What changed in this filing

/stocks — the workspaceLOADING

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis

2025-05-12 compared with 2024-11-06 · 204 added, 407 removed, 328 unchanged (65% of the section changed)

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All references to “we,” “our,” “us” and the “Company” in this Quarterly Report mean Gladstone Land Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, except where it is made clear that the term refers only to Gladstone Land Corporation.

We are an externally-managed, agricultural real estate investment trust (“REIT”) that is engaged in the business of owning and leasing farmland.

We are not a grower of crops, nor do we typically farm the properties we own.

We currently own 168 farms comprised of 111,836 acres located across 15 states in the U.S.

We are an externally-managed, agricultural real estate investment trust (“REIT”) that is primarily in the business of owning and leasing farmland, occasionally through lease structures that include a variable rent component based on the gross revenues generated from certain farms in lieu of fixed base rent.

We are not generally a grower of crops, nor do we typically farm the properties we own;

however, from time to time, and on a temporary basis, we may also directly operate certain of our farms via management agreements with third-party operators and/or through a taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) of ours.

We currently own 150 farms totaling 103,001 acres across 15 states in the U.S.

and 55,350 acre-feet of water assets in California.

We also own several farm-related facilities, such as cooling facilities, packinghouses, processing facilities, and various storage facilities.

In addition, two of our properties (comprising four farms) are currently being directly operated.

We conduct substantially all of our activities through, and all of our properties are held, directly or indirectly, by, Gladstone Land Limited Partnership (the “Operating Partnership”).

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In addition, we have elected for Gladstone Land Advisers, Inc.

(“Land Advisers”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of ours, to be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”).

(“Land Advisers”), an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of ours, to be treated as a TRS.

Gladstone Management Corporation (our “Adviser”) manages our real estate portfolio pursuant to an advisory agreement, and Gladstone Administration, LLC (our “Administrator”), provides administrative services to us pursuant to an administration agreement.

Our Adviser and our Administrator collectively employ all of our personnel and directly pay their salaries, benefits, and general expenses.

Portfolio Diversification

Our farmland portfolio currently consists of 168 farms leased to 94 different, unrelated third-party tenants who grow over 60 different types of crops on our farms.

Our investment focus is in farmland suitable for growing either fresh produce annual row crops (e.g., certain berries and vegetables) or certain permanent crops (e.g., almonds, blueberries, pistachios, and wine grapes), with an ancillary focus on farmland growing certain commodity crops (e.g., beans and corn).

The following table summarizes the different geographic locations (by state) of our farms owned as of and during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

As of and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 As of and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Portfolio Diversificatio n

Our farmland portfolio currently consists of 150 farms leased to 84 d ifferent, unrelated third-party tenants who grow over 60 different types of crops on our farms.

O ur investment focus is in farmland suitable for growing either fresh produce annual row crops (e.g., certain berries and vegetables) or certain permanent crops (e.g., almonds, blueberries, pistachios, and wine grapes), with an ancillary focus on farmland growing certain commodity crops (e.g., beans and corn).

The following table summarizes the different geographic locations (by state) of our farms owned as of and during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands):

As of and For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 As of and For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

Revenue % of Total

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Oregon 6 898 0.9% 422 2.5% 6 898 0.8% 566 2.8%

Michigan 23 1,892 1.7% 746 1.2% 23 1,892 1.6% 727 1.1%

Nebraska 7 5,223 5.1% 289 1.7% 9 7,782 7.0% 25 0.1%

Maryland 6 987 0.9% 345 0.5% 6 987 0.9% 345 0.5%

Michigan 12 1,245 1.2% 276 1.6% 23 1,892 1.7% 240 1.2%

Texas 1 3,667 3.6% 125 0.8% 1 3,667 3.3% 112 0.6%

Maryland 6 987 1.0% 120 0.7% 6 987 0.9% 115 0.6%

South Carolina 3 597 0.6% 61 0.4% 3 597 0.5% 61 0.3%

Georgia 2 230 0.2% 56 0.3% 2 230 0.2% 56 0.3%

North Carolina 2 310 0.3% 126 0.2% 2 310 0.3% 72 0.1%

New Jersey 3 116 0.1% 34 0.2% 3 116 0.1% 32 0.2%

Delaware 1 180 0.2% 20 0.1% 1 180 0.2% 19 0.1%

North Carolina 2 310 0.3% — —% 2 310 0.3% 42 0.2%

TOTALS 150 103,001 100.0% $ 16,803 100.0% 168 111,836 100.0% $ 19,826 100.0%

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Our leases generally have original terms ranging from 3 to 10 years for farms growing row crops and 7 to 15 years for farms growing permanent crops (in each case, often with options to extend the lease further).

Rent is generally payable to us in advance on either an annual, semi-annual, or quarterly basis, with such rent typically subject to periodic escalation clauses as set forth within the lease.

Currently, 103 of our farms are leased on a pure, triple-net basis, 49 farms are leased on a partial-net basis (with us, as landlord, responsible for all or a portion of the related property taxes), 3 farms are leased on a single-net basis (with us, as landlord, responsible for the related property taxes, as well as certain maintenance, repairs, or insurance costs), 1 farm is direct-operated, 1 farm is vacant, and 11 farms are held for sale (see below under “ Recent Developments—Portfolio Activity—Existing Properties—Disposition Activity ” for further discussion).

Additionally, 29 of our farms are leased under agreements that include a variable rent component, called “participation rents,” that are based on the gross revenues earned on the respective farms (though such leases generally include a guarantee of a minimum amount of rental income).

Our lease agreements will generally include one of the following rental structures:

(i) fixed base cash rents, (ii) fixed base cash rents, plus a variable component, referred to as “participation rents,” based on the gross revenues generated from the respective farms, or, to a lesser extent, (iii) no fixed base cash rents (or, in certain cases, a cash allowance to cover certain operating or capital costs), in exchange for a significantly higher share of participation rents.

Fixed base cash rent is generally payable to us in advance on either an annual, semi-annual, or quarterly basis, with such rent typically subject to periodic escalation clauses as set forth within the lease, while participation rent is generally payable to us annually, often in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year.

Currently, 92 of our farms are leased on a pure, triple-net basis, 46 farms are leased on a partial-net basis (with us, as landlord, responsible for all or a portion of the related property taxes), 3 farms are leased on a single-net basis (with us, as landlord, responsible for the related property taxes, as well as certain maintenance, repairs, or insurance costs), 4 farms are direct-operated, and 5 farms are vacant.

Additionally, 24 of our farms are leased under agreements that include a variable rent component, called “participation rents,” that are based on the gross revenues earned on the respective farms (though such leases often include a guarantee of a minimum amount of rental income).

Lease Expirations

Agricultural leases are often shorter term in nature (relative to leases of other types of real estate assets), so in any given year, we may have multiple leases up for extension or renewal.

The following table summarizes the lease expirations by year for the farms owned and with leases in place as of September 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

The following table summarizes the lease expirations by year for the farms owned and with leases in place as of March 31, 2025 (dollars in thousands):

Year Number of

Acreage % of Total

Expiring / Expired Leased Acreage % of Total

Acreage Lease Revenue for the

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

2024 7 4,058 3.6% $ 2,050 3.2%

Three Months Ended March 31, 2025

2025 16 17,740 17.2% $ (1,107) (2)

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11 31 —% 127 0.8%

Terminated/expired leases

Terminated/expired leases and sold properties (4)

— 6,583 6.4% 3,954 23.5%

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(1) Certain lease agreements encompass multiple farms.

(2) Reflects the net impact of cash lease incentives we granted to tenants on certain of our farms in exchange for increasing the participation rent components in the respective leases, the results of which will not be known until the fourth quarter of 2025 or later.

(3) Primarily consists of ancillary leases (e.g., renewable energy leases;

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etc.) with varying expirations on certain of our farms.

We currently have nine agricultural leases scheduled to expire within the next six months.

We are currently exploring a variety of options with certain of these properties, including negotiating lease terms with existing and prospective new tenants (potentially through an adjusted lease structure whereby we would decrease the fixed base rent amounts in exchange for increasing the participation rent component), discussing sale options with prospective buyers, and considering operating the properties ourselves via third-party management agreements.

(4) Includes lease revenues of approximately $3.9 million from nine farms on which the respective leases expired and which are currently either direct-operated or vacant, and approximately $7,000 from seven farms sold during the three months ended March 31, 2025 .

We are currently exploring a variety of options with certain of our 2025 lease expirations, including negotiating lease terms with existing and prospective new tenants and discussing sale options with prospective buyers.

In addition, while we seek to lease all properties under traditional leases that involve a certain level of fixed base rent, with respect to expirations on certain western permanent crop farms, we may decide to continue with an adjusted lease structure that involves a reduced base rent amount (or none) and/or, in certain cases, a cash lease incentive, in exchange for increasing the participation rent components, or we may decide to continue to operate certain of these properties ourselves via third-party management agreements.

Regarding all vacancies and upcoming lease expirations, there can be no assurance that we will be able to renew the existing leases or execute new leases at rental rates favorable to us, if at all, or be able to find replacement tenants, if necessary.

Business Environment

Impact of Inflation, Interest Rates, and Tariffs

According to t he U.S.

Bureau of Labor Statistics, the consumer price index (“CPI”) rose at an a nnual rate of 2.4% through March 31, 2025, continuing the downward trend from the inflation peak in mid-2022.

Food price increases have also slowed but remain elevated, with the overall food category rising at an annual rate of 3.0% over the same period.

Notably, over the past three years, food prices have risen by 14.2%, outpacing the overall CPI increase of 11.2%.

While high input costs remain a concern for farm operators, we believe these costs will be somewhat offset if food prices continue to match or exceed the inflation rate .

Interest Rates

After holding rates steady since July 2023, the Federal Reserve initiated its first rate cut in over four years in September 2024, lowering the benchmark federal funds rate by 50 basis points and signaling a potential shift toward an easing of monetary policy.

However, since that initial cut, the Federal Reserve has held off on further reductions, as stronger-than-anticipated economic data (particularly in the labor and consumer spending sectors), along with growing uncertainty around the duration and impact of newly-imposed tariffs, have renewed inflationary concerns.

