs and PSUs issued to our employees and Directors and (ii) bonus-related expenses that will be paid in the form of equity. II-17 Consolidated . The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in other operating costs and expenses on a consolidated basis. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Acquisition (disposition), net Organic 2020 2019 FX in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 483.6 $ 500.4 $ (16.8) $ (13.0) $ 14.1 $ (17.9) Network-related 261.4 264.4 (3.0) (11.4) 1.1 7.3 Service-related 161.7 149.9 11.8 (5.0) 9.7 7.1 Commercial 168.1 172.6 (4.5) (11.2) 5.4 1.3 Facility, provision, franchise and other 359.1 360.5 (1.4) (8.4) 22.4 (15.4) Share-based compensation expense 97.5 57.5 40.0 (1.0) 0.8 40.2 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 1,531.4 $ 1,505.3 $ 26.1 $ (50.0) $ 53.5 $ 22.6 In the following section, we provide a discussion and analysis of the organic changes of other operating costs and expenses, which excludes, where applicable, the impact of acquisitions, dispositions and FX for each of our reportable segments and our Corporate operations. For additional information regarding our share-based compensation, see Results of Operations (below Adjusted OIBDA)—2020 compared to 2019 discussion and analysis below and note 17 to our consolidated financial statements. C&W Caribbean and Networks . The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in other operating costs and expenses for our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Acquisition (disposition), net Organic 2020 2019 FX in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 254.2 $ 270.6 $ (16.4) $ (5.1) $ 0.6 $ (11.9) Network-related 140.5 147.3 (6.8) (3.2) (1.4) (2.2) Service-related 70.6 70.6 — (0.6) 1.8 (1.2) Commercial 45.4 57.4 (12.0) (1.2) (0.3) (10.5) Facility, provision, franchise and other 171.9 180.0 (8.1) (2.8) (0.8) (4.5) Share-based compensation expense 28.4 16.5 11.9 (0.1) 0.8 11.2 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 711.0 $ 742.4 $ (31.4) $ (13.0) $ 0.7 $ (19.1) • Personnel and contract labor: The organic decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower salaries and other personnel costs, primarily associated with the benefit of certain ongoing restructuring activities, (ii) $7 million of estimated bonus-related expenses that have been recognized as share-based compensation expense, as certain 2020 bonuses will be paid in the form of equity, as further discussed below under S hare-based compensation expense , and (iii) lower capitalized labor costs due to the curtailment of certain projects as a result of the impact of COVID-19. • Commercial: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower marketing and sales costs, largely due to reductions in promotional and sponsorship costs, as a result of certain adverse economic impacts caused by the COVID-19 pandemic across our markets. • Facility, provision, franchise and other costs: The organic decrease is primarily due to the net effect of: ◦ lower (i) travel and entertainment costs and (ii) office-related expenses due to the curtailment of such costs as a result of the impact of COVID-19; II-18 ◦ an increase due to the negative impact of a $10 million decline in 2019 associated with withholding taxes on third-party supplier services, primarily related to the expiration of statute of limitations; ◦ lower insurance costs of $4 million due in part to our Weather Derivative, as further described below and in notes 3 and 5 to our consolidated financial statements; and ◦ bad debt expense, which remained relatively unchanged, as (i) higher bad debt provisions due to the impacts of COVID-19, which have generally resulted in (a) delays in collections, (b) higher expected credit losses associated with certain B2B customers and (c) changes in our general expectations related to our customers’ ability to pay, were offset by (ii) the beneficial impacts of (a) a $3 million provision in 2019 related to certain B2B customers and (b) a $2 million provision in 2019 related to the impact of Hurricane Dorian. C&W Panama. The following table sets forth the organic changes in other operating costs and expenses for our C&W Panama segment. Year ended December 31, Organic increase (decrease) 2020 2019 in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 70.9 $ 70.2 $ 0.7 Network-related 39.7 43.0 (3.3) Service-related 13.3 15.8 (2.5) Commercial 20.5 22.0 (1.5) Facility, provision, franchise and other 49.6 46.4 3.2 Share-based compensation expense 2.7 0.9 1.8 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 196.7 $ 198.3 $ (1.6) • Personnel and contract labor: The organic increase is net of the impact of $1 million of estimated bonus-related expense that has been recognized as share-based compensation expense, as certain 2020 bonuses will be paid in the form of equity, as further discussed below under S hare-based compensation expense. • Facility, provision, franchise and other costs: The organic increase is primarily due to the net effect of (i) higher bad debt provisions during 2020, as the impacts of COVID-19 have generally resulted in (a) delays in collections, (b) higher expected credit losses associated with certain B2B customers and (c) changes in our general expectations related to our customers’ ability to pay, and (ii) the beneficial impact of a $2 million increase to the bad debt provision during 2019, primarily related to certain government customers. VTR/Cabletica . The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in other operating costs and expenses for our VTR/Cabletica segment. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) FX Organic 2020 2019 in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 76.1 $ 91.5 $ (15.4) $ (7.9) $ (7.5) Network-related 75.8 71.1 4.7 (8.2) 12.9 Service-related 38.4 39.9 (1.5) (4.4) 2.9 Commercial 83.2 82.3 0.9 (10.0) 10.9 Facility, provision, franchise and other 55.7 70.0 (14.3) (5.6) (8.7) Share-based compensation expense 8.9 4.9 4.0 (0.9) 4.9 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 338.1 $ 359.7 $ (21.6) $ (37.0) $ 15.4 • Personnel and contract labor: The organic decrease, mostly related to the VTR market, is primarily due to (i) a decrease in salary-related costs, which includes $3 million of estimated bonus-related expense that has been recognized as share-based compensation expense, as certain 2020 bonuses will be paid in the form of equity, as further II-19 discussed below under Share-based compensation expense , and (ii) higher capitalized labor costs associated with certain development-related projects. • Network-related: The organic increase, mostly related to the VTR market, is primarily due to (i) higher volumes of network access-related contracted labor and (ii) higher costs related to CPE refurbishment activity. • Service-related: The organic increase, mostly related to the VTR market, is primarily due to (i) increased information technology costs associated with software maintenance and support and (ii) higher professional consultancy services. • Commercial: The organic increase is primarily due to the net effect of (i) an increase in call center volumes as a result of the impact from COVID-19, (ii) a decrease in marketing and advertising expenses and (iii) higher sales commissions to third-party dealers. • Facility, provision, franchise and other costs: The organic decrease is primarily due to (i) lower travel and entertainment costs due to curtailment of such costs as a result of the impact of COVID-19, (ii) lower bank-related fees and (iii) lower bad debt and collection expenses. Liberty Puerto Rico . The following table sets forth the organic changes in other operating costs and expenses for our Liberty Puerto Rico segment. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase Acquisition Organic 2020 2019 in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 62.1 $ 39.5 $ 22.6 $ 13.5 $ 9.1 Network-related 6.7 4.5 2.2 2.5 (0.3) Service-related 24.9 10.6 14.3 7.9 6.4 Commercial 19.0 10.9 8.1 5.7 2.4 Facility, provision, franchise and other 70.2 50.6 19.6 23.2 (3.6) Share-based compensation expense 5.1 2.2 2.9 — 2.9 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 188.0 $ 118.3 $ 69.7 $ 52.8 $ 16.9 • Personnel and contract labor: The organic increase is primarily due to the net effect of (i) annual salary increases, (ii) higher sales commissions and (iii) $1 million of estimated bonus-related expense that has been recognized as share-based compensation expense, as certain 2020 bonuses will be paid in the form of equity, as further discussed below under Share-based compensation expense. • Service-related: The organic increase is primarily due to integration costs of $6 million associated with the AT&T Acquisition. • Facility, provision, franchise and other: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower bad debt expense driven by improved collections. II-20 Corporate . The following tables set forth the organic changes in other operating costs and expenses for our corporate operations. Year ended December 31, Organic increase (decrease) 2020 2019 in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 20.3 $ 28.6 $ (8.3) Network-related 1.1 — 1.1 Service-related 14.5 13.0 1.5 Facility, provision, franchise and other 11.7 13.5 (1.8) Share-based compensation expense 52.4 33.0 19.4 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 100.0 $ 88.1 $ 11.9 • Personnel and contract labor: The organic decrease is primarily attributable to $6 million of estimated bonus-related expense that has been recognized as share-based compensation expense, as certain 2020 bonuses will be paid in the form of equity, as further discussed below under Share-based compensation expense . • Facility, provision, franchise and other: The organic decrease is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) lower