Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis
ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
You should read the following discussion in connection with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Some of the statements in the following discussion are forward looking statements.
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You should not place undue reliance on these statements because they are subject to numerous uncertainties and factors relating to our operations and business environment, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. These statements often include words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate” or similar expressions. These statements are based on assumptions that we have made in light of our experience in the industry as well as our perceptions of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors we believe are appropriate under the circumstances. As you read and consider this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should understand that these statements are not guarantees of performance or results. They involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Although we believe that these forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, you should be aware that many factors could affect our actual financial results or results of operations and could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements. These factors include but are not limited to:
• our ability to maintain and grow client demand for our services and solutions, including anticipating and incorporating the latest technology into our offerings;
• impact on client demand by the selling cycle and terms of our client contracts;
• fluctuations in our earnings;
• our ability to hire and retain enough sufficiently trained employees to support our operations or any changes in the senior management team;
• our ability to accurately estimate and/or manage costs;
• our ability to adjust our pricing terms or effectively manage our asset utilization levels to meet the changing demands of our clients and potential clients;
• cyber security incidents, data breaches, or other unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client and employee data;
• reliance on third parties to deliver services and infrastructure for client critical services;
• employee wage increases;
• failure to protect our intellectual property;
• our dependence on a limited number of clients in a limited number of industries and our ability to withstand the loss of a significant client;
• our ability to grow our business or effectively manage growth and international operations;
• our ability to successfully consummate or integrate strategic acquisitions including the impact from the impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets, if any;
• our ability to adhere to regulations or accreditation or licensing standards that govern our business;
• increasing competition in our industry;
• telecommunications or technology disruptions or breaches, natural or other disasters, medical epidemics or pandemics, such as COVID-19, or acts of violence or war;
• operational and information security failures arising as a result of remote work solutions adopted due to COVID-19;
• legal liability arising out of customer and third party contracts;
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• adverse outcome of our disputes with the tax authorities in the geographies where we operate;
• the introduction of new or unfavorable tax legislation;
• changes in tax laws or decisions regarding repatriation of funds held abroad;
• exposure to currency exchange rate fluctuations in the various currencies in which we do business including the potential effects of Russian-Ukraine conflict, rising inflation, high interest rates and economic recessionary trends on currency exchange rates;
• restrictions on immigration;
• ability to service debt or obtain additional financing on favorable terms. Inception of interest rate swaps to hedge interest rate risk;
• negative public reaction in the U.S. or elsewhere to offshore outsourcing;
• effects of political and economic conditions globally, particularly in the geographies where we operate;
• ability to make accurate estimates and assumptions in connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements;
• regulatory, legislative and judicial developments, including changes to or the withdrawal of governmental fiscal incentives;
• credit risk fluctuations in the market values of our investment and derivatives portfolios; and
• our ability to meet our environmental, social and governance-related goals and targets;
These and other factors are more fully discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. These and other risks could cause actual results to differ materially from those implied by forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
The forward-looking statements made by us in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, or elsewhere, speak only as of the date on which they were made. New risks and uncertainties may occur from time to time, and it is impossible for us to predict those events or how they may affect us. We have no obligation to update any forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, except as required by federal securities laws.
Executive Overview
We are a leading data analytics and digital operations and solutions company that partners with clients to improve business outcomes and unlock growth. By bringing together deep domain expertise with robust data, powerful analytics, cloud, AI and ML, we create agile, scalable solutions and execute complex operations for the world’s leading corporations in industries including insurance, healthcare, banking and financial services, media, and retail, among others.
We deliver data analytics and digital operations and solutions to our clients, driving enterprise-scale business transformation initiatives that leverage our deep expertise in advanced analytics, AI, ML and cloud. We manage and report financial information through our four strategic business units: Insurance, Healthcare, Analytics and Emerging Business, which reflects how management reviews financial information and makes operating decisions.
Our reportable segments are as follows:
• Insurance,
• Healthcare,
• Analytics, and
• Emerging Business
Our global delivery network, which includes highly trained industry and process specialists across the United States, Latin America, South Africa, Europe and Asia (primarily India and the Philippines), is a key asset. We have operations centers in India, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the Philippines, Bulgaria, Colombia, South Africa, Romania and the Czech Republic.