As a result, U.S.

Treasury yields have remained elevated, with the 10-year Treasury consistently trading above 4.3% in recent months.

Furthermore, despite earlier expectations of multiple rate cuts, the timing and pace of any future easing remains highly uncertain.

The ongoing volatility in the interest rate environment continues to affect the cost of long-term financing, constraining our ability to pursue new farmland acquisitions at favorable terms .

Currently, over 99.9% of our borrowings are at fixed rates, and on a weighted-average basis, these rates are fixed at an effective interest rate of 3.41% for another 3.4 years.

As a result, our existing debt portfolio has been largely insulated from the sharp rise in interest rates over the past couple of years, and we believe we are well-protected against the potential for prolonged elevated interest rates or any future rate increases.

Ongoing trade tensions and the recent implementation of new tariffs have introduced added uncertainty for many U.S.

agricultural exports, including certain crops grown on some of our farms, including almonds and pistachios.

While fresh produce, including berries and most vegetables, is more insulated due to strong domestic consumption, approximately 60%-70% of U.S.-grown almonds and pistachios are exported annually.

As a result, these crops are more vulnerable to shifting trade dynamics and potential retaliatory tariffs.

While the full impact on crop prices and grower economics remains uncertain, we continue to monitor developments closely, as any sustained disruption to export markets could influence lease structures and participation rent levels on the affected farms.

Another factor influencing export demand is a weakening U.S.

A weaker dollar makes U.S.

exports more price-competitive in the global marketplace, which may help mitigate any negative effects of tariffs.

California Water Outlook

The 2024-2025 water year has aligned with a typical “La Niña” weather pattern, bringing increased precipitation to Northern California and drier conditions in the southern part of the state.

Northern regions experienced significant rainfall and snow from multiple atmospheric river events during the winter, while portions of Southern California remain affected by varying levels of drought conditions.

Overall, this marks the third consecutive year of average or above-average precipitation statewide.

Notably, late-season rain and snow events have led to peak snowpack levels occurring after the April 1 historical average, supporting strong snowmelt runoff through the spring and into early summer.

In addition, statewide reservoir levels remain above historical norms, which is expected to support favorable surface water allocations from both State and Federal water projects.

During periods of abundant surface water flows, water purveyors often have surplus water supplies that can be acquired at lower prices.

We continue to monitor these opportunities to strengthen our long-term water strategy.

The extended wet period has also benefited our permanent crop assets by contributing to groundwater recharge and improving root zone moisture content.

We are currently observing no signs of water stress in our permanent plantings that often occur during drought periods.

As we move into the spring and early summer, our permanent crop assets appear healthy and well-positioned for the growing season.

Meanwhile, the ongoing phased implementation of California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (“SGMA”) continues to impose groundwater pumping restrictions across the state.

In response, many farmland owners and operators have turned to supplemental water initiatives and projects that allow for the capture or importation of surplus surface water.

Looking ahead, we continue to actively evaluate new projects and programs aimed at offsetting the effects of SGMA-related pumping curtailments, including floodwater capture and storage initiatives, fallowing programs, and investments in infrastructure to improve overall water management.

Recent Developments

Portfolio Activity—Existing Properties

Disposition Activity

In October 2024, we entered into agreements to sell 11 blueberry farms located in Allegan and Van Buren, Michigan, for total consideration of approximately $5.0 million, exclusive of closing costs.

We currently expect these sales to be completed during the three months ending December 31, 2024.

Property Sales

In January 2025, we completed the sale of five farms in Florida totaling 5,630 gross acres for an aggregate sales price of approximately $52.5 million.

Including closing costs, we recognized a net gain on the sale of approximately $14.1 million.

In February 2025, we completed the sale of two farms in Nebraska totaling 2,559 gross acres for an aggregate sales price of $12.0 million.

Including closing costs, we recognized an aggregate net gain on these sales of approximately $1.6 million.

Leasing Activity

The following table summarizes certain leasing activity that has occurred on our existing properties since July 1, 2024, through the date of this filing (dollars in thousands, except for footnotes):

The following table summarizes certain leasing activity that has occurred on our existing properties since January 1, 2025, through the date of this filing (dollars in thousands, except for footnotes):

PRIOR LEASES NEW LEASES (1)

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/ NN / N) (3)

CA, DE, FL, MD, MI, OR, TX, & WA 21 10,173 $ 13,550 4 13 / 4 / 4 $ 5,452 3.7 5 12 / 8 / 1

CA, CO, & OR 6 13,257 $ 2,438 2 4 / 2 / 0 $ 2,376 6.1 2 4 / 2 / 0

(1) In connection with certain of these leases, we committed to provide cash allowances or capital for certain operations and improvements on these farms, which are excluded in the figures above.

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(2) Based on the minimum cash rental payments guaranteed under the applicable leases (presented on an annualized basis), as required under GAAP, and excludes contingent rental payments, such as participation rents.

In executing certain lease renewals, particularly those on certain western permanent crop farms, we reduced or eliminated the base rent component in exchange for significantly increasing the participation rent component, the results of which will not be known until the second half of 2025.

In executing certain lease renewals, particularly those on certain western permanent crop farms, we reduced or eliminated the base rent component or, in certain cases, provided the tenants with a cash lease incentive, in exchange for significantly increasing the participation rent component, the results of which will not be known until the second half of 2025 or later.

(3) “NNN” refers to leases under triple-net lease arrangements, “NN” refers to leases under partial-net lease arrangements, and “N” refers to leases under single-net lease arrangements, in each case, as described above under “ Leases—General .”

Vacant, Direct-operated, and Non-accrual Properties

During a portion of the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we had 20 farms (5 in California, 13 in Michigan, 1 in Oregon, and 1 in Washington) that were either vacant, direct-operated (via management agreements with unrelated third parties), or on which lease revenues were recognized on a cash basis (due to credit issues with two tenants leading us to determine that the full collectability of the remaining rental payments under the respective leases was not deemed to be probable).

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded lease revenue related to the aforementioned farms of approximately $778,000 (including no participation rents), as compared to approximately $2.1 million (including approximately $195,000 of participation rents) during the prior-year period.

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we entered into lease agreements with a new tenant on two farms in Michigan, and subsequent to September 30, 2024, we entered into agreements to sell the remaining 11 farms in Michigan, which we anticipate closing during the three months ending December 31, 2024.

Currently, 1 farm (in Washington) is vacant, 1 farm (in Oregon) is direct-operated, 5 farms (in California) are on non-accrual status, and 11 farms (in Michigan) are held for sale.

Regarding vacant and direct-operated farms, we are exploring both leasing and selling options, and we are in discussions with both potential tenants and potential buyers for these farms.

We currently expect to enter into lease or sale agreements within the next six months with respect to each of these farms;

however, there can be no guarantee that we will be able to reach lease or sale agreements with tenants or buyers at favorable terms, or at all.

Regarding the properties currently on non-accrual status, we are continuing to work with each of the tenants and will seek to come to an agreement for the remaining rental payments, if possible.

During a portion of the three months ended March 31, 2025, we had 15 farms that were either vacant, direct-operated through third-party management agreements, or on which lease revenues were recognized on a cash basis (due to credit issues with certain tenants leading us to determine that full collectability of the remaining rental payments under the respective leases was not probable).

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we recorded lease revenue from these farms of approximately $3.7 million (including a lease termination fee of approximately $2.4 million and accelerated rental revenue of approximately $629,000 due to an early lease termination), as compared to approximately $1.7 million during the prior-year period.

During and since the three months ended March 31, 2025, we have entered into new lease agreements on certain of these farms.

As such, currently, five farms remain vacant, four farms are direct-operated, and five farms (leased to three different tenants) are on non-accrual status.

For the vacant and direct-operated farms, we are exploring both leasing and sale options and are in discussions with both potential tenants and buyers;

however, there can be no guarantee that we will be able to secure agreements at favorable terms, or at all.

Regarding the farms currently on non-accrual status, we continue to work with each of the tenants to resolve the outstanding rent amounts and will seek to reach agreements on the remaining payments where possible.

Such agreement, if one can be reached, may include placing the tenant on a payment plan, deferring a portion of the rent owed to us, or agreeing to terminate the lease.

of a termination, we estimate that we would be able to find new tenants to lease each of these properties to at market rental rates within 1 to 12 months.

Water Asset Acquisitions

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we purchased a total of 2,260 gross acre-feet of water from Byron-Bethany Irrigation District (“BBID”), a multi-county water district located in Contra Costa County, California, for the 2024 water year for a total purchase price (including commissions and other closing costs) of approximately $883,000, or approximately $391 per gross acre-foot.

This water was purchased pursuant to a water transfer agreement we entered into with BBID in October 2023, whereby we may elect to purchase up to 15,000 acre-feet of water per water year during years in which BBID has a surplus supply of water through February 28, 2031.

This water is expected to be recognized in our account with the local water district within the next six months, net of standard losses, as may be applicable.

We currently own a total of 53,787 acre-feet of long-term water assets, and our investments in these long-term water assets have an aggregate carrying value of approximately $36.8 million.

Southeastern U.S.

In September and October 2024, Hurricanes Helene and Milton caused widespread destruction across many states in the Southeastern U.S., including areas where several of our farms are located.

As a result of Hurricane Helene in September 2024, one of our farms in Georgia suffered damage to certain permanent plantings on the farm, and we estimated the carrying value of such plantings to be approximately $275,000.

As such, during the three months ended September 30, 2024, we wrote down the carrying value of these plantings and also recorded a corresponding property and casualty loss, included within Property and casualty loss, net on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

Certain of our other farms in the region suffered minor damage as a result of Hurricane Helene, but no other farms were materially impacted.

As a result of Hurricane Milton in October 2024, a portion of a cooling facility located on one of our farms in Florida suffered minor water damage.

We are unable to estimate the extent of the damage at this time;

however, we do not expect the cost of repairs to be material, and we expect the damage to be fully covered by insurance.

We are still assessing the overall impact of Hurricane Milton.