travel and entertainment costs due to curtailment of such costs as a result of the impact of COVID-19 and (ii) higher expenses associated with a mobile handset insurance program that began during the fourth quarter of 2020 following the closing of the AT&T Acquisition. Results of operations (below Adjusted OIBDA)—2020 compared to 2019 Share-based compensation expense (included in other operating costs and expenses) Share-based compensation expense increased $40 million during 2020, as compared to 2019. This increase is primarily due to (i) an increase of $19 million related to estimated bonus-related expenses that will be paid in the form of equity. Accordingly, such expenses have been included in share-based compensation expense effective January 1, 2020 and (ii) an increase of $7 million related to the extension of the expiration period for certain Liberty Global awards held by our employees. For additional information regarding our share-based compensation, see note 17 to our consolidated financial statements. Depreciation and amortization Our depreciation and amortization expense increased $44 million or 5.0% during 2020 , as compared to 2019. Excluding the impacts of FX, acquisitions and a disposal, depreciation and amortization expense increased $48 million or 5.5%. The organic increase is primarily due to the net effect of (i) an increase in property and equipment additions, primarily associated with the installation of CPE, baseline additions, support-related equipment expenditures and the expansion and upgrade of our networks and other capital initiatives , and (ii) a decrease associated with certain assets becoming fully depreciated. Impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net We recognized impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net, of $381 million and $259 million during 2020 and 2019, respectively. The 2020 amount primarily includes (i) impairment charges of $283 million, (ii) direct acquisition and disposition costs of $64 million and (iii) restructuring charges of $28 million. The impairment charges, which are primarily due to the economic impacts associated with COVID-19, include (i) $177 million related to an impairment of goodwill at C&W Panama and (ii) $99 million related to an impairment of goodwill at various reporting units within the C&W Caribbean and Networks segment. The restructuring charges, which are primarily related to C&W Caribbean and Networks, VTR and C&W Panama, include employee severance and termination costs related to certain reorganization activities and contract termination and other related charges. The direct acquisition costs are primarily related to the AT&T Acquisition. II-21 The 2019 amount primarily includes (i) impairment charges of $199 million, (ii) restructuring charges of $46 million, (iii) $10 million of direct acquisition and disposition costs and (iv) a $3 million loss due to the Seychelles Disposition. The impairment charges primarily include (i) $182 million related to an impairment of goodwill at C&W Panama and (ii) $16 million related to charges at C&W Caribbean and Networks primarily to reduce the carrying value of property and equipment as a result of the impact of Hurricane Dorian. The restructuring charges, which are primarily at C&W Caribbean and Networks and VTR, include employee severance and termination costs related to certain reorganization activities and contract termination and other related charges. The direct acquisition costs and disposition costs relate to the AT&T Acquisition and, to a lesser extent, the UTS Acquisition and the Seychelles Disposition. For additional information regarding our impairment and restructuring charges, see notes 9 and 12 to our consolidated financial statements. Interest expense Our interest expense increased $34 million during 2020, as compared to 2019. The increase is primarily due to (i) the net effect of (a) higher average outstanding debt balances and (b) lower weighted-average interest rates and (ii) higher amortization of (a) discounts and premiums, net, and (b) deferred financing costs. For additional information regarding our outstanding indebtedness, see note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. It is possible that the interest rates on (i) any new borrowings could be higher than the current interest rates on our existing indebtedness and (ii) our variable-rate indebtedness could increase in future periods. As further discussed in note 5 to our consolidated financial statements and under Item 7A. Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk below, we use derivative instruments to manage our interest rate risks. Realized and unrealized losses on derivative instruments, net Our realized and unrealized gains or losses on derivative instruments primarily include (i) unrealized changes in the fair values of our derivative instruments that are non-cash in nature until such time as the derivative contracts are fully or partially settled and (ii) realized gains or losses upon the full or partial settlement of the derivative contracts. The details of our realized and unrealized losses on derivative instruments, net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 in millions Cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts (a) (b) $ (328.6) $ (21.0) Foreign currency forward contracts (7.8) 9.4 Weather Derivatives (c) (16.3) (5.6) Total $ (352.7) $ (17.2) (a) The loss during 2020 includes a realized gain of $71 million associated with the settlement of certain cross-currency interest rate swaps at VTR in June 2020 that were unwound in connection with the July 2020 refinancing of certain VTR debt. For additional information regarding the refinancing, see note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. (b) The loss during 2020 is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) changes in interest rates and (ii) changes in FX rates, predominantly due to changes in the value of the Chilean peso relative to the U.S. dollar. In addition, the loss during 2020 includes a net gain of $47 million resulting from changes in our credit risk valuation adjustments, which are primarily due to increased credit risk stemming from market reaction to the COVID-19 outbreak. The loss during 2019 is primarily attributable to (i) changes in interest rates and (ii) changes in FX rates, predominantly due to changes in the value of the Chilean peso relative to the U.S. dollar. In addition, the loss during 2019 includes a net gain of $4 million resulting from changes in our credit risk valuation adjustments. (c) Amounts represent the amortization of the premiums associated with our Weather Derivatives, which we initially entered into during the second quarter of 2019. For additional information concerning our derivative instruments, see notes 5 and 6 to our consolidated financial statements and Item 7A. Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk below. II-22 Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net Our foreign currency transaction gains or losses primarily result from the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than the underlying functional currency of the applicable entity. Unrealized foreign currency transaction gains or losses are computed based on period-end exchange rates and are non-cash in nature until such time as the amounts are settled. The details of our foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 in millions U.S. dollar-denominated debt issued by a Chilean peso functional currency entity $ 61.7 $ (98.4) Intercompany payables and receivables denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency (53.2) (10.0) British pound sterling-denominated debt issued by a U.S. dollar functional currency entity — (3.7) Other (7.3) (0.4) Total $ 1.2 $ (112.5) Losses on debt modification and extinguishment, net We recognized losses on debt modification and extinguishment, net, of $45 million and $20 million during 2020 and 2019, respectively. The losses during 2020 are associated with (i) the payment of redemption premiums and the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs related to the repayment of the VTR Finance Senior Notes and (ii) the write-off of unamortized discounts and deferred financing costs related to the repayment of the C&W Term Loan B-4 Facility. The loss during 2019 primarily includes the payment of redemption premiums. For additional information concerning our losses on debt modification and extinguishment, see note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. Other income (expense), net Our other income and expense, net, generally includes (i) certain amounts associated with our defined benefit plans, including interest expense and expected return on plan assets, and (ii) interest income on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash. We recognized other income, net, of nil and $14 million during 2020 and 2019, respectively. The amount during 2020 primarily relates to the net effect of (i) interest income, including interest on the AT&T Acquisition Restricted Cash, and (ii) other individually insignificant expenses. The amount during 2019 primarily relates to interest income. For additional information regarding our defined benefit plans, see note 16 to our consolidated financial statements. Income tax benefit (expense) Liberty Latin America was formed as a corporation in Bermuda and, therefore, the “statutory” or “expected” tax rate for the 2020 and 2019 tax years is 0% as we are exempt from income taxes on ordinary income and capital gains. However, a majority of our subsidiaries operate in jurisdictions where income tax is imposed at local applicable statutory rates. For additional information, see note 15 to our consolidated financial statements. We recognized income tax benefit of $29 million