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Revenues
For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we generated revenues of $400.6 million compared to revenues of $329.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, an increase of $71.4 million, or 21.7%.
We serve clients mainly in the United States and the United Kingdom, with these two regions generating 84.6% and 10.4%, respectively, of our total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 85.8% and 10.0%, respectively, of our revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2022.
For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, our total revenues from our top ten clients accounted for 34.8% and 36.2% of our total revenues, respectively. Although we continue to develop relationships with new clients to diversify our client base, we believe that the loss of any of our top ten clients could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance.
Our Business
We provide data analytics and digital operations and solutions to our clients. We market our services to our existing and prospective clients through our sales and client management teams, which are aligned by key industry verticals and cross-industry domains such as finance and accounting. Our sales and client management teams operate primarily from the United States, Europe and Australia.
Digital Operations and Solutions: We provide our clients with a range of digital operations and solutions from our Insurance, Healthcare and Emerging Business strategic business units, which are focused on solving complex industry challenges such as the insurance claims life cycle, financial transactions processing and provider and member experiences. This typically involves the use of agile delivery models to implement digital technologies and interventions like hyper-automation, customer experience transformation, advanced automation, robotics, enterprise architecture, end-to-end business function management and transformations. We either administer and manage these functions on an ongoing basis via longer-term arrangements or project work. For a portion of our digital operations and solutions, we hire and train employees to work at our operations centers on the relevant business operations, implement a process migration to these operations centers and then provide services either to the client or directly to the client’s customers. Each client contract has different terms based on the scope, deliverables and complexity of the engagement. We also provide consulting services related to digital operations and solutions that include industry-specific digital transformational services as well as cross-industry finance and accounting services as part of the Emerging Business strategic business unit.
We provide our services under contracts with our clients, which typically have terms of three or more years, with some being contracts with no end dates. These contracts provide us with a relatively predictable revenue base for a substantial portion of our digital operations and solutions business. However, our clients can typically terminate these contracts with or without cause and with short notice periods. We have a long selling cycle for our services and the budget and approval processes of prospective clients make it difficult to predict the timing of entering into definitive agreements with new clients. Similarly, new license sales and implementation projects for our technology service platforms and other software-based services have a long selling cycle, however ongoing annual maintenance and support contracts for existing arrangements provide us with a relatively predictable revenue base.
We charge for our services using various pricing models like time-and-material pricing, full-time-equivalent pricing, transaction-based pricing, outcome-based pricing, subscription-based pricing and other alternative pricing models. Outcome-based pricing arrangements are examples of non-linear pricing models where clients link revenues from platforms and solutions and the services we provide to usage or savings rather than the efforts deployed to provide these services. We continue to observe a shift in the industry pricing models toward transaction-based pricing, outcome-based pricing and other alternative pricing models. We believe this trend will continue and we use such alternative pricing models with some of our current clients and are seeking to move certain other clients from a full-time-equivalent pricing model to a transaction-based or other alternative pricing model. These alternative pricing models place the focus on operating efficiency in order to maintain or improve our gross margins.
We have also observed that prospective larger clients are entering into multi-vendor relationships with regard to their digital operations and solutions needs to seek more favorable contract terms and diversification of the risk of concentration on a few vendors. We believe that the trend toward multi-vendor relationships will continue. A multi-vendor relationship allows a client to seek more favorable pricing and other contract terms from each vendor, which can result in significantly reduced gross margins from the provision of services to such client for each vendor. To the extent our large clients expand their use of multi-vendor relationships and are able to extract more favorable contract terms from other vendors, our gross margins and revenues may be reduced with regard to such clients if we are required to modify the terms of our relationships with such clients to meet competition.