While planting may be slightly delayed, we do not expect any material impact to our farms or our tenants’ operations as a result of Hurricane Milton.

In the event of a termination, we estimate that we would be able to find a new tenant to lease these properties at market rental rates within 1 to 12 months.

Financing Activity

Debt Activity—Loan Repayments

From July 1, 2024, through the date of this filing, we repaid approximately $13.3 million of loans that were scheduled to either mature or reprice.

Debt Activity

Loan Repayments

From January 1, 2025, through the date of this filing, we repaid approximately $19.4 million of loans that were scheduled to reprice later this year.

On a weighted-average basis, these borrowings bore interest at a stated rate of 5.38% and an effective rate (after interest patronage, where applicable) of 4.51%.

Equity Activity

Series E Preferred Stock

On November 9, 2022, we filed a prospectus supplement with the U.S.

Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for a continuous public offering (the “Series E Offering”) of up to 8,000,000 shares of our newly-designated 5.00% Series E Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Series E Preferred Stock”), on a “reasonable best efforts” basis through Gladstone Securities at an offering price of $25.00 per share.

See Note 6, “Related-Party Transactions—Gladstone Securities—Dealer-Manager Agreement,” for a discussion of the commissions and fees to be paid to Gladstone Securities in connection with the Series E Offering.

The following table summarizes the sales of our Series E Preferred Stock that occurred from July 1, 2024, through the date of this filing (dollars in thousands):

Shares Sold Weighted-average

Offering Price Per Share Gross Proceeds Net Proceeds (1)

3,595 $ 24.89 $ 89 $ 81

(1) Net of underwriting discounts, selling commissions, and dealer-manager fees borne by us.

Aggregate selling commissions and dealer-manager fees paid to Gladstone Securities as a result of these sales was approximately $9,000.

The Series E Offering will terminate on the date (the “Series E Termination Date”) that is the earlier of (i) December 31, 2025 (unless terminated or extended by our Board of Directors), and (ii) the date on which all 8,000,000 shares of Series E Preferred Stock offered in the Series E Offering are sold.

There is currently no public market for shares of Series E Preferred Stock.

We intend to apply to list the Series E Preferred Stock on Nasdaq or another national securities exchange within one calendar year of the Series E Termination Date;

however, there can be no assurance that a listing will be achieved in such timeframe, or at all.

Common Stock—At-the-Market Program

On May 12, 2020, we entered into equity distribution agreements with Virtu Americas, LLC, and Ladenburg Thalmann & Co., Inc.

(each a “Sales Agent”), that, as subsequently amended, permitted us to issue and sell, from time to time and through the Sales Agents, shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $260.0 million (the “ATM Program”).

On April 13, 2023, we entered into separate amended and restated equity distribution agreements with the Sales Agents to allow us to sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $500.0 million.

The following table summarizes the activity under the ATM Program from July 1, 2024, through the date of this filing (dollars in thousands):

Number of Shares Sold Weighted-average

Offering Price

Per Share Gross Proceeds Net Proceeds (1)

346,216 $ 13.52 $ 4,680 $ 4,633

(1) Net of underwriting commissions.

Repurchase Program

On May 17, 2024, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing us to repurchase up to $20.0 million of our 6.00% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) and up to $35.0 million of our 6.00% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series C Preferred Stock” and, collectively, the “Repurchase Program”).

The Board’s authorization of the Repurchase Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time, does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of securities, and expires on May 17, 2025.

Under the Repurchase Program, repurchases are intended to be implemented through open market transactions on U.S.

exchanges and/or in privately-negotiated transactions facilitated by a third-party broker acting as agent for us in accordance with applicable securities laws.

Any repurchases will be made during applicable trading window periods or pursuant to applicable Rule 10b5-1 trading plans.

The following table summarizes repurchase activity under the Repurchase Program that occurred from July 1, 2024, through the date of this filing (dollars in thousands, except per-share amounts):

Series B Preferred Stock:

Number of shares repurchased 60,441

Gross repurchase price (1)

Weighted-average repurchase price per share $ 21.44

Gain on repurchase (2)

Series C Preferred Stock:

Number of shares repurchased 115,604

Gross repurchase price (1)

Weighted-average repurchase price per share $ 21.10

Gain on repurchase (2)

(1) Inclusive of broker commissions.

(2) The gain on the repurchase of cumulative redeemable preferred stock is included within Gain (loss) on extinguishment of cumulative redeemable preferred stock on our accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

Impact of Inflation and Interest Rates

According to the U.S.

Bureau of Labor Statistics, the consumer price index (“CPI”) grew at an annual rate of 2.4% through September 30, 2024, as overall inflation continued to ease from the peak levels experienced in the summer of 2022, when it reached the highest rates seen in over 40 years.

The increase in food prices has also slowed but has generally kept pace with the rate of inflation until the past few months, as the overall food segment increased at an annual rate of 2.3% through September 30, 2024.

In addition, according to the NCREIF Farmland Index, which, as of September 30, 2024, consisted of approximately $16.5 billion of farms across the U.S., the total return on U.S.

farmland (including appreciation and income) was 2.6% for the 12 months ended September 30, 2024.

Despite the slowdown of increased food prices in recent months, prices remain high, as the food segment has increased by 18.0% over the past three years, outpacing overall CPI of 14.9% over the

same time period.

Although our far m operators have experienced increases in input costs, we believe such increases will be somewhat mitigated to the extent that food price increases continue to outpace or keep pace with the rate of inflation.

After holding rates flat since July 2023, the Federal Reserve cut interest rates for the first time in four years in September 2024, reducing its benchmark funds rate by 50 basis points and marking what many believe to be the beginning of a new monetary easing policy.

This rate cut came on the heels of data indicating a slowing U.S.

economy, including cooling inflation and a weaker labor market.

However, since the September meeting, U.S.

Treasury yields have spiked amidst stronger-than-expected U.S.

macroeconomic data.

Despite this, most still expect the Federal Reserve to continue cutting rates throughout the remainder of 2024 and into 2025, though the timing and extent of such rate cuts, if any, remains uncertain.

As a result of this uncertainty, interest rates remain somewhat volatile.

The yield on the 10-year US Treasury Note still remains well above 4.0%, and, as a result, interest rates on long-term financing continue to be high, thus limiting our ability to finance new acquisitions on favorable terms.

Over 99.9% of our borrowings are currently at fixed rates, and on a weighted-average basis, these rates are fixed at an effective interest rate of 3.40% for another 3.7 years.

As such, with respect to our current borrowings, we have experienced minimal impact from the higher interest rates experienced over the past couple of years, and we believe we are well-protected against a prolonged period of elevated interest rates, which remains a possibility.

Farm Credit Notes Payable—Interest Patronage

From time to time since September 2014, we, through certain subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership, have entered into various loan agreements (collectively, the “Farm Credit Notes Payable”) with 13 different Farm Credit associations (collectively, “Farm Credit”).

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we recorded interest patronage of approximately $1.7 million related to interest accrued on the Farm Credit Notes Payable during the year ended December 31, 2024, and during the three months ended September 30, 2024, we received approximately $108,000 of interest patronage, as certain Farm Credit associations paid a portion of the 2024 interest patronage (which relates to interest accrued during 2024 but typically would be paid during the first half of 2025) early.

In total, 2024 interest patronage resulted in a 21.9% reduction (approximately 101 basis points) to the interest rates on such borrowings.

For further discussion on interest patronage, refer to Note 4, “ Borrowings—Farm Credit Notes Payable—Interest Patronage ,” in the accompanying notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Our Adviser and Administrator

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The base management and incentive fees are described below.

For information on the capital gains and termination fees, refer to Note 6, “ Related-Party Transactions—Our Adviser and Administrator—Advisory Agreement ,” within the accompanying notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

For information on the termination fee, refer to Note 6, “ Related-Party Transactions—Our

Adviser and Administrator—Advisory Agreement ,” within the accompanying notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Base Management Fee

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and (iii) 20% of the amount of the Pre-Incentive Fee FFO, if any, that exceeds 2.1875% in any calendar quarter (8.75% annualized).

Capital Gains Fee

Pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, a capital gains-based incentive fee is calculated and payable in arrears at the end of each fiscal year (or upon termination of the Advisory Agreement).

The capital gains fee shall equal:

(i) 15% of the cumulative aggregate realized capital gains minus the cumulative aggregate realized capital losses, minus (ii) any aggregate capital gains fees paid in prior periods.

For purposes of this calculation, realized capital gains and losses will be calculated as (x) the sales price of the property, minus (y) any costs to sell the property and the then-current gross value of the property (which includes the property’s original acquisition price plus any subsequent, non-reimbursed capital improvements).

At the end of each fiscal year, if this figure is negative, no capital gains fee shall be paid.

Administration Agreement

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A summary of our significant accounting policies is provided in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in our Form 10-K.

There were no material changes to our critical accounting policies during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

There were no material changes to our critical accounting policies during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

For the purposes of the following discussions on certain operating revenues and expenses with regard to the comparison between the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

• Same-property basis represents farms owned as of June 30, 2023, which were not vacant or direct-operated at any point during either period presented and full collectability of future rental payments under the respective leases was deemed probable during the entirety of both periods;

• Properties acquired or disposed of are farms that were either acquired or disposed of at any point subsequent to June 30, 2023.

From July 1, 2023, through September 30, 2024, we did not acquire any new farms and had one farm disposition;

• Vacant, direct-operated, or non-accrual properties are:

◦ Farms that were vacant (either wholly or partially) at any point during either period presented;

◦ Farms that were direct-operated at any point during either period presented;

◦ Farms with leases where revenue was recognized on a cash basis during either period presented (rather than a straight-line basis) due to full collectability of future rental payments under the respective leases deemed not to be probable as a result of tenant credit issues.

From July 1, 2023 through September 30, 2024, we had 23 farms which were either vacant, direct-operated, or placed on non-accrual during all or a portion of either period.

For the purposes of the following discussions on certain operating revenues and expenses with regard to the comparison between the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

• Same-property basis represents farms owned as of December 31, 2022, which were not vacant or direct-operated at any point during either period presented and full collectability of future rental payments under the respective leases was deemed probable during the entirety of both periods;

• Properties acquired or disposed of are farms that were either acquired or disposed of at any point subsequent to December 31, 2022.