and $98 million during 2020 and 2019, respectively. The income tax benefit attributable to our loss before income taxes during 2020 differs from the amounts computed using the statutory tax rate (based on the Bermuda statutory tax rate of 0%), primarily due to t he beneficial effects of (i) international rate differences, (ii) changes in enacted tax laws (but which are nearly entirely offset by valuation allowance), and (iii) net favorable changes in uncertain tax positions. These beneficial impacts to our effective tax rate were partially offset by the negative effects of (i) increases in valuation allowances, (ii) permanent items, such as non-deductible goodwill impairment and other non-deductible expenses, as well as (iii) the inclusion of withholding taxes on cross-border payments. The income tax expense attributable to our loss before income taxes during 2019 differs from the amounts computed using the statutory tax rate (based on the Bermuda statutory tax rate of 0%), primarily due to the beneficial effects of (i) net favorable changes in uncertain tax positions, (ii) international rate differences, (iii) basis adjustments associated with investments in II-23 Liberty Latin America entities and (iv) enacted tax rate changes, which are offset by the detrimental effects of (i) increases in valuation allowances, (ii) non-deductible goodwill impairments and (iii) net unfavorable permanent difference. For additional information regarding our income taxes, see note 15 to our consolidated financial statements. Net loss The following table sets forth selected summary financial information of our net loss: Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 in millions Operating income $ 91.7 $ 353.8 Net non-operating expenses $ (929.9) $ (634.4) Income tax benefit $ 29.3 $ 98.2 Net loss $ (808.9) $ (182.4) Gains or losses associated with (i) changes in the fair values of derivative instruments and (ii) movements in foreign currency exchange rates are subject to a high degree of volatility and, as such, any gains from these sources do not represent a reliable source of income. In the absence of significant gains in the future from these sources or from other non-operating items, our ability to achieve earnings is largely dependent on our ability to increase our aggregate Adjusted OIBDA to a level that more than offsets the aggregate amount of our (i) share-based compensation expense, (ii) depreciation and amortization, (iii) impairment, restructuring and other operating items, (iv) interest expense, (v) other non-operating expenses and (vi) income tax expenses. Due largely to the fact that we seek to maintain our debt at levels that provide for attractive equity returns, as discussed under Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capitalization below, we expect that we will continue to report significant levels of interest expense for the foreseeable future. For information concerning our expectations with respect to trends that may affect certain aspects of our operating results in future periods, see the discussion under Overview above. Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests We reported net losses attributable to noncontrolling interests of $122 million and $102 million during 2020 and 2019, respectively. The change during 2020, as compared to 2019, is primarily attributable to net increases in losses incurred by our less-than-wholly-owned subsidiaries at C&W. Year Ended December 31, 2019 as Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2018 Consolidated Adjusted OIBDA As further described above, consolidated Adjusted OIBDA is a non-U.S. GAAP measure. A reconciliation of total operating income (loss), the nearest U.S. GAAP measure, to Adjusted OIBDA on a consolidated basis, is presented below. Year ended December 31, 2019 2018 in millions Operating income (loss) $ 353.8 $ (23.6) Share-based compensation expense 57.5 39.8 Depreciation and amortization 871.0 829.8 Impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net 259.1 640.5 Consolidated Adjusted OIBDA $ 1,541.4 $ 1,486.5 II-24 The following table sets forth organic and non-organic changes in Adjusted OIBDA for the period indicated: C&W Caribbean and Networks C&W Panama VTR/Cabletica Liberty Puerto Rico Corporate Intersegment eliminations Consolidated in millions Adjusted OIBDA for the twelve months ending: December 31, 2018 $ 664.3 $ 251.4 $ 421.1 $ 195.8 $ (46.1) $ — $ 1,486.5 Organic changes related to: Revenue 9.9 (18.2) 20.2 76.5 — (1.1) 87.3 Programming and other direct costs 25.9 (11.8) 4.7 (13.4) — 0.9 6.3 Other operating costs and expenses 25.7 6.1 (16.0) (7.2) (9.0) 0.2 (0.2) Business interruption loss recovery (11.0) — — (48.5) — (59.5) Non-organic increases (decreases): FX (8.0) 0.1 (33.3) — — — (41.2) Acquisitions/disposition, net 25.3 — 36.9 — — — 62.2 December 31, 2019 $ 732.1 $ 227.6 $ 433.6 $ 203.2 $ (55.1) $ — $ 1,541.4 Adjusted OIBDA Margin The following table sets forth the Adjusted OIBDA margins of each of our reportable segments: Year ended December 31, 2019 2018 % C&W Caribbean and Networks 40.4 38.2 C&W Panama 39.1 41.8 VTR/Cabletica 40.4 40.3 Liberty Puerto Rico 49.3 58.3 Adjusted OIBDA margin is impacted by organic changes in revenue, programming and other direct costs of services and other operating costs and expenses, as further discussed below. The decrease in Liberty Puerto Rico’s Adjusted OIBDA margin, is attributable to (i) a 1,460 basis point decrease resulting from the 2018 insurance settlement related to the 2017 Hurricanes and (ii) a 330 basis point decrease due to funding from the FCC received during 2018. Excluding the impacts of the insurance settlement and FCC funding, Liberty Puerto Rico’s Adjusted OIBDA margin increased, primarily due to an increase in revenue following the recovery from the 2017 Hurricanes. II-25 Revenue The following table sets forth revenue by reportable segment: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2019 2018 $ % in millions, except percentages C&W Caribbean and Networks $ 1,812.8 $ 1,738.7 $ 74.1 4.3 C&W Panama 582.7 600.9 (18.2) (3.0) VTR/Cabletica 1,073.8 1,043.7 30.1 2.9 Liberty Puerto Rico 412.1 335.6 76.5 22.8 Intersegment eliminations (14.4) (13.2) (1.2) N.M. Total $ 3,867.0 $ 3,705.7 $ 161.3 4.4 N.M. — Not Meaningful. Consolidated. The increase during 2019, as compared to 2018, includes (i) a net increase of $185 million attributable to the impacts of acquisitions and a disposal and (ii) a decrease of $111 million attributable FX. Excluding the effects of acquisitions, a disposal and FX, revenue increased $87 million or 2.4%. The organic increase primarily includes increases (decreases) of $10 million, ($18 million), $20 million and $77 million at C&W Caribbean and Networks, C&W Panama, VTR/Cabletica and Liberty Puerto Rico, respectively, as further discussed below. C&W Caribbean and Networks . C&W Caribbean and Networks’s revenue by major category is set forth below: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2019 2018 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential revenue: Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 150.1 $ 143.0 $ 7.1 5.0 Broadband internet 225.1 194.3 30.8 15.9 Fixed-line telephony 79.5 76.6 2.9 3.8 Total subscription revenue 454.7 413.9 40.8 9.9 Non-subscription revenue 47.5 50.0 (2.5) (5.0) Total residential fixed revenue 502.2 463.9 38.3 8.3 Residential mobile revenue: Service revenue 339.1 344.5 (5.4) (1.6) Interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other (a) 65.3 71.8 (6.5) (9.1) Total residential mobile revenue 404.4 416.3 (11.9) (2.9) Total residential revenue 906.6 880.2 26.4 3.0 B2B revenue: Service revenue 659.3 610.5 48.8 8.0 Subsea network revenue 246.9 248.0 (1.1) (0.4) Total B2B revenue 906.2 858.5 47.7 5.6 Total $ 1,812.8 $ 1,738.7 $ 74.1 4.3 (a) Revenue from inbound roaming was $34 million and $35 million, respectively. For additional information regarding a change in presentation of revenue by product, see note 21 to the consolidated financial statements. II-26 The details of the changes in C&W Caribbean and Networks’s revenue during 2019, as compared to 2018, are set forth below (in millions): Increase (decrease) in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a) $ 22.8 ARPU (b) (4.7) Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue (c) (3.8) Total increase in residential fixed revenue 14.3 Decrease in residential mobile service revenue (d) (23.4) Decrease in residential mobile interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other (e) (10.4) Increase in B2B service revenue (f) 25.5 Increase in B2B subsea network revenue 3.9 Total organic increase 9.9 Net impact of an acquisition and a disposal 86.4 Impact of FX (22.2) Total $ 74.1 (a) The increase is primarily attributable to higher broadband internet and video RGUs. The increase is partially offset by a decrease in RGUs as a result of Hurricane Dorian in the Bahamas. (b) The decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower ARPU from fixed-line telephony and video services and (ii) higher ARPU from broadband internet services. The decrease also includes a reduction in ARPU as a result of Hurricane Dorian in the Bahamas. (c) The decrease is primarily attributable to lower interconnect revenue, mainly due to lower (i) volumes in Barbados and other markets in this segment and (ii) fixed termination rates in other markets in this segment. (d) The decrease is primarily attributable to lower ARPU in the Bahamas and other markets in this segment. In addition, the decrease in mobile service revenue in the Bahamas includes an estimated $3 million attributable to the impact of Hurricane Dorian. (e) The decrease is primarily attributable to (i) lower handset sales, primarily a result of (a) decreased volumes in our Cayman Islands operations, the Bahamas