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Analytics: Our analytics services aim to drive better business outcomes for our clients by unlocking deep insights from data and creating data-led solutions across all parts of our clients’ business. We provide care optimization and reimbursement optimization services, for our clients through our healthcare analytics solutions and services. We also offer integrated solutions to help our clients in cost containment by leveraging technology platforms, customizable and configurable analytics and expertise in healthcare reimbursements to help clients enhance their claim payment accuracy. Our Analytics teams deliver predictive and prescriptive analytics in the areas of customer acquisition and life cycle management, risk underwriting and pricing, operational effectiveness, credit and operational risk monitoring and governance, regulatory reporting and data management. We enhance, modernize and enrich structured and unstructured data and use a spectrum of advanced analytical tools and techniques, including our in-house AI and ML capabilities and proprietary solutions to create insights, improve decision making for our clients and address a range of complex industry-wide priorities. Our acquisition of Clairvoyant AI, Inc. in December 2021 strengthened our data analytics capabilities with additional expertise in data and product engineering, cloud enablement and managed services, further supporting our clients in the insurance, healthcare, banking and financial services and retail industries. We actively cross-sell and, where appropriate, integrate our analytics services with other digital operations and solutions as part of a comprehensive offering for our clients. Our projects-based analytics services are cyclical and can be significantly affected by variations in business cycles. In addition, our projects-based analytics services are documented in contracts with terms generally not exceeding one year and may not produce ongoing or recurring business for us once the project is completed. These contracts also usually contain provisions permitting termination of the contract after a short notice period. The short-term nature and specificity of these projects could lead to fluctuations and uncertainties in the revenues generated from providing analytics services.
We anticipate that revenues from our analytics services will grow as we expand our service offerings and client base, both organically and through acquisitions.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
There have been no significant changes in our critical accounting policies and estimates during the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates referred in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” under “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” and Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
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Results of Operations
The following table summarizes our results of operations:
Three months ended March 31,
2023 2022
(dollars in millions)
Revenues, net $ 400.6 $ 329.2
Cost of revenues (1)
251.5 207.5
Gross profit (1)
149.1 121.7
Operating expenses:
General and administrative expenses 46.7 39.9
Selling and marketing expenses 29.5 24.2
Depreciation and amortization expense 13.5 13.6
Total operating expenses 89.7 77.7
Income from operations 59.4 44.0
Foreign exchange gain, net 0.1 1.8
Interest expense (3.4) (0.9)
Other income, net 3.2 2.4
Income before income tax expense and earnings from equity affiliates 59.3 47.3
Income tax expense 8.1 11.2
Income before earnings from equity affiliates 51.2 36.1
Gain from equity-method investment 0.1 0.1
Net income attributable to ExlService Holdings, Inc. stockholders $ 51.3 $ 36.2
(1) Exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense.
Due to rounding, the numbers presented in the tables included in this Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” may not add up precisely to the totals provided.
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Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Revenues.
The following table summarizes our revenues by reportable segments:
Three months ended March 31, Percentage
change
2023 2022 Change
(dollars in millions)
Insurance $ 125.9 $ 103.3 $ 22.6 22.0 %
Healthcare 26.7 26.2 0.5 2.1 %
Emerging Business 66.2 50.7 15.5 30.4 %
Analytics 181.8 149.0 32.8 22.0 %
Total revenues, net $ 400.6 $ 329.2 $ 71.4 21.7 %
Revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were $400.6 million, up $71.4 million, or 21.7%, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, driven primarily by revenue growth from our new and existing clients in the Analytics, Emerging Business and Insurance reportable segments.
Revenue growth in Insurance of $22.6 million was primarily driven by expansion of business from our new and existing clients of $24.0 million. This was partially offset by a loss of $1.4 million mainly attributable to the depreciation of the Australian dollar, the Indian rupee and the U.K. pound sterling against the U.S. dollar during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. Insurance revenues were 31.4% of our total revenues during each of the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
Revenue growth in Healthcare of $0.5 million was primarily driven by expansion of business from our existing clients, partially offset by the ramp-downs during the three months ended March 31, 2023. Healthcare revenues were 6.7% and 7.9% of our total revenues during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Revenue growth in Emerging Business of $15.5 million was primarily driven by expansion of business from our new clients and existing clients of $17.3 million. This was partially offset by a loss of $1.8 million mainly attributable to the depreciation of the U.K. pound sterling and the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. Emerging Business revenues were 16.5% and 15.4% of our total revenues during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Revenue growth in Analytics of $32.8 million was primarily driven by higher volumes in our annuity and project based engagements from our new and existing clients of $33.8 million. This was partially offset by a loss of $1.0 million mainly attributable to the depreciation of the U.K. pound sterling against the U.S. dollar during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. Analytics revenues were 45.4% and 45.3% of our total revenues during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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Cost of Revenues and Gross Margin: The following table sets forth cost of revenues and gross margin of our reportable segments.