From January 1, 2023, through September 30, 2024, we did not acquire any new farms and had one farm disposition;

• Vacant, direct-operated, or non-accrual properties are:

◦ Farms that were vacant (either wholly or partially) at any point during either period presented;

◦ Farms that were direct-operated at any point during either period presented;

From January 1, 2023 through September 30, 2024, we had 25 farms which were either vacant, direct-operated, or placed on non-accrual during all or a portion of either period.

A comparison of results of components comprising our operating income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 is below (dollars in thousands):

For the Three Months Ended September 30,

2024 2023 $ Change % Change

Operating revenues:

Lease revenues:

Fixed lease payments $ 18,913 $ 21,102 $ (2,189) (10.4)%

Variable lease payments – participation rents 3,512 2,385 1,127 47.3%

Variable lease payments – tenant reimbursements and other 146 47 99 210.6%

Total operating revenues 22,571 23,534 (963) (4.1)%

Operating expenses:

Depreciation and amortization 8,805 9,244 (439) (4.7)%

Property operating expenses 1,380 729 651 89.3%

Base management and incentive fees, net of incentive fee waiver 2,070 2,939 (869) (29.6)%

Administration fee 683 619 64 10.3%

General and administrative expenses 655 605 50 8.3%

Impairment charge 2,106 — 2,106 NM

Total operating expenses 15,699 14,136 1,563 11.1%

Operating income $ 6,872 $ 9,398 $ (2,526) (26.9)%

For the Nine Months Ended September 30,

For the purposes of the following discussions on certain operating revenues and expenses, same-property basis represents properties we owned for the entirety of the comparative periods presented.

With regard to the comparison between the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

• We owned 150 farms as of March 31, 2025, that are considered our same-property portfolio.

Same-property occupancy (including farms that were direct-operated or on non-accrual status) decreased approximately 3.0% to 95.9% as of March 31, 2025, compared to 98.9% as of March 31, 2024.

◦ Included within our same-property portfolio are farms that were vacant, direct-operated, or on non-accrual status during all or a portion of the periods presented.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we had 15 farms that were either vacant, direct-operated, or on non-accrual status, as compared to 9 farms in the prior-year period.

• From January 1, 2024, through March 31, 2025, we did not acquire any new farms and disposed of 19 farms.

A comparison of results of components comprising our operating income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 is below (dollars in thousands):

For the Three Months Ended March 31,

2025 2024 $ Change % Change

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Fixed lease payments $ 13,927 $ 19,593 $ (5,666) (28.9)%

Variable lease payments – participation rents 4,625 2,580 2,045 79.3%

Variable lease payments – participation rents 465 — 465 NM

Variable lease payments – tenant reimbursements and other 2,411 233 2,178 934.8%

Total lease revenues 63,667 65,946 (2,279) (3.5)%

Other operating revenues 453 — 453 NM

Total lease revenue 16,803 19,826 (3,023) (15.2)%

Other operating revenue 1 426 (425) (99.8)%

Total operating revenues 16,804 20,252 (3,448) (17.0)%

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Property operating expenses 1,128 877 251 28.6%

Base management and incentive fees, net of incentive fee waiver 6,303 7,236 (933) (12.9)%

Base management, incentive, and capital gains fees 2,246 2,156 90 4.2%

Administration fee 642 603 39 6.5%

General and administrative expenses 682 566 116 20.5%

Impairment charge 2,106 — 2,106 NM

Total operating expenses 13,127 12,991 136 1.0%

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Lease revenue

The following table provides a summary of our lease revenues during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

For the Three Months Ended September 30, For the Nine Months Ended September 30,

2024 2023 $ Change % Change 2024 2023 $ Change % Change

The following table provides a summary of our lease revenues during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands):

For the Three Months Ended March 31,

2025 2024 $ Change % Change

Same-property basis:

Fixed lease payments $ 13,920 $ 19,385 $ (5,465) (28.2)%

Participation rents 3,512 1,510 2,002 132.6% 4,387 1,511 2,876 190.3%

Participation rents 465 — 465 NM

Lease termination and other income 2,380 — 2,380 NM

Total – Same-property basis 16,765 19,385 (2,620) (13.5)%

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Total – Properties acquired or disposed of 7 208 (201) (96.6)%

Vacant, direct-operated, or non-accrual properties:

Fixed lease payments 146 842 (696) (82.7)% 1,438 3,471 (2,033) (58.6)%

Participation rents — 875 (875) (100.0)% 238 1,069 (831) (77.7)%

Total – Vacant, direct-operated, or non-accrual properties 146 1,717 (1,571) (91.5)% 1,676 4,540 (2,864) (63.1)%

Tenant reimbursements and other (1)

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Same-property Basis – 2025 compared to 2024

Lease revenues from fixed lease payments decreased primarily due to the execution of certain lease agreements in 2024, pursuant to which we agreed to reduce the fixed base rent amounts in exchange for increasing the participation rent components in the leases, the majority of which will be realized in 2025.

This decrease was partially offset by an increase in fixed lease payments attributable to the accelerated recognition of certain deferred rent asset balances attributable to the shortening of the expected lease terms associated with leases on three of our farms, additional rents earned on capital improvements completed on certain of our farms, and recent lease renewals.

The amount of lease revenues from participation rents is largely dependent upon when certain information is made available to allow us to determine such amounts to be reasonably estimable and thus recorded.

Based on the participation rents recorded thus far, the increase was primarily driven by stronger production (i.e., pounds per acre) on certain pistachio farms, partly due to the alternate-bearing nature of such tree crops.

Lease revenues from fixed lease payments decreased primarily due to the execution of certain lease agreements pursuant to which we agreed to reduce or eliminate the fixed base rent amounts or, in certain cases, provide the tenant with a cash lease incentive, in exchange for significantly increasing the participation rent components in the leases, the majority of which is expected to be realized in the fourth quarter of 2025.

The increase in lease revenues from participation rents was primarily attributable to additional cash collections from wine grape sales during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we received a lease termination payment from an outgoing tenant who leased three of our farms.

After applying a portion of the amount towards certain outstanding receivables owed by the same tenant, we recognized additional lease revenue of approximately $2.4 million upon receipt.

Other – 2025 compared to 2024

Lease revenue from properties acquired or disposed of decreased due to the sale of a 3,748-acre farm in Florida on January 11, 2024.

Lease revenue from vacant, direct-operated, or non-accrual properties decreased primarily due to revenues from certain of our leases being recognized on a cash basis during a portion of the current-year periods (rather than a straight-line basis), due to full collectability of future rental payments under the respective leases deemed not to be probable as a result of tenant credit issues.

In addition, certain of our farms were either direct-operated (on a temporary basis via management agreements with unrelated third-parties) or vacant for portions of each of the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

The decrease in lease revenue from vacant, direct-operated, or non-accrual properties was partially offset by cash collections (in part or in whole) from tenants occupying certain of these properties during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Lease revenue from properties acquired or disposed of decreased due to the sale of 19 farms subsequent to December 31, 2023.

The fluctuations in tenant reimbursement revenue are primarily driven by payments made by certain tenants on our behalf (pursuant to the lease agreements) to unconsolidated entities of ours that convey water to the respective properties.

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Other operating revenue consists of non-lease revenue generated as a result of activities performed on certain of our properties.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized approximately $0 and $453,000, respectively, of non-cash revenue associated with the transfer and storing of surplus water on behalf of a government municipality using a groundwater recharge facility constructed on one of our farms.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recognized approximately $426,000 of non-cash revenue associated with the transfer and storing of surplus water on behalf of a government municipality using a groundwater recharge facility constructed on one of our farms.

See Note 3, “ Real Estate and Intangible Assets—Investments in Water Assets ,” within the accompanying notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

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Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense decreased primarily due to the disposition of certain assets, including the sale of a 3,748-acre farm in Florida in the first quarter of 2024, and certain other assets reaching the end of their useful lives.

Depreciation and amortization expense decreased primarily due to the disposition of certain assets, including the sale of 19 farms subsequent to December 31, 2023, and certain other assets reaching the end of their useful lives.

This decrease was partially offset by additional depreciation expense associated with new capital improvements made on certain of our farms.

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Property operating expenses consist primarily of real estate taxes, repair and maintenance expenses, insurance premiums, and other miscellaneous operating expenses paid for certain of our properties.

The following table provides a summary of the property-operating expenses recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

For the Three Months Ended September 30, For the Nine Months Ended September 30,

2024 2023 $ Change % Change 2024 2023 $ Change % Change

The following table provides a summary of the property-operating expenses recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands):

For the Three Months Ended March 31,

2025 2024 $ Change % Change

Same-property basis $ 1,085 $ 608 $ 477 78.5%

Properties acquired or disposed of 6 31 (25) (80.6)%

Vacant, direct-operated, or non-accrual properties 404 53 351 662.3% 955 501 454 90.6%

Tenant-reimbursed property operating expenses (1)

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Same-property Basis – 2025 compared to 2024

Property operating expenses increased primarily due to additional property taxes paid by us on behalf of one of our tenants who terminated their lease during the three months ended September 30, 2024.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, this increase was partially offset by a decrease in legal fees and other costs incurred in connection with protecting water rights on certain farms in California, as well as a decrease in repairs and maintenance expense incurred during the prior-year period as a result of minor damage at certain farms caused by natural disasters.

Property operating expenses increased primarily due to additional costs incurred related to certain farms that were vacant, direct-operated, or on non-accrual status.

These costs included additional property taxes (for which the prior tenants were previously responsible), legal fees incurred in connection with rent collection and lease termination efforts, and legal and other costs related to setting up direct farming operations on certain of our farms.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we also incurred additional legal fees and other costs in connection with protecting water rights on certain farms in California.

Other – 2025 compared to 2024

Property operating expenses on properties acquired or disposed of decreased due to the sale of one farm in Florida, as discussed elsewhere.