and other markets in this segment and (b) customers purchasing lower priced products in the Bahamas and other markets in this segment and (ii) lower interconnect revenue, primarily associated with reduced rates. (f) The increase is primarily due to the net effect of (i) higher managed services revenue at Networks & LatAm and Jamaica, (ii) lower revenue from fixed-line telephony services, primarily in Jamaica and the Bahamas and (iii) increased interconnect revenue, primarily driven by higher volumes in Jamaica. The increase in B2B service revenue is partially offset by an estimated $3 million decrease related to the impact of Hurricane Dorian. The change also includes a decrease related to the transfer of certain B2B operations in Puerto Rico from our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment to our Liberty Puerto Rico segment. II-27 C&W Panama. C&W Panama’s revenue by major category is set forth below: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2019 2018 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential revenue: Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 31.0 $ 29.0 $ 2.0 6.9 Broadband internet 34.9 31.0 3.9 12.6 Fixed-line telephony 22.4 24.4 (2.0) (8.2) Total subscription revenue 88.3 84.4 3.9 4.6 Non-subscription revenue 14.5 18.3 (3.8) (20.8) Total residential fixed revenue 102.8 102.7 0.1 0.1 Residential mobile revenue: Service revenue 183.8 211.3 (27.5) (13.0) Interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other (a) 56.8 56.2 0.6 1.1 Total residential mobile revenue 240.6 267.5 (26.9) (10.1) Total residential revenue 343.4 370.2 (26.8) (7.2) B2B service revenue 239.3 230.7 8.6 3.7 Total $ 582.7 $ 600.9 $ (18.2) (3.0) (a) Revenue from inbound roaming was $3 million and $4 million, respectively. For additional information regarding a change in presentation of revenue by product, see note 21 to the consolidated financial statements. The details of the changes in C&W Panama’s revenue during 2019, as compared to 2018, are set forth below (in millions): Increase (decrease) in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a) $ 10.1 ARPU (b) (6.2) Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue (c) (3.8) Total increase in residential fixed revenue 0.1 Decrease in residential mobile service revenue (d) (27.5) Increase in residential mobile interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other revenue 0.6 Increase in B2B service revenue (e) 8.6 Total organic decrease $ (18.2) (a) The increase is primarily attributable to higher video and broadband internet RGUs. (b) The decrease is primarily due lower ARPU from fixed-line telephony and video services. (c) The decrease is primarily attributable to lower interconnect volumes. (d) The decrease is due to lower ARPU and average subscribers as a result of increased competition in our prepaid mobile business. (e) The increase is primarily due to the net effect of (i) higher managed services revenue, driven by an increase in nonrecurring projects and (ii) lower revenue from fixed-line telephony services. II-28 VTR/Cabletica . VTR/Cabletica’s revenue by major category is set forth below: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2019 2018 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential revenue: Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 422.1 $ 401.4 $ 20.7 5.2 Broadband internet 412.0 386.5 25.5 6.6 Fixed-line telephony 100.7 123.8 (23.1) (18.7) Total subscription revenue 934.8 911.7 23.1 2.5 Non-subscription revenue 34.3 30.2 4.1 13.6 Total residential fixed revenue 969.1 941.9 27.2 2.9 Residential mobile revenue: Service revenue 62.7 62.9 (0.2) (0.3) Interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other 12.0 13.2 (1.2) (9.1) Total residential mobile revenue 74.7 76.1 (1.4) (1.8) Total residential revenue 1,043.8 1,018.0 25.8 2.5 B2B service revenue 30.0 25.7 4.3 16.7 Total $ 1,073.8 $ 1,043.7 $ 30.1 2.9 The details of the changes in VTR/Cabletica’s revenue during 2019, as compared to 2018, are set forth below (in millions): Increase (decrease) in residential fixed subscription revenue due to change in: Average number of RGUs (a) $ 5.7 ARPU (b) 2.3 Decrease in residential fixed non-subscription revenue (0.6) Total increase in residential fixed revenue 7.4 Increase in residential mobile service revenue (c) 5.8 Decrease in residential mobile interconnect, inbound roaming, equipment sales and other revenue (0.2) Increase in B2B service revenue (d) 7.2 Total organic increase 20.2 Impact of the Cabletica Acquisition 98.3 Impact of FX (88.4) Total $ 30.1 (a) The increase is attributable to the net effect of (i) higher broadband internet and video RGUs and (ii) lower fixed-line telephony RGUs. (b) The increase is due to the net effect of (i) higher ARPU from broadband internet services, (ii) an improvement in product mix and (iii) lower ARPU from video and fixed-line telephony services. The increase in ARPU from video services is partially offset by $2 million in discounts given to customers due to content not provided as a result of civil unrest in Chile during the fourth quarter of 2019. (c) The increase is due to the net effect of (i) a higher average number of mobile subscribers and (ii) lower ARPU from mobile services. (d) The increase is primarily attributable to higher average numbers of broadband internet, video and fixed-line telephony RGUs. II-29 Liberty Puerto Rico Liberty Puerto Rico’s revenue by major category is set forth below: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2019 2018 $ % in millions, except percentages Residential fixed revenue: Subscription revenue: Video $ 140.9 $ 118.9 $ 22.0 18.5 Broadband internet 175.0 132.5 42.5 32.1 Fixed-line telephony 23.4 18.6 4.8 25.8 Total subscription revenue 339.3 270.0 69.3 25.7 Non-subscription revenue 21.7 17.4 4.3 24.7 Total residential fixed revenue 361.0 287.4 73.6 25.6 B2B service revenue 51.1 37.1 14.0 37.7 Other revenue — 11.1 (11.1) (100.0) Total $ 412.1 $ 335.6 $ 76.5 22.8 Liberty Puerto Rico’s revenue increased $77 million during 2019, as compared to 2018. Revenue during 2018 includes $11 million received from the FCC in August 2018, which is included in other revenue. The FCC granted these funds to help restore and improve coverage and service quality from damages caused by the 2017 Hurricanes. The increase in revenue also includes $8 million related to the transfer of certain B2B operations in Puerto Rico from our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment to our Liberty Puerto Rico segment. Excluding the impact of the FCC funding and the transfer of the B2B operations discussed above, the increase is primarily attributable to recovery following the 2017 Hurricanes. Programming and other direct costs of services The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in programming and other direct costs of services on a consolidated basis for the period indicated: Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Acquisition (disposition), net Organic 2019 2018 FX in millions Programming and copyright $ 404.8 $ 401.1 $ 3.7 $ (17.0) $ 25.1 $ (4.4) Interconnect and commissions 280.0 298.7 (18.7) (9.4) 6.5 (15.8) Equipment and other 193.0 177.4 15.6 (3.8) 5.5 13.9 Total programming and other direct costs $ 877.8 $ 877.2 $ 0.6 $ (30.2) $ 37.1 $ (6.3) II-30 C&W Caribbean and Networks . The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) FX Acquisition (disposition), net Organic 2019 2018 in millions Programming and copyright $ 105.3 $ 128.4 $ (23.1) $ (0.1) $ 2.4 $ (25.4) Interconnect and commissions 174.4 175.8 (1.4) (4.3) 2.5 0.4 Equipment and other 75.0 74.3 0.7 (1.3) 2.9 (0.9) Total programming and other direct costs $ 354.7 $ 378.5 $ (23.8) $ (5.7) $ 7.8 $ (25.9) • Programming and copyright: The organic decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) a $13 million benefit during 2019 from content accrual adjustments, largely related to the entry into new agreements with various content providers and, to a lesser extent, reassessments of content accruals, (ii) lower sports content costs, (iii) higher costs associated with an increase in subscribers during 2019, and (iv) a benefit from an accrual adjustment related to settlement discussions on a copyright dispute. • Interconnect and commissions: The organic increase is primarily due to the net effect of (i) an increase in wholesale call volumes in Jamaica, (ii) the beneficial impact of the reassessment of an accrual during the second quarter of 2019 and (iii) lower rates. C&W Panama. The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our C&W Panama segment. Year ended December 31, Organic increase (decrease) 2019 2018 in millions Programming and copyright $ 14.6 $ 12.2 $ 2.4 Interconnect and commissions 52.0 56.3 (4.3) Equipment and other 91.1 77.4 13.7 Total programming and other direct costs $ 157.7 $ 145.9 $ 11.8 • Programming and copyright: The organic increase is primarily due higher costs associated with an increase in video subscribers. • Interconnect and commissions: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower rates and wholesale call volumes. • Equipment and other: The organic increase primarily relates to costs associated with B2B managed services projects. II-31 VTR/Cabletica . The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our VTR/Cabletica segment. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) FX Acquisition Organic 2019 2018 in millions Programming and copyright $ 199.9 $ 191.6 $ 8.3 $ (16.9) $ 22.7 $ 2.5 Interconnect and commissions 57.4 68.7 (11.3) (5.1) 4.0 (10.2) Equipment and other 28.1 25.0 3.1 (2.5) 2.6 3.0 Total programming and other direct costs $ 285.4 $ 285.3 $ 0.1 $ (24.5) $ 29.3 $ (4.7) • Programming and copyright: The organic increase is primarily due to (i) higher costs associated with video-on-demand ( VoD ) services and catch-up television, (ii) an increase in copyright costs and (iii) an increase in certain premium and basic content costs, primarily resulting from higher rates. The increase in certain premium and basic content costs is partially offset by $2 million in lower costs due to certain premium services that were not provided during the fourth quarter of 2019. • Interconnect and commissions: The organic decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) decreases in interconnect costs and MVNO charges due to lower rates and (ii) the impact of a $3 million credit received during the fourth quarter of 2018 in connection with the renegotiation of our MVNO contract. • Equipment and other: The organic increase is primarily due to the net effect of (i) higher mobile handset sales in VTR and (ii) lower equipment sales at Cabletica. Liberty Puerto Rico . The following table sets forth the organic changes in programming and other direct costs of services for our Liberty Puerto Rico segment. Year ended December 31, Organic increase (decrease) 2019 2018 in millions Programming and copyright $ 85.0 $ 68.9 $ 16.1 Interconnect and commissions 7.5 9.8 (2.3) Equipment and other 0.3 0.7 (0.4) Total programming and other direct costs $ 92.8 $ 79.4 $ 13.4 • Programming and copyright: The organic increase is mostly attributable to (i) the impact of $11 million in credits received from programming vendors in 2018 resulting from the 2017 Hurricanes and (ii) higher programming rates. • Interconnect and commission: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower rates. II-32 Other operating costs and expenses The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in other operating costs and expenses on a consolidated basis. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Acquisition (disposition), net Organic 2019 2018 FX in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 500.4 $ 475.3 $ 25.1 $ (11.5) $ 31.6 $ 5.0 Network-related 264.4 266.6 (2.2) (7.9) 16.2 (10.5) Service-related 149.9 144.5 5.4 (4.0) 9.3 0.1 Commercial 172.6 166.7 5.9 (8.4) 3.6 10.7 Facility, provision, franchise and other 360.5 348.4 12.1 (7.5) 24.7 (5.1) Share-based compensation expense 57.5 39.8 17.7 (0.4) — 18.1 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 1,505.3 $ 1,441.3 $ 64.0 $ (39.7) $ 85.4 $ 18.3 In the following section, we provide a discussion and analysis of the organic changes of other operating costs and expenses, which excludes, where applicable, the impact of acquisitions, dispositions and FX for each of our reportable segments and our Corporate operations. For additional information regarding our share-based compensation, see Results of Operations (below Adjusted OIBDA) discussion and analysis below and note 17 to our consolidated financial statements. C&W Caribbean and Networks . The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in other operating costs and expenses for our C&W Caribbean and Networks segment. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) Acquisition (disposition), net Organic 2019 2018 FX in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 270.6 $ 249.8 $ 20.8 $ (3.9) $ 19.7 $ 5.0 Network-related 147.3 144.5 2.8 (1.8) 10.5 (5.9) Service-related 70.6 76.3 (5.7) (0.4) 8.0 (13.3) Commercial 57.4 61.2 (3.8) (0.7) 1.3 (4.4) Facility, provision, franchise and other 180.0 175.2 4.8 (1.9) 13.8 (7.1) Share-based compensation expense 16.5 11.5 5.0 — — 5.0 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 742.4 $ 718.5 $ 23.9 $ (8.7) $ 53.3 $ (20.7) • Personnel and contract labor: The organic increase is primarily due to lower capitalized labor costs. • Network-related: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower (i) maintenance costs and (ii) hurricane restoration costs. • Service-related: The organic decrease is primarily due to declines in professional service costs associated with legal and advisory-related services and lower information and technology-related costs. • Commercial: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower marketing and sales costs mainly due to lower sponsorship costs and sales commissions. II-33 • Facility, provision, franchise and other costs: The organic decrease is primarily due to the net effect of: ◦ a decline of $10 million associated with withholding taxes on third-party supplier services, primarily related to the expiration of statute of limitations; ◦ an increase of bad debt expense primarily due to the net effect of (i) changes in provisions during 2019, including (a) a $3 million increase in provisions primarily related to certain B2B customers, (b) the release of certain other provisions and (c) a $2 million provision related to the impact of Hurricane Dorian, (ii) improved collections in 2019 and (iii) a $3 million recovery in the first quarter of 2018 related to provisions established following the impacts of the 2017 Hurricanes; and ◦ a decrease in insurance costs due in part to the impact of our Weather Derivative, as further described below and in notes 3 and 5 to our consolidated financial statements. C&W Panama. The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in other operating costs and expenses for our C&W Panama segment. Year ended December 31, Organic increase (decrease) 2019 2018 in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 70.2 $ 73.9 $ (3.7) Network-related 43.0 49.7 (6.7) Service-related 15.8 18.9 (3.1) Commercial 22.0 13.1 8.9 Facility, provision, franchise and other 46.4 47.9 (1.5) Share-based compensation expense 0.9 0.9 — Total other operating costs and expenses $ 198.3 $ 204.4 $ (6.1) • Personnel and contract labor: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower staff levels largely stemming from various restructuring activities. • Network-related: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower maintenance and utility costs. • Commercial: The organic increase is primarily due to increases in (i) outsourced call center costs and (ii) marketing and sales costs. • Facility, provision, franchise and other costs: The organic decrease is primarily due to general declines in bad debt provisions, which was net of the impact of a $2 million increase in provisions primarily related to certain government customers. VTR/Cabletica . The following table sets forth the organic and non-organic changes in other operating costs and expenses for our VTR/Cabletica segment. Increase (decrease) from: Year ended December 31, Increase (decrease) FX Acquisition Organic 2019 2018 in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 91.5 $ 86.7 $ 4.8 $ (7.6) $ 11.9 $ 0.5 Network-related 71.1 71.3 (0.2) (6.1) 5.7 0.2 Service-related 39.9 32.9 7.0 (3.6) 1.3 9.3 Commercial 82.3 79.7 2.6 (7.7) 2.3 8.0 Facility, provision, franchise and other 70.0 66.7 3.3 (5.6) 10.9 (2.0) Share-based compensation expense 4.9 3.4 1.5 (0.4) — 1.9 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 359.7 $ 340.7 $ 19.0 $ (31.0) $ 32.1 $ 17.9 II-34 • Network-related: These costs remained relatively flat on an organic basis as higher costs related to CPE materials and refurbishment activity was mostly offset by a decrease resulting from higher proportions of capitalized labor associated with installation activities. • Service-related: The organic increase is primarily due to (i) increased information technology costs associated with the implementation of a business support system and (ii) higher professional consultancy services. • Commercial: The organic increase is primarily due to increased call center volume in the VTR market. • Facility, provision, franchise and other costs: The organic decrease is primarily due to lower facility related costs. Liberty Puerto Rico . The following table sets forth the organic changes in other operating costs and expenses for our Liberty Puerto Rico segment. Year ended December 31, Organic increase (decrease) 2019 2018 in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 39.5 $ 41.5 $ (2.0) Network-related 4.5 2.0 2.5 Service-related 10.6 7.8 2.8 Commercial 10.9 12.6 (1.7) Facility, provision, franchise and other 50.6 45.0 5.6 Share-based compensation expense 2.2 1.2 1.0 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 118.3 $ 110.1 $ 8.2 • Personnel and contract labor: The organic decrease is primarily due to the net effect of (i) lower overtime-related personnel activities, as the 2018 period was impacted by the 2017 Hurricanes, and (ii) an increase resulting from a $2 million hurricane disaster relief credit received during the third quarter of 2018 from the Puerto Rico Treasury Department, representing relief for wages paid to employees during the period of time our business was inoperable as a result of the 2017 Hurricanes. • Network-related: The organic increase is primarily due to (i) an increase in system power expenses, as the 2018 period was impacted by the 2017 Hurricanes and (ii) higher CPE repair costs. • Service-related: The organic increase is primarily due to information and technology-related expenses, mostly driven by new software services. • Commercial: The organic decrease is driven by declines in outsourced call center costs. • Facility, provision, franchise and other: The organic change is primarily due to increased facility-related costs and franchise fees, as the 2018 period was impacted by the 2017 Hurricanes. Corporate . The following tables set forth the organic changes in other operating costs and expenses for our corporate operations. Year ended December 31, Organic increase (decrease) 2019 2018 in millions Personnel and contract labor $ 28.6 $ 23.4 $ 5.2 Service-related 13.0 9.0 4.0 Facility, provision, franchise and other 13.5 13.6 (0.1) Share-based compensation expense 33.0 22.8 10.2 Total other operating costs and expenses $ 88.1 $ 68.8 $ 19.3 II-35 • Personnel and contract labor : The organic increase is primarily attributable to establishing our new operations center in Panama. • Service-related: The organic increase is primarily attributable to higher professional consultancy services. Results of operations (below Adjusted OIBDA)—2019 compared to 2018 Share-based compensation expense (included in other operating costs and expenses) Share-based compensation expense increased $18 million during 2019, as compared to 2018. This increase is primarily due to share-based incentive awards granted during 2019 and 2018. Depreciation and amortization Our depreciation and amortization expense increased $41 million or 5.0% during 2019, as compared to 2018. Excluding the impacts of FX and acquisitions and a disposal, depreciation and amortization expense increased $25 million or 3.0%. The organic increase is primarily due to the net effect of (i) an increase resulting from property and equipment additions, largely associated with the expansion and upgrade of our networks and other capital initiatives, the installation of CPE, and baseline and product and enablers-related additions, and (ii) a decrease associated with certain assets becoming fully depreciated. Impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net We recognized impairment, restructuring and other operating items, net, of $259 million and $641 million during 2019 and 2018, respectively. The 2019 amount primarily includes (i) impairment charges of $199 million, (ii) restructuring charges of $46 million, (iii) $10 million of direct acquisition and disposition costs and (iv) a $3 million loss due to the Seychelles Disposition. The impairment charges primarily include (i) $182 million related to an impairment of goodwill at C&W Panama and (ii) $16 million related to charges at C&W Caribbean and Networks primarily to reduce the carrying value of property and equipment as a result of the impact of Hurricane Dorian. The restructuring charges, which are primarily at C&W Caribbean and Networks and VTR, include (i) employee severance and termination costs related to certain reorganization activities and (ii) contract termination and other related charges. The direct acquisition costs and disposition costs relate to the AT&T Acquisition and, to a lesser extent, the UTS Acquisition and the Seychelles Disposition. The 2018 amount primarily includes (i) impairment charges of $616 million, (ii) restructuring charges of $43 million, (iii) a $36 million benefit related to the recovery of damaged or destroyed property and equipment and (iv) $18 million of direct acquisition and disposition costs. The impairment charges include $608 million related to an impairment of goodwill at C&W Panama. The restructuring charges, which are primarily at C&W Caribbean and Networks, include (i) employee severance and termination costs related to certain reorganization activities and (ii) contract termination and other related charges. The direct acquisition costs and disposition costs primarily relate to the UTS Acquisition. In December 2018, we settled our insurance claims for the 2017 Hurricanes, as further defined and described in note 8 to our consolidated financial statements, resulting in, among other things, the recovery associated with damaged or destroyed property and equipment. For additional information regarding our impairment and restructuring charges, see notes 9 and 12 to our consolidated financial statements. Interest expense Our interest expense increased $56 million during 2019, as compared to 2018. The increase is primarily due to (i) higher average outstanding debt balances, largely due to borrowings related to the (a) AT&T Acquisition, (b) Cabletica Acquisition and (c) Convertible Notes, and (ii) higher amortization of discounts and premiums, net, and deferred financing costs. For additional information regarding our outstanding indebtedness, see note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. II-36 Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net The details of our realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2019 2018 in millions Cross-currency and interest rate derivative contracts (a) $ (21.0) $ 69.6 Foreign currency forward contracts 9.4 25.2 Weather Derivatives (b) (5.6) — Total $ (17.2) $ 94.8 (a) The loss during 2019 is primarily attributable to (i) changes in interest rates and (ii) changes in FX rates, predominantly due to changes in the value of the Chilean peso relative to the U.S. dollar. In addition, the loss during 2019 includes a net gain of $4 million resulting from changes in our credit risk valuation adjustments. The gain during 2018 is primarily attributable to (i) changes in FX rates, predominantly due to changes in the value of the Chilean peso relative to the U.S. dollar, and (ii) changes in interest rates. In addition, the gain during 2018 includes a net loss of $23 million resulting from changes in our credit risk valuation adjustments (b) Represents the amortization of the premiums associated with our Weather Derivatives, which we entered into during the second quarter of 2019. For additional information concerning our derivative instruments, see notes 5 and 6 to our consolidated financial statements and Item 7A. Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk below. Foreign currency transaction losses, net The details of our foreign currency transaction losses, net, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2019 2018 in millions U.S. dollar-denominated debt issued by a Chilean peso functional currency entity $ (98.4) $ (164.0) Intercompany payables and receivables denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency (10.0) (17.0) British pound sterling-denominated debt issued by a U.S. dollar functional currency entity (3.7) 11.4 Other (0.4) (10.4) Total $ (112.5) $ (180.0) Losses on debt modification and extinguishment, net We recognized losses on debt modification and extinguishment, net, of $20 million and $32 million during 2019 and 2018, respectively. The net loss during 2019 primarily includes the payment of redemption premiums. The loss during 2018 primarily includes the payment of redemption premiums and the write-off of unamortized premiums, discounts and deferred financing costs. For additional information concerning our losses on debt modification and extinguishment, see note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. Other income (expense), net We recognized other income of $14 million and nil during 2019 and 2018, respectively. During 2019, other income primarily relates to interest income. The amount during 2018, primarily includes the net effect of (i) a $16 million impairment charge on our investment in TSTT, (ii) pension-related credits of $12 million and (iii) interest income of $10 million. For additional information regarding our defined benefit plans, see note 16 to our consolidated financial statements. For additional information regarding the impairment of our investment in TSTT, see note 7 to our consolidated financial statements. II-37 Income tax benefit (expense) We recognized income tax benefit (expense) of $98 million and ($51 million) during 2019 and 2018, respectively. The income tax benefit attributable to our loss before income taxes during 2019 differs from the expected income tax benefit of nil (based on the Bermuda statutory income tax rate of 0%), primarily due to the beneficial effects of (i) net favorable changes in uncertain tax positions, (ii) international rate differences, (iii) basis adjustments associated with investments in Liberty Latin America entities and (iv) enacted tax rate changes, which are offset by the detrimental effects of (i) increases in valuation allowances, (ii) non-deductible goodwill impairments and (iii) net unfavorable permanent differences. The income tax expense attributable to our loss before income taxes during 2018 differs from the expected income tax benefit of nil (based on the Bermuda statutory income tax rate of 0%), primarily due to (i) the beneficial effects of international rate differences, which are offset by (ii) the effect of non-deductible goodwill impairments, (iii) increases in valuation allowances and (iv) net unfavorable permanent differences. For additional information regarding our income taxes, see note 15 to our consolidated financial statements. Net loss The following table sets forth selected summary financial information of our net loss: Year ended December 31, 2019 2018 in millions Operating income (loss) $ 353.8 $ (23.6) Net non-operating expenses $ (634.4) $ (561.1) Income tax benefit (expense) $ 98.2 $ (51.1) Net loss $ (182.4) $ (635.8) Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests We reported net losses attributable to noncontrolling interests of $102 million and $291 million during 2019 and 2018, respectively. The change during 2019, as compared to 2018, is primarily attributable to (i) a decrease in losses of our less-than-wholly-owned subsidiaries at C&W, due in part to the net effect of (a) a decline in the goodwill impairment charge incurred during 2019, as compared with 2018 at CWP, and (b) losses at C&W Bahamas associated with Hurricane Dorian in 2019, and (ii) our acquisition of the remaining 40% partnership interests in Liberty Puerto Rico from Searchlight during October 2018. For additional information on the goodwill impairment charge and noncontrolling interests acquisition activity, see notes 9 and 19, respectively, to our consolidated financial statements. II-38 Liquidity and Capital Resources Sources and Uses of Cash As of December 31, 2020, we have four primary “borrowing groups,” which include the respective restricted parent and subsidiary entities of C&W, VTR, Liberty Puerto Rico and Cabletica. Our borrowing groups, which typically generate cash from operating activities, held a significant portion of our consolidated cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2020. Our ability to access the liquidity of these and other subsidiaries may be limited by tax and legal considerations, the presence of noncontrolling interests, foreign currency exchange restrictions with respect to certain C&W subsidiaries and other factors. Cash and cash equivalents The details of the U.S. dollar equivalent balances of our cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2020 are set forth in the following table (in millions): Cash and cash equivalents held by: Liberty Latin America and unrestricted subsidiaries: Liberty Latin America (a) $ 193.3 Unrestricted subsidiaries (b) 54.1 Total Liberty Latin America and unrestricted subsidiaries 247.4 Borrowing groups (c): C&W 485.5 VTR 74.3 Liberty Puerto Rico 79.4 Cabletica 7.6 Total borrowing groups 646.8 Total cash and cash equivalents $ 894.2 (a) Represents the amount held by Liberty Latin America on a standalone basis. (b) Represents the aggregate amount held by subsidiaries of Liberty Latin America that are outside of our borrowing groups. All of these companies rely on funds provided by our borrowing groups to satisfy their liquidity needs. (c) Represents the aggregate amounts held by the parent entity of the applicable borrowing group and their restricted subsidiaries. Liquidity and capital resources of Liberty Latin America and its unrestricted subsidiaries Our current sources of corporate liquidity include (i) cash and cash equivalents held by Liberty Latin America and, subject to certain tax and legal considerations, Liberty Latin America’s unrestricted subsidiaries, and (ii) interest and dividend income received on our and, subject to certain tax and legal considerations, our unrestricted subsidiaries’ cash and cash equivalents and investments. From time to time, Liberty Latin America and its unrestricted subsidiaries may also receive (i) proceeds in the form of distributions or loan repayments from Liberty Latin America’s borrowing groups upon (a) the completion of recapitalizations, refinancings, asset sales or similar transactions by these entities or (b) the accumulation of excess cash from operations or other means, (ii) proceeds upon the disposition of investments and other assets of Liberty Latin America and its unrestricted subsidiaries and (iii) proceeds in connection with the incurrence of debt by Liberty Latin America or its unrestricted subsidiaries or the issuance of equity securities by Liberty Latin America. No assurance can be given that any external funding would be available to Liberty Latin America or its unrestricted subsidiaries on favorable terms, or at all. As noted above, various factors may limit our ability to access the cash of our borrowing groups. For limitations imposed by our subsidiaries’ debt instruments at December 31, 2020, see note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. Our corporate liquidity requirements include (i) corporate general and administrative expenses and (ii) other liquidity needs that may arise from time to time. In addition, Liberty Latin America and its unrestricted subsidiaries may require cash in connection with (i) the repayment of third-party and intercompany debt, (ii) the satisfaction of contingent liabilities, (iii) acquisitions and other investment opportunities, (iv) the repurchase of debt securities, (v) tax payments or (vi) any funding requirements of our consolidated subsidiaries. II-39 In March 2020, our Directors approved a $100 million Share Repurchase Program. During 2020, the aggregate amount of our share repurchases was $9 million. For additional information regarding our Share Repurchase Program, see note 19 to our consolidated financial statements and above Part II—Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . Liquidity and capital resources of borrowing groups The cash and cash equivalents of our borrowing groups are detailed in the table above. In addition to cash and cash equivalents, the primary sources of liquidity of our borrowing groups are cash provided by operations and borrowing availability under their respective debt instruments. For the details of the borrowing availability of our borrowing groups at December 31, 2020, see note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. The aforementioned sources of liquidity may be supplemented in certain cases by contributions and/or loans from Liberty Latin America and its unrestricted subsidiaries. The liquidity of our borrowing groups generally is used to fund property and equipment additions, debt service requirements and income tax payments. From time to time, our borrowing groups may also require liquidity in connection with (i) acquisitions and other investment opportunities, (ii) loans to Liberty Latin America, (iii) capital distributions to Liberty Latin America and other equity owners or (iv) the satisfaction of contingent liabilities. No assurance can be given that any external funding would be available to our borrowing groups on favorable terms, or at all. For information regarding our borrowing groups’ commitments and contingencies, see note 20 to our consolidated financial statements. For additional information regarding our cash flows, see the discussion under Liquidity and Capital Resources—Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows below. Capitalization We seek to maintain our debt at levels that provide for attractive equity returns without assuming undue risk. When it is cost effective, we generally seek to match the denomination of the borrowings of our subsidiaries with the functional currency of the operations that support the respective borrowings. As further discussed under Item 7A. Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk and in note 5 to our consolidated financial statements, we also use derivative instruments to mitigate foreign currency and interest rate risks associated with our debt instruments. Our ability to service or refinance our debt and to maintain compliance with the leverage covenants in the credit agreements of our borrowing groups is dependent primarily on our ability to maintain covenant EBITDA of our operating subsidiaries, as specified by our subsidiaries’ debt agreements ( Covenant EBITDA ), and to achieve adequate returns on our property and equipment additions and acquisitions. In addition, our ability to obtain additional debt financing is limited by incurrence-based leverage covenants contained in the various debt instruments of our borrowing groups. For example, if the Covenant EBITDA of C&W were to decline, our ability to obtain additional debt could be limited. No assurance can be given that we would have sufficient sources of liquidity, or that any external funding would be available on favorable terms, or at all, to fund any such required repayment. At December 31, 2020, each of our borrowing groups was in compliance with its debt covenants. We do not anticipate any instances of non-compliance with respect to the debt covenants of our borrowing groups that would have a material adverse impact on our liquidity during the next 12 months. At December 31, 2020, the outstanding principal amount of our debt, together with our finance lease obligations, aggregated $8,514 million, including $162 million that is classified as current in our consolidated balance sheet and $7,225 million that is not due until 2026 or thereafter. At December 31, 2020, $8,108 million of our debt and finance lease obligations have been borrowed or incurred by our subsidiaries. Included in the outstanding principal amount of our debt at December 31, 2020 is $168 million of vendor financing, which we use to finance certain of our operating expenses and property and equipment additions. These obligations are generally due within one year, other than for certain licensing arrangements that generally are due over the term of the related license. For additional information concerning our debt, including our debt maturities, see note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. II-40 The weighted average interest rate in effect at December 31, 2020 for all borrowings outstanding pursuant to each debt instrument, including any applicable margin, was 5.2%. The interest rate is based on stated rates and does not include the impact of derivative instruments, deferred financing costs, original issue premiums or discounts and commitment fees, all of which affect our overall cost of borrowing. The weighted average impact of the derivative instruments, excluding forward-starting derivative instruments, on our borrowing costs at December 31, 2020 was as follows: Borrowing group Increase to borrowing costs C&W 0.67 % VTR 0.67 % Liberty Puerto Rico 0.86 % Cabletica 1.24 % Liberty Latin America borrowing groups 0.69 % Including the effects of derivative instruments, original issue premiums or discounts, including the discount on the Convertible Notes associated with the instrument’s conversion option, and commitment fees, but excluding the impact of financing costs, the weighted average interest rate on our indebtedness was 6.3% at December 31, 2020. We believe that we have sufficient resources to repay or refinance the current portion of our debt and finance lease obligations and to fund our foreseeable liquidity requirements during the next 12 months. However, as our debt maturities grow in later years, we anticipate that we will seek to refinance or otherwise extend our debt maturities. No assurance can be given that we will be able to complete refinancing transactions or otherwise extend our debt maturities. In this regard, it is difficult to predict how political, economic and social conditions, sovereign debt concerns or any adverse regulatory developments will impact the credit and equity markets we access and our future financial position. Our ability to access debt financing on favorable terms, or at all, could be adversely impacted by (i) the financial failure of any of our counterparties, which could (a) reduce amounts available under committed credit facilities and (b) adversely impact our ability to access cash deposited with any failed financial institution, and (ii) tightening of the credit markets. In addition, any weakness in the equity markets could make it less attractive to use our shares to satisfy contingent or other obligations, and sustained or increased competition, particularly in combination with adverse economic or regulatory developments, could have an unfavorable impact on our cash flows and liquidity. II-41 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows General. Our cash flows are subject to variations due to FX. For further information, see related discussion under Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Foreign Currency Risk below. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—2020 compared to 2019 Summary. Our 2020 and 2019 consolidated statements of cash flows are summarized as follows: Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 Change in millions Net cash provided by operating activities $ 640.1 $ 918.2 $ (278.1) Net cash used by investing activities (2,450.8) (635.3) (1,815.5) Net cash provided by financing activities 271.1 1,539.8 (1,268.7) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (4.9) (7.7) 2.8 Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ (1,544.5) $ 1,815.0 $ (3,359.5) Operating Activities. The decrease in net cash provided by our operating activities is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) $73 million of cash used for the purchase of prepaid roaming services in conjunction with the AT&T Acquisition, (ii) a decrease of $61 million related to derivative activities, (iii) a decrease from our consolidated Adjusted OIBDA (a non-GAAP measure), (iv) lower tax payments of $49 million, and (v) the negative impact for the comparative period resulting from $33 million of the cash received during 2019 associated with the final insurance settlement for hurricanes Irma, Maria, and Matthew that was reflected as an operating cash inflow. Additionally, the working capital changes in our consolidated statement of cash flows for the 2020 and 2019 periods include the negative impacts of a $33 million and $185 million release of an uncertain tax position liability, respectively, that have been reflected as a tax benefit in our consolidated statements of operations, as further described in note 15 to our consolidated financial statements. For additional information relating to the purchase of prepaid roaming services, see note 4 to our consolidated financial statements. For additional information regarding our non-GAAP measure of consolidated Adjusted OIBDA, including a reconciliation to the nearest U.S. GAAP measure, see Results of Operations—Year ended December 31, 2020 as Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2019—Adjusted OIBDA above. Investing Activities. Our cash used during 2020 primarily includes (i) $1,886 million primarily related the AT&T Acquisition, (ii) and $566 million related to capital expenditures. Our cash used during 2019 primarily includes (i) $589 million of cash used related to capital expenditures, (ii) $161 million of cash used for the UTS Acquisition in March 2019, (iii) $78 million of net cash received in connection with the Seychelles Disposition, and (iv) $34 million of cash we received during the first quarter of 2019 related to the recovery on damaged or destroyed property and equipment resulting from hurricanes Maria, Irma and Matthew. For additional information regarding the settlement of our insurance claims associated with these hurricanes, see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements. See below for additional information relating to cash used for capital expenditures. The capital expenditures that we report in our consolidated statements of cash flows, which includes cash paid for property and equipment and intangible assets acquired not part of an acquisition, does not include amounts that are financed under capital-related vendor financing or finance lease arrangements. Instead, these amounts are reflected as non-cash additions to our property and equipment when the underlying assets are delivered and as repayments of debt when the principal is repaid. In this discussion, we refer to (i) our capital expenditures, as reported in our consolidated statements of cash flows, and (ii) our total property and equipment additions, which include our capital expenditures on an accrual basis and amounts financed under capital-related vendor financing or finance lease arrangements. II-42 A reconciliation of our property and equipment additions to our capital expenditures, as reported in our consolidated statements of cash flows, is set forth below: Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 in millions Property and equipment additions $ 631.1 $ 721.5 Assets acquired under capital-related vendor financing arrangements (99.1) (96.1) Acquisition of intangible assets 7.8 — Assets acquired under finance leases — (0.2) Changes in current liabilities related to capital expenditures 26.0 (36.1) Capital expenditures $ 565.8 $ 589.1 The decrease in our property and equipment additions during 2020, as compared to 2019, is primarily due to a decrease in (i) new build & upgrade equipment and (ii) customer premise equipment. During 2020 and 2019, our property and equipment additions represented 16.8% and 18.7% of revenue, respectively. We expect the percentage of revenue represented by our aggregate 2021 property and equipment additions to be approximately 18%. The actual amount of the 2021 consolidated property and equipment additions may vary from expected amounts for a variety of reasons, including (i) potential impacts from COVID-19, (ii) changes in (a) the competitive or regulatory environment, (b) business plans, (c) our expected future operating results and (d) foreign currency exchange rates and, (iii) the availability of sufficient capital. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that our actual property and equipment additions will not vary materially from our expectations. Financing Activities. During 2020, we generated $271 million of cash from financing activities primarily due to (i) $347 million related to the Rights Offering and (ii) $183 million of net cash related to derivative instruments. These items were slightly offset by (i) $120 million of net repayment of debt and (ii) $99 million related to payments of financing costs and debt premiums. The net cash received related to derivative instruments is primarily due to the unwinding of cross-currency swaps held at our VTR borrowing group as further described in note 5 to the consolidated financial statements . During 2019, we received $1,540 million in net cash from financing activities, primarily due to $1,691 million of net borrowings of debt, which was slightly offset by $55 million related to payments of financing costs and debt premiums, $46 million of cash used related to the purchase of Capped Calls, and $38 million for the distribution to noncontrolling interest owners, primarily related to Panama operations. The net borrowings of debt primarily relates to the $1.2 billion principal amount of 2027 LPR Senior Secured Notes issued related to the then pending AT&T Acquisition and the issuance of the Convertible Notes, each as further described in note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—2019 compared to 2018 Summary. Our 2019 and 2018 consolidated statements of cash flows are summarized as follows: Year ended December 31, 2019 2018 Change in millions Net cash provided by operating activities $ 918.2 $ 816.8 $ 101.4 Net cash used by investing activities (635.3) (980.5) 345.2 Net cash provided by financing activities 1,539.8 256.1 1,283.7 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (7.7) (18.6) 10.9 Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 1,815.0 $ 73.8 $ 1,741.2 Operating Activities. The increase in net cash provided by our operating activities is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) an increase from our Adjusted OIBDA, (ii) a decrease from our working capital items, including (a) the release of an uncertain tax position liability of approximately $185 million that has been reflected as a tax benefit in our consolidated statement of operations, as further described in note 15 to our consolidated financial statements, and (b) changes resulting from II-43 insurance receipts as discussed below, ( iii) increased interest payments, (iv) an increase in cash related to derivative instruments, as we received (paid) net amounts of $11 million and ($16 million) during 2019 and 2018, respectively, and (v) decrease in cash paid for taxes. During the first quarter of 2019, $33 million of the cash received associated with the final insurance settlement for the 2017 Hurricanes was reflected as an operating cash inflow. During 2018, we received $51 million of advanced payments, primarily related to the 2017 Hurricanes, $30 million of which was presented in operating cash flows in our consolidated statement of operations upon settlement during the fourth quarter of 2018. For additional information regarding our insurance receipts, see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements. Investing Activities. The decrease in net cash used by our investing activities is primarily attributable to the net effect of (i) a decrease in cash used for capital expenditures, as further discussed below, (ii) $161 million of cash used for the UTS Acquisition in March 2019, (iii) $78 million of net cash received in connection with the Seychelles Disposition and (iv) an increase of $13 milli