Cost of Revenues Gross Margin
Three months ended March 31, Percentage
change Three months ended March 31,
2023 2022 Change 2023 2022 Change
(dollars in millions)
Insurance $ 82.3 $ 65.1 $ 17.2 26.5 % 34.6 % 37.0 % (2.4) %
Healthcare 18.8 17.6 1.2 6.6 % 29.6 % 32.5 % (2.9) %
Emerging Business 36.0 29.2 6.8 23.1 % 45.6 % 42.4 % 3.2 %
Analytics 114.4 95.6 18.8 19.7 % 37.1 % 35.9 % 1.2 %
Total $ 251.5 $ 207.5 $ 44.0 21.2 % 37.2 % 37.0 % 0.2 %
For the three months ended March 31, 2023, cost of revenues was $251.5 million compared to $207.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, an increase of $44.0 million, or 21.2%. Our gross margin for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 37.2% compared to 37.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2022, an increase of 20 basis points (“bps”) primarily driven by higher revenues and expansion in margin in certain existing clients during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022.
The increase in cost of revenues in Insurance of $17.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily due to increases in employee-related costs of $16.9 million on account of higher headcount and wage inflation, and higher technology costs of $2.9 million on account of increased use of the hybrid and remote working models, partially offset by foreign exchange gain, net of hedging of $2.6 million. Gross margin in Insurance decreased by 240 bps during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily due to lower margins associated with higher costs during ramp-ups in certain existing and new clients during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022.
The increase in cost of revenues in Healthcare of $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily due to increases in employee-related costs of $1.8 million on account of higher headcount and wage inflation, partially offset by foreign exchange gain, net of hedging of $0.6 million. Gross margin in Healthcare decreased by 290 bps during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily due to lower revenues associated with the ramp-down of certain existing clients and higher other operating costs, partially offset by foreign exchange gain, net of hedging during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022.
The increase in cost of revenues in Emerging Business of $6.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily due to increases in employee-related costs of $7.2 million on account of higher headcount and wage inflation, higher technology costs of $0.8 million on account of increased use of the hybrid and remote working models and higher other operating costs of $0.5 million, partially offset by foreign exchange gain, net of hedging of $1.7 million. Gross margin in Emerging Business increased by 320 bps during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily due to higher revenues and operational efficiencies during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022.
The increase in cost of revenues in Analytics of $18.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily due to increases in employee-related costs of $20.9 million on account of higher headcount and wage inflation and higher other operating costs of $0.9 million, partially offset by foreign exchange gain, net of hedging of $3.0 million. Gross margin in Analytics increased by 120 bps during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily due to higher revenues during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022.
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Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”) Expenses.
Three months ended March 31, Percentage
change
2023 2022 Change
(dollars in millions)
General and administrative expenses $ 46.7 $ 39.9 $ 6.8 17.0 %
Selling and marketing expenses 29.5 24.2 5.3 22.0 %
Selling, general and administrative expenses $ 76.2 $ 64.1 $ 12.1 18.9 %
As a percentage of revenues 19.0 % 19.5 %
The increase in SG&A expenses of $12.1 million was primarily due to higher employee-related costs of $11.1 million on account of higher headcount and wage inflation, increase in travel costs of $1.2 million and higher other operating costs of $1.2 million. This was partially offset by foreign exchange gain, net of hedging of $1.4 million, during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022.
Depreciation and Amortization.
Three months ended March 31, Percentage change
2023 2022 Change
(dollars in millions)
Depreciation expense $ 9.3 $ 9.1 $ 0.2 2.4 %
Intangible amortization expense 4.2 4.5 (0.3) (7.5) %
Depreciation and amortization expense $ 13.5 $ 13.6 $ (0.1) (0.8) %
As a percentage of revenues 3.4 % 4.1 %
The increase in depreciation expense of $0.2 million was primarily due to depreciation of $0.6 million related to our investments in digital capabilities, computers and networking equipment, partially offset by foreign exchange gain, net of hedging of $0.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. The decrease in intangibles amortization expense of $0.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, was primarily due to end of useful lives for certain intangible assets.