Property operating expenses attributable to vacant, direct-operated, or non-accrual properties increased primarily due to additional property management fees incurred on certain farms that were direct-operated for a portion of the current year-periods (via management agreements with unrelated third-parties) and additional property taxes incurred on those farms.

For the three months ended September 30, 2024, this increase was also attributable to an increase in legal fees incurred in connection with rent collection or lease termination efforts on certain farms that were direct-operated or on non-accrual status.

Property operating expenses on properties acquired or disposed of decreased due to the sale of 19 farms subsequent to December 31, 2023.

The fluctuations in tenant-reimbursed property operating expenses are primarily driven by miscellaneous property operating costs incurred by us in connection with our ownership interests in certain unconsolidated entities, for which our tenants are contractually obligated to reimburse us under the terms of the respective leases.

Such expenses will fluctuate commensurate with the timing and amount of miscellaneous operating costs incurred by the underlying entities.

Amounts recorded during the current-year periods include additional costs to deliver water to certain of our farms via a pipeline owned by an unconsolidated entity of ours, which costs were reimbursed to us by our tenants.

Amounts recorded during the prior-year period include additional costs to deliver water to certain of our farms via a pipeline owned by an unconsolidated entity of ours, which costs were reimbursed to us by our tenants.

Related-Party Fees

The following table provides the calculations of the base management and incentive fees due to our Adviser pursuant to the Advisory Agreement and credits granted to us by our Adviser for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands;

The following table provides the calculations of the base management, incentive, and capital gains fees (as applicable) due to our Adviser pursuant to the Advisory Agreement for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands;

for further discussion on certain defined terms used below, refer to Note 6, “ Related-Party Transactions ,” within the accompanying notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements):

Quarter Ended Year to Date

March 31 June 30 September 30

2025 Fee Calculations:

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Gross Tangible Real Estate (1)(2)

$ 1,437,812 $ 1,384,228 $ 1,380,264

Quarterly rate 0.150 %

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Total Adjusted Common Equity (1)(2)

$ 344,128 $ 346,578 $ 334,913

First hurdle quarterly rate 1.750 %

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Pre-Incentive Fee FFO (1)

$ 5,988 $ 4,974 $ 5,970

100% of Pre-Incentive Fee FFO in excess of first hurdle threshold, up to second hurdle threshold $ —

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Total Incentive fee (3)

$ — $ — $ 109 $ 109

Incentive fee waiver 3)

— — (109) (109)

Incentive fee, net $ — $ — $ — $ —

Capital Gains Fee:

Aggregate net realized capital gains (1)

Capital gains fee rate 15.0 %

Cumulative capital gains fee $ 816

Less capital gains fees recorded in prior periods (4)

Total Capital Gains Fee (3)(5)

Total fees due to Adviser $ 2,246 $ 2,246

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Gross Tangible Real Estate (1)(2)

$ 1,432,394 $ 1,431,761 $ 1,433,713

Quarterly rate 0.150 %

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Total Adjusted Common Equity (1)(2)

$ 358,689 $ 362,411 $ 360,339

First hurdle quarterly rate 1.750 %

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Pre-Incentive Fee FFO (1)

$ 5,303 $ 4,400 $ 7,095

100% of Pre-Incentive Fee FFO in excess of first hurdle threshold, up to second hurdle threshold $ —

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Total Incentive fee (3)

$ — $ — $ 789 $ 789

Total fees due to Adviser $ 2,156 $ 2,156

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(3) Reflected as a line item on our accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

The base management fee decreased due to the disposition of certain assets since December 31, 2022, largely driven by the sale of a 3,748-acre farm in Florida in the first quarter of 2024.

Our Adviser earned an incentive fee during each of the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 due to our Pre-Incentive Fee FFO (as defined in the Advisory Agreement) exceeding the required hurdle rate of the applicable equity base during the third quarter of 2024 and 2023, respectively.

However, during the three months ended September 30, 2024, our Adviser granted us a non-contractual, unconditional, and irrevocable waiver to be applied against the entire incentive fee earned in the third quarter of 2024.

The administration fee paid to our Administrator increased primarily due to us using a higher overall share of our Administrator’s resources in relation to those used by other funds and affiliated companies serviced by our Administrator.

(4) Represents a capital gains fee earned during the year ended December 31, 2018;

however, the full amount of the fee was credited back to us via a voluntary and irrevocable waiver granted to us by our Adviser.

(5) The capital gains fee is due annually in arrears and is subject to further adjustment throughout the remainder of 2025 as additional assets are disposed of.

The base management fee decreased primarily due to the disposition of 12 farms during 2024.

No incentive fee was earned by our Adviser during either of the three months ended March 31, 2025 or 2024, as our Pre-Incentive Fee FFO did not surpass the required hurdle rate in either period.

Our Adviser earned a capital gains fee during the three months ended March 31, 2025, driven by gains recognized on the sale of seven farms completed during the quarter (see “ Recent Developments—Portfolio Activity—Existing Properties—Property Sales ” above for further discussion on these sales).

The capital gains fee, net of any credits that may be granted by our Adviser, is due in arrears at the end of each fiscal year and is subject to further adjustment throughout the remainder of 2025 as additional assets are disposed of.

The administration fee paid to our Administrator increased primarily due to us using a higher overall share of our Administrator’s resources in relation to those used by affiliated companies serviced by our Administrator.

Other Operating Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of professional fees, director fees, stockholder-related expenses, overhead insurance, acquisition-related costs for investments no longer being pursued, and other miscellaneous expenses.

General and administrative expenses decreased during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to additional expenses incurred in the prior year related to the listing of the Series C Preferred Stock on Nasdaq and acquisition-related costs for investments no longer being pursued.

During the three months ended September 30, 2024 , we recognized an aggregate impairment charge of approximately $2.1 million on portions of 4 properties (encompassing a total of 11 farms) located in Allegan and Van Buren, Michigan, due to the estimated fair values being lower than the respective carrying values.

A comparison of results of other components contributing to net loss attributable to common stockholders for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 is below (dollars in thousands):

For the Three Months Ended September 30,

2024 2023 $ Change % Change

Operating income $ 6,872 $ 9,398 $ (2,526) (26.9)%

Other expense (income):

Other income 370 382 (12) (3.1)%

Interest expense (5,402) (5,856) 454 (7.8)%

Dividends declared on cumulative term preferred stock (755) (755) — —%

Loss on dispositions of real estate assets, net (832) (4) (828) 20,700.0%

Property and casualty loss, net (275) — (275) NM

Gain (loss) from investments in unconsolidated entities 28 (24) 52 (216.7)%

Total other expense, net (6,866) (6,257) (609) 9.7%

Net income 6 3,141 (3,135) (99.8)%

Net income attributable to non-controlling interests — — — NM

Net income attributable to the Company 6 3,141 (3,135) (99.8)%

Aggregate dividends declared on and gain (loss) recognized on extinguishment of cumulative redeemable preferred stock, net (5,793) (6,105) 312 (5.1)%

Net loss attributable to common stockholders $ (5,787) $ (2,964) $ (2,823) 95.2%

For the Nine Months Ended September 30,

General and administrative expenses increased during the three months ended March 31, 2025, primarily due to an increase in professional fees (driven by higher legal fees) and additional stockholder-related expenses related to the annual stockholders’ meeting.

A comparison of results of other components contributing to net loss attributable to common stockholders for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 is below (dollars in thousands):

For the Three Months Ended March 31,

2025 2024 $ Change % Change

Operating income $ 3,677 $ 7,261 $ (3,584) (49.4)%

Other expense (income):

Other income (expense):

Other income 1,952 2,428 (476) (19.6)%

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Gain on dispositions of real estate assets, net 15,410 10,273 5,137 50.0%

Property and casualty loss, net (284) (1,016) 732 (72.0)%

Property and casualty recovery, net 137 — 137 NM

Loss from investments in unconsolidated entities (136) (85) (51) 60.0%

Total other expense, net (9,247) (11,924) 2,677 (22.5)%

Total other income, net 11,431 6,306 5,125 81.3%

Net income 15,108 13,567 1,541 11.4%

Net income attributable to non-controlling interests — — — NM

Net income attributable to the Company 12,750 12,746 4 —%

Aggregate dividends declared on and gain (loss) recognized on extinguishment of cumulative redeemable preferred stock, net (17,742) (18,303) 561 (3.1)%

Net loss attributable to common stockholders $ (4,992) $ (5,557) $ 565 (10.2)%

Aggregate dividends declared on cumulative redeemable preferred stock, net (6,002) (6,118) 116 (1.9)%

Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 9,106 $ 7,449 $ 1,657 22.2%

NM = Not Meaningful

Other (Expense) Income

Other Income (Expense)

Other income generally consists of interest patronage received from Farm Credit (as defined in Note 4, “ Borrowings ,” in the accompanying notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements) and interest earned on short-term investments.

Other income decreased primarily due to less interest patronage received from Farm Credit (primarily due to decreased borrowings from Farm Credit), partially offset by an increase in additional interest earned on short-term investments due to higher interest rates.

Other income decreased primarily due to less interest earned on short-term investments and a decrease in interest patronage received from Farm Credit (primarily due to decreased borrowings from Farm Credit).

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we recorded approximately $1.7 million of interest patronage from Farm Credit related to interest accrued during 2024, as compared to approximately $1.9 million of interest patronage recorded during the prior-year period that related to interest accrued during 2023.

In addition, during the three months ended September 30, 2023, we received approximately $111,000 of interest patronage related to interest accrued during 2023, as certain Farm Credit associations paid a portion of 2023 interest patronage (which is typically paid during the first half of 2024) early.

In addition, during the three months ended September 30, 2024, we received approximately $108,000 of interest patronage related to interest accrued during 2024, as certain Farm Credit associations paid a portion of the 2024 interest patronage (which would typically be paid during the first half of 2025) early.

In total, 2024 interest patronage resulted in a 21.9% reduction (approximately 101 basis points) to the interest rate of such borrowings.

Interest expense decreased, primarily due to a decrease in overall borrowings.

The weighted-average principal balance of our aggregate borrowings (excluding our cumulative term preferred stock) outstanding for the three and nine months ended

September 30, 2024, was approximately $540.9 million and $550.6 million, respectively, as compared to approximately $589.5 million and $600.5 million for the respective prior-year periods.