Income from Operations. Income from operations increased by $15.4 million, or 35.2%, from $44.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to $59.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to higher revenues, partially offset by higher cost of revenues and higher SG&A expenses during the three months ended March 31, 2023. As a percentage of revenues, income from operations increased from 13.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to 14.8% for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Foreign Exchange Gain, net. Foreign exchange gains and losses are primarily attributable to the movement of the U.S. dollar against the Indian rupee, the Philippine peso, the U.K. pound sterling and the South African ZAR during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. The average exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against the Indian rupee increased from 75.25 during the three months ended March 31, 2022 to 82.25 during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The average exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against the Philippine peso increased from 51.32 during the three months ended March 31, 2022 to 54.78 during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The average exchange rate of the U.K. pound sterling against the U.S. dollar decreased from 1.33 during the three months ended March 31, 2022 to 1.23 during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The average exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against the South African ZAR increased from 15.15 during the three months ended March 31, 2022 to 17.90 during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
We recorded a foreign exchange gain, net of $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to a foreign exchange gain, net of $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022.
Interest expense . Interest expense increased from $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to $3.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to a higher effective interest rate of 5.9% during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to 1.3% during the three months ended March 31, 2022, partially offset by a lower average outstanding balance under our revolving credit facility during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022.
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Other Income, net.
Three months ended March 31, Percentage
change
2023 2022 Change
(dollars in millions)
Gain on sale and mark-to-market on investments $ 1.7 $ 1.2 $ 0.5 33.0 %
Interest and dividend income 1.7 1.4 0.3 25.6 %
Others, net (0.2) (0.2) — — %
Other income, net $ 3.2 $ 2.4 $ 0.8 30.9 %
Other income, net increased by $0.8 million, from $2.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to $3.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase is primarily due to higher return on mutual fund investments of $0.5 million and higher interest income on our short-term and long-term investments of $0.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. This was partially offset by interest on income tax refunds of $0.7 million received during the three months ended March 31, 2022.
Income Tax Expense . The effective tax rate decreased from 23.7% during the three months ended March 31, 2022 to 13.6% during the three months ended March 31, 2023. We recorded income tax expense of $8.1 million and $11.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease in income tax expense was primarily as a result of higher excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, partially offset by an increase in income tax expense on higher profit and an increase in non-deductible expense during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Net Income . Net income increased from $36.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to $51.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to an increase in income from operations of $15.4 million, lower income tax expense of $3.1 million and higher other income, net of $0.8 million, partially offset by higher interest expense of $2.5 million and lower foreign exchange gain, net of $1.7 million. As a percentage of revenues, net income increased from 11.0% during the three months ended March 31, 2022 to 12.8% during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Three months ended March 31,
2023 2022
(dollars in millions)
Opening cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 125.6 $ 143.8
Net cash provided by/(used for) operating activities 16.0 (26.9)
Net cash provided by/(used for) investing activities 43.3 (4.7)
Net cash (used for)/provided by financing activities (91.3) 3.6
Effect of exchange rate changes 1.4 (0.8)
Closing cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 95.0 $ 115.0
As of March 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $203.8 million and $269.9 million, respectively, in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, of which $177.5 million and $233.3 million, respectively, is located in foreign jurisdictions that upon distribution may be subject to withholding and other taxes. We periodically evaluate opportunities to distribute cash among our group entities to fund our operations, expand our business and make strategic acquisitions in the United States and other geographies, and as and when we decide to distribute, we may have to accrue additional taxes in accordance with local tax laws, rules and regulations in the relevant foreign jurisdictions. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, our subsidiaries in India, U.K. and Australia repatriated $76.0 million (net of $4.0 million withholding taxes), $15.6 million and $9.1 million, respectively, to the United States. These distributions do not constitute a change in our permanent reinvestment assertion.
Operating Activities:
Net cash provided by operating activities was $16.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to net cash used for operating activities of $26.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022, reflecting higher cash earnings and efficiencies in management of working capital. The major drivers contributing to the increase of $42.9 million year-over-year included the following:
• Increase in cash earnings including adjustments for non-cash and other items contributed higher cash flow of $22.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. These adjustments comprise of deferred tax effects, depreciation and amortization of long-lived assets and intangibles acquired in business combinations, share-based employee compensation, unrealized foreign currency exchange gain/(loss), unrealized gain/(loss) on investments, among others.
• Changes in accounts receivable, including unbilled receivable and deferred revenue, contributed to a higher cash flow of $13.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. Changes in accounts receivable was driven by revenue growth. Days sales outstanding was 65 days as of March 31, 2023 compared to 64 days as of March 31, 2022.
• Decrease in employee-related and other payments, partially offset by increase in other current assets contributed to a higher cash flow of $6.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022.
Investing Activities: Cash provided by investing activities were $43.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to cash used for investing activities of $4.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase of $48.0 million was primarily due to higher net redemption of investments of $55.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to net redemption of investments of $12.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022, lower cash paid for purchase of long-lived assets, including investments in infrastructure, technology assets, software and product developments of $4.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, and payment of a portion of purchase consideration for our business acquisition of $1.4 million, during the three months ended March 31, 2022.
Financing Activities: Cash used for financing activities were $91.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to cash provided by financing activities of $3.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022. The decrease of $94.9 million was primarily due to net repayment of $50.0 million under our revolving credit facility during the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to net proceeds of $35.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and higher purchases of treasury stock of $11.0 million under our share repurchase program during the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022.
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We expect to use cash from operating activities to maintain and expand our business by making investments, primarily related to building new digital capabilities and purchase telecommunications equipment and computer hardware and software in connection with managing client operations.
We incurred $12.5 million of capital expenditures during the three months ended March 31, 2023. We expect to incur total capital expenditures of between $47.0 million to $52.0 million in 2023, primarily to meet our growth requirements, including additions to our facilities as well as investments in technology applications, product development, digital technology, advanced automation, robotics and infrastructure.
In connection with any tax assessment orders that have been issued, or may be issued against us or our subsidiaries, we may be required to deposit additional amounts with the relevant authorities with respect to such assessment orders (see Note 25 - Commitments and Contingencies to our unaudited consolidated financial statements herein for further details).
We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments and sources of liquidity will be sufficient to satisfy our cash requirements over the next 12 months. Our future cash requirements will depend on many factors, including our rate of revenue growth, our investments in strategic initiatives, applications or technologies, operation centers and acquisition of complementary businesses, continued purchases under our board-authorized stock repurchase program, which may require the use of significant cash resources and/or additional financing. We anticipate that we will continue to rely upon cash from operating activities to finance most of our above mentioned requirements, although if we have significant growth through acquisitions, we may need to obtain additional financing.
We maintain deposits in federally insured financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits, however these deposits are diversified with no significant concentration with a particular financial institution. While we have not experienced any losses while operating with such financial institutions, the recent failure of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank may expose us in general to credit risk in the event of any potential default by the financial institutions holding our cash and cash equivalents to the extent recorded in the unaudited consolidated balance sheets.
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into contracts and commitments that obligate us to make payments in the future. These obligations include borrowings, including interest obligations, purchase commitments, operating and finance lease commitments, employee benefit payments under gratuity plans and uncertain tax positions. See Note 18- Borrowings, Note 21- Leases and Note 25- Commitments and Contingencies to our unaudited consolidated financial statements herein for further information on material cash requirements from known contractual and other obligations.
In the ordinary course of business, we provide standby letters of credit to third parties primarily for facility leases. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had outstanding letters of credit of $0.5 million, each, that were not recognized in our consolidated balance sheets. These are unlikely to have, a current or future material effect on our financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. We had no other off-balance sheet arrangements or obligations.
Financing Arrangements (Debt Facility)
The following table summarizes our debt position:
As of March 31, 2023 As of December 31, 2022
(dollars in millions)
Revolving credit facility
Current portion of long-term borrowings $ 40.0 $ 30.0
Long-term borrowings 160.0 220.0
Total borrowings $ 200.0 $ 250.0
Unamortized debt issuance costs for our revolving credit facility of $1.1 million and $1.2 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, are presented under “Other current assets” and “Other assets,” as applicable in our consolidated balance sheets.
See Note 18 - Borrowings to our unaudited consolidated financial statements herein for further details.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
For a description of recent accounting pronouncements, see Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Recent Accounting Pronouncements to our unaudited consolidated financial statements contained herein.
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