Excluding interest patronage received on certain of our Farm Credit borrowings and the impact of debt issuance costs, the weighted-average interest rate charged on our aggregate borrowings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, was 3.83% and 3.82%, respectively, as compared to 3.81% and 3.79% for the respective prior-year periods.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded a net capital gain, driven by the sale of a 3,748-acre farm in Martin County, Florida, for approximately $65.7 million, which after accounting for closing costs, resulted in a net gain of approximately $10.4 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded a net capital gain, driven by the sale of a 138-acre parcel of unfarmed land in Florida for $9.6 million, which, after accounting for closing costs, resulted in a net gain of approximately $6.4 million.

The net losses recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 related to the removal of some permanent plantings and the disposal of certain irrigation and other improvements on certain of our farms.

The net property and casualty loss relates to net expenses incurred and insurance recoveries received for certain improvements that were damaged due to natural disasters.

The property and casualty loss recorded during three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, was primarily due to damage caused by Hurricane Helene to certain permanent plants on one of our farms in Georgia.

T he property and casualty loss recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was primarily due to the heavy rainfall that occurred in California in early 2023 and the resulting flooding, which damaged certain structures located on one of our farms in the Central Valley.

The weighted-average principal balance of our aggregate borrowings (excluding our cumulative term preferred stock) outstanding for the three months ended March 31, 2025, was approximately $507.8 million as compared to approximately $557.6 million for the prior-year period.

Excluding interest patronage received on certain of our Farm Credit borrowings and the impact of debt issuance costs, the weighted-average interest rate charged on our aggregate borrowings for the three months ended March 31, 2025, was 3.79% as compared to 3.81% for the prior-year period.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we recorded a net capital gain, driven by the sale of five farms in Florida and two farms in Nebraska, which, after accounting for closing costs, resulted in an aggregate net gain of approximately $15.8 million.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recorded a net capital gain, driven by the sale of a large farm in Florida, which, after accounting for closing costs, resulted in a net gain of approximately $10.4 million.

These net gains were partially offset by losses recorded in both periods related to the removal of some permanent plantings and the disposal of certain irrigation and other improvements on certain of our farms.

The property and casualty recovery recorded during three months ended March 31, 2025, was the result of an adjustment to the original property and casualty loss recorded during the year ended December 31, 2024, due to damage caused to certain permanent plantings on a farm in Georgia due to Hurricane Helene.

After further inspection of the property, it was determined that the damage was not as extensive as originally estimated, resulting in an adjustment to our original estimate.

During both of the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, we recognized a loss from investments in unconsolidated entities of ours that convey water to certain of our farms of approximately $136,000 and $85,000, respectively.

The fluctuations in revenue and expense attributable to these unconsolidated entities is primarily driven by miscellaneous property operating costs incurred by these unconsolidated entities and the respective properties’ reimbursements of such costs incurred.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

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Our current available liquidity is approximately $183.8 million, consisting of approximately $38.1 million in cash on hand and, based on the current level of collateral pledged, approximately $145.7 million of availability under our credit facility with MetLife (subject to compliance with covenants) and other undrawn lines of credit, notes, or bonds.

In addition, we currently have certain properties valued at a total of approximately $159.8 million that are unencumbered and eligible to be pledged as collateral.

In addition, we currently have certain properties recently valued at a total of approximately $147.8 million that are unencumbered and eligible to be pledged as collateral.

Over 99.9% of our borrowings are currently at fixed rates, and on a weighted-average basis, these rates are fixed at an effective interest rate of 3.41% for another 3.4 years.

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making distributions to common stockholders (including non-controlling OP Unitholders, if any) to maintain our qualification as a REIT;

and, as capital is available, funding capital improvements on existing farms, repurchasing shares of preferred stock under our Repurchase Program, and funding new farmland and farm-related acquisitions consistent with our investment strategy.

In the near term, we believe that our current and short-term cash resources will be sufficient to service our debt, fund our current level of operating costs, pay dividends on our currently-designated preferred securities, and fund our distributions to common stockholders (including non-controlling OP Unitholders).

We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements through various sources of capital, including capacity under current lines of credit, long-term mortgage indebtedness and bond issuances, future equity issuances (including, but not limited to, shares of our Series E Preferred Stock, OP Units through our Operating Partnership as consideration for future acquisitions, and shares of common stock through our ATM Program), and other secured and unsecured borrowings.

We intend to use a significant portion of any current and future available liquidity to purchase additional farms and farm-related facilities as opportunities arise.

We continue to actively seek and evaluate acquisitions of additional farms and farm-related facilities that satisfy our investment criteria, and we have several properties that are in various stages of our due diligence process.

and, as capital is available, funding capital improvements and, in certain situations, growing and operational costs on existing farms, repurchasing shares of preferred stock, and funding new farmland and farm-related acquisitions consistent with our investment strategy.

In the near term, we believe that our current and short-term cash resources will be sufficient to service our debt, fund our operating costs, pay dividends on our currently-designated preferred securities, and fund our distributions to common stockholders (including non-controlling OP Unitholders).

We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements through various sources of capital, including capacity under current lines of credit, long-term mortgage indebtedness and bond issuances, future equity issuances (including, but not limited to, shares of our 5.00% Series E Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Series E Preferred Stock”), OP Units through our Operating Partnership as consideration for future acquisitions, and shares of common stock through our ATM Program), and other secured and unsecured borrowings.

We intend to use a significant portion of any current and future available liquidity to purchase additional farms and farm-related assets as opportunities arise.

We continue to actively seek and evaluate acquisitions of additional farms and farm-related assets

that satisfy our investment criteria, and we have several properties that are in various stages of our due diligence process.

However, all potential acquisitions will be subject to our due diligence investigation of such properties, and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in identifying or acquiring any properties in the future.

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In connection with the execution of certain lease agreements, we have committed to provide capital improvements on certain of our farms.

Below is a summary of certain of those projects for which we have incurred or accrued costs as September 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Below is a summary of certain of those projects for which we have incurred or accrued costs as of March 31, 2025 (dollars in thousands):

Location(s) Farm

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Commitment Obligated

Amount Expended

Net Amount Expended

or Accrued as of

September 30, 2024

Columbia, OR 157 $ 1,800 (2) Q4 2024 $ 1,146

March 31, 2025

Lucie, FL 549 $ 230 Q3 2025 $ 185

Monterey, CA 329 1,100 (2) Q4 2025 30

Ventura, CA 402 1,000 (2) Q4 2025 458

Hartley, TX 2,219 1,300 (2) Q4 2030 982

Franklin & Grant, WA, & Umatilla, OR 1,126 4,203 (2) Q4 2032 2,977

Wicomico & Caroline, MD, and Sussex, DE 833 155 Q3 2034 49

Charlotte, FL 975 800 (2) Q3 2034 150

(1) Our obligation to provide capital to fund these improvements does not extend beyond these respective dates.

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In connection with certain farms acquired through a leasehold interest, we assumed certain ground lease arrangements under which we are the lessee.

Future minimum lease payments due under the remaining non-cancelable terms of these leases as of September 30, 2024, are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Future minimum lease payments due under the remaining non-cancelable terms of these leases as of March 31, 2025, are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Period Future Lease Payments (1)

For the remaining three months ending December 31:

For the remaining nine months ending December 31:

For the fiscal years ending December 31:

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The amounts shown above represent estimated amounts based on the lease rates currently in place.

As a result of these ground leases, we recorded lease expense of approximately $27,000 and $79,000 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 , respectively, and approximately $26,000 and $77,000 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

As a result of these ground leases, we recorded lease expense (included within Property operating expenses on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income) of approximately $26,000 for each of the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Cash Flow Resources

The following table summarizes total net cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

For the Nine Months Ended September 30,

The following table summarizes total net cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands):

For the Three Months Ended March 31,

2025 2024 $ Change % Change

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Operating Activities

payments on our borrowings, management fees to our Adviser, administrative fees to our Administrator, and other corporate-level expenses.

Cash provided by operating activities decreased largely due to a decrease in fixed lease cash payments received (primarily due to the disposition of one farm in Florida, as well as reduced fixed lease payments attributable to those farms which were vacant, direct-operated, or on non-accrual basis during the current-year period), the payment of certain cash allowances provided for in three leases that were executed during the three months ended September 30, 2024, and an increase in cash payments made towards the acquisition of water assets.

This decrease was partially offset by an increase in cash payments received towards participation rent and a decrease in related party fees and interest payments made.

The majority of cash from operating activities is generated from the rental payments we receive from our tenants, which is first used to fund our property-level operating expenses, with any excess cash being primarily used for principal and interest payments on our borrowings, management fees to our Adviser, administrative fees to our Administrator, and other corporate-level expenses.

Cash provided by operating activities increased largely due to an increase in cash payments received for participation rents and receipt of a termination fee from an outgoing tenant on three of our farms, as well as decreases in cash payments made for the acquisition of water assets, related-party fees, and interest payments made.

This increase was partially offset by a decrease in fixed lease cash payments received, primarily due to the disposition of a large farm in Florida in January 2025, as well as reduced fixed lease payments attributable to the execution of certain lease agreements in 2024, pursuant to which we agreed to reduce or eliminate the fixed base rent amounts or, in certain instances, provided certain cash allowances to tenants, in exchange for increasing the participation rent components in the leases, the results of which will not be known until the fourth quarter of 2025 or later.

Investing Activities

The change in cash from investing activities was primarily due to proceeds received from the sale of a 3,748-acre farm in Florida for approximately $65.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, which resulted in a net gain of approximately $10.4 million, and a decrease in the amount of cash paid for capital improvements on existing farms during the current-year period.

The change in cash from investing activities was primarily due to certain property sales in each period.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we sold five farms in Florida and two farms in Nebraska for aggregate net proceeds (after closing costs) of approximately $62.0 million, resulting in an aggregate net gain of approximately $15.8 million.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we sold one farm in Florida for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $64.0 million, resulting in a net gain of approximately $10.4 million.

Financing Activities

The change in cash from financing activities was primarily due to a decrease in aggregate net cash proceeds received from preferred and common equity offerings of approximately $19.9 million, as well as increases in aggregate preferred stock repurchases of approximately $5.4 million and debt repayments of approximately $1.1 million.

The change in cash from financing activities was primarily due to an increase in aggregate debt repayments of approximately $6.9 million.

MetLife Facility

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The revolving equity lines of credit mature on December 15, 2033, and the draw period for both term notes expires on December 31, 2026, after which MetLife has no obligation to disburse any additional undrawn funds under the term notes.

We have been in discussions with MetLife to extend the draw periods for the term notes and currently expect to have an agreement finalized by the end of 2024.

Farmer Mac Facility

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Equity Capital

The following table provides information on equity sales that occurred since January 1, 2024 (dollars in thousands, except per-share amounts):

Type of Issuance Number of

Shares Sold Weighted-average

Offering Price

Per Share Gross Proceeds Net Proceeds (1)

Series E Preferred Stock 15,735 $ 24.98 $ 393 $ 354

Common Stock – ATM Program 346,216 13.52 4,680 4,633

(1) Net of selling commissions and dealer-manager fees or underwriting discounts and commissions (in each case, as applicable).

Our 2023 Registration Statement (as defined in Note 8, “ Equity—Registration Statement ,” within the accompanying notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements) permits us to issue up to an aggregate of $1.5 billion in securities, consisting of common stock, preferred stock, warrants, debt securities, depository shares, subscription rights, and units, including through

separate, concurrent offerings of two or more of such securities.

To date, we have issued approximately $4.4 million of Series E Preferred Stock and $6.8 million of common stock under the 2023 Registration Statement.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of September 30, 2024, we did not have any material off-balance sheet arrangements.

As of March 31, 2025, we did not have any material off-balance sheet arrangements.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL INFORMATION

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This adjustment removes the effects of straight-lining rental income, as well as the amortization related to above-market lease values and certain non-cash lease incentives and accretion related to below-market lease values, certain other deferred revenue, and tenant improvements, resulting in rental income reflected on a modified accrual cash basis.

In addition to these adjustments, we also modify the calculation of cash rents within our definition of AFFO to provide greater consistency and comparability due to the period-to-period volatility in which cash rents are

To coincide with our tenants’ harvest seasons, our leases typically provide for cash rents to be paid at various points throughout the lease year, usually annually or semi-annually.

As a result, cash rents received during a particular period may not necessarily be comparable to other periods or represent the cash rents indicative of a given lease year.

As a result, cash rents received during a particular

period may not necessarily be comparable to other periods or represent the cash rents indicative of a given lease year.

Therefore, we further adjust AFFO to normalize the cash rent received pertaining to a lease year over that respective lease year on a straight-line basis, resulting in cash rent being recognized ratably over the period in which the cash rent is earned.

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, we adjusted our definition of AFFO to exclude from this adjustment the removal of lease incentives that were a result of previous cash disbursements made by us to or on behalf of our tenants.

The results of all periods presented, including those of the prior year, have been adjusted in the table below to conform with this new definition.

• Amortization of debt issuance costs .

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We believe that FFO, CFFO, and AFFO and Diluted FFO, CFFO, and AFFO per share are useful to investors because they provide investors with a further context for evaluating our FFO, CFFO, and AFFO results in the same manner that investors use net income and EPS in evaluating net income.

The following table provides a reconciliation of our FFO, CFFO, and AFFO for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 to the most directly-comparable GAAP measure, net income, and a computation of diluted FFO, CFFO, and AFFO per share, using the weighted-average number of total shares (including shares of our common stock and OP Units held by non-controlling OP Unitholders) outstanding during the respective periods (dollars in thousands, except per-share amounts):

For the Three Months Ended September 30, For the Nine Months Ended September 30,

2024 2023 2024 2023

The following table provides a reconciliation of our FFO, CFFO, and AFFO for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 to the most directly-comparable GAAP measure, net income, and a computation of diluted FFO, CFFO, and AFFO per share, using the weighted-average number of total shares (including shares of our common stock and OP Units held by non-controlling OP Unitholders) outstanding during the respective periods (dollars in thousands, except per-share amounts):

For the Three Months Ended March 31,

Net income $ 15,108 $ 13,567

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(6,002) (6,118)

Net loss attributable to common stockholders and non-controlling OP Unitholders $ (5,787) $ (2,964) $ (4,992) $ (5,557)

Net income attributable to common stockholders and non-controlling OP Unitholders $ 9,106 $ 7,449

Real estate and intangible depreciation and amortization 8,429 8,789

Losses (gains) on dispositions of real estate assets, net 832 4 (6,641) (5,910)

Impairment charges 2,106 — 2,106 —

Gains on dispositions of real estate assets, net (15,410) (10,273)

Adjustments for unconsolidated entities (2)

FFO available to common stockholders and non-controlling OP Unitholders $ 2,139 $ 5,988

Acquisition- and disposition-related expenses (credits), net 10 33 (3) 126

Acquisition- and disposition-related expenses, net 21 —

Other nonrecurring charges, net (3)

288 50 349 1,328

CFFO available to common stockholders and non-controlling OP Unitholders $ 2,333 $ 5,999

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Amortization of debt issuance costs 365 243

Other non-cash (receipts) charges, net (4)

(734) 1 (1,903) 279

Other non-cash charges (receipts), net (4)

AFFO available to common stockholders and non-controlling OP Unitholders $ 2,035 $ 5,130

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Distributions declared per common share $ 0.14 $ 0.14

(1) Includes (i) cash dividends paid on our cumulative redeemable preferred stock, (ii) the value of additional shares of Series C Preferred Stock issued pursuant to the dividend reinvestment plant (the “DRIP”), and (iii) the net (gain) loss recognized as a result of shares of cumulative redeemable preferred stock that were redeemed during the respective periods.

(1) Includes (i) cash dividends paid on our cumulative redeemable preferred stock and (ii) the net gain (loss) recognized as a result of shares of cumulative redeemable preferred stock that were redeemed during the respective periods.

(2) Represents our pro-rata share of depreciation expense recorded in unconsolidated entities during the respective periods.

(3) Consists primarily of (i) net property and casualty losses (recoveries) recorded and the cost of related repairs expensed as a result of the damage caused to certain improvements by natural disasters on certain of our farms, (ii) costs related to the amendment, termination, and listing of shares from the Series C Offering that were expensed, (iii) the write-off of certain unallocated costs related to a prior universal shelf registration statement, and (iv) costs incurred to implement our share repurchase program.

(4) Consists of (i) the amount of dividends on the Series C Preferred Stock paid via issuing new shares (pursuant to the DRIP), (ii) the net (gain) loss recognized as a result of shares of cumulative redeemable preferred stock that were redeemed, which were non-cash (gains) charges, (iii) our remaining pro-rata share of (income) loss recorded from investments in unconsolidated entities, and (iv) less non-cash income recorded as a result of additional water assets received as consideration in certain transactions.

Net Asset Value

Real estate companies are required to record real estate using the historical cost basis of the real estate, adjusted for accumulated depreciation and amortization, and, as a result, the carrying value of the real estate does not typically change as the fair value of the assets change.

Thus, one challenge is determining the fair value of the real estate in order to allow stockholders to see the value of the real estate increase or decrease over time, which we believe is useful to our investors.

Determination of Fair Value

Our Board of Directors reviews and approves the valuations of our properties pursuant to a valuation policy approved by our Board of Directors (the “Valuation Policy”).

Such review and approval occurs in three phases:

(i) prior to its quarterly meetings, the Board of Directors receives written valuation recommendations and supporting materials that are provided by professionals of the Adviser and Administrator, with oversight and direction from the chief valuation officer, who is also employed by the Administrator (collectively, the “Valuation Team”);

(ii) the valuation committee of the Board of Directors (the “Valuation Committee”), which is comprised entirely of independent directors, meets to review the valuation recommendations and supporting materials;

and (iii) after the Valuation Committee concludes its meeting, it and the chief valuation officer

present the Valuation Committee’s findings to the entire Board of Directors so that the full Board of Directors may review and approve the fair values of our properties in accordance with the Valuation Policy.

Further, on a quarterly basis, the Board of Directors reviews the Valuation Policy to determine if changes thereto are advisable and also reviews whether the Valuation Team has applied the Valuation Policy consistently.

Per the Valuation Policy, our valuations are generally derived based on the following:

• For properties acquired within 12 months prior to the date of valuation, the purchase price of the property will generally be used as the current fair value unless overriding factors apply.

In situations where OP Units are issued as partial or whole consideration in connection with the acquisition of a property, the fair value of the property will generally be the lower of:

(i) the agreed-upon purchase price between the seller and the buyer (as shown in the purchase and sale agreement or contribution agreement and using the agreed-upon pricing of the OP Units, if applicable), or (ii) the value as determined by an independent, third-party appraiser.

• For real estate we acquired more than one year prior to the date of valuation, we determine the fair value either by relying on estimates provided by independent, third-party appraisers or through an internal valuation process.

In addition, if significant capital improvements take place on a property, we will typically have those properties reappraised upon completion of the project by an independent, third-party appraiser.

In any case, we intend to have each property valued by an independent, third-party appraiser via a full appraisal at least once every three years, with interim values generally being determined by either:

(i) a restricted appraisal (a “desk appraisal”) performed by an independent, third-party appraiser, or (ii) our internal valuation process.

Various methodologies were used, both by the appraisers and in our internal valuations, to determine the fair value of our real estate, including the sales comparison, income capitalization (or a discounted cash flow analysis), and cost approaches of valuation.

In performing their analyses, the appraisers typically (i) conducted site visits to the properties (where full appraisals were performed), (ii) discussed each property with our Adviser and reviewed property-level information, including, but not limited to, property operating data, prior appraisals (as available), existing lease agreements, farm acreage, location, access to water and water rights, potential for future development, and other property-level information, and (iii) reviewed information from a variety of sources about regional market conditions applicable to each of our properties, including, but not limited to, recent sale prices of comparable farmland, market rents for similar farmland, estimated marketing and exposure time, market capitalization rates, and the current economic environment, among others.

In performing our internal valuations, we will consider the most recent appraisal available and use similar methodologies in determining an updated fair value.

We will also obtain updated market data related to the property, such as updated sales and market rent comparisons and market capitalization rates, and perform an updated assessment of the tenants’ credit risk profiles, among others.

Sources of this data may come from market inputs from recent acquisitions of our own portfolio of real estate, recent appraisals of properties we own that are similar in nature and in the same region (as applicable) as the property being valued, market conditions and trends we observe in our due diligence process, and conversations with appraisers, brokers, and farmers.

A breakdown of the methodologies used to value our properties and the aggregate value as of September 30, 2024, determined by each method is shown in the table below (dollars in thousands, except in footnotes):

Valuation Method Number

of Farms Total

Acres Acre-feet

of Water Net Cost

Fair Value % of Total

Purchase Price — — — 5,478 $ 1,288 $ 1,288 0.1%

Internal Valuation 3 6,189 4,730 — 19,819 36,000 2.5%

Third-party Appraisal (2)

165 105,647 87,667 48,309 1,252,472 1,425,074 97.4%

Total 168 111,836 92,397 53,787 $ 1,273,579 $ 1,462,362 100.0%

(1) Consists of the initial acquisition price (including the costs allocated to both tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed), plus subsequent improvements and other capitalized costs paid for by us that were associated with the properties, and adjusted for accumulated depreciation and amortization.

(2) Appraisals performed between September 2023 and September 2024.

Some of the significant assumptions used by appraisers and the Valuation Team in valuing our portfolio as of September 30, 2024, include land values per farmable acre, market rental rates per farmable acre and the resulting net operating income (“NOI”) at the property level, and capitalization rates, among others.

These assumptions were applied on a farm-by-farm basis and were selected based on several factors, including comparable land sales, surveys of both existing and current market rates, discussions with other brokers and farmers, soil quality, size, location, and other factors deemed appropriate.

A summary of these significant assumptions as of September 30, 2024, is provided in the following table:

Appraisal Assumptions Internal Valuation Assumptions

Average Range

Land Value (per farmable acre) $708 – $128,519 $ 33,964 $5,918 – $5,918 $ 5,918

Market NOI (per farmable acre) $150 – $3,979 $ 1,786 N/A N/A

Market Capitalization Rate 2.20% – 6.20% 4.44% N/A N/A

Figures in the table above apply only to the farmland portion of our portfolio and exclude assumptions made relating to farm-related facilities (e.g., cooling facilities), and other structures on our properties (e.g., residential housing), as their aggregate value was considered to be insignificant in relation to that of the farmland.

Our Valuation Team reviews the appraisals, including the significant assumptions and inputs used in determining the appraised values, and considers any developments that may have occurred since the time the appraisals were performed.

Developments considered that may have an impact on the fair value of our real estate include, but are not limited to, changes in tenant credit profiles, changes in lease terms (such as expirations and notices of non-renewals or to vacate), and potential asset sales (particularly those at prices different from the appraised values of our properties).

Management believes that the purchase prices of the farms acquired during the previous 12 months and the most recent appraisals available for the farms acquired prior to the previous 12 months fairly represent the current market values of the properties as of September 30, 2024, and, accordingly, did not make any adjustment to these values.

A quarterly roll-forward of the change in our portfolio value for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from the prior value basis as of June 30, 2024, is provided in the table below (dollars in thousands):

Total portfolio fair value as of June 30, 2024

Cumulative adjustment to cost basis of water assets acquired in prior periods.

Change in value of farms during the three months ended September 30, 2024

Farms valued via third-party appraisals $ (23,262)

Net change in value of farms during the three months ended September 30, 2024

Total portfolio fair value as of September 30, 2024

Management also determined fair values of all of its long-term borrowings and preferred stock.

Using a discounted cash flow analysis, management determined that the fair value of all long-term encumbrances on our properties as of September 30, 2024, was approximately $500.0 million, as compared to a carrying value (excluding unamortized related debt issuance costs) of approximately $533.1 million.

The fair values of our Series B Preferred Stock, Series C Preferred Stock, and Series D Term Preferred Stock were determined using the closing stock prices as of September 30, 2024, of $22.77 per share, $21.80 per share, and $24.50 per share, respectively.

Finally, pursuant to Financial Industry Regulatory Authority Rule 2310(b)(5), with the assistance of a third-party valuation expert, we determined the estimated value of our Series E Preferred Stock to be $25.00 per share as of September 30, 2024 (see Exhibit 99.1 to this Form 10-Q).

Calculation of Estimated Net Asset Value

To provide our stockholders with an estimate of the fair value of our real estate assets, we intend to estimate the fair value of our farms and farm-related properties and provide an estimated net asset value (“NAV”) on a quarterly basis.

NAV is a non-GAAP, supplemental measure of financial position of an equity REIT and is calculated as total equity, adjusted for the increase or decrease in fair value of our real estate assets and long-term borrowings (including any preferred stock required to be treated as debt for GAAP purposes) relative to their respective cost bases.

Further, we calculate NAV per common share by dividing NAV by our total common shares outstanding (consisting of our common stock and OP Units held by non-controlling limited partners).

The fair values presented above and their usage in the calculation of net asset value per share presented below have been prepared by and are the responsibility of management.

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP has neither examined, compiled, nor performed any procedures with respect to the fair values or the calculation of net asset value per common share, which utilizes information that is not disclosed within the financial statements, and, accordingly, does not express an opinion or any other form of assurance with respect thereto.

As of September 30, 2024, we estimate the NAV per common share to be $15.57.

A reconciliation of NAV to total equity, which we believe is the most directly-comparable GAAP measure, is provided below (dollars in thousands, except per-share data) :

Total equity per balance sheet $ 691,204

Fair value adjustment for long-term assets:

net cost basis of real estate holdings and related assets (1)

$ (1,273,579)

estimated fair value of real estate holdings (2)

Net fair value adjustment for real estate holdings 188,783

Fair value adjustment for long-term liabilities:

book value of aggregate long-term indebtedness (3)

fair value of aggregate long-term indebtedness (3)(4)

Net fair value adjustment for long-term indebtedness 34,299

Estimated NAV 914,286

aggregate fair value of cumulative redeemable preferred stock (5)

Estimated NAV available to common stockholders and non-controlling OP Unitholders $ 557,984

Total common shares and non-controlling OP Units outstanding 35,838,442

Estimated NAV per common share and OP Unit $ 15.57

(1) Per Net Cost Basis as presented in the table above.

(2) Per Current Fair Value as presented in the table above.

(3) Includes the principal balances outstanding of all long-term borrowings (consisting of notes and bonds payable) and the Series D Term Preferred Stock.

(4) Long-term notes and bonds payable were valued using a discounted cash flow model.

The Series D Term Preferred Stock was valued based on its closing stock price as of September 30, 2024.

(5) The Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock were valued based on their respective closing stock prices as of September 30, 2024, while the Series E Preferred Stock was valued at its liquidation value, as discussed above.

A quarterly roll-forward in the estimated NAV per common share for the three months ended September 30, 2024, is provided below:

Estimated NAV per common share and non-controlling OP Unit as of June 30, 2024

Less net loss attributable to common stockholders and non-controlling OP Unitholders (0.16)

Adjustments for net change in valuations:

Net change in unrealized fair value of farmland portfolio (1)

Net change in unrealized fair value of long-term indebtedness (0.46)

Net change in unrealized fair value of preferred equity securities (0.48)

Net change in valuations (1.64)

Less distributions on common stock and non-controlling OP Units (0.14)

Plus (less) net accretive (dilutive) effect of equity issuances and redemptions, net (0.08)

Estimated NAV per common share and non-controlling OP Unit as of September 30, 2024

(1) The net change in unrealized fair value of our farmland portfolio consists of three components:

(i) a decrease of $0.65 per share due to the net depreciation in value of the farms that were valued during the three months ended September 30, 2024, (ii) an increase of $0.25 per share due to the decrease in net book value of our real estate holdings as a result of the aggregate depreciation and amortization expense recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2024, and (iii) a decrease of $0.30 per share due to capital improvements made on certain farms that have not yet been considered in the determination of the respective farms’ estimated fair values.

Comparison of estimated NAV and estimated NAV per common share, using the definitions above, to similarly-titled measures for other REITs may not necessarily be meaningful due to possible differences in the calculation or application of the definition of NAV used by such REITs.

In addition, the trading price of our common shares may differ significantly from our most recent estimated NAV per common share calculation.

For example, while we estimated our NAV per common share to be $15.57 as of September 30, 2024, based on the calculation above, the closing price of our common stock on September 30, 2024, was $13.90 per share.

The determination of estimated NAV is subjective and involves a number of assumptions, judgments, and estimates, and minor adjustments to these assumptions, judgments, or estimates may have a material impact on our overall portfolio valuation.

In addition, many of the assumptions used are sensitive to market conditions and can change frequently.

Changes in the market environment and other events that may occur during our ownership of these properties may cause the values reported above to vary from the actual fair value that may be obtained in the open market.

Further, while management believes the values presented reflect current market conditions, the ultimate amount realized on any asset will be based on the timing of such dispositions and the then-current market conditions.

There can be no assurance that the ultimate realized value upon disposition of an asset will approximate the estimated fair value above.

(3) Consists primarily of (i) net property and casualty losses (recoveries) recorded and the cost of related repairs expensed as a result of damage to improvements on certain of our farms caused by certain non-recurring events, (ii) one-time legal costs incurred related to certain corporate organizational matters, and (iii) the capital gains fee recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2025, which is not due until after the end of the fiscal year and is subject to further adjustment throughout the remainder of the year.

(4) Consists of (i) the net (gain) loss recognized as a result of shares of cumulative redeemable preferred stock that were redeemed, which were non-cash (gains) charges, (ii) our remaining pro-rata share of (income) loss recorded from investments in unconsolidated entities, and (iii) plus (less) net non-cash expense (income) recorded as a result of additional water assets used (received) in certain transactions.

Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis