Eastern Bankshares, Inc. 10-K

ebc-20211231 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 _____________________________________________ FORM 10-K _____________________________________________ (Mark one) ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31 , 2021 Or ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Commission File Number 001-39610 ___________________________ Eastern Bankshares, Inc. (Exact name of the registrant as specified in its charter) ___________________________ Massachusetts 84-4199750 (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) 265 Franklin Street , Boston , Massachusetts 02110 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) ( 800 ) 327-8376 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) __________________________________________ Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol Name of exchange on which registered Common Stock EBC Nasdaq Global Select Market Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☒ Yes ☐ No Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act: Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Emerging Growth Company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the last sale price as of June 30, 2021 of $20.57, as reported by the Nasdaq Global Select Market, was $ 3,341,188,062 . 184,437,303 shares of the Registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were issued and outstanding as of February 23, 2022. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the Registrant's definitive proxy statement relating to its 2022 annual meeting of shareholders (the “2022 Proxy Statement”) are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K where indicated. The 2022 Proxy Statement will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates. 1 Index PAGE PART I. Item 1. Business 4 Item 1A. Risk Factors 29 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 57 Item 2. Properties 57 Item 3. Legal Proceedings 57 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 57 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 58 Item 6. [Reserved] 60 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 61 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 100 Item 8. Financial Statements 101 Consolidated Balance Sheets 104 Consolidated Statements of Income 105 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income 106 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity 107 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 108 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 110 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 182 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures 183 Item 9B. Other Information 185 PART III. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 186 Item 11. Executive Compensation 186 Item 12 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters 186 Item13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 186 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services 186 PART IV. Item15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules 187 Item 16. Form 10–K Summary 189 SIGNATURES 190 2 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS When we use the terms “we”, “us”, “our,” and the “Company,” we mean Eastern Bankshares, Inc., a Massachusetts corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries, taken as a whole, unless the context otherwise indicates. Certain statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not historical facts may be considered forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and are intended to be covered by the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements, which are based on certain current assumptions and describe our future plans, strategies and expectations, can generally be identified by the use of the words “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “plan,” “potential,” “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “target” and similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are based on the current assumptions and beliefs of management and are only expectations of future results. The Company’s actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of, among others, factors: • the negative impacts and disruptions of the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic and measures taken to contain its spread on our employees, customers, business operations, credit quality, financial position, liquidity and results of operations; • the length and extent of the economic contraction as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic; continued deterioration in employment levels and other general business and economic conditions on a national basis and in the local markets in which the Company operates; • changes in customer behavior; • changes in regional, national or international macroeconomic conditions, including especially changes in inflation or interest rates in the United States; • the possibility that future credit losses, loan defaults and charge-off rates are higher than expected due to changes in economic assumptions or adverse economic developments; • turbulence in the capital and debt markets; • decreases in the value of securities and other assets; • decreases in deposit levels necessitating increased borrowing to fund loans and investments; • competitive pressures from other financial institutions; • operational risks including, but not limited to, cybersecurity incidents, fraud, natural disasters and future pandemics; • changes in regulation; • reputational risks relating to the Company’s participation in the Paycheck Protection Program and other pandemic-related legislative and regulatory initiatives and programs; • changes in accounting standards and practices; • the risk that goodwill and intangibles recorded in our financial statements will become impaired; • risks related to the implementation of acquisitions, dispositions, and restructurings, including the risk that acquisitions may not produce results at levels or within time frames originally anticipated; • the risk that we may not be successful in the implementation of our business strategy; • changes in assumptions used in making such forward-looking statements; and • other risks and uncertainties detailed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. The Company does not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect circumstances or events that occur after the date the forward-looking statements are made. 3 PART I ITEM 1. BUSINESS General Corporate Overview Eastern Bankshares, Inc., a Massachusetts corporation, which we sometimes refer to as the “Company,” is a bank holding company headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts that was incorporated under Massachusetts law in 2020. We are the sole shareholder of Eastern Bank, which we sometimes refer to as the “Bank,” a Massachusetts-chartered bank founded in 1818. Through the Bank and its wholly owned subsidiary, Eastern Insurance Group LLC (“Eastern Insurance Group”), we provide a variety of banking, trust and investment, and insurance services. We have two reportable business segments: banking and insurance agency. As of December 31, 2021, we had total consolidated assets of $23.5 billion, total gross loans of $12.3 billion, total deposits of $19.6 billion and total shareholders’ equity of $3.4 billion. We are subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), the Federal Reserve Board and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Our diversified products and services include lending, deposit, wealth management and insurance products. Deposits obtained through the branch banking network have traditionally been the principal source of funds for use in lending and for other general business purposes. We offer a range of demand deposit accounts, interest checking accounts, money market accounts, savings accounts and time certificates of deposit accounts. Our lending focuses on the following loan categories: commercial and industrial, including our Asset Based Lending Portfolio, commercial real estate, commercial construction, small business banking, residential real estate and home equity loans. Through Eastern Bank’s wealth management offering, we provide a wide range of trust services. Eastern Insurance Group acts as an agent in offering insurance solutions for clients with personal, commercial or employee benefits-related insurance needs. In addition, we offer automated lock box collection services, cash management services and account reconciliation services to our corporate and institutional customers, as well as cash management services to our municipal clients. The only entity controlled directly by Eastern Bankshares, Inc. is Eastern Bank, which is a wholly owned subsidiary. Eastern Bank controls five active subsidiaries in addition to Eastern Insurance Group LLC, as follows: 1. Broadway Securities Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary engaged in buying, selling, dealing in and holding securities and in holding industrial revenue bonds (“IRBs”), the majority of which were acquired in connection with our acquisition of Century Bancorp, Inc. (“Century”). Refer to “Recent Acquisitions” within this section for additional discussion regarding our acquisition of Century; 2. Market Street Securities Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary engaged in buying, selling, dealing in and holding securities; 3. Real/Property Services, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary that provides real estate services to Eastern Bank; 4. Millennium Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary engaged in holding IRBs, the majority of which were acquired through our acquisition of Century, and securities. Millennium Corporation was formerly a subsidiary of Century Bank & Trust, which was acquired by us on November 12, 2021. Refer to “Recent Acquisitions” within this section for additional discussion regarding our acquisition of Century; and 5. Shared Value Investments LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary that invests in low income housing and other tax credit investments. Market Area and Competition Our primary market consists of the greater Boston area, specifically eastern and central Massachusetts, southern New Hampshire, including the seacoast region, and northern Rhode Island. The statistical area used for government data gathering purposes that aligns most closely with our lending area is known as the Boston–Worcester–Providence combined statistical area, or CSA. In addition to greater Boston, this area includes the metropolitan areas of Manchester, New Hampshire; Worcester, Massachusetts; and Providence, Rhode Island. It also includes the Cape Cod region of Massachusetts. With an estimated population of 8.3 million, the Boston–Worcester–Providence CSA is the sixth largest CSA in the United States based upon 2019 population data. We believe the Boston–Worcester–Providence CSA provides a well-diversified and resilient economic base. There are approximately 3.2 million households in the Boston–Worcester–Providence CSA with an average of 2.5 persons per household. Median household income in 2019 for the Boston–Worcester–Providence CSA was approximately $85,000 compared to $66,000 for the United States as a whole. The estimated median age of the population in the Boston–Worcester–Providence CSA is 40, compared to 38.5 for the United States as a whole. For the eleven counties in eastern Massachusetts 4 and southern New Hampshire in which our branches are located and from which we gather most of our deposits, the average unemployment rate as of October 2021 was 4.0%, as compared to 4.3% for the United States as a whole. For the statistical area consisting of Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Nashua, New Hampshire—which is a subset of the Boston–Worcester–Providence CSA—the unemployment rate as of October 2021 was 4.7%, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. As disclosed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased the unemployment rate in our market.The COVID-19 pandemic initially contributed to a significant increase in the unemployment rate in our market area, however, as of December 31, 2021 the unemployment rate has subsequently decreased as more workers have returned to work. Please refer to the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to COVID-19 Pandemic and Associated Economic Slowdown” for additional information regarding the implications of the COVID-19 recession for our business. Home to over 100 colleges and universities, including nationally and internationally recognized institutions such as Boston College, Boston University, Brown University, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Northeastern University, Wellesley College and Worcester Polytechnic Institute, the Boston–Worcester–Providence CSA includes many employers in what often is referred to as the “knowledge-based economy” that relies on highly-educated employees, professionals and entrepreneurs. Approximately 43.6% of the population in the Boston–Worcester–Providence CSA age 25 or older has at least a bachelor’s degree, compared to 33.1% for the United States as a whole. Major employment sectors range from education, services, manufacturing and wholesale and retail trade, to finance, technology and health care. Seven of the ten largest employers in the Boston metropolitan statistical area (“MSA”) are hospitals. Professional, scientific, and technical services, which covers a variety of industries including computer systems design, scientific research and development, management consulting, architecture and law, comprise the second largest share of the Boston MSA employers. The financial services industry in general and in our market in particular is highly competitive. We face significant competition in gathering deposits and originating loans. Our most direct competition for deposits has historically come from banking institutions operating in our primary market area. Based on data from the FDIC as of June 30, 2021 (the latest date for which information is available), we had a weighted average market share of 5.8% for the seven separate banking markets tracked by the Federal Reserve Board in which we have at least one branch. In the Boston market, which accounted for 94.8% of our deposits as of June 30, 2021, our market share was 3.7%, representing the fifth largest deposit share in that market. We also face competition for deposits from other financial services companies such as securities brokerage firms, credit unions, insurance companies and money market funds. In consumer banking, the industry has become increasingly dependent on and oriented towards technology-driven delivery systems, permitting transactions to be conducted through a wide variety of online and mobile channels. In addition, technology has lowered the barriers to entry and made it possible for non-bank institutions to attract funds and provide lending and other financial services in our market despite not having a physical presence here. Given their lower cost structure, non-bank institutions that choose to solicit deposits primarily through digital platforms often are able to offer rates on deposit products that are higher than average for retail banking institutions with a traditional branch footprint, such as us. The primary factors driving competition for consumer loans and deposits are interest rates, fees charged, customer service levels, convenience, including branch location and hours of operation, and the range of products and services offered. There is similarly intense competition in commercial banking, particularly for quality loan originations, from traditional banking institutions such as large regional banks, as well as commercial finance companies, leasing companies, insurance companies and other non-bank lenders, and institutional investors including collateralized loan obligation managers. Some larger competitors, including some of the largest banks in the United States, have a significant and, in many cases, growing presence in our market area, may offer a broader array of products and, due to their asset size, may sometimes be in a position to hold more exposure on their own balance sheets. We compete on a number of factors including, among others, customer service, quality of execution, range of products offered, price and reputation. We expect competition to continue to increase, especially as a result of regulatory and technological changes and the continuing trend of consolidation in the financial services industry. Increased competition for deposits and the origination of loans could limit our growth in the future. Recent Acquisitions Bank Acquisitions During the past two decades, we have been able to expand our banking business through a combination of internal or “organic” growth complemented by opportunistic strategic transactions. Since 1997, we have completed eight mergers or acquisitions, including our most recent acquisition of Century. On November 12, 2021, we acquired Century, which operated 29 banking offices in 21 cities and towns in Massachusetts and southern New Hampshire, as of September 30, 2021, for $641.9 million in cash. Century had total assets of approximately $6.8 billion at the time of our acquisition, at fair value and excluding goodwill and intangible assets. Eastern Insurance Group Acquisitions 5 In 2002, we acquired Allied American Insurance Agency, Inc. from the Arbella Insurance Group, which became Eastern Insurance Group. From 2004 through 2018, we expanded Eastern Insurance Group by acquiring 31 independent insurance agencies, the purchase prices for which ranged from less than $1.0 million to $17.1 million with an average purchase price of $3.9 million. In 2021, we acquired two independent insurance agencies, the purchase prices for which were $3.9 million and $0.5 million, respectively. Business Strategy Our goal is to enhance our position as one of the leading community banking institutions in our market, providing a broad array of banking and other financial services to retail, commercial and small business customers. In recent years, we have focused significant effort on and invested heavily in our infrastructure to create sophisticated and competitive products and services, a strong, experienced work force, and awareness of our banking brand. We also plan to grow by acquisition. As a result, we believe we are well positioned to capitalize on the opportunities available in our market by focusing on the following core strategies. Develop new customer relationships and deepen existing relationships. We seek to expand our market share in existing and contiguous markets across our businesses by leveraging our distinctive brand and delivering a diverse suite of tailored, high-quality solutions through a consultative, relationship-based approach reinforced by superior customer service. We believe this will result in disciplined growth of low-cost deposits, loans with attractive risk-adjusted returns and a steady stream of fee income. Our relationship-based approach has enabled us to achieve disciplined organic growth over time, and we expect this trend to continue. We believe our support of our small business and non-profit customers in obtaining funding in 2020 and 2021 under the Paycheck Protection Program, also known as “PPP,” demonstrated both our commitment and capacity to meet our customers’ needs, even in the most challenging circumstance. The PPP was created by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) and was first launched in April 2020. The U.S. Small Business Administration, or “SBA,” approved all applications for PPP funding across the nation on a “first come, first served” basis. We believe that our experience as the largest SBA lender in New England for 13 consecutive years has made us effective in helping a large number of our customers avail themselves of the very attractive PPP loans. On December 27, 2020, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (the “Relief Act”) became law, and authorized an additional $284 billion of PPP loans and extended the PPP through March 31, 2021. The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, which was signed into a law on March 11, 2021, allocated an additional $7.25 billion for PPP loans. The PPP ended on May 31, 2021. We disbursed a total of $1.7 billion of loans to approximately 15,500 borrowers under the PPP of the CARES Act during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The vast majority of our PPP borrowers are existing commercial and small business borrowers, non-profit customers, retail banking customers and clients of Eastern Wealth Management and Eastern Insurance Group. Please refer to the subsection of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Business—Lending Activities—Small Business Loans” for a summary description of PPP lending as relevant to Eastern Bank. Pursue opportunistic acquisitions. We have pursued and intend to continue to prudently pursue opportunities to acquire banks in our existing and contiguous markets that we believe will create attractive financial returns. Our focus is primarily on franchises that enhance our funding profile, product capabilities or geographic density, while maintaining an acceptable risk profile. We believe the vital need to make increasingly significant technological investments has greatly amplified the importance of scale in banking. In addition, we believe that the COVID-19 pandemic recession has increased and will continue to increase the rate of consolidation in the banking industry. We believe that as a result of our initial public offering (“IPO”), which was completed in October 2020, we are well-positioned as a consolidator in the banking market because of our financial strength, reputation and culture as evidenced by our recent acquisition of Century in November 2021. In addition, we intend to continue to pursue opportunistic acquisitions of additional insurance agencies in existing and contiguous markets. Leverage technology to enhance customer experience and drive operating efficiencies. We have made significant investments in our technology to ensure we can deliver high-quality, innovative products and services to our customers. In addition, we have continued investing in our new commercial lending origination system and platform, and we intend to progressively improve our consumer lending origination platform as well. We are committed to regularly investing in technology and data analytics, as we are positioning our franchise for the future. We believe these investments will differentiate us with our target customers and provide a scalable platform, which will generate significant operating leverage as we grow over time. Maintain and grow our experienced, diverse and customer focused employee base. We have an established corporate culture based on personal accountability, high ethical standards and a commitment to training and career development. We will look to opportunistically hire talented bankers and employees with a continued emphasis on recruiting highly motivated, diverse managers and employees who can establish and maintain long-term customer relationships that are key to our business, brand and culture. 6 Manage risk to navigate a range of economic environments. We believe that our conservative credit culture, strong capital and liquidity position, and our deep client relationships are key to our long-term financial success. We believe that stable long-term growth and profitability are the result of building strong customer relationships one at a time while maintaining superior credit discipline. We supplement our conservative risk culture with a rigorous and continuous enterprise risk management program. The current COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in and is continuing to result in material uncertainty in the near- and medium-term future. In addition, a sustained period of low interest rates that continued into 2021 put pressure on our net interest margin. We believe we are enduring this period of stress from a position of strength, which allows us to maintain a strong balance sheet while still supporting our customers and communities in need. Lending Activities Lending Activities We use funds obtained from deposits, as well as funds obtained from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Boston (“FHLBB”) advances and Federal funds, primarily to originate loans and to invest in securities. We believe the portfolio is well diversified with approximately 1,100 commercial relationships at December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2021, in connection with our acquisition of Century, we acquired loans which are outside of our traditional lending area. Such loans will run-off over time as we are not actively pursuing lending activities in such areas. The amount of loans acquired from Century which are outside of our traditional lending area was $490.6 million as of year ended December 31, 2021. Our lending focuses on the following categories of loans: Commercial and Industrial Loans. We offer a broad range of products, including lines of credit and term loans. We primarily target companies and institutions with annual revenues of $10 million to $500 million and strive to serve as the lead bank for customers with multi-product, long-term, profitable relationships with an emphasis on building long-term relationships. In addition, we participate in the syndicated loan market, club lending transactions and the Shared National Credit Program (“SNC Program”). Loans in this category consist of revolving and term loans extended to businesses and corporate enterprises for the purpose of financing working capital, facilitating equipment purchases and facilitating acquisitions. As of December 31, 2021, we had total commercial and industrial loans of $3.0 billion, representing 24.2% of our total loans. The primary risk associated with commercial and industrial loans is the ability of borrowers to achieve business results consistent with those projected at origination. For commercial and industrial loans, our primary focus is middle-market companies located in the markets we serve. Loans are extended on both a secured and unsecured basis, according to the credit profile of the customer, at both fixed interest rates and variable interest rates at varying spreads over LIBOR and Prime rate. The average tenor of our commercial and industrial portfolio varies according to market conditions but at December 31, 2021 it was 5.2 years. In managing the commercial and industrial loan portfolio, we focus on the size of the customer’s lending relationship, which we view as the aggregate amount of all loans and loan commitments outstanding to a commercial borrower and any related borrowers or guarantors. The average commercial and industrial lending relationship by balance at December 31, 2021 was $1.8 million. At December 31, 2021, our ten largest commercial and industrial lending relationships, including relationships with combined commercial and industrial and owner-occupied commercial real estate exposure, had an average commitment of $68.8 million and ranged in commitment size from $60.0 million to $82.0 million. Approximately 70.0% of our commercial and industrial loan exposure at December 31, 2021 was to customers headquartered within our primary lending market, which consists of eastern and central Massachusetts, southern New Hampshire, including the seacoast region, and northern Rhode Island, although we participate in the syndicated loan market and the SNC Program. Our regulators and Eastern Bank consider a SNC to be any loan or loan commitment for which the commitment amount is equal to or greater than $100 million, in aggregate; and which is shared by three or more federally supervised unaffiliated institutions under a formal lending agreement; or a portion of which is sold to two or more federally supervised unaffiliated institutions, with the purchasing institutions assuming their pro rata share of the credit risk. As of December 31, 2021, our commercial and industrial SNC Program portfolio totaled $480.9 million, or 16.2%, of our commercial and industrial portfolio, and 40.3% of our commercial and industrial SNC Program portfolio were loans to borrowers headquartered in our primary lending market. Our commercial and industrial portfolio also includes our Asset Based Lending Portfolio (“ABL Portfolio”). As of December 31, 2021, our ABL Portfolio totaled $224.8 million, or 7.6%, of our commercial and industrial portfolio. Our commercial and industrial portfolio also includes a portion of our PPP loans. As of December 31, 2021, the amount of PPP loans included in our commercial and industrial portfolio was $112.8 million. 7 Our commercial and industrial portfolio also includes IRBs which are municipal bonds issued to finance major capital projects. As of December 31, 2021, our commercial and industrial IRB portfolio totaled $1.0 billion, or 33.8% of our commercial and industrial portfolio. The majority of our IRB portfolio is in educational and other non-profit sectors. Commercial Real Estate Loans. Loans in this category include mortgage loans on commercial real estate, both investment and owner occupied. Property types financed include office, industrial, multi-family, affordable housing, retail, hotel and other type properties. See "Item 1A. Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding material reduction in demand for office and medical office space. As of December 31, 2021, we had total commercial real estate loans of $4.5 billion, representing 36.9% of our total loans. As of December 31, 2021, owner occupied loans totaled $861.2 million, representing 19.0%, of our commercial real estate loans. Collateral values are established by independent third-party appraisals and evaluations. The primary repayment sources include operating income generated by the real estate, permanent debt refinancing and/or the sale of the real estate. Our commercial real estate loan portfolio also includes IRB loans of $629.6 million, or 13.9% of our commercial real estate portfolio, as of December 31, 2021. Included in this amount was $376.7 million of IRB loans as of December 31, 2021 which were acquired in connection with our acquisition of Century. The average outstanding loan balance in our commercial real estate portfolio was approximately $3.0 million as of December 31, 2021, although we originate commercial real estate loans with balances significantly larger than this average. At December 31, 2021, our ten largest commercial real estate loans had an average commitment of $52.8 million, ranging from $46.2 million to $68.3 million. We focus our commercial real estate lending on properties within our primary market area but will originate commercial real estate loans on properties located outside this area based on an established relationship with a strong borrower. We intend to continue to grow our commercial real estate loan portfolio while maintaining prudent underwriting standards. In addition to originating these loans, we also participate in commercial real estate loans with other financial institutions. Such participations are underwritten in accordance with our policies before we will participate in such loans. We originate a variety of fixed- and adjustable-rate commercial real estate loans with terms and amortization periods generally up to 30 years, which may include balloon loans. Interest rates and payments on most of our adjustable-rate loans are set based upon the 30-day LIBOR index plus a margin. See “Risk Factors—Changes to and replacement of LIBOR may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information about the potential impact to our business. If we foreclose on a commercial real estate loan, the marketing and liquidation period to convert the real estate asset to cash can be a lengthy process with substantial holding costs. In addition, vacancies, deferred maintenance, repairs and market stigma can result in prospective buyers expecting sale price concessions to offset their real or perceived economic losses for the time it takes them to return the property to profitability. Depending on the individual circumstances, initial charge-offs and subsequent losses on commercial real estate loans can be unpredictable and substantial. Commercial Construction Loans. Loans in this category include construction project financing and are comprised of commercial real estate, business banking and residential loans for the purpose of constructing and developing real estate. Substantially all of our commercial construction portfolio is in commercial real estate. As of December 31, 2021, we had total commercial construction loans of $222.3 million, representing 1.8% of our total loans. The majority of the loans in this category, measured by the outstanding loan balance as of December 31, 2021, are secured by properties located in our primary lending area. At December 31, 2021, our ten largest construction loans had an average commitment of $22.5 million, ranging from $19.0 million to $30.0 million. Most of our construction loans are interest-only loans that provide for the payment of interest during the construction phase, which is usually up to 36 months, although the terms of some construction loans are extended, generally for periods of six to 12 months. At the end of the construction phase, the loan may convert to a permanent mortgage loan or the loan may be paid in full. Loans generally can be made with a maximum loan-to-value ratio of 75% of the appraised market value upon completion of the project. When appropriate to the underwriting, a “discounted cash flow analysis” is utilized. Before making a commitment to fund a construction loan, we require an appraisal of the property by an independent licensed appraiser for construction and land development loans in excess of $500,000. For larger loans, we also will generally require an inspection of the property by an Eastern Bank-appointed construction engineer before disbursement of funds during the term of the construction loan. Land development loans within the construction portfolio totaled $33.2 million as of December 31, 2021. IRB loans within the construction portfolio totaled $68.7 million as of December 31, 2021. Small Business Loans. This category, which we refer to as “business banking,” is comprised of loans to small businesses with exposures of under $1.0 million and small investment real estate projects with exposures of under $3.0 8 million. These loans are separate and distinct from our commercial and industrial and commercial real estate portfolios described above due to the size of the loans. As of December 31, 2021, we had total business banking loans of $1.3 billion, representing 10.9% of our total loans. In this category, commercial and industrial loans and commercial real estate loans totaled $440.6 million and $894.1 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2021. Business banking originations include traditionally underwritten loans as well as partially automated scored loans. Our proprietary decision matrix, which includes a number of quantitative factors including, but not limited to, a guarantor’s credit score, industry risk, and time in business, is used to determine whether to make business banking loans. A portion of our small business loans are guaranteed by the SBA, through the SBA 7(a) loan program. The SBA 7(a) loan program supports, through a United States Government guarantee, some portion of the traditional commercial loan underwriting that might not be fully covered absent the guarantee. Eastern Bank is a preferred lender under the SBA’s Preferred Lender Program, which allows expedited underwriting and approval of SBA 7(a) Loans. For 2009-2021, Eastern Bank was distinguished as the highest producer of SBA 7(a) loans, in terms of loan volume, in New England. As of December 31, 2021, our SBA portfolio held approximately 5,200 loans with $0.4 billion outstanding. Our PPP loans are included in our commercial and industrial loans portfolio, as previously indicated, and in our business banking portfolio. As of December 31, 2021, the amount of PPP loans included in our business banking portfolio was $218.6 million. One- to Four-Family Residential Real Estate Loans. Our one- to four-family residential real estate loan portfolio consists of mortgage loans that enable borrowers to purchase or refinance existing homes, most of which serve as the primary residence of the owner. As of December 31, 2021, we had total residential loans of $1.9 billion, representing 15.7% of our total loans. Underwriting considerations include, among others, income sources and their reliability, willingness to repay as evidenced by credit repayment history, financial resources including cash reserves and the value of the collateral. We maintain policy standards for minimum credit score and cash reserves and maximum loan to value consistent with a “prime” portfolio. Collateral consists of mortgage liens on residential dwellings. We do not originate or purchase sub-prime or other high-risk loans Our one-to four-family residential real estate loans generally do not have prepayment penalties. We generally do not offer loans with negative amortization and do not offer interest-only one- to four-family residential real estate loans, although we may provide for interest-only payments with respect to loan modifications. Through a team of approximately 28 licensed mortgage loan officers, we originate residential loans either for sale to investors or to retain in our loan portfolio. Decisions about whether to sell or retain residential loans are made based on the interest rate characteristics, pricing for loans in the secondary mortgage market, competitive factors and our capital needs, although we generally retain non-conforming jumbo residential loans in our portfolio. Since 2016, we have outsourced to an independent party the processing, underwriting (using our criteria) and closing of residential loans originated by our mortgage loan officers. During the year ended December 31, 2021, residential real estate mortgage originations were $1.1 billion of which $233.7 million were sold on the secondary markets. We generally do not continue to service residential loans that we sell in the secondary market. At December 31, 2021, our ten largest one- to four-family residential real estate loans had an average balance of $2.4 million, ranging from $2.2 million to $2.7 million. Home Equity Loans and Lines of Credit. Loans in this category consist of home equity lines of credit and home equity loans. We offer home equity lines of credit with cumulative loan-to-value ratios generally up to 80%, when taking into account both the balance of the home equity line of credit and first mortgage loan. We maintain policy standards for minimum credit score and cash reserves and maximum loan-to-value ratios consistent with a “prime” portfolio. For home equity loans and lines of credit originated in 2021, the average Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) score was 767. As of December 31, 2021, we had total consumer home equity loans of $1.1 billion, representing 9.0% of our total loans. Home equity lines of credit are granted for ten years with monthly interest-only repayment requirements. Home equity lines of credit can be converted to term loans that are fully amortized. Underwriting considerations are materially consistent with those utilized in the residential real estate category. Collateral consists of a senior or subordinate lien on owner-occupied residential property. Other Consumer Loans. Loans in this category consist of unsecured personal lines of credit, overdraft protection, automobile loans, home improvement loans, airplane loans and other personal loans. Loans in this category include loans originated through our indirect automobile lending program, which we began to exit in 2018 to improve our liquidity position and to reduce lower yielding loans. 9 As of December 31, 2021, we had total other consumer loans of $214.5 million, representing 1.8% of our total loans. Our policy and underwriting considerations in this category include, among others: income sources and reliability, credit histories, term of repayment and collateral value, as applicable. Included in this category of other consumer loans are home improvement and automobile loans of $104.4 million and $53.3 million, respectively, at December 31, 2021. Loan Sales and Purchases We generally originate commercial loans for our portfolio, although we sell participation interests in commercial and industrial loans and commercial real estate loans to local financial institutions, primarily on the portion of loans exceeding our borrowing limits. We generally do not purchase whole loans, but we do purchase loan participations from other financial institutions. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we purchased $346.3 million of loan participations. As of December 31, 2021, we held loan participation interests, including SNCs, totaling $1.1 billion in loans originated by other lenders, consisting of $732.4 million of commercial and industrial loan participations, $362.9 million of commercial real estate loan participations, $37.1 million of commercial construction loan participations, and less than $0.1 million of business banking loan participations. Loan Approval Procedures and Authority Our lending activities follow written, non-discriminatory, underwriting standards and loan origination procedures established by Eastern Bank’s Board of Directors and management. Eastern Bank’s Board of Directors has delegated loan approval authority to certain officers up to prescribed limits, depending on the officer’s experience, the type of loan and whether the loan is secured or unsecured. Loans to commercial relationships of $3.0 million and above require approval by credit managers. Loans to commercial relationships greater than $5.0 million and up to our internal loans-to-one relationship limitation require approval by management’s Credit Committee. All business banking loans under $1.5 million are approved by credit officers, and all business banking loans over $1.5 million are approved by the Credit Committee. Loan policy exceptions are fully disclosed to the approving authority, either an individual officer or the appropriate management or credit committee prior to approval. Exceptions are reported to the Risk Management Committee of the Board of Directors quarterly. Loans-to-One Borrower Limit and Loan Category Concentration The maximum amount that we may lend to one borrower and its related entities generally is limited, by statute, to 20% of our capital, which is defined under Massachusetts law as the sum of our capital shares, surplus account and undivided profits. At December 31, 2021, our regulatory limit on loans-to-one borrower was $681.3 million. In November 2021, we acquired Century, the loan portfolio of which included loans of a larger size than we have historically made, as well as loans to borrowers in industries in which we have historically not participated in a meaningful way. In connection with the acquisition, Eastern Bank’s Board of Directors approved adjustments to our internal limits on loans-to-one borrower (and related entities), as well as higher sub-limits for loans made in the higher education and healthcare industry sectors. As of December 31, 2021, our internal limits on loans-to-one borrower (and related entities), all of which are subject to industry-specific sub-limits, were: • $35.0 million for commercial real estate loans; • $100.0 million for commercial real estate relationships; • $50.0 million for commercial and industrial relationships, including loans to non-profit entities; • $75.0 million for loans to education and healthcare entities with a risk rating between 1 and 4; and • $50.0 million for loans to education and healthcare entities with a risk rating of 5 and above. Prior to the Century acquisition, our internal limits on loans-to-one borrower (and related entities) had been $25.0 million for commercial real estate loans; $75.0 million for commercial real estate relationships; and $40.0 million for commercial and industrial relationships, including loans to non-profit entities. Aggregate exposure limits can be increased up to 10% on an exception basis with the approval of the Credit Committee, including the approval of the Chief Credit Officer and the Chief Commercial Banking Officer. In connection with the acquisition of Century, as a condition of receiving regulatory approval, we provided $65.6 million of credit to the Massachusetts Housing Partnership (“MHP”). The commitment exceeded our internal lending limits indicated above, but not our regulatory limit on loans-to-one-borrower also indicated above. Our Board of Directors approved the exception to our internal lending limits for the MHP credit facility. 10 Investment Activities Our securities portfolio consists primarily of government-sponsored residential mortgage-backed securities (which includes collateralized mortgage obligations), government-sponsored commercial mortgage-backed securities (which includes collateralized mortgage obligations), U.S. Agency bonds, U.S. Treasury securities, state and municipal bonds and obligations, Small Business Administration pooled securities, and other debt securities. We view our securities portfolio as a source of income and liquidity. Interest and principal payments generated from securities provide a source of liquidity to fund loans and meet short-term cash needs. The Risk Management Committee of the Board of Directors is responsible for approving and overseeing our investment policy, which it reviews at least annually. This policy dictates that investment decisions be made based on the safety of the investment, liquidity requirements, potential returns and market risk considerations. At December 31, 2021, our securities totaled $8.5 billion, and generated interest and dividends of 15.1% of total interest income for the year ended December 31, 2021. On at least a quarterly basis we review our security portfolio for impairment and to evaluate collection of principal and interest. Sources of Funds Deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities. At December 31, 2021, total deposits were $19.6 billion. Deposits originating through our branch banking network have traditionally been the principal source of our funds for use in lending and for other general business purposes. We offer a range of demand deposits, interest checking, money market accounts, savings accounts and time certificates of deposit. Interest rates on deposits are based on factors that include loan demand, deposit maturities, alternative costs of funds, and interest rates offered by competing financial institutions in our market area. We believe we have been able to attract and maintain satisfactory levels of deposits based on the level of service we provide to our customers, the convenience of our banking locations, our electronic banking options, and our interest rates, all of which are generally competitive with those of competing financial institutions. We also participate in the IntraFi Network (formerly known as “Promontory”), which allows us to provide access to multi-million dollar FDIC deposit insurance protection on deposits for consumers, businesses and public entities. We can elect to sell or repurchase this funding as reciprocal deposits from other IntraFi Network banks depending on funding needs. As of December 31, 2021, we had repurchased no reciprocal deposits from other IntraFi Network banks and had $520.5 million of additional capacity. Borrowings. At December 31, 2021, total borrowings were $34.3 million. Borrowings consist of both short-term and long-term borrowings and primarily consist of FHLB advances. Borrowings provide us with one source of funding. Maintaining available borrowing capacity with the FHLB provides us with a contingent source of liquidity. Eastern Bank is a member of the FHLB of Boston. The primary reason for our FHLBB membership is to gain access to a reliable source of wholesale funding, particularly term funding, as a tool to manage liquidity and interest rate risk. As a member of the FHLBB, we are required to purchase shares in the FHLBB. Accordingly, we had invested $10.9 million in shares of the FHLBB and had $14.0 million outstanding in FHLBB borrowings with original maturities ranging from 4 years to 20 years at December 31, 2021. In addition, we had $1.8 billion of borrowing capacity remaining with the FHLBB at December 31, 2021. See Note 10, “Borrowed Funds” within the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information regarding borrowings. Eastern Wealth Management Through Eastern Bank’s wealth management division, we offer a range of trust services, including managing customer investments, serving as custodian for customer assets, and providing other fiduciary services including serving as trustee and personal representative of estates. Our clients include individuals, trusts, businesses, employer-sponsored retirement plans and charitable organizations. Services offered include financial planning and portfolio management. At December 31, 2021, Eastern Bank held $3.4 billion of assets in a fiduciary, custodial or agency capacity for customers. These assets are not assets of Eastern Bank and therefore are not included in the consolidated balance sheets included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Eastern Wealth Management had 46 full-time equivalent employees as of December 31, 2021 and revenue of $24.6 million or approximately 12.7% of noninterest income during the year ended December 31, 2021. As discussed in “Recent Acquisitions” within this section, we acquired Century on November 12, 2021, the operations of which included a wealth management division. In 2020, Century’s last full fiscal year prior to our acquisition, brokerage commissions from its wealth management division amounted to $0.3 million. Century’s wealth management business included securities supported by LPL Financial, a third-party securities brokerage business. In connection with acquiring Century, we elected not to continue with a third-party securities brokerage relationship. 11 Eastern Insurance Group LLC Eastern Insurance Group, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eastern Bank, acts as an independent agent in offering personal, business and employee benefits insurance products to individual and commercial clients. Personal insurance products include life, accident and health, automobile, and property and liability insurance including fire, condominium, home and tenants, among others. Commercial insurance products include group life and health, commercial property and liability, surety, and workers compensation insurance, among others. Eastern Insurance Group also offers a wide range of employee benefits products and services, including professional advice related to health care cost management, employee engagement and executive services. As an agency business, Eastern Insurance Group does not assume any underwriting or insurance risk. The commissions we earn on the sale of these insurance products and services, which totaled $94.7 million or 49.0% of our total noninterest income during the year ended December 31, 2021, is the most significant portion of our noninterest income. Eastern Insurance Group represents many leading insurance companies. Eastern Insurance Group operates through 23 non-branch offices in eastern Massachusetts, one office in Keene, New Hampshire, and one office in Providence, Rhode Island. As measured by revenue, Eastern Insurance Group is the second largest insurance agency in Massachusetts, the thirty-fourth largest property and casualty insurance agency in the United States. Eastern Insurance Group had 406 full-time equivalent employees as of December 31, 2021 and revenue of $97.2 million or approximately 15.5% of our total revenues. Eastern Insurance Group routinely acquires smaller insurance agencies in existing and adjacent markets. During the five-year period ended December 31, 2021, Eastern Insurance Group acquired two insurance agencies for an average purchase price of $2.2 million. On average the agencies acquired during that period had annual revenue of $0.9 million at the date of purchase. See “Recent Acquisitions” within this section for additional information. Regulation We are subject to the extensive regulatory framework applicable to bank holding companies, bank subsidiaries and their affiliates. This framework is intended primarily for the protection of depositors, the FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund and the banking system as a whole, and generally is not intended for the protection of shareholders or other investors. Described below are the material elements of selected laws and regulations applicable to us, the Bank, our subsidiaries and our affiliates. These descriptions are not intended to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of the statutes and regulations described. Changes in applicable law or regulation, and in their interpretation and application by regulatory agencies and other governmental authorities cannot be predicted, but may have a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. General Eastern Bank is a Massachusetts-chartered non-member bank. Eastern Bank’s deposits are insured up to applicable limits by the FDIC. Eastern Bank is subject to extensive regulation by the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks, as its chartering authority, and by the FDIC, as its primary federal regulator. Eastern Bank is required to file reports with, and is periodically examined by, the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks and the FDIC concerning its activities and financial condition and must obtain regulatory approvals prior to entering into certain transactions, including, but not limited to, mergers with or acquisitions of other financial institutions. Eastern Bank is a member of the FHLBB. Eastern Bank is subject to federal and state regulation and supervision that establishes a comprehensive framework of activities in which an insured state-chartered bank can engage and is intended primarily for the protection of depositors and borrowers and, for purposes of the FDIC, the protection of the deposit insurance fund. The statutory regulatory structure also gives both federal and state regulatory authorities extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies, including policies with respect to the classification of assets and the establishment of adequate loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes. As a bank holding company, Eastern Bankshares, Inc. is required to comply with the rules and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board. It is required to file certain reports with the Federal Reserve Board and is subject to examination by and subject to the enforcement authority of the Federal Reserve Board. Eastern Bankshares, Inc. is also subject to examination by the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks. In addition, Eastern Bankshares, Inc. is subject to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission under the federal securities laws. Any change in applicable laws or regulations, whether by the United States Congress, the Massachusetts legislature, the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks, the FDIC, or the Federal Reserve Board, could have a material adverse impact on the operations and financial performance of Eastern Bankshares, Inc. and Eastern Bank. In addition, Eastern Bankshares, Inc. and Eastern Bank will be affected by the monetary and fiscal policies of the United States Government, including the Federal Reserve Board. In view of changing conditions in the national economy and in the financial markets, it is 12 impossible for management to accurately predict future changes in monetary policy or the effect such changes may have on the business or financial condition of Eastern Bankshares, Inc. and Eastern Bank. Set forth below is a brief description of material regulatory requirements that are applicable to Eastern Bank and Eastern Bankshares, Inc. The description is limited to certain material aspects of the statutes and regulations addressed, and is not intended to be a complete description of such statutes and regulations and their effects on Eastern Bank and Eastern Bankshares, Inc. Massachusetts Banking Laws and Supervision Eastern Bank, as a Massachusetts-chartered bank, is regulated and supervised by the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks. The Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks is required to regularly examine each state-chartered bank. The approval of the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks is required to establish or close branches, to merge with another bank, to issue shares and to undertake certain other activities. Any Massachusetts bank that does not operate in accordance with the regulations, policies and directives of the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks may be sanctioned. The Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks may suspend or remove directors or officers of a Massachusetts-chartered bank who have violated the law, conducted a bank’s business in a manner that is unsafe, unsound or contrary to the depositors’ interests, or been negligent in the performance of their duties. In addition, the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks has the authority to appoint the FDIC as a receiver or conservator if the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks or the FDIC determine that we are conducting our business in an unsafe or unauthorized manner, and under certain other circumstances. The powers that Massachusetts-chartered banks can exercise under these laws include, but are not limited to, the following: Lending Activities. A Massachusetts-chartered bank may make a wide variety of mortgage loans including fixed-rate loans, adjustable-rate loans, variable-rate loans, participation loans, graduated payment loans, construction and development loans, condominium and co-operative loans, second mortgage loans and other types of loans that may be made in accordance with applicable regulations. Commercial loans may be made to corporations and other commercial enterprises with or without security. Consumer and personal loans may also be made with or without security. Insurance Sales. Massachusetts-chartered banks may engage in insurance sales activities if the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks has approved a plan of operation for insurance activities and the bank obtains a license from the Massachusetts Division of Insurance. Massachusetts-chartered banks may be licensed directly or indirectly through an affiliate or a subsidiary corporation established for this purpose. Eastern Bank has received approval for insurance sales activities, and offers a variety of personal and business insurance products and services through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Eastern Insurance Group, a licensed insurance agency. Eastern Insurance Group has also obtained all licenses required by various state insurance regulatory authorities in other states that license, regulate and supervise insurance producers, brokers and agents. Investment Activities. In general and subject to constraints under federal law, Massachusetts-chartered banks may invest in preferred and common shares of any corporation organized under the laws of the United States or any state provided such investments do not involve control of any corporation and do not, in the aggregate, exceed 4.0% of the bank’s deposits and have separate authority to invest up to 15% of the bank’s assets in shares listed on a national share exchange in the United States. Massachusetts-chartered banks may additionally invest an amount equal to 1.0% of their deposits in shares of Massachusetts corporations or companies with substantial employment in Massachusetts which have pledged to the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks that such monies will be used for further development within Massachusetts. At the present time, Eastern Bank has the grandfathered authority under state law to invest in equity securities. However, such investment authority is constrained by federal law. See the subsection titled “—Federal Bank Regulation—Investment Activities” for such federal restrictions. Dividends. Massachusetts-chartered banks may declare from net profits cash dividends not more frequently than quarterly and non-cash dividends at any time. No dividends may be declared, credited or paid if the bank’s capital is impaired. Massachusetts-chartered banks with outstanding preferred stock may not, without the prior approval of the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks, declare dividends on its common stock without also declaring dividends on the preferred stock. The approval of the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks is required if the total of all dividends declared in any calendar year exceeds the total of its net profits for that year combined with its retained net profits of the preceding two years, less any required transfer to surplus or a fund for the retirement of any preferred shares. Net profits for this purpose means the remainder of all earnings from current operations plus actual recoveries on loans and investments and other assets after deducting current operating expenses, actual losses, accrued dividends on preferred shares, if any, and all federal and state taxes. Liquidation Account Effect on Dividends. As a result of the conversion of Eastern Bank Corporation, the predecessor holding company of Eastern Bank, from a mutual into a stock holding company in connection with our IPO (the “Conversion”), Eastern Bankshares, Inc. may not declare or pay a cash dividend on, or repurchase any of, its capital shares if 13 the effect thereof would cause its net worth to be reduced below (i) the amount required for the liquidation account established by Eastern Bankshares, Inc. in connection with the IPO (“Liquidation Account”) or (ii) the regulatory capital requirements of Eastern Bankshares, Inc. (to the extent applicable). The Liquidation Account was designed to provide payments to depositors of their liquidation interests, if any, in the end of a liquidation of (a) Eastern Bankshares, Inc. and Eastern Bank, or (b) Eastern Bank. Under the plan of conversion of Eastern Bank Corporation in connection with the Conversion, eligible account holders received an interest in a liquidation account maintained by Eastern Bankshares, Inc. in an amount equal to (i) Eastern Bank Corporation’s ownership interest in Eastern Bank’s total shareholders’ equity as of the date of the latest statement of financial condition included in our IPO prospectus, plus (ii) the value of the net assets of Eastern Bank Corporation as of the date of the latest statement of financial condition of Eastern Bank Corporation prior to the consummation of the conversion (excluding its ownership of Eastern Bank). Eastern Bank Corporation’s plan of conversion also provided for the establishment of a parallel liquidation account maintained at Eastern Bank to support Eastern Bankshares, Inc.’s liquidation account in the event Eastern Bankshares, Inc. does not have sufficient assets to fund its obligations under Eastern Bankshares, Inc.’s liquidation account. Eastern Bankshares, Inc. and Eastern Bank hold the Liquidation Account for the benefit of eligible account holders who have continued to maintain deposits in Eastern Bank following completion of the conversion. Share Repurchases. Eastern Bankshares, Inc. may not repurchase any of its capital stock if the effect thereof would cause its net worth to be reduced below (i) the amount required for the Liquidation Account or (ii) the regulatory capital requirements of Eastern Bankshares, Inc. (to the extent applicable). In addition, under Massachusetts regulations, Eastern Bankshares, Inc. may not repurchase shares of its common stock during the first three years following the completion of the IPO, except to fund tax-qualified or non-tax-qualified employee stock benefit plans, or except in amounts not greater than 5% of our outstanding shares of common stock where compelling and valid business reasons are established to the satisfaction of the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks. On November 12, 2021, the receipt of a notice of non-objection from the Federal Reserve Board to our first proposed share repurchase program. Our authorization to repurchase shares under this program was disclosed. Our authorization to repurchase shares under this program, which was approved by the Company’s Board of Directors, is limited to 9,337,900 shares, which represents 5% of our outstanding shares of common stock, over a 12-month period. The program is further limited to $225 million through November 30, 2022 and may be modified or terminated by the Company’s Board of Directors at any time. Protection of Personal Information. Massachusetts has adopted statutory and regulatory requirements intended to protect personal information. The requirements are similar to federal laws such as the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, discussed below under “—Federal Bank Regulation—Privacy Regulations.” They require organizations to establish written information security programs to prevent identity theft and other fraud. The Massachusetts regulation also contains technology system security requirements, especially for the encryption of personal information sent over wireless or public networks or stored on portable devices. Parity Powers. Massachusetts-chartered banks may, in accordance with Massachusetts law, exercise any power and engage in any activity that has been authorized for national banks, federal thrifts or state banks in a state other than Massachusetts, provided that the activity is permissible under applicable federal law and not specifically prohibited by Massachusetts law. Such powers and activities must be subject to the same limitations and restrictions imposed on the national bank, federal thrift or out-of-state bank that exercised the power or activity. A Massachusetts bank may exercise such powers, and engage in such activities by providing 30 days’ advanced written notice to the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks. Loans to One Borrower Limitations. Massachusetts banking law grants broad lending authority. However, with certain limited exceptions, total obligations of one borrower and related interests to a bank may not exceed 20.0% of the total of the bank’s capital, which is defined under Massachusetts law as the sum of the bank’s capital shares, surplus account and undivided profits. Loans to a Bank’s Insiders. Under Massachusetts law, a Massachusetts-chartered bank must comply with Regulation O of the Federal Reserve Board and the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks retains examination and enforcement authority to ensure compliance. Regulation O generally requires that extensions of credit to insiders: • be made on terms that are substantially the same as, and follow credit underwriting procedures that are not less stringent than, those prevailing for comparable transactions with unaffiliated persons and that do not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features; • not exceed certain limitations on the amount of credit extended to such persons, individually and in the aggregate, which limits are based, in part, on the amount of the Massachusetts financial institution’s capital; and • meet other definitional and procedural requirements as specified in the regulation. 14 Regulatory Enforcement Authority. Any Massachusetts-chartered bank that does not operate in accordance with the regulations, policies and directives of the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks may be subject to sanctions for non-compliance, including seizure of the property and business of the bank, imposition of a conservatorship or revocation of its charter. The Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks may, under certain circumstances, suspend or remove officers or directors who have violated the law, conducted the bank’s business in a manner which is unsafe, unsound or contrary to the depositors’ interests or been negligent in the performance of their duties. In addition, upon finding that a bank has engaged in an unfair or deceptive act or practice, the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks may issue an order to cease and desist and impose a fine on the bank concerned. Massachusetts consumer protection and civil rights statutes applicable to Eastern Bank permit private individual and class action lawsuits and provide for the rescission of consumer transactions, including loans, and the recovery of statutory and punitive damage and attorney’s fees in the case of certain violations of those statutes. Massachusetts has other statutes and regulations that are similar to the federal provisions discussed below. Federal Bank Regulation Capital Requirements. Federal regulations require FDIC-insured depository institutions, such as Eastern Bank, to meet several minimum capital standards: a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 6.0%, a total capital to risk-based assets ratio of 8.0%, and a Tier 1 capital to average assets leverage ratio of 4.0%. For purposes of the regulatory capital requirements, common equity Tier 1 capital is generally defined as common shareholders’ equity and retained earnings. Tier 1 capital is generally defined as common equity Tier 1 and additional Tier 1 capital. Additional Tier 1 capital includes certain noncumulative perpetual preferred shares and related surplus and minority interests in equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries. Total capital includes Tier 1 capital (common equity Tier 1 capital plus additional Tier 1 capital) and Tier 2 capital. Tier 2 capital is comprised of capital instruments and related surplus, meeting specified requirements, and may include cumulative preferred shares and long-term perpetual preferred shares, mandatory convertible securities, intermediate preferred shares and subordinated debt. Also included in Tier 2 capital is the allowance for loan and lease losses limited to a maximum of 1.25% or risk-weighted assets. As permitted by applicable capital regulations, we have opted out of the requirement to include Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”) in our regulatory capital determinations. Calculation of all types of regulatory capital is subject to deductions and adjustments specified in the regulations. In determining the amount of risk-weighted assets for purposes of calculating risk-based capital ratios, all assets, including certain off-balance sheet assets (e.g., recourse obligations, direct credit substitutes, residual interests) are multiplied by a risk weight factor assigned by the regulations based on the risks believed inherent in the type of asset. Higher levels of capital are required for asset categories believed to present greater risk. For example, a risk weight of 0% is assigned to cash and United States government securities, a risk weight of 50% is generally assigned to prudently underwritten first lien one to four- family residential mortgages, a risk weight of 100% is assigned to commercial and consumer loans, a risk weight of 150% is assigned to certain past due loans and a risk weight of up to 600% is assigned to permissible equity interests, depending on certain specified factors. In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. At December 31, 2021, Eastern Bank exceeded the regulatory requirement for the capital conservation buffer. The FDIC Improvement Act required each federal banking agency to revise its risk-based capital standards for insured institutions to ensure that those standards take adequate account of interest-rate risk, concentration of credit risk, and the risk of nontraditional activities, as well as to reflect the actual performance and expected risk of loss on multi-family residential loans. The FDIC, along with the other federal banking agencies, adopted a regulation providing that the agencies will take into account the exposure of a bank’s capital and economic value to changes in interest rate risk in assessing a bank’s capital adequacy. The FDIC also has authority to establish individual minimum capital requirements in appropriate cases upon determination that an institution’s capital level is, or is likely to become, inadequate in light of the particular circumstances. Standards for Safety and Soundness. As required by statute, the federal banking agencies adopted final regulations and Interagency Guidelines Establishing Standards for Safety and Soundness to implement safety and soundness standards. The guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards that the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. The guidelines address internal controls and information systems, internal audit systems, credit underwriting, loan documentation, interest rate exposure, asset growth, asset quality, earnings and compensation, fees and benefits. The agencies have also established standards for safeguarding customer information. If the appropriate federal banking agency determines that an institution fails to meet any standard 15 prescribed by the guidelines, the agency may require the institution to submit to the agency an acceptable plan to achieve compliance with the standard. Investment Activities. All state-chartered FDIC-insured banks, including Massachusetts-chartered banks, are generally limited in their investment activities to principal and equity investments of the type and in the amount authorized for national banks, notwithstanding state law, subject to certain exceptions. For example, state-chartered banks may, with FDIC approval, continue to exercise state authority that was in existence as of September 30, 1991, to invest in common or preferred shares listed on a national securities exchange and in the shares of an investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. The maximum permissible investment is 100% of Tier 1 Capital, as specified by the FDIC’s regulations, or the maximum amount permitted by Massachusetts law, whichever is less. In addition, the FDIC is authorized to permit such a state bank to engage as principal in state-authorized activities or investments not permissible for national banks (other than non-subsidiary equity investments) if it meets all applicable capital requirements and the FDIC determines that such activities or investments do not pose a significant risk to the Deposit Insurance Fund. The FDIC has adopted procedures for institutions seeking approval to engage in such activities or investments. In addition, a nonmember bank may control a subsidiary that engages in activities as principal that would only be permitted for a national bank to conduct in a “financial subsidiary” if a bank meets specified conditions and deducts its investment in the subsidiary for regulatory capital purposes. Interstate Banking and Branching. Federal law permits well capitalized and well managed bank holding companies to acquire banks in any state, subject to Federal Reserve Board approval, certain concentration limits and other specified conditions. Interstate mergers of banks are also authorized, subject to regulatory approval and other specified conditions. In addition, amendments adopted as part of the Dodd-Frank Act permit banks to establish de novo branches on an interstate basis to the extent that branching is authorized by the law of the host state for the banks chartered by that state. Prompt Corrective Regulatory Action. Federal law requires, among other things, that federal bank regulatory authorities take “prompt corrective action” with respect to banks that do not meet minimum capital requirements. For these purposes, the law establishes five capital categories: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized. The FDIC has adopted regulations to implement the prompt corrective action legislation. An institution is deemed to be “well capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 6.5% or greater and a leverage ratio of 5.0% or greater. An institution is “adequately capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater, a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 4.5% or greater and a leverage ratio of 4.0% or greater. An institution is “undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 8.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a common equity Tier 1 ratio of less than 4.5% or a leverage ratio of less than 4.0%. An institution is deemed to be “significantly undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4.0%, a common equity Tier 1 ratio of less than 3.0% or a leverage ratio of less than 3.0%. An institution is considered to be “critically undercapitalized” if it has a ratio of tangible equity (as defined in the regulations) to total assets that is equal to or less than 2.0%. As of December 31, 2021, Eastern Bank was a “well capitalized” institution under FDIC regulations. At each successive lower capital category, an insured depository institution is subject to more restrictions and prohibitions, including restrictions on growth, restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits, restrictions or prohibitions on payment of dividends, and restrictions on the acceptance of brokered deposits. Furthermore, if an insured depository institution is classified in one of the undercapitalized categories, it is required to submit a capital restoration plan to the appropriate federal banking agency, and the holding company must guarantee the performance of that plan. Based upon its capital levels, a bank that is classified as well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, or undercapitalized may be treated as though it were in the next lower capital category if the appropriate federal banking agency, after notice and opportunity for hearing, determines that an unsafe or unsound condition, or an unsafe or unsound practice, warrants such treatment. An undercapitalized bank’s compliance with a capital restoration plan is required to be guaranteed by any company that controls the undercapitalized institution in an amount equal to the lesser of 5.0% of the institution’s total assets when deemed undercapitalized or the amount necessary to achieve the status of adequately capitalized. If an “undercapitalized” bank fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it is “significantly undercapitalized.” “Significantly undercapitalized” banks must comply with one or more of a number of additional restrictions, including but not limited to an order by the FDIC to sell sufficient voting shares to become adequately capitalized, requirements to reduce total assets, cease receipt of deposits from correspondent banks or dismiss directors or officers, and restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits, compensation of executive officers and capital distributions by the parent holding company. “Critically undercapitalized” institutions are subject to additional measures including, subject to a narrow exception, the appointment of a receiver or conservator within 270 days after it obtains such status. 16 Transaction with Affiliates and Regulation W of the Federal Reserve Board Regulations. Transactions between banks and their affiliates are governed by federal law. An affiliate of a bank is any company or entity that controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the bank. In a holding company context, the parent bank holding company and any companies which are controlled by such parent holding company are affiliates of the bank (although subsidiaries of the bank itself, except financial subsidiaries, are generally not considered affiliates). Generally, Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act and the Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation W limit the extent to which the bank or its subsidiaries may engage in “covered transactions” with any one affiliate to an amount equal to 10.0% of such institution’s capital shares and surplus, and with all such transactions with all affiliates to an amount equal to 20.0% of such institution’s capital shares and surplus. Section 23B applies to “covered transactions” as well as to certain other transactions and requires that all such transactions be on terms substantially the same, or at least as favorable, to the institution or subsidiary as those provided to a non-affiliate. The term “covered transaction” includes the making of loans to, purchase of assets from, and issuance of a guarantee to an affiliate, and other similar transactions. Section 23B transactions also include the provision of services and the sale of assets by a bank to an affiliate. In addition, loans or other extensions of credit by the financial institution to the affiliate are required to be collateralized in accordance with the requirements set forth in Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act. Sections 22(h) and (g) of the Federal Reserve Act place restrictions on loans to a bank’s insiders, i.e., executive officers, directors and principal shareholders. Under Section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act, loans to a director, an executive officer and to a greater than 10.0% shareholder of a financial institution, and certain affiliated interests of these, together with all other outstanding loans to such person and affiliated interests, may not exceed specified limits. Section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act also requires that loans to directors, executive officers and principal shareholders be made on terms and conditions substantially the same as offered in comparable transactions to persons who are not insiders and also requires prior board approval for certain loans. In addition, the aggregate amount of extensions of credit by a financial institution to insiders cannot exceed the institution’s unimpaired capital and surplus. Section 22(g) of the Federal Reserve Act places additional restrictions on loans to executive officers. Enforcement. The FDIC has extensive enforcement authority over insured state-chartered banks, including Eastern Bank. The enforcement authority includes, among other things, the ability to assess civil money penalties, issue cease and desist orders, remove directors and officers and prohibit institution affiliated parties from banking. In general, these enforcement actions may be initiated in response to violations of laws and regulations, breaches of fiduciary duty and unsafe or unsound practices. The FDIC is required, with certain exceptions, to appoint a receiver or conservator for an insured state nonmember bank if that bank was “critically undercapitalized” on average during the calendar quarter beginning 270 days after the date on which the institution became “critically undercapitalized.” The FDIC may also appoint itself as conservator or receiver for an insured state non-member bank under specified circumstances, including: insolvency; substantial dissipation of assets or earnings through violations of law or unsafe or unsound practices; existence of an unsafe or unsound condition to transact business; insufficient capital; or the incurrence of losses that will deplete substantially all of the institution’s capital with no reasonable prospect of replenishment without federal assistance. Federal Insurance of Deposit Accounts. Eastern Bank is a member of the Deposit Insurance Fund, which is administered by the FDIC. The Deposit Insurance Fund provides deposit insurance of $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank, for each of the eight ownership categories defined by the FDIC, provided that the requirements for each ownership category are met. The FDIC assesses deposit insurance premiums on each insured institution quarterly based on risk characteristics of the institution. As a bank with assets of more than $10 billion, Eastern Bank is subject to a deposit assessment based on a scorecard issued by the FDIC. This scorecard considers, among other things, Eastern Bank’s rating under the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council’s Uniform Financial Institutions Rating System, or CAMELS rating, results of asset-related stress testing and funding-related stress, as well as our use of core deposits, among other things. Depending on the results of Eastern Bank’s performance under that scorecard, the total base assessment rate is between 1.5 and 40 basis points. The FDIC Board of Directors may also impose special assessments under stressed circumstances. Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, the FDIC has established 2.0% as the designated reserve ratio (“DRR”), which is the ratio of the Deposit Insurance Fund to insured deposits of the total industry. In March 2016, the FDIC adopted final rules designed to meet the statutory minimum DRR of 1.35% by September 30, 2020, the deadline imposed by the Dodd-Frank Act. The Dodd-Frank Act requires the FDIC to offset the effect on institutions with assets of less than $10 billion of the increase in the statutory minimum DRR to 1.35% from the former statutory minimum of 1.15%. The FDIC’s rules reduced assessment rates on all banks but imposed a surcharge on banks with assets of $10 billion or more until the DRR reaches 1.35% and will provide assessment credits to banks with assets of less than $10 billion for the portion of their assessments that contribute to the increase of the DRR to 1.35%. The rules also changed the method to determine risk-based assessment rates for established banks with less than $10 billion in assets to better ensure that banks taking on greater risks pay more for deposit insurance than less risky banks. The reserve ratio reached 1.36% on September 30, 2018 and, as a result, the surcharge on banks with assets of $10 billion or more ceased with the first assessment invoice in 2019. In addition, once the DRR reaches 1.38%, the FDIC 17 will apply the assessment credits to banks that had assets below $10 billion at any time during the credit calculation period, which includes Eastern Bank. As of December 31, 2021, the Deposit Insurance Fund’s reserve ratio was 1.27%. The FDIC Board previously voted on September 15, 2020 to maintain the current schedule of assessment rates for all insured depository institutions because of the extraordinary growth of insured deposits due to the pandemic. The FDIC has authority to increase insurance assessments. A significant increase in insurance premiums would likely have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of Eastern Bank. Future insurance assessment rates cannot be predicted. Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule order or regulatory condition imposed in writing. We do not know of any practice, condition or violation that might lead to termination of deposit insurance. Privacy Regulations. FDIC regulations generally require that Eastern Bank disclose its privacy policy, including identifying with whom it shares a customer’s “non-public personal information,” to customers at the time of establishing the customer relationship and annually thereafter. In addition, Eastern Bank is required to provide its customers with the ability to “opt-out” of having their personal information shared with unaffiliated third parties and not to disclose account numbers or access codes to non-affiliated third parties for marketing purposes. Eastern Bank currently has a privacy protection policy in place and believes that such policy is in compliance with the regulations. Community Reinvestment Act. Under the Community Reinvestment Act, or CRA, as implemented by FDIC regulations, Eastern Bank as a non-member bank has a continuing and affirmative obligation, consistent with its safe and sound operation, to help meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The CRA does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for financial institutions nor does it limit an institution’s discretion to develop the types of products and services that it believes are best suited to its particular community, consistent with the CRA. The CRA does require the FDIC, in connection with its examination of a non-member bank, to assess the institution’s record of meeting the credit needs of its community and to take such record into account in its evaluation of certain applications by such institution, including applications to acquire branches and other financial institutions. The CRA requires the FDIC to provide a written evaluation of an institution’s CRA performance utilizing a four-tiered descriptive rating system. Eastern Bank’s most recently published FDIC CRA performance rating was “Outstanding.” Massachusetts has its own statutory counterpart to the CRA which is also applicable to Eastern Bank. The Massachusetts version is generally similar to the CRA but utilizes a five-tiered descriptive rating system. Massachusetts law requires the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks to consider, but not be limited to, a bank’s record of performance under Massachusetts law in considering any application by the bank to establish a branch or other deposit-taking facility, to relocate an office or to merge or consolidate with or acquire the assets and assume the liabilities of any other banking institution. Eastern Bank’s most recent 2018 CRA performance rating under Massachusetts law was “Outstanding.” On December 14, 2021, The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency issued a final rule to rescind its June 2020 Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) rule and replace it with a rule based on the rules adopted jointly by the Federal banking agencies in 1995, as amended. The OCC’s action facilitates the planned future issuance of updated interagency CRA rules with the Federal Reserve Board and FDIC to modernize the CRA regulatory framework and promote consistency for all insured depository institutions. It is unclear whether or when a final rule will be promulgated. It is also unclear whether the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks will adopt corresponding changes to its CRA regulations, which apply to all Massachusetts-chartered banks, including Eastern Bank. Compensation Practices. Our compensation practices are subject to oversight by the Federal Reserve Board and the FDIC. The federal banking regulators have provided guidance designed to ensure that incentive compensation arrangements at banking organizations take into account risk and are consistent with safe and sound practices. The guidance sets forth the following three key principles with respect to incentive compensation arrangements: (i) the arrangements should provide employees with incentives that appropriately balance risk and financial results in a manner that does not encourage employees to expose their organizations to imprudent risk; (ii) the arrangements should be compatible with effective controls and risk management; and (iii) the arrangements should be supported by strong corporate governance. The guidance provides that supervisory findings with respect to incentive compensation will be incorporated, as appropriate, into the organization’s supervisory ratings, which can affect its ability to make acquisitions or perform other actions. The guidance also provides that enforcement actions may be taken against a banking organization if its incentive compensation arrangements or related risk management, control or governance processes pose a risk to the organization’s safety and financial weakness. The federal banking and other responsible federal agencies, including the SEC, have yet to adopt regulations implementing the executive compensation provisions of the Dodd Frank Act. 18 Consumer Protection and Fair Lending Regulations. Massachusetts-chartered banks are subject to a variety of federal and Massachusetts statutes and regulations that are intended to protect consumers and prohibit discrimination in the granting of credit. These statutes and regulations provide for a range of sanctions for non-compliance with their terms, including imposition of administrative fines and remedial orders, and referral to the Attorney General for prosecution of a civil action for actual and punitive damages and injunctive relief. Certain of these statutes authorize private individual and class action lawsuits and the award of actual, statutory and punitive damages and attorneys’ fees for certain types of violations. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Supervision. With total assets in excess of $10 billion, Eastern Bank is classified as a large bank and therefore is subject to direct supervision and examination by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”) for compliance with federal consumer financial law under Title X of the Dodd-Frank Act. USA PATRIOT Act. Eastern Bank is subject to the USA PATRIOT Act, which gave federal agencies additional powers to address terrorist threats through enhanced domestic security measures, expanded surveillance powers, increased information sharing, and broadened anti-money laundering requirements. By way of amendments to the Bank Secrecy Act, Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act provided measures intended to encourage information sharing among bank regulatory agencies and law enforcement bodies. Further, certain provisions of Title III impose affirmative obligations on a broad range of financial institutions, including banks, thrifts, brokers, dealers, credit unions, money transfer agents, and parties registered under the Commodity Exchange Act. CARES Act . Eastern Bank has been impacted by provisions of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, or CARES Act, containing, among other provisions, certain temporary regulatory forbearance measures applicable during the COVID-19 pandemic state of emergency and temporary relief from troubled debt restructurings. Consolidated Appropriations Act. Eastern Bank has been impacted by provisions of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, which was enacted on December 27, 2020. These provisions extend certain provisions related to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (which were due to expire) and provides additional emergency relief to individuals and businesses. Included within the provisions of the Consolidated Appropriations Act was the extension of Section 4013 of the CARES Act to January 1, 2022, which provided relief from a requirement to evaluate loans that had received COVID-19 modifications to determine if the loans required troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) treatment provided certain criteria were met. Accordingly, we applied the TDR relief granted pursuant to such section to any qualifying loan modifications executed during the allowable time period. Other Regulations Interest and other charges collected or contracted for by Eastern Bank are subject to state usury laws and federal laws concerning interest rates. Loan operations are also subject to state and federal laws applicable to credit transactions, such as the: • Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975, requiring financial institutions to provide information to enable the public and public officials to determine whether a financial institution is fulfilling its obligation to help meet the housing needs of the community it serves; • Equal Credit Opportunity Act, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, creed or other prohibited factors in extending credit; • Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1978, governing the use and provision of information to credit reporting agencies; • Massachusetts Debt Collection Regulations, establishing standards, by defining unfair or deceptive acts or practices, for the collection of debts from persons within the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the General Laws of Massachusetts, Chapter 167E, which governs Eastern Bank’s lending powers; and • Rules and regulations of the various federal and state agencies charged with the responsibility of implementing such federal and state laws. The deposit operations of Eastern Bank also are subject to, among others, the: • Right to Financial Privacy Act, which imposes a duty to maintain confidentiality of consumer financial records and prescribes procedures for complying with administrative subpoenas of financial records; • Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act (also known as “Check 21”), which gives “substitute checks,” such as digital check images and copies made from that image, the same legal standing as the original paper check; • Electronic Funds Transfer Act and Regulation E promulgated thereunder, which govern automatic deposits to and withdrawals from deposit accounts and customers’ rights and liabilities arising from the use of automated teller machines and other electronic banking services; and 19 • General Laws of Massachusetts, Chapter 167D, which governs deposit powers. Federal Reserve System The Federal Reserve Board regulations ordinarily require depository institutions to maintain interest-earning reserves against their transaction accounts (primarily, negotiable order of withdrawal (“NOW”) accounts and regular checking accounts). The Federal Reserve Board regulations generally require that reserves be maintained against net transaction accounts as follows: as of January 1, 2022, for that portion of transaction accounts aggregating $640.6 million or less (which may be adjusted by the Federal Reserve Board) the reserve requirement is 3.0% and the amounts greater than $640.6 million require a 10.0% reserve (which may be adjusted annually by the Federal Reserve Board between 8.0% and 14.0%). As of January 1, 2022, the first $32.4 million of otherwise reservable balances (which may be adjusted by the Federal Reserve Board) are exempted from the reserve requirements. However, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal Reserve Board temporarily eliminated reserve requirements and therefore there was no minimum reserve requirement as of December 31, 2021. The current annual interest rate on both reserves is 0.15%. Federal Home Loan Bank System Eastern Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank System, which consists of 11 regional Federal Home Loan Banks. The FHLB provides a central credit facility primarily for member institutions. Members of the FHLB are required to acquire and hold shares of capital shares in the FHLB bank of which they are a member. Eastern Bank acquired capital shares in the FHLBB and was in compliance with this requirement at December 31, 2021. Based on redemption provisions of the FHLBB, the shares have no quoted market value and are carried at cost. Eastern Bank reviews for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the cost basis of the FHLBB shares. As of December 31, 2021, no impairment had been recognized. At its discretion, the FHLBB may declare dividends on the shares. The FHLBs are required to contribute a percentage of their net earnings towards funds for affordable housing programs. These requirements could reduce the amount of dividends that the FHLBs pay to their members and result in the FHLBs imposing a higher rate of interest on advances to their members. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the FHLBB paid quarterly dividends equal to yields of 1.6%, 1.5%, 1.5% and 2.1% in the first, second, third and fourth quarter, respectively. There can be no assurance that such dividends will continue in the future. Holding Company Regulation Eastern Bankshares, Inc. is subject to examination, regulation, and periodic reporting under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, as administered by the Federal Reserve Board. Eastern Bankshares, Inc. is required to obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board to acquire all, or substantially all, of the assets of any bank or bank holding company. Prior Federal Reserve Board approval would be required for Eastern Bankshares, Inc. to acquire direct or indirect ownership or control of any voting securities of any bank or bank holding company if, after such acquisition, it would, directly or indirectly, own or control more than 5% of any class of voting shares of the bank or bank holding company. In addition to the approval of the Federal Reserve Board, prior approval may also be necessary from other agencies having supervisory jurisdiction over the bank to be acquired before any bank acquisition can be completed. A bank holding company is generally prohibited from engaging in non-banking activities, or acquiring direct or indirect control of more than 5% of the voting securities of any company engaged in non-banking activities. One of the principal exceptions to this prohibition is for activities found by the Federal Reserve Board to be so closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto. Some of the principal activities that the Federal Reserve Board has determined by regulation to be so closely related to banking are: (i) making or servicing loans; (ii) performing certain data processing services; (iii) providing discount brokerage services; (iv) acting as fiduciary, investment or financial advisor; (v) leasing personal or real property; (vi) making investments in corporations or projects designed primarily to promote community welfare; and (vii) acquiring a savings and loan association whose direct and indirect activities are limited to those permitted for bank holding companies. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 authorized a bank holding company that meets specified conditions, including being “well-capitalized” and “well managed,” to opt to become a “financial holding company” and thereby engage in a broader array of financial activities than previously permitted. Such activities can include insurance underwriting and investment banking. Eastern Bankshares, Inc. has no present plan or intent to elect to become a financial holding company. Eastern Bankshares, Inc. is subject to the Federal Reserve Board’s capital adequacy guidelines for bank holding companies (on a consolidated basis) which have historically been similar to, though less stringent than, those of the FDIC for Eastern Bank. The Dodd-Frank Act, however, required the Federal Reserve Board to promulgate consolidated capital requirements for depository institution holding companies that are no less stringent, both quantitatively and in terms of 20 components of capital, than those applicable to the depository institutions themselves. Consolidated regulatory capital requirements identical to those applicable to the subsidiary banks apply to bank holding companies. A bank holding company is generally required to give the Federal Reserve Board prior written notice of any purchase or redemption of then outstanding equity securities if the gross consideration for the purchase or redemption, when combined with the net consideration paid for all such purchases or redemptions during the preceding 12 months, is equal to 10% or more of its consolidated net worth. The Federal Reserve Board may disapprove such a purchase or redemption if it determines that the proposal would constitute an unsafe and unsound practice, or would violate any law, regulation, Federal Reserve Board order or directive, or any condition imposed by, or written agreement with, the Federal Reserve Board. There is an exception to this approval requirement for well-capitalized bank holding companies that meet certain other conditions. The Federal Reserve Board has issued a policy statement regarding capital distributions, including dividends, by bank holding companies. In general, the Federal Reserve Board’s policies provide that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention by the bank holding company appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. The Federal Reserve Board’s policies also require that a bank holding company serve as a source of financial strength to its subsidiary banks by standing ready to use available resources to provide adequate capital funds to those banks during periods of financial stress or adversity and by maintaining the financial flexibility and capital-raising capacity to obtain additional resources for assisting its subsidiary banks where necessary. The Dodd-Frank Act codified the source of strength doctrine. Under the prompt corrective action laws, the ability of a bank holding company to pay dividends may be restricted if a subsidiary bank becomes undercapitalized. In addition, the Federal Reserve Board has issued guidance that requires consultation with the agency prior to a bank holding company’s payment of dividends or repurchase of shares under certain circumstances. These regulatory policies could affect the ability of Eastern Bankshares, Inc. to pay dividends, repurchase its shares or otherwise engage in capital distributions. Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, depository institutions are liable to the FDIC for losses suffered or anticipated by the FDIC in connection with the default of a commonly controlled depository institution or any assistance provided by the FDIC to such an institution in danger of default. Eastern Bankshares, Inc. does not control two depository institutions that would subject it to the cross-guarantee provisions of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. The status of Eastern Bankshares, Inc. as a registered bank holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act will not exempt it from certain federal and state laws and regulations applicable to corporations generally, including, without limitation, certain provisions of the federal securities laws. Massachusetts Holding Company Regulation. Under the Massachusetts banking laws, a company owning or controlling two or more banking institutions is regulated as a bank holding company. The term “company” is defined by the Massachusetts banking laws similarly to the definition of “company” under the Bank Holding Company Act. Each Massachusetts bank holding company: (i) must obtain the approval of the Massachusetts Board of Bank Incorporation before engaging in certain transactions, such as the acquisition of more than 5% of the voting shares of another banking institution; (ii) must register, and file reports, with the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks; and (iii) is subject to examination by the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, Eastern Bankshares, Inc. is not a “bank holding company” under the Massachusetts banking laws, because Eastern Bank is our sole bank subsidiary. Regulation of Eastern Insurance Group LLC Eastern Insurance Group LLC is subject to regulation and supervision by the Massachusetts Division of Insurance, and various state insurance regulatory authorities in other states that license, regulate and supervise insurance producers, brokers and agents. Federal Securities Laws The class of common stock of Eastern Bankshares, Inc. is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Exchange Act, and therefore Eastern Bankshares Inc. and our shareholders are subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions and other requirements under the Exchange Act. The registration under the Securities Act of 1933 of shares of common stock issued in Eastern Bankshares, Inc.’s IPO under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”) does not cover the resale of those shares. Shares of common stock purchased by persons who are not affiliates of Eastern Bankshares, Inc. may be resold without registration. Shares purchased by an affiliate of Eastern Bankshares, Inc. are subject to the resale restrictions of Rule 144 under the Securities Act (“Rule 144”). If Eastern Bankshares, Inc. meets the current public information requirements of Rule 144, each affiliate of Eastern Bankshares, Inc. that complies with the other conditions of Rule 144, including those that require the affiliate’s sale to be aggregated with those of other persons, would be able to sell in the public market, without registration, a number of shares not to exceed, in any three-month period, the greater of 1% of the outstanding shares of Eastern Bankshares, 21 Inc., or the average weekly volume of trading in the shares during the preceding four calendar weeks. In the future, Eastern Bankshares, Inc. may permit affiliates to have their shares registered for sale under the Securities Act. In December 2021, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) proposed rules related to corporate share repurchase programs, which include extensive disclosure requirements for issuers that engage in share repurchasing. Our future share repurchase programs will likely be subject to such future regulations. Filer Status The Jumpstart Our Businesses Act, or JOBS Act, which was enacted in 2012, has made numerous changes to the federal securities laws to facilitate access to capital markets. Under the JOBS Act, a company with total annual gross revenues of less than $1.07 billion during its most recently completed fiscal year qualifies as an “emerging growth company.” Following the IPO, Eastern Bankshares, Inc. qualified as an emerging growth company, and we continued to qualify as an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act until December 31, 2021. Eastern Bankshares Inc. ceased to qualify as an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act as of December 31, 2021, the last day of the fiscal year in which Eastern Bankshares, Inc. was classified as a “large accelerated filer,” under Securities and Exchange Commission regulations. As a result, we are no longer entitled to the exemptions for emerging growth companies provided in the JOBS Act. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is intended to improve corporate responsibility, to provide for enhanced penalties for accounting and auditing improprieties at publicly traded companies, and to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures pursuant to federal securities laws. We have policies, procedures and systems designed to comply with these regulations, and we review and document such policies, procedures and systems to ensure continued compliance with these regulations. Change in Control Regulations Under the Change in Bank Control Act, no person, or group of persons acting in concert, may acquire control of a bank holding company such as Eastern Bankshares, Inc. unless the Federal Reserve Board has been given 60 days’ prior written notice and not disapproved the proposed acquisition. The Federal Reserve Board considers several factors in evaluating a notice, including the financial and managerial resources of the acquirer and competitive effects. Control, as defined under the applicable regulations, means the power, directly or indirectly, to direct the management or policies of us or to vote 25% or more of any class of voting securities of ours. Acquisition of more than 10% of any class of a bank holding company’s voting securities constitutes a rebuttable presumption of control under certain circumstances, including where, as will be the case with Eastern Bankshares, Inc., the issuer has registered securities under Section 12 of the Exchange Act.(Substantially similar requirements are imposed under Massachusetts law with respect to the acquisition of control, directly or indirectly, of Eastern Bank.) In addition, federal regulations provide that no company may acquire control (as defined in the Bank Holding Company Act) of a bank holding company without the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board. Any company that acquires such control becomes a “bank holding company” subject to registration, examination and regulation by the Federal Reserve Board. Through October 14, 2023, no person may acquire beneficial ownership of more than 10% of our common stock without prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board and the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks. If any person exceeds this 10% beneficial ownership threshold, shares in excess of 10% will not be counted as shares entitled to vote through October 14, 2023. Legal and Regulatory Proceedings We operate in a legal and regulatory environment that exposes us to potentially significant risks. In addition to the matters described below, in the normal course of business, we are named, from time to time, as a defendant in various legal actions, including class actions and other individual litigation matters, arising in connection with our activities as a banking institution, including with respect to allegations of unfair or deceptive business practices and our role in administering trusts for which we are a trustee alone or with others. We also face legal exposure associated with employment actions, which at times can result in matters against Eastern Bank before the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination or the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Actual or threatened legal actions against us include claims for substantial amounts of compensatory damages, claims for intermediate amounts of compensatory damages and claims for punitive damages. Compliance with all applicable laws and regulations involves a significant investment in time and resources. Any new laws or regulations applicable to our business, any changes to existing laws or regulations, or any changes to the 22 interpretations or enforcement of those laws or regulations, may affect our operations and/or financial condition. For additional information, see Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies” within the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In part as a result of the extensive regulation, supervision and examination of our business described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we are also involved, from time to time, in other reviews, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal) by governmental and self-regulatory agencies regarding our business, certain of which may result in adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, public or private censure, increased costs, required remediation, restriction on business activities or other impacts on us. We contest liability and the amount of damages as appropriate in each pending matter. Where available information indicates that it is probable a liability has been incurred at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and we can reasonably estimate the amount of that loss, we accrue the estimated loss as a charge to income. In many proceedings, however, it is inherently difficult to determine whether any loss is probable or even possible or to estimate the amount of any loss. We cannot predict with certainty if, how or when such proceedings will be resolved or what the eventual settlement, fine, penalty or other relief, if any, may be, particularly for proceedings that are in their early stages of development or where plaintiffs seek substantial or indeterminate damages. Numerous issues may need to be resolved before liability can be reasonably estimated, including through potentially lengthy discovery and determination of important factual matters, determination of issues related to class certification and the calculation of damages and by addressing novel or unsettled legal questions relevant to the proceedings in question. The activities of Eastern Bank, including with respect to disclosures about and implementation of numerous consumer products, are subject to various laws and numerous regulations, including those related to unfair or deceptive acts or practices. If Eastern Bank is found to have violated one or more consumer protection laws, it may be required to pay restitution to certain affected customers in connection with certain of these practices. In addition, Eastern Bank may face formal administrative enforcement actions from its federal and other governmental supervisory agencies, including the assessment of civil monetary penalties and restitution, relating to consumer products, and could also face potential civil litigation. For further information regarding risks related to regulatory actions and litigation, please refer to “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Operational risks are inherent in our businesses,” “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Regulations—Our business is highly regulated, which could limit or restrict our activities and impose financial requirements or limitations on the conduct of our business,” and “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Regulations—We are subject to numerous laws designed to protect consumers, including the Community Reinvestment Act and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Human Capital Management Diversity, Equity & Inclusion (DE&I) The Company, which employed 2,059 full- and part- time employees as of December 31, 2021, of whom 1,889 were full-time employees, is deeply committed to having a diverse workforce reflective of the communities we serve, where all feel included and supported. Our strategy is to build and sustain diversity, equity and inclusion (“DE&I”) as a critical aspect of our work and workplace environment, which we believe makes us a better employer, a better provider of services to our customers, a better member of our communities and a better investment for our shareholders. The Company has long been committed to and recognized as a leader in DE&I, as evidenced by: • The Wall Street Journal featured Eastern’s work to drive a diverse and inclusive culture in December 2020. • Our diverse Board of Directors. DE&I starts with our diverse Board of Directors, which has long been led by professionals of color (Wendell Knox, Lead Director 2009-2017; Deborah Jackson, Lead Director Jan. 2018 – present). Overall, 50% of our Board of Directors is comprised of women and people of color. • Our diverse leadership team. Our Management Committee, which runs the Company, is comprised of 11 executives, about 40% of whom are women or people of color, including our President, Quincy Miller. In 2021, Sujata Yadav, a woman of color, was promoted to Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer. It is anticipated that she will join our Management Committee on March 1, 2022 as the first woman of color to serve on the Management Committee. • Our Company was built by women. Our first customer was a woman, and for over 200 years women have played a key role in our Company’s success. Women comprise 67% of our total workforce. 23 • Our recognition as a leader in DE&I. We’ve been recognized in 2021 as a “Best Place to Work” for LGBTQ+ equality by the Human Rights Campaign for the ninth consecutive year. We were the first company in the country to sign the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation’s amicus brief that asked the U.S. Supreme Court to strike down the Defense of Marriage Act and we expanded our health insurance to offer comprehensive transgender-inclusive coverage, including coverage for treatments and services related to sex affirmation or reassignment. We also are a founding member of the Massachusetts LGBT Chamber of Commerce and the LGBT Business Network, working to promote opportunities for LGBT-owned businesses, corporations and professionals, and during the COVID-19 pandemic, helping to ensure LGBTQ+-owned businesses have access to loan assistance programs like the Paycheck Protection Program. • Our 11 employee resource groups (“ERGs”). Each group has an executive sponsor, and serves as a source of support and inclusion for colleagues. The groups also provide guidance to leadership on issues of importance to them, with ERG leaders serving on our DE&I Steering Committee alongside our senior executives, consultants and advisors. ERG highlights in 2021 include: ◦ Our Asian American Professional Collective facilitated an employee-wide live bystander training to empower employees to appropriately respond to harassment in the wake of public violence against members of the Asian community; ◦ Our Latinos In Action group lead a number of colleague development sessions including roundtables that celebrated diversity inclusion and intersectionality. ◦ Our Women’s Interest Network leaders organized a live session co-lead by our CEO and an expert on mental health to address employee burnout and strategies for maintaining strong mental health; ◦ Our Veterans and Military Families ERG leaders facilitated a virtual event honoring Medal of Honor recipients and their families; and ◦ As part of our Black History Month celebration, our Company held a virtual screening of “Grounded, a film presentation” highlighting the relationships of prominent Black Bostonian couples and their hopes for grounding the next generation of Black leaders. We also hosted a virtual event honoring Medal of Honor recipients and their families with leadership from our Military Veterans and Families Network ERG. ◦ The ERGs reflect the diversity of our workforce and the communities we serve, and include: ▪ Asian American Professional Collective; ▪ Black Professional Alliance; ▪ Latinos in Action; ▪ disAbility Advocacy Alliance; ▪ Equality Under the Blue (LGBTQ+); ▪ Sustainability Network (environment); ▪ Heart of Eastern (volunteerism); ▪ Parenting Networking Group; ▪ Veterans and Military Families; ▪ Women’s Interest Network; and ▪ Young Professionals Network. We are proud of our long standing commitment to DE&I but recognize that we have more work to do to improve DE&I at the most senior levels of our organization. In 2021, the Company formally launched our “Road to Equity” action plan, which reflects greater intentionality in increasing DE&I across a number of areas of the Company, including talent acquisition, retention and development, supplier diversity, products and services, and philanthropic support from the Eastern Bank Foundation. Our Company has been successful in recruiting diverse talent into our organization: in 2021, 45% of our new hires in 2021 were racially diverse and 63% were women. However, while we have extensive gender and ethnic diversity at the junior levels of our Company, we have less diversity at the more senior levels of our Company. While some of our divisions, such as our Retail Division, are more diverse, other divisions remain predominately comprised of non-diverse colleagues. In 2021, our senior management set a number of key objectives to help drive an enhanced focus on DE&I, including the development of a dashboard to ensure the Company measures and reports progress on the quantitative DE&I goals related to talent management, supplier diversity and philanthropic spend in underserved communities. The Company also put in place programs and trainings to further support the Road to Equity. Eastern Insurance Group, designed and launched a Career Development Rotational Program with a focus on providing an onramp for diverse talent into the insurance sector. Our Commercial Credit Training Program enhanced its focus on serving as an onramp into Commercial Lending and Credit for women and people of color, who are underrepresented in these divisions at our Company. Supplier diversity goals were expanded to all divisions in our Company while a team was formed to focus on products and services related to a 24 development of a WMBE (Women and Minority Owned Businesses) vertical. Approximately 80 of our most senior executives from across the Company set DE&I goals related to talent acquisition, management and supplier diversity and met twice in 2021 as a large group to learn about best practices in DE&I recruiting, mentoring and professional development. To help drive diverse recruiting, management partners with external organizations to develop diverse candidate pipelines and supply diverse talent, regularly reports on diverse hiring to the Board of Directors, and has a talent acquisition team led by and comprised of diverse colleagues. In 2021, we enhanced our focus on diverse candidate slates and, as a result, achieved record diversity hiring (racial diversity). Year-over-year, we increased racial diversity in our total workforce by two percentage points. Our hiring at the Senior Vice President level included 17% diverse hires and 50% women hires and our hiring at the Vice President level included 33% diverse hires and 54% women hires. Diversity at these senior levels will continue to be an area of enhanced focus. To further enhance our culture and commitment to DE&I, the Company provides DE&I training across all divisions with the assistance and leadership of experienced external DE&I professionals. This training includes mandatory training on the Company’s DE&I strategy for all employees; training for our middle managers on understanding social identity; and training for senior management on effecting organizational change aligned with the Road to Equity. The Company also formed a DE&I steering committee chaired by the Chief Executive Officer, whose members include executives, leaders of our ERGs, and external advisors who are leaders on and experts in DE&I issues. In 2021, the DE&I steering committee helped develop and execute on key DE&I objectives, such as the enhanced DE&I training and programs. The Board of Directors also engaged an independent DE&I consultant, who reports directly to the Lead Director, serves on our DE&I steering committee and provides guidance and best practices to senior management and the Board to further drive our success on the Road to Equity. Demographics The tables below depict the Company’s demographics as of December 31, 2021 for our Board of Directors, our Management Committee (which consists of our senior most leaders at the Company), our total workforce, and new hires in 2021 who remained employed as of December 31, 2021: 2021 Board of Directors Gender Race & Ethnicity Female Male Not Disclosed Total Asian Black Latinx Not Disclosed Other POC White Total Count 3 9 0 12 1 2 1 0 0 8 12 Percentage 25.0% 75.0% —% 100.0% 8.3% 16.7% 8.3% —% —% 66.7% 100.0% 2021 Management Committee Gender Race & Ethnicity Female Male Not Disclosed Total Asian Black Latinx Not Disclosed Other POC White Total Count 3 8 0 11 0 1 0 0 0 10 11 Percentage 27.0% 73.0% —% 100.0% —% 9.0% —% —% —% 91.0% 100.0% 2021 Total Workforce Gender Race & Ethnicity Female Male Not Disclosed Total Asian Black Latinx Not Disclosed Other POC White Total Count 1,382 674 2 2,058 157 127 213 45 42 1,474 2,058 Percentage 67.1% 32.8% 0.1% 100.0% 7.6% 6.2% 10.3% 2.2% 2.0% 71.7% 100.0% 2021 New Hires (2021 new hires employed as of 12/31/21) Gender Race & Ethnicity Female Male Not Disclosed Total Asian Black Latinx Not Disclosed Other POC White Total Count 281 161 5 447 75 32 80 13 13 234 447 Percentage 62.9% 36.0% 1.1% 100.0% 16.8% 7.2% 17.9% 2.9% 2.9% 52.3% 100.0% 25 Pay & Benefits The Company’s compensation and benefits programs are designed to attract, motivate and retain the talent we need to achieve short-term and long-term goals through the implementation of sound compensation principles and policies. For compensation, this includes paying for performance, ensuring equity, fairness and nondiscrimination in pay as well as compensation risk mitigation. To help ensure pay equity, the Company conducts pay equity analyses on an annual basis with the assistance of external advisors. We also seek fairness in total compensation by utilizing market data, conducting internal compensation comparison analyses and engaging expert independent compensation and benefits consulting firms to help us benchmark against industry peers. We believe that we offer an attractive and competitive benefits program that focuses on overall wellness in all areas of life, with a variety of options that allow employees to choose the plans that best meet their needs. Our benefits include: health, dental and vision coverage; paid parental leave and other paid time off; short and long term disability benefits; health and flexible spending accounts; tuition reimbursement; Employee Assistance Program; and wellness programming. In 2021, we offered our employees three separate retirement benefits: a defined pension benefit plan, a 401(k) contribution, and an employee stock ownership plan (“ESOP”) through which Company stock is allocated to all eligible employees (based on age and hours worked). COVID-19 Response As the Company navigated the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, we were guided by our “people first” philosophy that we believe has served our Company, colleagues and communities well. Our cross-functional pandemic response team continued to lead pandemic response efforts across the Company and prioritized the need to keep our essential, onsite, customer facing colleagues as safe as possible while continuing to serve our customers’ needs. In 2021, our pandemic response team worked closely with executive management to mitigate risks of COVID-19 through a continuous vaccination education and support campaign. We also: • staffed a dedicated COVID-19 hotline to help colleagues report exposures and positive cases, contact trace and obtain support around illness and return to work; • implemented a vaccination tracker to help measure COVID-19 risk within our employee population and required uses of a travel tracker before vaccinations became available to monitor travel and help ensure compliance with travel restrictions and quarantine requirements; • increased colleague communications around COVID-19 protocols to ensure employees understood best practices around COVID-19 risk mitigation; quarantines; vaccinations, boosters and general CDC guidance, which the Company continued to use as the basis for its protocol; • continued to pay employees who could not work due to COVID-19-related illness, to get vaccinated and for family care needs without requiring employees to use their sick or personal time and offered additional time off to cover time quarantining due to COVID-19 exposure; • instituted, for the second consecutive year, a carryover of 2021 unused vacation time to offer more flexibility to colleagues to take time off in 2022; • procured rapid antigen tests for employees who did not have ready access to them during the winter holidays as the Omicron variant created enhanced risks of illness; and • held three vaccination and booster clinics for employees, and in some instances, their family members, both during work and after hours to accommodate our onsite workers. Employee Well Being Given our 2020 IPO, 2021 acquisition of Century and other large strategic matters, we have asked our employees for a tremendous commitment to their jobs over the last two years. In addition, more than half of our colleagues have continued to work remotely and have less ability to separate work from home and are thus prone to work more than ever before. During this time period, we have also experienced turnover in some divisions, which has compounded employee stress related to COVID-19-related staffing challenges in those same divisions. As a result of these collective challenges, the Company became focused on burnout amongst our employees in 2021. To better support our employees, the Company enhanced its wellness offerings and focused more on mental health support. We increased minimum vacation time from two to three weeks, which provided more time off for over 400 employees, many of whom work in customer-facing or on-site positions that have historically had high levels of burnout. After closing the Century acquisition and to provide employees with additional downtime, the Company received regulatory approval to close on the day after Thanksgiving for a first-ever Company-wide “day of rest” and any employees who had to work that day received a floating holiday. Management believes that its recognition of the ongoing need to address employee burnout was well received by our colleagues and demonstrated our Company’s commitment to employee well-being. As mentioned above, our CEO also co-lead with a mental health expert a 26 session with our Women’s Interest Network on preventing burnout and best practices for mental health well-being. The session was held in the fourth quarter, was widely attended by employees and we believe set the groundwork for management’s continued focus on addressing employee burnout in 2022. Finally, in 2022, to further support our employees, we created a fund that provides grants to eligible employees experiencing an unexpected financial hardship. Employee Engagement We are dedicated to engaging our workforce to better understand how we can improve our culture and workplace In 2021, we continued to virtually host a significant number of Town Hall meetings, led by the CEO. At each meeting, time was reserved for employees to ask questions and engage directly with the CEO and Management Committee members. We held 12 Town Halls in 2021, which represented a significant increase from the numbers held in pre-COVID-19 years. We also engage our employees through more formal measures. Annually, we engage an independent third party consultant to conduct an employee engagement survey, and based on employee feedback, management identifies areas to address. In 2021, we added questions to the survey about the Company’s COVID-19 response and DE&I. Ninety-one percent of employees responded to the survey, with 90% of respondents reporting a favorable view of the Company’s response to COVID-19, 89% of respondents reporting they are proud to work for our Company and 87% reporting that the Company has created an environment where people with diverse backgrounds can succeed. We revamped our onboarding program to ensure the approximately 252 colleagues joining us from Century could understand our Company, culture and their role within it by hosting a virtual welcome event hosted by our CEO. We also assigned “buddy” mentors to new colleagues and offered enhanced people management training for managers of the new colleagues. We continued to utilize our onboarding and offboarding engagement survey, which is administered through the same third party consultant that manages the annual engagement survey. For onboarding, we engage with newly hired employees at the 30 day and 90 day mark to understand how they are integrating into the Company and how the Company can improve the onboarding process including new employee training, among other topics. For offboarding, we survey colleagues to better understand why they left the Company, and ask specific questions to capture if the colleague chose to leave for reasons related to ethics, our culture, a lack of DE&I and other reasons. We believe that this continued emphasis on employee surveying will provide us with data to improve the overall employee experience at our Company, thereby deepening engagement and retention. In 2021, we supported our employees’ commitment to engage with the communities we serve through socially distanced and remote volunteer opportunities, offering eight hours of paid time off to volunteer. We were named for the fifth consecutive year among the top 10 most charitable organizations in Massachusetts by the Boston Business Journal. Turnover Our Company experienced an increase in employee turnover in the last two quarters of 2021, which management believes reflects pent up turnover, based on low turnover numbers for the prior 12 months (when COVID-19 vaccinations were not yet widely available), a competitive labor market and retirements. However, overall Company turnover for 2021 was slightly less than in 2019, which was the last full year in which the labor market was unaffected by COVID-19. To help alleviate the staffing stresses caused by this turnover, the Company engaged third parties to support talent acquisition in higher turnover divisions, which resulted in a reduction year over year in the time required to fill open positions, even despite the increased churn in some areas of the employee base. We also believe that increased the number of weeks of vacation we offer (from two to three) may help us attract talent in this competitive environment. Finally, the Company’s succession planning, particularly at Eastern Insurance Group and in our Commercial Lending Group, has enabled the Company to transition into its next generation of leaders, following the retirement of senior colleagues in 2021 (including the CEO and President of Eastern Insurance Group and the Vice Chair and Chief Commercial Banking Officer of the Bank). Intellectual Property We protect our intellectual property rights by applying for and obtaining trademarks and service marks when appropriate. We believe that our name, our marks and our logo have significant value and are important to our operations, and we rely on protection of this intellectual property to maintain our competitive position. We monitor our trademarks and vigorously oppose the infringement of any of our marks as appropriate. Available Information We file annual, quarterly, and current reports, proxy statements and other information required by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Our SEC filings are available to the public from the SEC’s internet site at www.SEC.gov. 27 We post the following filings to investor.easternbank.com as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC: our annual reports on Form 10-K, our proxy statements, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, our current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Paper copies of all such filings are available free of charge by request via email (investor.relations@easternbank.com), telephone (781-598-7920) or mail (Eastern Bankshares, Inc. Investor Relations at 265 Franklin Street, Boston, MA 02110). The information contained or incorporated on our website is not a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We may use our website as a means of disclosing material information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation Fair Disclosure promulgated by the SEC. These disclosures are included on our website in the “Investor Relations” or “News” sections. Accordingly, investors should monitor these portions of our website, in addition to following the Company’s press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls and webcasts. 28 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS We are subject to a number of risks potentially affecting our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. As a company offering banking and other financial services, certain elements of risk are inherent in our transactions and operations and are present in the business decisions we make. We, therefore, encounter risk as part of the normal course of our business, and we design risk management processes to help manage these risks. Our success is dependent on our ability to identify, understand and manage the risks presented by our business activities so that we can appropriately balance revenue generation and profitability. These risks include, but are not limited to, credit risk, market risks, liquidity risks, operational risks, model risks, technology, regulatory and legal risks, and strategic and reputational risks. We discuss our principal risk management processes and, in appropriate places, related historical performance in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You should carefully consider the following risk factors that may affect our business, future operating results and financial condition, as well as the other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, before making a decision to invest in our common stock. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations would likely be materially adversely affected. In such case, the trading price of our common stock would likely decline due to any of these risks, and you may lose all or part of your investment. The following risks are not the only risks we face. Additional risks that are not presently known or that we presently deem to be immaterial also could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and business. Summary of Material Risk Factors This section summarizes some of the risks potentially affecting our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. These risks and others are discussed in more detail further below in this section. You should consider this summary together with the more detailed information provided below. The COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on businesses and consumers in our market area has had, and we expect will continue to have, a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. • Since March 2020, when the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a strain of novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, to be a global pandemic, the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as governmental and private sector responses to it, have had a severe impact in our markets, causing, among other things: ◦ closures of many businesses, leading to loss of revenues and, from time to time, above average unemployment, and ◦ the imposition of governmental orders initially requiring non-essential businesses to close their facilities and later limiting the number of customers and other personnel permitted on their premises. • The duration and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic through 2022 and possibly beyond, including the potential for resurgences from time to time, as well as the pace of vaccination and testing programs both within and outside of our market area, and the efficacy of any vaccine against new variants of coronavirus are impossible to predict. • The continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022 may result in adverse economic conditions in our market that could have a significant adverse effect in 2022 on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, including by: ◦ reducing demand for products and services from our customers, and ◦ causing greater than average recognition of credit losses and increases in our allowance for loan losses, especially if our business customers continue to experience reduced demand for their products and services • Our commercial and small business borrowers operating businesses such as hotels, inns, restaurants and retail stores that depend primarily upon customers patronizing their businesses in person have experienced the most significant adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, and we expect these effects to persist for some or all of 2022. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for detail on the Company’s lending exposure to industries which management believes have experienced the most adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. • The increase in remote and hybrid work arrangements, if continued, could ultimately result in reduced demand for office space in our market, and such reduction in demand could adversely affect both the value of the collateral securing some of our commercial real estate loans and the demand by developers and other borrowers for new commercial real estate loans. 29 • Some negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the recognition of charge-offs, may be delayed because of the impact of prior and potential future government stimulus actions or payment assistance provided to clients and customers. • It may be challenging for us to grow our core business while the COVID-19 pandemic continues or if the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic continues to be erratic. There are various risks associated with our acquisition growth strategy, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. • We operate in a competitive market and may be unable to successfully identify acquisition opportunities or compete for attractive acquisition targets. • We may be unsuccessful in realizing the expected benefits of an acquired business, including failure to retain key employees or customers, incurrence of unexpected difficulty or expense in integrating operations, technologies or customers, assumption of significant (and potentially unknown) liabilities, and inexperience with the products and/or geographies offered by the acquired business, all of which could divert our management’s attention away from other business concerns and/or negatively impact our financial results. Various risks, including risks associated with changes in interest rates, loan losses, cybersecurity and regulatory compliance, are inherent in our business and our industry generally. • Changes in interest rates can have a material effect on many areas of our business, including on our net interest income, deposit costs, and loan volume and delinquency, and may have an adverse effect on our profitability. The Federal Open Market Committee’s decision to maintain the target range for the federal funds rate between 0.0% and 0.25% for an extended period of time to help mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic has had and may continue to have an adverse effect on our operating results. Any decision by the Federal Open Market Committee in 2022 to increase the federal funds rate could subsequently be modified or reversed depending on future changes in the U.S. economy. • The geographic concentration of our loan portfolio and lending activities in eastern Massachusetts and southern and coastal New Hampshire makes us vulnerable to a downturn in our local economy. • Commercial loans, including those secured by commercial real estate, are generally riskier than other types of loans and constitute a significant portion of our loan and lease portfolio. • If our allowance for loan losses is insufficient to cover actual loan losses, our earnings and capital could decrease. • On January 1, 2022, we adopted a new standard for determining the amount of the allowance for loan losses (commonly referred to as the “CECL standard”). Therefore, our allowance for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2021 may be difficult to evaluate in comparison to our peers that previously adopted the new standard. • Replacement of the LIBOR benchmark interest rate may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations, including by causing us to incur significant expenses in effecting the transition, resulting in reduced loan balances if borrowers do not accept the substitute index or indices, and resulting in disputes or litigation with customers over the appropriateness or comparability to LIBOR of the substitute index or indices. • Technology has lowered barriers to entry in the financial services sector, making it possible for non-banks to offer products and services, such as loans and payment services, that traditionally were banking products, and also making it possible for technology companies to compete with financial institutions in providing electronic, internet-based, and mobile phone-based financial solutions. • We face continuing and growing security risks to our information databases, including information we maintain relating to our customers, as precautions taken by us and our vendors may not be completely effective to prevent unauthorized access, human error, phishing attacks or other forms of social engineering and other events that could impact the security, reliability, confidentiality, integrity and availability of our systems or those of our vendors. • We face significant legal risks, both from regulatory investigations and proceedings and from private actions brought against us. • Operational risk and losses can result from internal and external fraud; errors by employees or third parties; failure to document transactions properly or to obtain proper authorization; failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements and conduct of business rules; equipment failures, including those caused by natural disasters or by 30 electrical, telecommunications or other essential utility outages; business continuity and data security system failures, including those caused by computer viruses, cyber-attacks or unforeseen problems encountered while implementing major new computer systems or upgrades to existing systems; or the inadequacy or failure of systems and controls, including those of our suppliers or counterparties. • Our business is subject to extensive state and federal regulations, which often limit or restrict our activities and may impose material financial requirements or limitations on the conduct of our business. • We are subject to capital and liquidity standards that require banks and bank holding companies to maintain more and higher quality capital and greater liquidity than has historically been the case. • We are subject to numerous laws designed to protect consumers, including the Community Reinvestment Act and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions. • We may incur fines, penalties and other negative consequences from regulatory violations, possibly even inadvertent or unintentional violations. • We may be unable to disclose some restrictions or limitations on our operations imposed by our regulators. • Eastern Insurance Group’s business model, in which it acts as an agent in offering insurance solutions for clients with insurance needs, could become outdated as insurance carriers increasingly offer products directly to consumers. • To the extent that we acquire other companies, our business may be negatively impacted by certain risks inherent with such acquisitions. • In 2021, we adopted a new stock-based benefit plan, which will increase our annual compensation and benefit expenses related to awards granted to participants under such plan. Certain provisions of our articles of organization, as well as state and federal banking laws, may make our stock a less attractive investment compared to the stock of peer companies. • Through October 14, 2023, no person may acquire beneficial ownership of more than 10% of our common stock without prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board and the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks. If any person exceeds this 10% beneficial ownership threshold, shares in excess of 10% will not be counted as shares entitled to vote through October 14, 2023. After that date, any holder of shares in excess of the 10% threshold will be entitled to cast only one one-hundredth (1/100th) of a vote per share for each share in excess of the 10% threshold. • Our articles of organization provide that state and federal courts located in Massachusetts will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our shareholders, which could limit our shareholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees. • The market price of our stock value may be negatively affected by applicable regulations that restrict the level of stock that we may repurchase through October 14, 2023. * * * Risks potentially affecting our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows You should carefully consider the following risk factors that may affect our business, future operating results and financial condition, as well as the other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, before making an investment decision regarding our common stock. The following risks are not the only risks we face. Additional risks that are not presently known or that we presently deem to be immaterial also could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and business. Please refer to the note at the beginning of this section for important caveats related to the following risk factors. Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Associated Economic Slowdown The duration and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022 and beyond, including the potential for resurgences from time to time, as well as the pace of vaccination and testing programs both within and outside of our market area, and the efficacy of any vaccine against new variants of coronavirus are impossible to predict. The type of coronavirus that causes COVID-19 constantly changes through mutation, and new variants of the virus have emerged and will likely continue to emerge over time. Multiple variants of the virus that causes COVID-19 have been documented in the United States, including within our markets, and globally during this pandemic. The U.S. Center for Disease Prevention and Control (the “CDC”) 31 reports that several of these variants seem to spread more easily and quickly than other variants, and these variants may lead to more cases of COVID-19. A surge in the number of cases has, and may in the future, put more strain on health care resources, lead to more hospitalizations, and potentially lead to more deaths. There is also substantial uncertainty regarding the pace of economic recovery and the return of business and consumer confidence if and when the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic lessens. The COVID-19 pandemic, including associated governmental and private sector responses, has had, and we expect will continue to have, a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, as discussed below. The COVID-19 pandemic and governmental and private sector action in response to the COVID-19 pandemic are having a material adverse effect on the global, national and local economies, and on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and it remains premature to predict if or when economic activity will revert to the level that existed before the spread of COVID-19 in our region. Governmental and private sector action in response to the COVID-19 pandemic have generally had the effect in our market of curtailing household and business activity, although such action has not always been coordinated or consistent across jurisdictions and has fluctuated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our market consists primarily of eastern Massachusetts and southern and coastal New Hampshire. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the nature of response by the states in which we operate have, at various times, included issuance and subsequent expiration of a state of emergency and the imposition, relaxation and/or reinstitution of restrictions on business and organizations that do not provide certain essential services. The number of cases in each state have fallen with widespread vaccinations (and booster shots) but risen in connection with the emergence of new variants. Quarantine requirements for those who tested positive for COVID-19 or were exposed to it, imposed by Massachusetts and New Hampshire, have caused staff shortages across our branch footprint, causing us to reduce hours and, at times, close branches, disrupting service for our customers. We are unable to predict how the governmental and private sector action will evolve in 2022 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in our markets. Our commercial and small business borrowers that operate businesses such as hotels, inns, restaurants and retail stores that depend primarily upon customers patronizing their businesses in person have experienced the most significant adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, and we expect these effects to continue. Many individuals, households and businesses have changed their behavior in response to governmental mandates and advisories, sharply restraining certain commercial and social interactions. Our commercial and small business borrowers that operate businesses such as hotels, inns, restaurants and retail stores that depend primarily upon customers patronizing their businesses in person have experienced the most significant adverse effects as a consequence of reduced commercial and social interactions and discretionary spending, and we expect these effects to persist for some or all of 2022 and possibly beyond. To the extent such changed customer behavior continues, our commercial and small business borrowers will continue to experience adverse effects to their businesses. We are unable to predict if or when economic activity for those borrowers will revert to the level that existed before the spread of COVID-19 in our region. In addition, our commercial real estate borrowers with properties whose value is tied to customer patronage may experience significant decreases in their property values. See tabular disclosure of “High Risk Industries” in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected from time to time the level of unemployment in our market, and during periods of elevated unemployment, the Company may experience greater levels of delinquent loans especially among our consumer and small business loans The economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly increased from time to time the level of unemployment in Massachusetts. For example, the unemployment rate reported by the Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics for Massachusetts for May 2020 was 15.3%. Although, the level of unemployment in Massachusetts had declined to 3.9% as of December 31, 2021, unemployment in Massachusetts continues to exceed the pre-pandemic level of 2.9% reported as of December 31, 2019. Customary means to collect non-performing assets may be prohibited or impractical during the COVID-19 pandemic, and there is a risk that collateral securing a non-performing asset may deteriorate if we choose not to, or are unable to, foreclose on collateral on a timely basis. Governments have adopted or may adopt in the future regulations or promulgate executive orders that restrict or limit our ability to take certain actions with respect to delinquent borrowers that we would otherwise take in the ordinary course, such as customary collection and foreclosure procedures. Massachusetts, for example, enacted a law effective April 20, 2020 that temporarily imposed a moratorium on evictions and foreclosures. The law prohibited landlords and lenders from initiating or completing evictions and foreclosures. The law, which expired on October 17, 2020, also required lenders to 32 provide forbearance to mortgage borrowers who submitted a request affirming that they have experienced a financial impact from the COVID-19 pandemic. A federal moratorium established by the CDC went into effect January 31, 2021 and was further extended to August 26, 2021. We are unable to predict whether Massachusetts or the CDC will reinstate the same or similar moratoriums because of a resurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts or the United States, respectively. There is a risk that the collateral securing a nonaccrual loan may deteriorate if we choose not to, or are unable to, foreclose on the collateral on a timely basis during the COVID-19 pandemic. If a large percentage of the collateral securing our nonperforming assets deteriorates, our allowance for loan losses or charges may increase and our financial results may be negatively impacted. As a result of the dramatic decline in cash flow that many of our commercial and commercial real estate borrowers have experienced and may continue to experience as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, many of those borrowers have sought and may continue to seek payment deferments on their indebtedness. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in our market area have significantly reduced the cash flow for many of our commercial and commercial real estate borrowers. As a consequence, many of those borrowers have sought and may continue to seek payment deferments on their indebtedness. Consistent with the public encouragement provided generally by federal and state financial institution regulators after the spread of COVID-19 in the United States, Eastern Bank believes that it has worked constructively with borrowers since March 2020 to negotiate loan modifications or forbearance arrangements that reduce or defer the monthly payments due to Eastern Bank. Generally, these modifications are for three to six months and allow customers to temporarily cease making either principal payments or both interest and principal payments. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding loan modifications for the year ended December 31, 2021. Although many of the borrowers whose loans we modified in 2020 had resumed making timely loan payments as of December 31, 2021, it is possible that some of those borrowers, as well as some of our borrowers whose loans were previously not modified, may seek future modifications as they experience the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The increase in remote and hybrid work arrangements, if continued, could ultimately result in reduced demand for office space in our market, and such reduction in demand could adversely affect both the value of the collateral securing some of our commercial real estate loans and the demand by developers and other borrowers for new commercial real estate loans. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many employers to shift to remote and/or hybrid workforce arrangements in which employees work from their homes instead of going into their employers’ offices. If remote and/or hybrid work patterns continue for an extended period of time or become more widespread, there may be long-term implications for how many businesses successfully operate and, in turn, their need for leased office space may contract. A reduction in the need for office space could result in a reduction in our loan demand and/or in our customers’ ability to repay their loans, which, in turn, may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operation. We cannot predict how hybrid and remote work patterns will evolve in practice and whether demand for office real estate will fall as a result. Commercial real estate loans for office, mixed use office and medical office space represented approximately 8.8% of our loan portfolio at December 31, 2021. Any material reduction in the demand for these categories of commercial office space in our market could adversely affect both the value of the collateral securing a portion of our commercial real estate loans and the demand by developers and other borrowers for new commercial real estate loans, which, in turn, may have a negative impact on our business and financial results. We have experienced and may continue to experience greater than usual credit costs in the future if the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic in our market continues. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused us to experience greater than usual credit costs. For example, for the year ended December 31, 2020, our provision for loan losses increased to $38.8 million, compared to $6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase in our provision for loan losses for 2020, which occurred primarily in the quarter ended March 31, 2020, was driven primarily by our perception of the economic distress being experienced by many of our borrowers due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although our provision for loan loss decreased to a net release of allowance for loan losses of $9.7 million, for the year ended December 31, 2021 due to a reduction in the level of our criticized and classified loans, we may still experience additional credit costs in the future if the economic effect of the continuing COVID-19 pandemic in our market worsens. 33 Although the Federal Open Market Committee may raise the target range for the federal funds rate, our operating results have been, and may in the future be, adversely affected by low target ranges intended to help mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Anticipating the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal Open Market Committee of the Federal Reserve in March 2020 reduced the target range for the federal funds rate to between 0.00% and 0.25%, compared to the previous target of between 1.00% and 1.25%. The range remained at such levels for the remainder of 2020 and all of 2021. Although the Federal Open Market Committee has stated that it may raise the target range for the federal funds rate above the current range, the Company’s operating results have already been adversely impacted by the prolonged period of low rates initiated by the Federal Reserve to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the U.S. economy. If the Federal Open Market Committee determines not to raise the target range for the federal funds rate, or if it raises but then lowers it again, such changes will impact our operating results. Changes in interest rates can have a material effect on many areas of our business, including our net interest income and net interest margin. When interest rates on our interest-earning assets decline at a faster pace than interest rates on our interest-bearing liabilities, our net interest income is adversely affected. Our planning for 2022 assumes increases in the federal funds rate, but changes in economic conditions may preclude the Federal Reserve from raising interest rates or cause them to lower them again. The associated economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic may have other adverse effects on our operating results beyond the year ended December 31, 2021. Other factors that may have an adverse effect on our operating results include: • reduced fee income to the extent we waive certain fees for our customers impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, • possible constraints on liquidity and capital, due to supporting client activities or regulatory actions, • potential losses in our investment securities portfolio due to volatility in the financial markets, and • higher operating costs, increased cybersecurity risks and a potential loss of productivity while we continue to work remotely and must address a higher level of loan modifications and distressed credit management. In addition, because both the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated economic impacts are unprecedented, it may be challenging for management while the COVID-19 pandemic continues to make certain judgments and estimates, such as the current value of commercial real estate collateral, that are material to our Consolidated Financial Statements, given the inherently uncertain operating environment. Remote work performed by our employees due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic may disrupt our operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in our market in March 2020, a substantial majority of our colleagues have performed their work remotely. While we believe that our COVID-19 pandemic response plans and their implementation have helped avoid significant interruptions to our critical services, there can be no assurance that our employees will be able to continue to perform their jobs remotely on an uninterrupted basis, and reliance on such plans could expose our business to other operational risks. For example, while we have taken steps to ensure that our remote-work solutions are reliable and secure, there can be no assurance that these solutions will be used or function as intended, or that they will be completely effective in preventing interruptions in our services or cybersecurity incidents. In addition, there can be no assurance that the third parties that provide and maintain some of these solutions will be able to do so on a sustained and uninterrupted basis. Because we do not control these third parties, we are subject to the limitations, deficiencies, and vulnerabilities of their services, products, and operations. Any compromise, failure, or interruption in the availability of the solutions that support our remote-work operations could directly or indirectly result in cybersecurity incidents, interruptions to our business, and negative effects on our reputation and results of operations. We may experience additional expense and reputational risk arising out of our origination of PPP loans if one or more companies, individuals or regulators allege that we acted unfairly in connection with PPP lending, including by choosing not to process certain PPP applications or in favoring our customers over other eligible PPP borrowers. Through December 31, 2021, we originated approximately 15,500 loans to PPP borrowers, representing in the aggregate $1.7 billion of PPP loans. The vast majority of our PPP borrowers are existing commercial and small business borrowers, non-profit customers, retail banking customers and clients of Eastern Wealth Management and Eastern Insurance Group. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations–Outlook and Trends” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding our PPP loans as of December 31, 2021. 34 Federal and state law enforcement agencies and regulators have stated that investigations or other regulatory proceedings have been opened concerning how participating PPP lenders processed applications and whether certain PPP lenders may have inappropriately or unfairly prioritized certain customers to the detriment of other eligible borrowers. Similarly, there are pending lawsuits against other PPP lenders brought by PPP borrowers alleging that those lenders engaged in inappropriate conduct in connection with the approval and administration of PPP loans, such as improperly prioritizing existing customers when approving PPP loans, restricting loan eligibility and other alleged misconduct. There can be no assurance that we will not be the target of government scrutiny or that one or more private parties will not bring PPP-related claims against us that are similar to those brought against other banks. An important element of our business strategy is to pursue growth in our core business, and it may be challenging for us to grow our core business while the COVID-19 pandemic and associated economic slowdown continue or if the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic continues to be erratic. The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated economic slowdown are unprecedented. We are unable to predict if or when economic activity will revert to the level that existed before the spread of COVID-19 in our region. We also are unable to predict whether our existing and prospective customers will have confidence in assessing when the COVID-19 pandemic will likely abate and the likely pace of any economic recovery. It may be challenging for us to grow our core business while the COVID-19 pandemic continues or if the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic continues to be erratic. If the continuing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic impede our ability to grow our core business, our return on equity may be less than our peer companies, and the market price of our stock may be adversely affected. Risks Related to Our Acquisition Strategy We may fail to realize all of the anticipated benefits of the Century Merger, or those benefits may take longer to realize than expected. We may also encounter significant difficulties in integrating with Century. On November 12, 2021, we acquired Century. The success of the Century Merger, including anticipated benefits and cost savings, will depend, in part, on our ability to successfully integrate Century’s operations in a manner that results in various benefits and that does not materially disrupt existing customer relationships or result in decreased revenues due to loss of customers. The process of integrating operations could result in a loss of key personnel or cause an interruption of, or loss of momentum in, the activities of one or more of the combined company’s businesses. Inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies could adversely affect the combined company. The diversion of management’s attention and any delays or difficulties encountered in connection with the Century Merger and the integration of Century’s operations could have an adverse effect on the business, financial condition, operating results and prospects of the combined company. If we experience difficulties in the integration process, including those listed above, we may fail to realize the anticipated benefits and synergies of the Century Merger in a timely manner or at all. Our future results will suffer if we do not effectively manage our expanded operations following the Century Merger. Following the Century Merger, the size and operational scope of our business has increased significantly beyond its current size and scope. The Century Merger has increased our asset size and will further increase the breadth and complexity of our business with the addition of new business lines in which we have not previously engaged, and exposure to industry sectors, such as higher education, which we have not historically served. The size and scope of our commercial loan and lease portfolio has also increased in size as a result of the Century Merger. The commercial loan portfolio we acquired from Century includes loans that are concentrated in industry sectors (such as higher education and nonprofit organizations) that are relatively new to us. Some such loans are of greater size than the typical size of commercial loans that we have made in recent years. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to manage this expanded business, which poses substantial challenges for our management, including challenges related to the management and monitoring of new operations and associated increased costs and complexity. There can be no assurances that we will be successful in this regard or that we will realize the expected operating efficiencies, cost savings and other benefits currently anticipated from the Century Merger. We may be unsuccessful identifying and competing for acquisitions. We continuously look for acquisition opportunities of banks, financial institutions and insurance agencies that meet our criteria, some of which may be material to our business and financial performance and could involve significant cash expenditures or result in a material increase in the number of shares of our common stock that are outstanding. We face competition from other financial services institutions, some of which may have greater financial resources than us, when considering acquisition opportunities. Accordingly, attractive opportunities may not be available to us, and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in identifying, completing or integrating future acquisitions. We may not be able to acquire 35 other institutions on acceptable terms. The ability to grow may be limited if we are unable to successfully make acquisitions in the future. To the extent that we acquire other companies, our business may be negatively impacted by certain risks inherent with such acquisitions. We have acquired and will continue to consider the acquisition of other financial services companies. A significant component of our business strategy is to grow through acquisitions of other financial institutions, including banks and insurance agencies, or business lines as opportunities arise. Although we have been successful with this strategy in the past, we may not be able to grow our business in the future through acquisitions for a number of reasons, including: • Competition with other prospective buyers resulting in our inability to complete an acquisition or in our paying a substantial premium over the fair value of the net assets of the acquired business; • Inability to obtain regulatory approvals; • Potential difficulties and/or unexpected expenses relating to the integration of the operations, technologies, products and the key employees of the acquired business, resulting in the diversion of resources from the operation of our existing business; • Acquisitions of new lines of business may present risks that are different in kind or degree compared to those that we are accustomed to managing, requiring us to implement new or enhance existing procedures and controls and diverting resources from the operation of our existing business; • Inability to maintain existing customers of the acquired business or to sell the products and services of the acquired business to our existing customers; • Inability to retain key management of the acquired business; • Assumption of or potential exposure to significant liabilities of the acquired business, some of which may be unknown or contingent at the time of acquisition, including, without limitation, liabilities for regulatory and compliance issues; • Exposure to potential asset quality issues of the acquired business; • Failure to mitigate deposit erosion or loan quality deterioration at the acquired business; • Potential changes in banking or tax laws or regulations that may affect the acquired business; • Inability to improve the revenues and profitability or realize the cost savings and synergies expected of the acquired business; • Potential future impairment of the value of goodwill and intangible assets acquired; and • Identification of internal control deficiencies of the acquired business. All of these and other potential risks may serve as a diversion of our management’s attention from other business concerns, and any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business. Acquisitions typically involve the payment of a premium over book and market values, and therefore, some dilution of our tangible book value and net income per share may occur in connection with any future transaction. The consummation of a merger will be contingent upon the satisfaction of a number of conditions, including regulatory approvals, that may be outside of our control and that we and our merger partner may be unable to satisfy or obtain or which may delay the consummation of such merger or result in the imposition of conditions that could reduce the anticipated benefits from the merger or cause the parties to abandon the merger. The consummation of a merger is contingent upon the satisfaction of a number of conditions, some of which are beyond our control and that of a merger partner, including, among others, the receipt of required regulatory approvals and approval of shareholders. These conditions to the closing of a merger may not be fulfilled in a timely manner or at all, and, accordingly, a prospective merger may be delayed substantially or may not be completed. In addition, the parties to the merger agreement will likely have the contractual right to decide to terminate a merger agreement at any time, or in certain other circumstances, either mutually or individually. As a condition to granting required regulatory approvals, governmental entities may impose conditions, limitations or costs, require divestitures or place restrictions on our conduct after the closing of a merger. Such conditions or changes and the process of obtaining regulatory approvals could, among other things, have the effect of delaying completion of 36 a merger or of imposing additional costs or limitations on us following a merger, any of which may have an adverse effect on us following such merger. The degree of scrutiny that bank regulators give to bank mergers can change from time to time. For example, in July 2021, President Biden issued an Executive Order encouraging the Department of Justice, in consultation with the federal bank regulators, to review current merger practices and adopt a plan for the “revitalization of merger oversight” to provide more extensive scrutiny of bank mergers. The Department of Justice’s Antitrust Division announced in December 2021 that it is seeking additional public comments on whether and how the Antitrust Division should revise the 1995 Bank Merger Competitive Review Guidelines. We are unable to predict whether any revision to the 1995 Guidelines, or any other change bank regulators may adopt, will have a material adverse effect on our ability to acquire or merge with banking companies in our market area. Our acquisitions of assets from insurance agencies may not perform in accordance with our expectations. Eastern Insurance Group routinely acquires insurance agencies in existing and adjacent markets. We identify potential acquisition targets based on records of their historical, and our projections of their future, revenue performance. These transactions are often structured as asset purchases through which we acquire certain assets and rights of the target, including the target’s business relationships with its own customers, as well as the target’s sales producers, working to ensure both the target’s customers and sales producers remain with Eastern Insurance Group. Several factors could negatively affect the results of this type of acquisition, including, but not limited to: difficulties and delays in integrating the customers or business, or onboarding the sales producers, of the target; our inability to sustain revenue and earnings growth or to fully realize revenue or expense synergies or the other expected benefits of the acquisition; the inability to implement integration plans and other consequences associated with acquisitions; the choice by customers of the target or its sales producers not to keep their respective business relationships with Eastern; and effects of competition in the financial services industry, including competitors’ success in recruiting away the target’s sales producers. We can provide no assurances that the customers or sales producers of any particular acquisition target will join or remain at Eastern Insurance Group. Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry Generally Changes in interest rates may have an adverse effect on our profitability. Net interest income historically has been, and we anticipate that it will remain, a significant component of our total revenue. This is due to the fact that a high percentage of our assets and liabilities have been and will continue to be in the form of interest-bearing or interest-related instruments. Changes in interest rates can have a material effect on many areas of our business, including net interest income, deposit costs, and loan volume and delinquency. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions and policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies and, in particular, the Federal Open Market Committee. Changes in monetary policy, including changes in interest rates, could influence not only the interest we receive on loans and securities and the amount of interest we pay on deposits and borrowings, but such changes could also affect our ability to originate loans and obtain deposits and the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities. If the interest rates on our interest-bearing liabilities increase at a faster pace than the interest rates on our interest earning assets, our net interest income may decline and, with it, a decline in our earnings may occur. Our net interest income and our earnings would be similarly affected if the interest rates on our interest earning assets declined at a faster pace than the interest rates on our interest-bearing liabilities. The target range for the federal funds rates has been 0.00% to 0.25% since March 2020. Although the Federal Open Market Committee has indicated that it may raise interest rates in 2022, any decision by the Federal Open Market Committee to increase interest rates could subsequently be modified or reversed depending on future changes in the U.S. economy. Interest rate changes may impact our ability to attract deposits and to generate attractive earnings through our loan and investment portfolio. We are unable to control or predict with certainty changes in market interest rates. Global, national, regional and local economic conditions, the effects of a widespread outbreak of disease pandemics such as COVID-19, competitive pressures and the policies of regulatory authorities, including monetary policies of the Federal Reserve Board, affect interest income and interest expense. Although we have policies and procedures designed to manage the risks associated with changes in market interest rates, changes in interest rates still may have an adverse effect on our profitability. If our ongoing assumptions regarding borrower or depositor behavior or overall economic conditions are significantly different than we anticipate, then our risk mitigation may be insufficient to protect against interest rate risk and our net income would be adversely affected. If our allowance for loan losses is insufficient to cover loan losses, our earnings and capital could decrease. At December 31, 2021, our allowance for loan losses was $97.8 million, or 0.82% of total loans (excluding PPP loans but reflecting the impact of our Century acquisition), compared to $113.0 million, or 1.30% of total loans (excluding PPP 37 loans), at December 31, 2020. We make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of our loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of our borrowers and the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral for many of our loans. In determining the amount of the allowance for loan losses, we review our loans, loss and delinquency experience, and commercial and commercial real estate peer data and we evaluate other factors including, among other things, current economic conditions. If our assumptions are incorrect, or if delinquencies or non-performing loans increase, our allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to cover losses inherent in our loan portfolio, which would require additions to our allowance, which could materially decrease our net income. In addition, our federal and state regulators, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review our allowance for loan losses and may require us to increase the allowance by recognizing additional provisions for loan losses charged to income, or to charge-off loans, which, net of any recoveries, would decrease the allowance for loan losses. Any such additional provision for loan losses or net increase in charge-offs could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We increased our allowance for loan losses as a result of our adoption as of January 1, 2022 of the new accounting standard for determining the amount of the allowance for loan losses and may be required to do so again in the future. Effective January 1, 2022, we adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13 (“Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”), commonly referred to as the “CECL standard.” We adopted this standard later than our peers, and as a result, our loan loss allowance may be difficult to evaluate in comparison to our peers. The CECL credit loss model represents a significant change from our past methodology because it requires the allowance for loan losses to be calculated based on current expected credit losses rather than losses inherent in the portfolio as of a point in time. CECL requires an allowance to be created upon the origination or acquisition of a financial asset measured at amortized cost. We expect an initial increase in our allowance for loan losses at the time of CECL adoption in the range of $25.0 million to $30.0 million. For discussion of factors that we anticipate will contribute to our expected increase to our allowance for loan losses under the CECL standard, see the “CECL Adoption” section within “Management’s Discussion and Analysis — Outlook and Trends” In Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We also expect that CECL will require us to greatly increase the data we need to collect and review to determine the appropriate level of our allowance for loan losses. Under CECL, the allowance for credit loss is an estimate of the expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost, which is measured using relevant information about past events, including historical credit loss experience on financial assets with similar risk characteristics, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the remaining cash flows over the contractual term of the financial assets. Changes in economic forecasts, loan portfolio composition and credit quality, changes in model assumptions and other factors will influence the CECL standard outcomes and the resulting calculation of our allowance for loan losses. Any increase in our allowance for loan losses, or expenses incurred to determine the appropriate level of our allowance for loan losses, could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our loan loss allowance at December 31, 2021 may be difficult to evaluate in comparison to our peers. We adopted the CECL standard as of January 1, 2022, which is later than many of our peers that are publicly traded, and therefore, our loan loss allowance at December 31, 2021 may be difficult to evaluate in comparison to many of those peers. The geographic concentration of our loan portfolio and lending activities makes us vulnerable to a downturn in the local economy. We primarily serve individuals, businesses and municipalities located in eastern and central Massachusetts, including the greater Boston metropolitan area, southern New Hampshire, including its coastal region, and northern Rhode Island. At December 31, 2021, approximately $8.2 billion, or 95.0% of our total loans secured by real estate, were secured by real estate located in this market area. Therefore, our success is largely dependent on the economic conditions, including employment levels, population growth, income levels, savings trends and government policies, in this market area. Weaker economic conditions caused by recessions, unemployment, inflation, a decline in real estate values or other factors beyond our control may adversely affect the ability of our borrowers to service their debt obligations and could result in higher loan and lease losses and lower net income for us. Although there is not a single employer or industry in our market area on which a significant number of our customers are dependent, a substantial portion of our loan portfolio is composed of loans secured by real estate property located in the greater Boston metropolitan area. This makes us vulnerable to a downturn in the local economy and real estate markets. Decreases in local real estate values caused by economic conditions or other events could adversely affect the value of the property used as collateral for our loans, which could cause us to realize a loss in the event of a foreclosure. 38 A worsening of business and economic conditions generally or specifically in the principal markets in which we conduct business could have adverse effects on our business, including the following: • A decrease in the demand for, or the availability of, loans and other products and services offered by us; • A decrease in the value of our loans held for sale or other assets secured by residential or commercial real estate; • An impairment of certain intangible assets, such as goodwill; • A decrease in interest income from variable rate loans due to declines in interest rates; and • An increase in the number of clients and counterparties who become delinquent, file for protection under bankruptcy laws or default on their loans or other obligations to us, which could result in a higher level of non-performing assets, net charge-offs, provisions for loan losses, and valuation adjustments on loans held for sale. Moreover, a significant decline in general economic conditions, caused by inflation, recession, acts of terrorism, an outbreak of hostilities or other international or domestic calamities, unemployment, public health crises or other factors beyond our control could further impact these local economic conditions and could further negatively affect the financial results of our banking operations. In addition, deflationary pressures, if present, while possibly lowering our operating costs, could have a significant negative effect on our borrowers, especially our business borrowers, and the values of underlying collateral securing loans, which could negatively affect our financial performance. In the event of severely adverse business and economic conditions generally or specifically in the principal markets in which we conduct business, there can be no assurance that the federal government and the Federal Reserve Board would intervene. If economic conditions worsen or volatility increases, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. For more information about our market area, please see the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Business.” We are a community bank and our ability to manage reputational risk is critical to attracting and maintaining customers, investors and employees and to the success of our business, and the failure to do so may materially adversely affect our performance. We are a community bank and our reputation is one of the most valuable components of our business. A key component of our business strategy is to rely on our reputation for customer service and knowledge of local markets to expand our presence by capturing new business opportunities from existing and prospective customers in our market area. As a community bank, we strive to conduct our business in a manner that enhances our reputation. This is done, in part, by recruiting, hiring and retaining employees who share our core values of being an integral part of the communities we serve, delivering superior service to our customers and caring about our customers and associates. If our reputation is negatively affected by the actions of our employees, by our inability to conduct our operations in a manner that is appealing to current or prospective customers, or by events beyond our control, our business and operating results may be adversely affected. Threats to our reputation can come from many sources, including adverse sentiment about financial institutions generally, the perception of unethical practices, employee misconduct, failure to deliver minimum standards of service or quality, compliance deficiencies, cybersecurity breaches and questionable or fraudulent activities of our customers. We have policies and procedures in place to protect our reputation and promote ethical conduct, but these policies and procedures may not be fully effective. Negative publicity regarding our business, employees, or customers, with or without merit, may result in the loss of customers and employees, costly litigation and increased governmental regulation, all of which could adversely affect our operating results. We face continuing and growing security risks to our information data bases, including information we maintain relating to our customers. We are subject to certain operational risks, including data processing system failures and errors, inadequate or failed internal processes, customer or employee fraud and catastrophic failures resulting from terrorist acts or natural disasters. In the ordinary course of business, we rely on electronic communications and information systems to conduct our business and to store sensitive data, including financial information regarding customers. Our electronic communications and information systems infrastructure, as well as the systems infrastructures of the vendors we use to meet our data processing and communication needs, are inherently vulnerable to unauthorized access, human error, computer viruses, denial-of-service attacks, malicious code, spam attacks, phishing, ransomware or other forms of social engineering and other events that could impact the security, reliability, confidentiality, integrity and availability of our systems or those of our vendors. Financial services institutions and companies engaged in data processing have reported breaches in the security of their websites or other systems, some of which have involved sophisticated and targeted attacks intended to obtain unauthorized access to confidential information, destroy data, disable or degrade service or sabotage systems, often through the introduction of computer viruses or malware, cyber-attacks and other means. Denial of service attacks have been launched against a number of large financial services institutions. Hacking and identity theft risks, in particular, could cause serious reputational harm. Cyber threats are 39 rapidly evolving, and we may not be able to anticipate or prevent all such attacks. Although to date we have not experienced any material losses relating to cyber-attacks or other information security breaches, there can be no assurance that we will not suffer such losses in the future. No matter how well designed or implemented our controls are, we will not be able to anticipate all security breaches of these types, and we may not be able to implement effective preventive measures against such security breaches in a timely manner. A failure or circumvention of our security systems could have a material adverse effect on our business operations and financial condition. We regularly assess and test our security systems and disaster preparedness, including back-up systems, but the risks are substantially escalating. We are not able to fully protect against these events given the rapid evolution of new vulnerabilities, the complex and distributed nature of our systems, our interdependence on the systems of other companies and the increased sophistication of potential attack vectors and methods against our systems. As a result, cybersecurity and the continued enhancement of our controls and processes to protect our systems, data and networks from attacks, unauthorized access or significant damage remain a priority. Accordingly, we may be required to expend additional resources to enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities or exposures. Any breach of our system security could result in disruption of our operations, unauthorized access to confidential customer information, significant regulatory costs, such as enforcement actions and/or the imposition of civil money penalties, litigation exposure and other possible damages, loss or liability. Such costs or losses could exceed the amount of available insurance coverage, if any, and would adversely affect our earnings. Also, any failure to prevent a security breach or to quickly and effectively deal with such a breach could cause reputational harm, negatively impact customer confidence, undermine our ability to attract and keep customers, and possibly result in regulatory sanctions. We rely on third-party vendors, which could expose us to additional cybersecurity risks. Third-party vendors provide key components of our business infrastructure, including certain data processing and information services. Third parties may transmit confidential, propriety information on our behalf. Although we require third-party providers to maintain certain levels of information security, such providers may remain vulnerable to operational and technology vulnerabilities, including cyber-attacks, security breaches, unauthorized access, breaches, fraud, phishing attacks, misuse, computer viruses, or other malicious attacks, which could result in unauthorized access, misuse, loss or destruction of data, an interruption in service or other similar events that may impact our business. Although we may contractually limit liability in connection with attacks against third-party providers, we remain exposed to the risk of loss associated with such vendors. In addition, a number of our vendors are large national entities with dominant market presence in their respective fields. Their services could prove difficult to replace in a timely manner if a failure or other service interruption were to occur. We cannot predict the costs or time that would be required to find an alternative service provider. Failures of certain vendors to provide contracted services could adversely affect our ability to deliver products and services to customers and cause us to incur significant expenses. Industry competition may adversely affect our degree of success. Our profitability depends on our ability to compete successfully. We operate in a highly competitive industry that could become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes, as well as continued industry consolidation. This consolidation may produce larger, better capitalized and more geographically diverse companies that are capable of offering a wider array of financial products and services at more competitive prices. For example, there have been a number of recently completed or announced mergers of financial institutions within our market areas. These mergers, if completed, will allow the merged financial institutions to benefit from cost savings and shared resources. In our market areas, we face competition from other commercial banks, savings and loan associations, tax-exempt credit unions, financial technology companies (“fintechs”), internet banks, finance companies, mutual funds, insurance companies, brokerage and investment banking firms, mortgage companies and other financial intermediaries that offer similar services. Some of our non-bank competitors are not subject to the same extensive regulations we are and, therefore, may have greater flexibility or lower costs in competing for business. Our ability to compete successfully depends on a number of additional factors, including customer convenience, quality of service, personal contacts, pricing and range of products. If we are unable to successfully compete for new customers and to retain our current customers, our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected, perhaps materially. In particular, if we experience an outflow of deposits as a result of our customers seeking investments with higher yields or greater financial stability, we may be forced to rely more heavily on borrowings and other sources of funding to operate our business and meet withdrawal demands, thereby adversely affecting our net interest margin and financial performance. In addition, we may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. As a result, our ability to effectively compete to retain or acquire new business may be impaired, and our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected. 40 Technology has lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for non-banks to offer products and services, such as loans and payment services, that traditionally were banking products, and made it possible for technology companies to compete with financial institutions in providing electronic, internet-based, and mobile phone-based financial solutions. Competition with non-banks, including technology companies, to provide financial products and services is intensifying. In particular, the activity of fintechs has grown significantly over recent years and is expected to continue to grow. Fintechs have and may continue to offer bank or bank-like products. For example, a number of fintechs have applied for commercial bank or industrial loan company charters or are actively seeking to acquire commercial banks or industrial loan companies. The federal and state bank regulatory agencies have demonstrated a willingness to charter non-traditional bank charter applicants, such as fintechs, which increases competition in the industry. In addition, other fintechs have partnered with existing banks to allow them to offer deposit products to their customers under current and proposed interagency guidelines on third party relationships. Regulatory changes, such as the recent revisions to the FDIC’s rules on brokered deposits intended to reflect recent technological changes and innovations, may also make it easier for fintechs to partner with banks and offer deposit products. In addition to fintechs, the large technology companies have begun to make efforts toward providing financial services directly to their customers and are expected to continue to explore new ways to do so. Many of these companies, including our competitors, have fewer regulatory constraints, and some have lower cost structures, in part due to lack of physical locations and regulatory compliance costs. Some of these companies also have greater resources to invest in technological improvements than we currently have. In addition to external competition, the financial services industry, including the banking sector, is continually undergoing rapid technological change with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. In addition, new, unexpected technological changes could have a disruptive effect on the way banks offer products and services. We believe our success depends, to a great extent, on our ability to use technology to offer products and services that provide convenience to customers and to create additional efficiencies in our operations. However, we may not be able to, among other things, keep up with the rapid pace of technological changes, effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. As a result, our ability to compete effectively to attract or retain new business may be impaired, and our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected. We may not be able to successfully execute our strategic plan or achieve our performance targets. An important goal of our strategic plan is expanding our profitable loan and deposit market share through both organic growth and opportunistic strategic transactions. (For a more complete discussion of our strategic plan, please see the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Business.”) It is possible that one or more factors, including factors outside of our control, may hinder or prevent us from achieving our growth objectives. Our key assumptions include: • that we will be able to attract and retain the requisite number of skilled and qualified personnel required to increase our loan origination volume, especially in our commercial banking portfolios. The marketplace for skilled personnel is competitive, which means hiring, training and retaining skilled personnel is costly and challenging and we may not be able to increase the number of our loan professionals sufficiently to achieve our loan origination targets successfully; • that we will be able to fund asset growth by growing deposits with our overall cost of funds at a rate consistent with our expectations; • that we will be able to successfully identify and purchase high-quality interest-earning assets that perform over time in accordance with our expectations; and • that there will be no material change in competitive dynamics, including as a result of our seeking to increase market share. As discussed above, we operate in a highly competitive industry and any change in our ability to retain deposits or attract new customers in line with our current expectations would adversely affect our ability to grow our revenue. If one or more of our assumptions prove incorrect, we may not be able to successfully execute our strategic plan, we may never achieve our indicative performance targets and any shortfall may be material. Our business strategy includes projected growth in our core businesses, and our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively. We expect to continue to experience growth in the amount of our assets, the level of our deposits and the scale of our operations. Achieving our growth targets requires us to attract customers that currently bank at other financial institutions in our market, thereby increasing our share of the market. Our ability to successfully grow will depend on a variety of factors, including our customers’ ability to meet their obligations to us, our ability to attract and retain experienced bankers and 41 insurance agents, the continued availability of desirable business opportunities, the competitive responses from other financial institutions in our market areas and our ability to manage our growth. Growth opportunities may not be available, or we may not be able to manage our growth successfully. If we do not manage our growth effectively, our financial condition and operating results could be negatively affected. We could fail to attract, retain or motivate highly skilled and qualified personnel, including our senior management, other key employees or members of our Board, which could impair our ability to successfully execute our strategic plan and otherwise adversely affect our business. A cornerstone of our strategic plan involves retaining as well as hiring highly skilled and qualified personnel. Accordingly, our ability to implement our strategic plan and our future success depends on our ability to attract, retain and motivate highly skilled and qualified personnel, including our senior management and other key employees and directors. The disruption of the labor market caused by COVID-19 has created additional uncertainty with respect to our current and future workforce. The failure to attract or retain, including as a result of an untimely death or illness of key personnel, or ability to replace a sufficient number of appropriately skilled and key personnel, could place us at a significant competitive disadvantage and prevent us from successfully implementing our strategy, which could impair our ability to implement our strategic plan successfully, achieve our performance targets and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Limitations on the manner in which regulated financial institutions, such as us, can compensate their officers and employees, including those contained in pending rule proposals implementing requirements of Section 956 of the Dodd-Frank Act, may make it more difficult for such institutions to compete for talent with financial institutions and other companies not subject to these or similar limitations. If we are unable to compete effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected, perhaps materially. The fair value of Eastern Bank’s investments could decline. Most of Eastern Bank’s investment securities portfolio is designated as available-for-sale. Accordingly, unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, in the estimated fair value of the available-for-sale portfolio is recorded as other comprehensive income, a separate component of shareholders’ equity. The fair value of Eastern Bank’s investment portfolio may decline, causing a corresponding decline in shareholders’ equity. Management believes that several factors will affect the fair values of the investment portfolio, including, but not limited to, changes in interest rates or expectations of changes, the degree of volatility in the securities markets, inflation rates or expectations of inflation and the slope of the interest rate yield curve. These and other factors may impact specific categories of the portfolio differently and the effect any of these factors may have on any specific category of the portfolio cannot be predicted. In addition, unrealized losses on investment securities may result from changes in credit spreads and liquidity issues in the marketplace, along with changes in the credit profile of individual securities issuers. Under Generally Accepting Accounting Principles (“GAAP”), we are required to review our investment portfolio periodically for the presence of other-than-temporary impairment of our securities, taking into consideration current market conditions, the extent and nature of changes in fair value, issuer rating changes and trends, volatility of earnings, current analysts’ evaluations, our ability and intent to hold investments until a recovery of fair value, as well as other factors. Adverse developments with respect to one or more of the foregoing factors may require us to deem particular securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired, with the credit-related portion of the reduction in the value recognized as a charge to our earnings. Subsequent valuations, in light of factors prevailing at that time, may result in significant changes in the values of these securities in future periods. Any of these factors could require us to recognize further impairments in the value of our securities portfolio, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations in future periods. Commercial loans, including those secured by commercial real estate, are generally riskier than other types of loans and constitute a significant portion of our loan and lease portfolio. Our commercial loan and lease portfolio, including those secured by commercial real estate but excluding PPP, comprised $8.7 billion, or 73.0% of our total loans at December 31, 2021 (excluding PPP loans). Commercial loans generally carry larger balances and involve a higher risk of nonpayment or late payment than residential mortgage loans. Most of the commercial loans are secured by borrower business assets such as accounts receivable, inventory, equipment and other fixed assets. Compared to real estate, these types of collateral are more difficult to monitor, harder to value, may depreciate more rapidly and may not be as readily saleable if repossessed. Repayment of commercial and industrial loans is largely dependent on the business and financial condition of borrowers. Business cash flows are dependent on the demand for the products and services offered by the borrower’s business. Such demand may be reduced when economic conditions are weak or when the products and services offered are viewed as less valuable than those offered by competitors. In addition, some of our commercial real estate loans are not fully amortizing and contain large balloon payments upon maturity. These balloon 42 payments may require the borrower to either sell or refinance the underlying property in order to make the balloon payment, which may increase the risk of default or non-payment. In addition, because of the risks associated with commercial loans, and especially as a result of the economic stress in our market due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we may experience higher rates of default than if the portfolio were more heavily weighted toward residential mortgage loans. Higher rates of default could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Further, if we foreclose on commercial collateral, our holding period for the collateral may be longer than for one- to four-family residential real estate loans because there are fewer potential purchasers of the collateral, which can result in substantial holding costs. In addition, vacancies, deferred maintenance, repairs and market stigma can result in prospective buyers expecting sale price concessions to offset their real or perceived economic losses for the time it takes them to return the property to profitability. We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with lending activities. A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate, and we could become subject to environmental liabilities with respect to one or more of these properties. At December 31, 2021, $8.7 billion, or 72.7% of our total loans (excluding PPP loans), comprised loans secured by real estate. During the ordinary course of business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing defaulted loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If so, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage, civil fines and criminal penalties regardless of when the hazardous conditions or toxic substances first affected the property. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses to address unknown liabilities and may materially reduce the affected property’s value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability, and we may not have adequate remedies against the prior owner or other responsible parties and could find it difficult or impossible to sell the affected properties. Although we have policies and procedures to perform an environmental review before initiating any foreclosure action on nonresidential real property, these reviews may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Our business may be adversely affected by credit risks associated with residential property. At December 31, 2021, loans secured by one- to four-family residential real estate were $3.2 billion, or 26.9% of total loans (excluding PPP loans). Loans secured by one- to four-family residential real estate include residential real estate mortgages, home equity loans and lines and investment real estate loans secured by one- to four-family residential properties. At December 31, 2021,$180.0 million of one- to four-family residential real estate loans were part of the commercial loan portfolio. One- to four-family residential mortgage lending, whether owner occupied or non-owner occupied, is generally sensitive to regional and local economic conditions that significantly impact the ability of borrowers to meet their loan payment obligations. Declines in real estate values could cause some of our residential mortgages to be inadequately collateralized, which would expose us to a greater risk of loss if we seek to recover on defaulted loans by selling the real estate collateral. Residential loans with combined higher loan-to-value ratios are more sensitive to declining property values than those with lower combined loan-to-value ratios and, therefore, may experience a higher incidence of default and severity of losses. In addition, if the borrowers sell their homes, they may be unable to repay their loans in full from the sale proceeds. For those home equity loans and lines of credit secured by a second mortgage, it is unlikely that we will be successful in recovering all or a portion of our loan proceeds in the event of default unless we are prepared to repay the first mortgage loan and such repayment and the costs associated with a foreclosure are justified by the value of the property. For these reasons, we may experience higher rates of delinquencies, default and losses on our home equity loans, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. A portion of our loan portfolio consists of loan participations, which may have a higher risk of loss than loans we originate because we are not the lead lender and we have limited control over credit monitoring. We routinely purchase loan participations. Although we underwrite these loan participations consistent with our general underwriting criteria, loan participations may have a higher risk of loss than loans we originate because we rely on the lead lender to disclose relevant financial information on a timely basis. Moreover, our decision regarding the classification of a loan participation and loan loss provisions associated with a loan participation is made in part based upon information provided by the lead lender. A lead lender also may not monitor a participation loan in the same manner as we would for loans that we originate. At December 31, 2021, we held loan participation interests in commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, commercial construction and business banking loans totaling $1.1 billion. 43 Changes to and replacement of LIBOR may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We have certain floating rate loans for which the interest rate is calculated based upon one of various indices commonly known as the London Interbank Offered Rate applicable to loans denominated in U.S. dollars (“USD LIBOR”). We have entered into interest rate swap arrangements with customers that are indexed to USD LIBOR. USD LIBOR is a series of interest rates published on a daily basis for varying lengths of time known as tenors (e.g., 30, 60, 90 days, etc.) and is intended to reflect banks’ average cost of wholesale unsecured borrowing. Each day, a panel of approximately 16 large, internationally active banks submit their estimates of the cost to borrow U.S. dollars for each tenor. The upper and lower quartiles are removed, then the remaining estimates are averaged to determine USD LIBOR on that date for each tenor. In 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), a regulator of financial services firms and financial markets in the United Kingdom, stated that it plans to phase out of regulatory oversight of USD LIBOR (and other LIBOR indices) by no longer compelling panel banks to submit estimated borrowing costs. The FCA has indicated that it will support the USD LIBOR indices generally only through 2021 and, with respect to certain USD LIBOR indices, only through June 2023, to allow for an orderly transition to alternative reference rates. This announcement indicates that the continuation of USD LIBOR on the current basis cannot and will not be generally guaranteed after 2021 or, with respect to certain USD LIBOR indices, after June 2023. Consequently, at this time, it is not possible to predict whether and to what extent banks will continue to provide submissions for the calculation of USD LIBOR. Similarly, it is not possible to predict whether USD LIBOR will continue to be viewed as an acceptable market benchmark, what rate or rates may become accepted alternatives to USD LIBOR or what the effect of any such changes in views or alternatives may be on the markets for USD LIBOR-indexed financial instruments. In June 2017, the Alternative Reference Rates Committee (the “ARRC”) convened by the Federal Reserve Board and Federal Reserve Bank of New York designated the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as its recommended alternative to USD LIBOR. Because SOFR is a broad U.S. Treasury repo financing rate applicable to overnight secured funding transactions, it differs fundamentally from USD LIBOR, which is an unsecured rate for the various prospective tenors. The Federal Reserve Board has announced that adjustments to SOFR will therefore be required to maintain economic equivalency with USD LIBOR. According to the Federal Reserve Board, these adjustments will be based on the median of the historical differences between LIBOR and SOFR over a 5-year period preceding the transition away from USD LIBOR. SOFR, as adjusted, is not intended to identically match USD LIBOR. The two rates will be calculated based on different data and different methodologies. It is possible therefore that differences between USD LIBOR and SOFR, as adjusted, may result in changes to the mark-to-market value of each affected transaction. At this time, it is not possible to determine if the use of SOFR, as adjusted, will result in yields that are materially different from the existing USD LIBOR-based yields on our loans and interest rate swap arrangements. Federal banking agencies are encouraging banks to determine appropriate reference rates for lending activities and to begin transitioning loans and other financial instruments away from USD LIBOR without delay. Regulators, industry groups and the ARRC have published recommended fallback language for USD LIBOR-linked financial instruments, identified recommended alternatives for USD LIBOR (e.g., SOFR, as adjusted) and proposed implementation of the recommended alternatives in financial instruments indexed to USD LIBOR. At this time, however, it is not possible to predict whether these recommendations and proposals will be broadly accepted, whether they will continue to evolve and what the effect of their implementation may be on the markets for financial instruments indexed to USD LIBOR. The language in our USD LIBOR-based contracts and financial instruments has developed over time and generally has various events that trigger replacement of USD LIBOR with an alternative index. If a triggering event occurs, contracts and financial instruments may give us discretion to select the substitute index. The implementation of a substitute index for the calculation of interest rates under our loan agreements with our customers may result in our incurring significant expenses in effecting the transition, may result in reduced loan balances if customers do not accept the substitute index or indices, and may result in disputes or litigation with customers over the appropriateness or comparability of the substitute index to USD LIBOR, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. In addition, uncertainty as to the nature of such changes may adversely affect the market for or value of USD LIBOR-based loans, derivatives, investment securities and other financial obligations held by or due to Eastern Bank and could adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations. Hedging against interest rate exposure may adversely affect our earnings. We employ techniques that limit, or “hedge,” the adverse effects of changing interest rates on our loan portfolios. We also engage in hedging strategies with respect to arrangements where our customers swap floating interest rate obligations for fixed interest rate obligations, or vice versa. Our hedging activity varies based on the level and volatility of interest rates and other changing market conditions. These techniques may include purchasing or selling futures contracts, purchasing put and call options on securities or securities underlying futures contracts, or entering into other mortgage-backed derivatives. There are, however, no perfect hedging strategies, and interest rate hedging may fail to protect us from loss. Moreover, hedging activities 44 could result in losses if the event against which we hedge does not occur. Additionally, interest rate hedging could fail to protect us or adversely affect us because, among other things: • available interest rate hedging may not correspond directly with the interest rate risk for which protection is sought, including, for example, an interest rated based upon adjusted SOFR, as discussed above; • the duration of the hedge may not match the duration of the related liability; • the party owing money in the hedging transaction may default on its obligation to pay; • the credit quality of the party owing money on the hedge may be downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction; • the value of derivatives used for hedging may be adjusted from time to time in accordance with accounting rules to reflect changes in fair value; and/or • downward adjustments, or “mark-to-market” losses, would reduce our shareholders’ equity. New lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risks. From time to time, we may implement new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. In addition, we will continue to make investments in research, development, and marketing for new products and services. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new products and services we may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the development and introduction of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved, and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. Furthermore, if customers do not perceive our new offerings as providing significant value, they may fail to accept our new products and services. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new product or service. Furthermore, the burden on management and our information technology of introducing any new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may be required to write down goodwill and other acquisition-related identifiable intangible assets. When we acquire a business, a portion of the purchase price of the acquisition may be allocated to goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired determines the amount of the purchase price that is allocated to goodwill acquired. As of December 31, 2021, goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets were $649.7 million. Under current accounting guidance, if we determine that goodwill or intangible assets are impaired, we would be required to write down the value of these assets. We conduct an annual review to determine whether goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets are impaired. We conduct a quarterly review for indicators of impairment of goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets. Our management recently completed these reviews and concluded that no impairment charge was necessary for the year ended December 31, 2021. We cannot provide assurance whether we will be required to take an impairment charge in the future. Any impairment charge would have a negative effect on our shareholders’ equity and financial results and may cause a decline in our stock price. We may need to raise additional capital in the future, but that capital may not be available when it is needed, or the cost of that capital may be very high. We are required by our regulators to maintain adequate levels of capital to support our operations, which may result in our need to raise additional capital to support continued growth. Our ability to raise additional capital, if needed, will depend on conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside our control, and on our financial condition and performance. Accordingly, we may not be able to raise additional capital if needed on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If we cannot raise additional capital when needed, our operations could be materially impaired, and our financial condition and liquidity could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if we are unable to raise additional capital when required by the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks, FDIC and/or the Federal Reserve Board, we may be subject to adverse regulatory action. If we raise capital through the issuance of additional of common stock or other securities, it would dilute the ownership interests of existing shareholders and may dilute the per share value of our common stock. New investors may also have rights, preferences and privileges senior to our current shareholders. 45 We face significant legal risks, both from regulatory investigations and proceedings and from private actions brought against us. From time to time we are named as a defendant or are otherwise involved in various legal proceedings, including class actions and other litigation or disputes with third parties. There is no assurance that litigation with private parties will not increase in the future. Actions against us may result in judgments, settlements, fines, penalties or other results adverse to us, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations, or cause serious reputational harm to us. As a participant in the financial services industry, it is likely that we could continue to experience a high level of litigation related to our businesses and operations. There could be substantial cost and management diversion in such litigation and proceedings, and any adverse determination could have a materially adverse effect on our business, brand or image, or our financial condition and results of our operations. Our businesses and operations are also subject to increasing regulatory oversight and scrutiny, which may lead to additional regulatory investigations or enforcement actions. These and other initiatives from federal and state officials may subject us to further judgments, settlements, fines or penalties, or cause us to be required to restructure our operations and activities, all of which could lead to reputational issues, or higher operational costs, thereby reducing our revenue. Please see the sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Business—Supervision and Regulation,” and “Legal Proceedings” for more information. Our insurance coverage may be inadequate or expensive . We are subject to claims in the ordinary course of business. It is not always possible to prevent or detect activities giving rise to claims, and the precautions we take may not be effective in all cases. We maintain an insurance coverage program that provides limited coverage for some, but not all, potential risks and liabilities associated with our business. We may not obtain insurance if we believe the cost of available insurance is excessive relative to the risks presented. As a result of market conditions, premiums and deductibles for certain insurance policies can increase substantially, and in some instances, certain insurance may become unavailable or available only for reduced amounts of coverage. As a result, we may not be able to renew our existing insurance policies or procure other desirable insurance on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. In addition, certain risks generally are not fully insurable. Even where insurance coverage applies, insurers may contest their obligations to make payments. Our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected by losses and liabilities from uninsured or under-insured events, as well as by delays in the payment of insurance proceeds, or the failure by insurers to make payments. The loss of deposits or a change in deposit mix could increase our cost of funding and our funding sources may prove insufficient to replace deposits at maturity and support our future growth. Our funding costs may increase if our deposits decline and we are forced to replace them with more expensive sources of funding, if clients shift their deposits into higher cost products, or if we need to raise interest rates to avoid losing deposits. A reduction in our overall level of deposits would increase the extent to which we may need to rely in the future on other, more expensive sources for funding, including Federal Home Loan Bank advances, which would reduce our net income. In order for Eastern Bank to maintain sufficient cash flow, we must maintain sufficient funds to respond to the needs of depositors and borrowers. As a part of our liquidity management, we use a number of funding sources in addition to core deposit growth and repayments and maturities of loans and investments. These additional sources consist primarily of Federal Home Loan Bank advances, proceeds from the sale of loans, federal funds purchased and brokered deposits. As we continue to grow, we are likely to become more dependent on these sources. Adverse operating results or changes in industry conditions could lead to difficulty or an inability in accessing these additional funding sources. Our financial flexibility will be severely constrained if we are unable to maintain our access to funding or if adequate financing is not available to accommodate future growth at acceptable interest rates. If we are required to rely more heavily on more expensive funding sources to support future growth, our revenues may not increase proportionately to cover our costs. In this case, our operating margins and results of operations would be adversely affected. 46 Deterioration in the performance or financial position of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston might restrict the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston’s ability to meet the funding needs of its members, cause a suspension of its dividend and cause its stock to be determined to be impaired. Significant components of Eastern Bank’s liquidity needs are met through its access to funding pursuant to its membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston. The Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston is a cooperative that provides services to its member banking institutions. The primary reason for joining the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston is to obtain funding. The purchase of stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston is a requirement for a member to gain access to funding. Any deterioration in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston’s performance or financial condition may affect our ability to access funding and/or require us to deem the required investment in Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston stock to be impaired. If we are not able to access funding through the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston, we may not be able to meet our liquidity needs, or we may need to rely more heavily on more expensive funding sources, either of which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Similarly, if we deem all or part of our investment in Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston stock impaired, such action could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. We may not be able to successfully implement future information technology system enhancements, or such implementations could be delayed materially, which could adversely affect our business operations and profitability. We invest significant resources in information technology system enhancements in order to provide functionality and security at an appropriate level. We may not be able to successfully implement and integrate future system enhancements, or such implementations could be delayed materially, which could adversely impact the ability to provide timely and accurate financial information in compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, which in turn could result in sanctions from regulatory authorities. Such sanctions could include fines and suspension of trading in our stock, among others. In addition, future system enhancements could have higher than expected costs and/or result in operating inefficiencies, which could increase the costs associated with the implementation as well as ongoing operations. Failure to properly utilize system enhancements that are implemented in the future could result in impairment charges that adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations and could result in significant costs to remediate or replace the defective components. In addition, we may incur significant training, licensing, maintenance, consulting and amortization expenses during and after systems implementations, and any such costs may continue for an extended period of time. We rely on other companies to provide key components of our business infrastructure. Third-party vendors provide key components of our business infrastructure such as internet connections, network access and core application processing. While we believe we have selected these third-party vendors carefully, we do not control their actions. We cannot assure that our third-party service providers will be able to continue to provide their services in an efficient, cost effective manner, if at all, or that they will be able to adequately expand their services to meet our needs. Any problems caused by these third-parties, including an interruption in service, or as a result of their not providing us their services for any reason or their performing their services poorly, and our inability to make alternative arrangements in a timely manner, could cause a disruption to our business and could adversely affect our ability to deliver products and services to our customers or otherwise conduct our business efficiently and effectively. Replacing these third-party vendors could also entail significant delay and expense. We cannot predict the costs or time that would be required to find an alternative vendor. Operational risks are inherent in our businesses. Our enterprise risk management framework seeks to achieve an appropriate balance between risk and return, which is critical to optimizing shareholder value. We have established processes and procedures intended to identify, measure, monitor, report and analyze the types of risk to which we are subject, including credit, liquidity, operational, regulatory compliance and reputational. However, as with any risk management framework, there are inherent limitations to our risk management strategies as there may exist, or develop in the future, risks that we have not appropriately anticipated or identified. If our risk management framework proves ineffective, we could suffer unexpected losses and our business and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In addition to the necessity of maintaining our enterprise risk management framework, our operations depend on our ability to process a very large number of transactions efficiently and accurately while complying with applicable laws and regulations. Operational risk and losses can result from internal and external fraud; errors by employees or third parties; failure to document transactions properly or to obtain proper authorization; failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements and conduct of business rules; equipment failures, including those caused by natural disasters or by electrical, telecommunications or other essential utility outages; business continuity and data security system failures, including those caused by computer viruses, cyber-attacks or unforeseen problems encountered while implementing major new computer 47 systems or upgrades to existing systems; or the inadequacy or failure of systems and controls, including those of our suppliers or counterparties. Although we have implemented risk controls and loss mitigation actions, and substantial resources are devoted to developing efficient procedures, identifying and rectifying weaknesses in existing procedures and training staff, it is not possible to be certain that such actions have been or will be effective in controlling each of the operational risks we face. Any weakness in these systems or controls, or any violation or alleged violation of such laws or regulations, could result in increased regulatory supervision, enforcement actions and other disciplinary action, and have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations, reputation and ability to obtain future regulatory approvals, including those necessary to complete mergers or other acquisitions. Changes in management’s estimates and assumptions may have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements and our financial condition or operating results. In preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and those that will be included in periodic reports that we will file in the future under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, our management is required to make estimates and assumptions as of a specified date. These estimates and assumptions are based on management’s best estimates and experience as of that date and are subject to substantial risk and uncertainty. Materially different results may occur as circumstances change and additional information becomes known. Areas requiring significant estimates and assumptions by management include our valuation of our current and future stock-based compensation and retirement plans and pension benefits, our determination of our income tax provision, our evaluation of the adequacy of our allowance for loan losses, our evaluation of our goodwill and other intangibles for impairment, our evaluation of our securities portfolio, our accounting for our derivative instruments, and our estimation of our fair value measurements. Please see the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” for more information. Our internal controls, procedures and policies may fail or be circumvented. Management regularly reviews and updates our internal controls and corporate governance policies and procedures. Any system of controls, however well-designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. Our shift to a remote working model due to the COVID-19 pandemic has required us to modify some of these controls, which are approved in advance by management and reviewed by the financial reporting internal controls manager and through internal audits. Similar to our other systems of controls, these modifications can provide only reasonable assurances that the objectives of the system are being met. Any failure or circumvention of the controls and procedures or failure to comply with regulations related to controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We maintain a significant investment in projects that generate tax credits, which we may not be able to fully utilize, or, if utilized, may be subject to recapture or restructuring. As part of Eastern Bank’s community reinvestment initiatives, we invest in qualified affordable housing projects and other tax credit investment projects. Eastern Bank receives low-income housing tax credits, investment tax credits, rehabilitation tax credits and other tax credits as a result of its investments in these limited partnership investments. At December 31, 2021, we maintained investments of approximately $83.8 million in entities for which we receive allocations of tax credits, excluding investments of approximately $4.0 million in qualified zone academy bond investments, which we utilize to offset our income tax liability. We recorded the benefit of $6.2 million in credits for the year ended December 31, 2021. We intend to utilize all tax credits, as of December 31, 2021, to offset income tax liability. Substantially all of these tax credits are related to development projects that are subject to ongoing compliance requirements over certain periods of time to fully realize their value. If these projects are not operated in full compliance with the required terms, the tax credits could be subject to recapture or restructuring. Further, we may not be able to utilize any future tax credits. If we are unable to utilize our tax credits or, if our tax credits are subject to recapture or restructuring, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We depend on the accuracy and completeness of information about clients and counterparties. In deciding whether to extend credit or enter into other transactions with customers and counterparties, we rely on information furnished by or on behalf of customers and counterparties, including financial statements and other financial information. We also may rely on representations of customers and counterparties as to the accuracy and completeness of that information and, with respect to financial statements, on reports of independent auditors. If any of such information is incorrect, then the creditworthiness of our customers and counterparties may be misrepresented, which would increase our credit risk and expose us to possible write-downs and losses. 48 We may not be able to successfully manage our intellectual property and may be subject to infringement claims. We rely on a combination of owned and licensed trademarks, service marks, trade names, logos and other intellectual property rights. Third parties may challenge, invalidate, infringe or misappropriate our intellectual property, or such intellectual property may not be sufficient to provide us with competitive advantages, which could result in costly redesign efforts, discontinuance of certain services or other competitive harm. In addition, certain aspects of our business and our services rely on technologies licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties on reasonable terms or at all. The loss or diminution of our intellectual property protection or the inability to obtain third-party intellectual property could harm our business and ability to compete. We may also be subject to costly litigation in the event our services infringe upon or otherwise violate a third party’s proprietary rights. Third parties may have, or may eventually be granted, intellectual property rights, including trademarks, that could be infringed by our services or other aspects of our business. Third parties have made, and may make, claims of infringement against us with respect to our services or business. Any claim from third parties may result in a limitation on our ability to use the intellectual property subject to these claims. Even if we believe that intellectual property related claims are without merit, defending against such claims is time consuming and expensive and could result in the diversion of the time and attention of our management and employees. Claims of intellectual property infringement also might require us to redesign affected services, enter into costly settlement or license agreements, pay costly damage awards, or face a temporary or permanent injunction prohibiting us from marketing or selling certain of our services. Any intellectual property related dispute or litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our business may be adversely affected by conditions in the financial markets and by economic conditions generally. Weakness in the U.S. economy may adversely affect, our business. A deterioration of business and economic conditions has adversely affected, and could in the future adversely affect the credit quality of our loans, results of operations and financial condition. Increases in loan delinquencies and default rates could adversely impact our loan charge-offs and provision for loan and lease losses. Deterioration or defaults made by issuers of the underlying collateral of our investment securities may cause additional credit-related other-than-temporary impairment charges to our income statement. Our ability to borrow from other financial institutions or to access the debt or equity capital markets on favorable terms or at all could be adversely affected by disruptions in the capital markets or other events, including actions by rating agencies and deteriorating investor expectations. In addition to these specific effects, widespread adverse economic conditions that could affect us include: • Reduced consumer spending; • Increased unemployment; • Lower wage income levels; • Declines in the market value of residential and commercial real estate; • Inflation or deflation; • Fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar; • Volatility in short-term and long-term interest rates (for more information regarding the potential effect of fluctuating interest rates, see “Changes in interest rates may have an adverse effect on our profitability.”); and • Higher bankruptcy filings. Climate change, natural disasters, public health crises, geopolitical developments, acts of terrorism and other external events could harm our business. Natural disasters can disrupt our operations, result in damage to our properties, reduce or destroy the value of the collateral for our loans and negatively affect the economies in which we operate, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. A significant natural disaster, such as a hurricane, earthquake, fire or flood, could have a material adverse impact on our local market area and ability to conduct business, and our insurance coverage may be insufficient to compensate for losses that may occur. Public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, such as the global outbreak of COVID-19, domestic or geopolitical crises, such as terrorism, military conflict, including escalating military tension between Russia and Ukraine, war or the perception that hostilities may be imminent, political instability or civil unrest, or other conflict, human error or other events outside of our control, could cause disruptions to our business or the United States 49 economy as a whole, and our business and operating results could suffer. The occurrence of any such event could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition. Climate change may worsen the severity and impact of future hurricanes, earthquakes, fires, floods and other extreme weather-related events that could cause disruption to our business and operations. Chronic results of climate change such as shifting weather patterns could also cause disruption to our business and operations. Changes in accounting standards can be difficult to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. Our accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. From time to time, the Financial Accounting Standards Board changes the financial accounting and reporting principles that govern the preparation of our financial statements. These changes can be hard to anticipate and implement and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in our restating prior period financial statements. Additionally, significant changes to accounting standards may require costly technology changes, additional training and personnel, and other expense that will negatively impact our operating results. The financial weakness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us. Our ability to engage in routine funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial financial weakness of other financial institutions. Financial services institutions are interconnected as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty and other relationships. We have exposure to many different counterparties, and we routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial industry, including brokers and dealers, other commercial banks, investment banks, mutual and hedge funds, and other financial institutions. As a result, defaults by, or even rumors or questions about, one or more financial services institutions, or the financial services industry generally, could lead to market-wide liquidity problems and losses or defaults by us or by other institutions and organizations. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client. In addition, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be liquidated or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the financial instrument exposure due to us. There is no assurance that any such losses would not materially and adversely affect our results of operations. Market changes may adversely affect demand for our services and impact results of operations. Channels for servicing our customers are evolving rapidly, with less reliance on traditional branch facilities, more use of online and mobile banking, and increased demand for universal bankers and other relationship managers who can service multiples product lines. We compete with larger providers who are rapidly evolving their service channels and escalating the costs of evolving the service process. We have a process for evaluating the profitability of our branch system and other office and operational facilities. The identification of unprofitable operations and facilities can lead to restructuring charges and introduce the risk of disruptions to revenues and customer relationships. Changes in the equity markets could materially affect the level of assets under management and the demand for fee-based services. Economic downturns could affect the volume of revenue from and demand for fee-based services. Revenue from Eastern Bank’s wealth management division depends in large part on the level of assets under management and administration. Market volatility and the potential of such volatility to lead customers to liquidate investments, as well as lower asset values, could reduce the level of assets under management and administration and thereby decrease our investment management revenue. Conditions in the insurance market could adversely affect our earnings. Revenue from insurance fees and commissions could be adversely affected by fluctuating premiums in the insurance markets or other factors beyond our control. Other factors that affect insurance revenue are the profitability and growth of our clients, the renewal rate of the current insurance policies, continued development of new product and services as well as access to new markets. Our insurance revenues and profitability may also be adversely affected by new laws and regulatory developments impacting the healthcare and insurance markets. Some of our competitors may not be affected by such new laws and regulatory developments and would therefore not bear related compliance costs, resulting in cost savings that could provide them with a competitive advantage over us. Eastern Insurance Group’s business model could become outdated as insurance carriers offer products directly to consumers. 50 Technological advances in the insurance market have increased the number of insurance carriers that work directly with consumers to generate insurance policies. Since Eastern Insurance Group acts solely as an insurance agent and does not originate insurance policies, this shift in business model could result in decreased revenue and could eventually result in the eradication of the insurance agent model altogether. As such, an increase in the number or popularity of direct-to-consumer insurance products could result in decreased profitability for Eastern Insurance Group. Our return on equity may be relatively low for the foreseeable future compared to our publicly traded peer companies. This could negatively affect the trading price of our shares of common stock. Net income divided by average shareholders’ equity, known as “return on equity,” is a ratio many investors use to compare the performance of financial institutions. Our return on equity may be relatively low compared to our publicly traded peers until we are able to leverage the additional capital we raised in our 2020 IPO. Our return on equity will also be negatively affected by added expenses associated with our employee stock ownership plan and the stock-based benefit plans adopted in 2021. Until we can increase our net interest income and non-interest income and leverage the capital raised in the offering, we expect our return on equity to be relatively low for the foreseeable future compared to our publicly traded peer companies. A relatively low return on equity may negatively affect the market price of our shares of common stock. Rising sea levels projected for the coastal regions of Massachusetts and New Hampshire could adversely affect our business. We believe that progressively rising sea levels will be an area of risk over time for the coastal regions of Massachusetts and New Hampshire in our market, both as the frequency and severity of extreme weather events increase and as currently inhabited property and land parcels are exposed to episodic flooding and routinely higher tides. As a city, Boston was ranked the world’s eighth most vulnerable to floods among 136 coastal cities by a 2013 study produced by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. According to a 2016 report sponsored in part by the City of Boston, sea levels in Boston, which rose approximately nine inches relative to land during the twentieth century, may rise another eight inches by 2030, and by 2050, the sea level in Boston may be as much as 1.5 feet higher than it was in 2000. The increase in the relative sea level in Boston and other coastal regions of Massachusetts and New Hampshire in our market is expected to result in higher coastal surges during storm events and, when considered with projected increases in precipitation intensities, an increase in stormwater flooding. These effects in Boston and similar conditions elsewhere in our market area may adversely affect the value of commercial and residential properties that secure some of our loans and may adversely affect economic develop in portions of our market area. Societal responses to climate change could adversely affect our business and performance, including indirectly through impacts on our customers. Concerns over the long-term impacts of climate change have led and will continue to lead to governmental efforts around the world to mitigate those impacts. Consumers and businesses also may change their behavior on their own as a result of these concerns. Eastern Bank and its customers will need to respond to new laws and regulations as well as consumer and business preferences resulting from climate change concerns. The Securities and Exchange Commission has stated that it plans to propose rules in reaction to climate change that could result in increased costs associated with compiling information about ourselves and our customers in order to comply with such rules. We and our customers may face cost increases, asset value reductions, operating process changes, and the like. The impact on our customers will likely vary depending on their specific attributes, including reliance on or role in carbon intensive activities. Among the impacts to Eastern Bank could be a drop in demand for our products and services, particularly in certain sectors. In addition, we could face reductions in creditworthiness on the part of some customers or in the value of assets securing loans. Our efforts to take these risks into account in making lending and other decisions, including by increasing our business with climate-friendly companies, may not be effective in protecting us from the negative impact of new laws and regulations or changes in consumer or business behavior. We are subject to environmental, social and governance risks that could adversely affect our reputation and the trading price of our common stock. We are subject to a variety of environmental, social and governance risks that arise out of the set of concerns that together comprise what have become commonly known as “ESG matters.” Risks arising from ESG matters may adversely affect, among other things, our reputation and the trading price of our common stock. As a financial institution with a diverse base of customers, vendors and suppliers, we may face potential negative publicity based on the identity of those we choose to do business with and the public’s (or certain segments of the public’s) view of those customers, vendors and suppliers. This negative publicity may be driven by adverse news coverage in traditional media and may also be spread through the use of social media platforms. If our relationships with our customers, vendors and 51 suppliers were to become the subject of such negative publicity, our ability to attract and retain customers and employees may be negatively impacted and our stock price may also be impacted. Additionally, many investors now consider how corporations are addressing ESG matters when making investment decisions. For example, certain investors incorporate the business risks of climate change and the adequacy of companies’ responses to climate change and other ESG matters as part of their investment theses. These shifts in investing priorities may result in adverse effects on the trading price of our common stock if investors determine that we do not sufficiently address ESG matters in accordance with their standards or other third-party standards for evaluating ESG matters. Risks Related to Regulations Monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition to being affected by general economic conditions, our earnings and growth are affected by the monetary and related policies of the Federal Reserve Board. An important function of the Federal Reserve Board is to regulate the money supply and credit conditions. Among the instruments used by the Federal Reserve Board to implement these objectives are open market purchases and sales of U.S. government securities, adjustments of the discount rate and changes in banks’ reserve requirements against bank deposits and the interest rate paid on such reserves. These instruments are used in varying combinations to influence overall economic growth and the distribution of credit, bank loans, investments and deposits. Their use also affects interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits. The monetary and related policies of the Federal Reserve Board have had a significant effect on the operating results of financial institutions in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future. Changes in any of these policies are influenced by macroeconomic conditions and other factors that are beyond Eastern Bank’s control and the effects of such policies upon our business, financial condition and results of operations cannot be predicted. Our business is highly regulated, which could limit or restrict our activities and impose financial requirements or limitations on the conduct of our business. Eastern Bank and Eastern Bankshares, Inc. are subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks, the FDIC, the Federal Reserve Board and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Federal and state laws and regulations govern numerous matters affecting us, including changes in the ownership or control of banks and bank holding companies, maintenance of adequate capital and the financial condition of a financial institution, permissible types, amounts and terms of extensions of credit and investments, permissible non-banking activities, the level of reserves against deposits and restrictions on stock repurchases and dividend payments. The FDIC and the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks have the power to issue cease and desist orders to prevent or remedy unsafe or unsound practices or violations of law by banks subject to their regulation, and the Federal Reserve Board possesses similar powers with respect to bank holding companies and their subsidiary banks. These and other restrictions limit the manner in which we and Eastern Bank may conduct business and obtain financing. The laws, rules, regulations, and supervisory guidance and policies applicable to us are subject to modification and change. Changes to statutes, regulations, or regulatory policies, including changes in interpretation or implementation of statutes, regulations or policies, could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways. Such changes could subject us to additional costs, limit the types of financial services and products we may offer, and/or increase the ability of non-banks to offer competing financial services and products, among other things. Failure to comply with laws, regulations, or policies could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil money penalties, and/or reputation damage, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. See the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Business—Supervision and Regulation” for a discussion of the regulations to which we are subject. Regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in their supervisory and enforcement activities, including the imposition of restrictions on our operations, the classification of our assets and determination of the level of our allowance for loan losses. These regulations, along with the currently existing tax, accounting, securities, insurance, monetary laws, rules, standards, policies and interpretations control the methods by which financial institutions conduct business, implement strategic initiatives and tax compliance, and govern financial reporting and disclosures. Any change in such regulation and oversight, whether in the form of regulatory policy, regulations, legislation or supervisory action, may have a material impact on our operations. In addition, changes in the legal and regulatory framework under which we operate require us to update our information systems to ensure compliance. Our need to review and evaluate the impact of ongoing rule proposals, final rules and implementation guidance from regulators further complicates the development and implementation of new information systems for our business. Also, our regulators expect us to perform increased due diligence and ongoing monitoring of third- 52 party vendor relationships, thus increasing the scope of management involvement and decreasing the efficiency otherwise resulting from our relationships with third-party technology providers. Presidential appointees to the independent bank regulatory agencies may adopt new regulatory policies and pursue different bank supervisory priorities. We are unable to predict whether changes in the policies and priorities of independent bank regulatory agencies will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We are subject to capital and liquidity standards that require banks and bank holding companies to maintain more and higher quality capital and greater liquidity than has historically been the case. We became subject to new capital requirements in 2015. These new standards, which now apply and were fully phased-in as of January 1, 2019, require bank holding companies and their bank subsidiaries to maintain substantially higher levels of capital as a percentage of their assets, with a greater emphasis on common equity as opposed to other components of capital. The need to maintain more and higher quality capital, as well as greater liquidity, and generally increased regulatory scrutiny with respect to capital levels, may at some point limit our business activities, including lending, and our ability to expand. It could also result in our being required to take steps to increase our regulatory capital and may dilute shareholder value or limit our ability to pay dividends or otherwise return capital to our investors through stock repurchases. We are subject to numerous laws designed to protect consumers, including the Community Reinvestment Act and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions. The Community Reinvestment Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, and other fair lending laws and regulations impose community investment and nondiscriminatory lending requirements on financial institutions. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Department of Justice and other federal and state agencies are responsible for enforcing these federal laws and regulations and comparable state provisions. A successful regulatory challenge to an institution’s performance under the Community Reinvestment Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act or other fair lending laws and regulations could result in a wide variety of sanctions, including damages and civil money penalties, injunctive relief, restrictions on mergers and acquisitions, restrictions on expansion and restrictions on entering new business lines. Private parties may also have the ability to challenge an institution’s performance under fair lending laws in private class action litigation. Such actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Various federal banking agencies are considering changes to their respective Community Reinvestment Act regulations. We are unable to predict whether any of those changes will be adopted and, if so, whether they will have a material adverse effect on our business. We may incur fines, penalties and other negative consequences from regulatory violations, possibly even inadvertent or unintentional violations. The financial services industry is subject to intense scrutiny from bank supervisors in the examination process and aggressive enforcement of federal and state regulations, particularly with respect to mortgage-related practices and other consumer compliance matters, and compliance with anti-money laundering, Bank Secrecy Act and Office of Foreign Assets Control regulations, and economic sanctions against certain foreign countries and nationals. Enforcement actions may be initiated for violations of laws and regulations and unsafe or unsound practices. We maintain systems and procedures designed to ensure that we comply with applicable laws and regulations; however, some legal/regulatory frameworks provide for the imposition of fines or penalties for noncompliance even though the noncompliance was inadvertent or unintentional and even though there were in place at the time systems and procedures designed to ensure compliance. Failure to comply with these and other regulations, and supervisory expectations related thereto, may result in fines, penalties, lawsuits, regulatory sanctions, reputation damage or restrictions on our business. Non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, Bank Secrecy Act or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions. The USA PATRIOT and Bank Secrecy Acts require financial institutions to develop programs to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. If such activities are detected, financial institutions are obligated to file suspicious activity reports with the U.S. Treasury’s Office of Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These rules require financial institutions to establish procedures for identifying and verifying the identity of customers seeking to open new financial accounts. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or sanctions, including restrictions on conducting acquisitions or establishing new branches. Although we have developed policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations, these policies and procedures may not be effective in preventing violations of these laws and regulations. 53 An increase in FDIC insurance assessments could significantly increase our expenses. The Dodd-Frank Act eliminated the maximum Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”) ratio of 1.5% of estimated deposits, and the FDIC has established a long-term ratio of 2.0%. On September 30, 2021, the Deposit Insurance Fund reserve ratio was 1.27%. In September 2020, the FDIC adopted a restoration plan designed to ensure that the DIF reserve ratio reaches 1.35% by September 2028. Although the FDIC has the authority to increase assessments in order to maintain the DIF ratio at particular levels, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K the FDIC has not proposed a general increase in assessment rates that would apply to Eastern Bank. In addition, if our regulators issue downgraded ratings of Eastern Bank in connection with their examinations, the FDIC could impose significant additional fees and assessments on us. We may be unable to disclose some restrictions or limitations on our operations imposed by our regulators. Bank regulatory agencies have the authority to take supervisory actions that restrict or limit a financial institution’s activities. In some instances, we are not permitted to publicly disclose these actions. In addition, as part of our regular examination process, our and our banking subsidiary’s respective regulators may advise us to operate under various restrictions as a prudential matter. Any such actions or restrictions, if and in whatever manner imposed, could adversely affect our costs and revenues. Moreover, efforts to comply with any such nonpublic supervisory actions or restrictions may require material investments in additional resources and systems, as well as a significant commitment of managerial time and attention. As a result, such supervisory actions or restrictions, if and in whatever manner imposed, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations; and, in certain instances, we may not be able to publicly disclose these matters. We could be required to act as a “source of strength” to our banking subsidiaries, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Federal Reserve Board policy historically required bank holding companies such as Eastern Bankshares, Inc. to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to their subsidiary banks. The Dodd-Frank Act codified this policy as a statutory requirement. This support may be required by the Federal Reserve Board at times when Eastern Bankshares, Inc. might otherwise determine not to provide it or when doing so might not otherwise be in the interests of the shareholders or creditors of Eastern Bankshares, Inc., and may include one or more of the following: • Any extension of credit from Eastern Bankshares, Inc. to Eastern Bank or any other bank subsidiary that is included in the relevant bank’s capital would be subordinate in right of payment to depositors and certain other indebtedness of such subsidiary banks. • In the event of a bank holding company’s bankruptcy, any commitment that the bank holding company had been required to make to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank will be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to priority of payment. • In certain circumstances if we have two or more bank subsidiaries, one bank subsidiary could be assessed for losses incurred by another bank subsidiary. In addition, in the event of impairment of the capital stock of one of our banking subsidiaries, Eastern Bankshares, Inc., as our banking subsidiary’s shareholder, could be required to pay such deficiency. Laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection could have a material impact on our results of operations. We currently are subject to state and federal rules regarding privacy and data protection, such as the Massachusetts data security law (Standards for the Protection of Personal Information of Residents of the Commonwealth). Our growth and expansion into a variety of new fields may potentially involve new U.S.-based regulatory issues/requirements including, for example, the New York Department of Financial Services Cybersecurity Regulation or the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”). In addition, one or more members of the European Union (the “EU”) may take the position that we are subject to the EU General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) because some of our customers are or may become residents of EU states while maintaining account relationships with us. The potential costs of compliance with or imposed by new or existing laws and regulations and policies that are applicable to us may affect the use of our products and services and could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. Changes in tax laws and regulations and differences in interpretation of tax laws and regulations may adversely affect our financial statements and our operating results. From time to time, local, state or federal tax authorities change tax laws and regulations, which may result in a decrease or increase to our deferred tax asset. Local, state or federal tax authorities may interpret laws and regulations differently than we do and challenge tax positions that we have taken on tax returns. This may result in differences in the 54 treatment of revenues, deductions, credits and/or differences in the timing of these items. The differences in treatment may result in payment of additional taxes, interest, penalties or litigation costs that could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. Due to Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, we may not be able to deduct all of the compensation of some executives, including executives of companies we may acquire in the future. Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code generally limits to $1 million annual deductions for compensation paid to “covered employees” of any “publicly held corporation.” A “publicly held corporation” includes any company, such as Eastern Bankshares, Inc., that issues securities required to be registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or companies required to file reports under Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act, determined as of the last day of the company’s taxable year. We expect that as a publicly held corporation, the deductibility of compensation to our covered employees will be similarly limited. Pursuant to proposed U.S. Treasury regulations issued on December 20, 2019 clarifying the changes made to Section 162(m) by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and the initial guidance provided by the IRS in Notice 2018-68 that was issued in August 2018, the definition of “covered employees” generally includes anyone who served as the principal executive officer (“PEO”) or principal financial officer (“PFO”) at any time during the taxable year; the three highest compensated executive officers (other than the PEO or PFO), determined under SEC rules; and any individual who was a covered employee, including of a “predecessor company,” at any point during a taxable year beginning on or after January 1, 2017, even after the employee terminates employment. We expect that in most if not all cases a publicly traded company that we might acquire in the future will be a “predecessor company.” Accordingly, we expect that the number of our covered employees will increase if Eastern acquires one or more publicly held corporations in the future. As a result of the foregoing, Section 162(m) limited the deductibility of compensation to our covered employees to $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, and assuming no change in applicable law, we expect that we will not be able to deduct all of the compensation paid in future years where Eastern qualifies as a “publicly held corporation.” Losing deductions under Section 162(m) could increase our income taxes and reduce our net income. A reduction in net income could negatively affect the price of Eastern Bankshares, Inc. stock. Risks Related to Stock-Based Benefit Plans Our stock-based benefit plans have increased and will continue to increase our expenses and reduce our income. In 2021, we adopted the Equity Plan, which will increase our annual compensation and benefit expenses related to awards granted to participants under such plan. The actual amount of these new stock-related compensation and benefit expenses will depend on the number of awards actually granted under the Equity Plan, the fair market value of the awards on the date of grant, the vesting period, and other factors which we cannot predict at this time. In addition, we recognize compensation expense monthly for our employee stock ownership plan when shares are committed to be released to participants’ accounts, and we recognize compensation expense for restricted stock awards, performance stock units and restricted stock units over the vesting period of awards made to recipients. We anticipate that in 2022, our incremental compensation expense for shares purchased in our IPO by the ESOP and the Equity Plan will significantly increase our overall compensation expense as compared to prior years. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely and capable manner, we may be subject to adverse regulatory consequences and there could be a negative reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of investor confidence in us and the reliability of our financial statements. We ceased being an emerging growth company on December 31, 2021, and therefore Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is now applicable to us. Accordingly, our management is now required to conduct an annual assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and include a report on these internal controls in the annual reports we will file with the SEC on Form 10-K. Our independent registered public accounting firm is required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls. This requires significant documentation of our policies, procedures and systems, review of that documentation by our internal auditing and accounting staff and our outside independent registered public accounting firm, and testing of our internal control over financial reporting by our internal auditing and accounting staff and our outside independent registered public accounting firm. This process involves considerable time and attention, strains our internal resources, and increases our operating costs. We have experienced and may continue to experience higher than anticipated operating expenses and outside auditor fees during the implementation of these changes and thereafter. If our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market 55 price of our common stock could be negatively affected, and we could become subject to investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources. Risks Related to Our Articles of Organization and State and Federal Banking Laws Various factors may make takeover attempts more difficult to achieve. Certain provisions of our articles of organization and state and federal banking laws, including regulatory approval requirements, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of Eastern Bankshares, Inc. without our Board of Directors’ approval. Under regulations applicable to our IPO, no person may acquire beneficial ownership of more than 10% of our common stock before October 15, 2023 without prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board and the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks. If any person exceeds this 10% beneficial ownership threshold, shares in excess of 10% will not be counted as shares entitled to vote during the three-year period ending October 14, 2023. After that three-year period, the holder of shares in excess of the 10% threshold will be entitled to cast only one one-hundredth (1/100) of a vote per share for each share in excess of the 10% threshold. Under federal law, subject to certain exemptions, a person, entity or group must notify the Federal Reserve Board before acquiring control of a bank holding company. Acquisition of 10% or more of any class of voting stock of a bank holding company, including shares of our common stock, creates a rebuttable presumption that the acquirer “controls” the bank holding company. Also, a bank holding company must obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board before, among other things, acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of any class of voting shares of any bank, including Eastern Bank, and certain non-bank companies. There also are provisions in our articles of organization that may be used to delay or block a takeover attempt, including, among others, a provision that prohibits any person from casting a full vote for any shares of common stock exceeding the 10% threshold, as described above, as well as a classified Board of Directors with three-year staggered terms; the prohibition on removal of directors without cause; and the required approval of at least 80% of the voting power of the shares then-outstanding entitled to vote for business combination transactions with interested shareholders. Furthermore, shares of restricted stock, restricted stock units or stock options that we may grant to employees and directors, stock ownership by our management and directors, employment agreements and/or change in control agreements that we have entered into with our executive officers and other factors may make it more expensive for companies or persons to acquire control of Eastern Bankshares, Inc. Taken as a whole, these statutory provisions and provisions in our articles of organization could result in our being less attractive to a potential acquirer and thus could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. The articles of organization of Eastern Bankshares, Inc. provide that state and federal courts located in Massachusetts will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our shareholders, which could limit our shareholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees. The articles of organization of Eastern Bankshares, Inc. provide that state and federal courts located in Massachusetts will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our shareholders, which could limit our shareholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees. The articles of organization of Eastern Bankshares, Inc. provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Business Litigation Session of the Suffolk County Superior Court (the “BLS”) (1) is the sole and exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of Eastern Bankshares, Inc., any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty, any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of Massachusetts corporate law, or any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, and (2) is a concurrent jurisdiction for any claim arising under the Securities Act of 1933 or the rules and regulations thereunder. The articles of organization also provide that the exclusive forum provision does not apply to any claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction, including all suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. The choice of forum provision may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that the shareholder finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors and officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our articles of organization to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition. The market price of our stock value may be negatively affected by applicable regulations that restrict stock repurchases by us. Massachusetts regulations prohibit us from repurchasing shares of our common stock through October 14, 2023 (i.e., during the first three years following the completion of our IPO), except to fund tax-qualified or nontax-qualified 56 employee stock benefit plans, or except in amounts not greater than 5% of our outstanding shares of common stock then outstanding. Our repurchase of shares of common stock is also subject to Federal Reserve Board policy related to repurchases of shares by depository institution holding companies. On November 12, 2021, we announced receipt of non-objection from the Federal Reserve Board to purchase over a 12-month period up to 9,337,900 shares of common stock, which represented 5% of our shares of common stock then outstanding. The repurchase program, which is limited to $225 million through November 30, 2022, may be modified or terminated by our Board of Directors at any time. In addition, the Federal Reserve Board could subsequently limit or prohibit our repurchase of common stock if we experience a material adverse change in our financial condition or results of operations. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES At December 31, 2021, we conducted our banking business through our corporate headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts and 105 branch offices located in eastern Massachusetts and southern New Hampshire. In addition, Eastern Bank occupies two administrative/operational offices, in Lynn and Brockton, Massachusetts. Eastern Insurance Group LLC operates through 23 non-branch offices in eastern Massachusetts, one office in Keene, New Hampshire, and one office in Providence, Rhode Island. At December 31, 2021, we leased 91 of our offices, and the total net book value of our land, buildings, furniture, fixtures and equipment was $81.0 million. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS We operate in a legal and regulatory environment that exposes us to potentially significant risks. For more information regarding the Company’s exposure generally to legal and regulatory risks, see “Business—Legal and Regulatory Proceedings” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we are not involved in any pending legal proceeding as a plaintiff or a defendant other than routine legal proceedings occurring in the ordinary course of business, and we are not involved in any legal proceeding the outcome of which we believe would be material to our financial condition or results of operations. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 57 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Information Eastern Bankshares, Inc.’s common stock trades on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol EBC. As of February 9, 2022, there were 8,464 common shareholders of record based on information provided by our transfer agent. The number of record-holders may not reflect the number of persons or entities holding stock in nominee name through banks, brokerage firms and other nominees. Comparative Stock Performance Graph The stock performance graph below and associated table compare the cumulative total shareholder return of the Company's common stock from October 15, 2020 to December 31, 2021 to the cumulative total return of the OMX NASDAQ Bank Index, the Russell 2000 Index and the KBW Regional Banking Index. The Company selected the KBW Regional Banking Index, to which it was added in March 2021, for the stock performance graph in this Annual Report on Form 10-K because management believes its performance provides a more meaningful comparison with the Company’s performance than does the OMX NASDAQ Bank Index, of which the Company is not a member. The lines in the graph and the numbers in the table below represent monthly index levels derived from the compounded daily returns that include reinvestment or retention of all dividends. If the monthly interval, based on the last day of a month, was not a trading day, the preceding trading day was used. The index value for all of the series was set to $100.00 on October 15, 2020 (which assumes that $100.00 was invested in each of the series on October 15, 2020). The following information in this Item 5 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is not deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C under the Exchange Act or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act and will not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except to the extent the Company specifically incorporates it by reference into such a filing. The stock price performance shown on the stock performance graph and associated table below is not necessarily indicative of future price performance. Information used in the graph and table was obtained from a third party provider, a source believed to be reliable, but the Company is not responsible for any errors or omission in such information. 58 Period Ending Index 10/15/2020 10/31/2020 11/30/2020 12/31/2020 1/31/2021 2/28/2021 3/31/2021 4/30/2021 Eastern Bankshares, Inc. 100.00 98.35 121.81 134.24 131.19 144.94 159.29 176.14 OMX NASDAQ Bank 100.00 103.43 118.23 128.80 134.18 155.75 164.64 169.51 Russell 2000 100.00 93.89 111.20 120.82 126.89 134.80 136.16 139.02 KBW Regional Banks 100.00 104.27 121.51 134.82 142.32 166.48 174.87 179.55 5/31/2021 6/30/2021 7/31/2021 8/31/2021 9/30/2021 10/31/2021 11/30/2021 12/31/2021 Eastern Bankshares, Inc. 184.97 170.48 151.25 163.93 168.94 172.85 167.53 168.53 OMX NASDAQ Bank 174.28 163.64 158.16 165.38 171.30 178.49 174.59 179.92 Russell 2000 139.30 142.00 136.87 139.94 135.81 141.59 135.69 138.72 KBW Regional Banks 184.48 172.39 164.74 172.50 177.93 183.17 178.48 184.23 Source: Zacks Investment Research, Inc. © 1980-2022 Dividends On January 28, 2021, we announced the initiation of a quarterly cash dividend of $0.06 per share. On April 7, 2021, we announced an increase to the quarterly cash dividend to $0.08 per share and on January 28, 2022, we announced an increase to the quarterly cash dividend to $0.10 per share. We intend to continue to pay regular cash dividends to shareholders of our common stock; however, any future determination to declare and pay cash dividends, if any, will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on a variety of factors, including applicable laws, our financial condition, results of operations, business prospects, general business or financial market conditions, regulatory environment and other factors our Board of Directors may deem relevant. To the extent dividends from Eastern Bank will be a source of cash used by the Company to pay its dividends, dividends from the Bank will be dependent on the Bank’s future earnings, capital requirements, and financial condition. Use of Proceeds from our IPO We completed our IPO on October 14, 2020, when we sold 179,287,828 shares of our common stock, $0.01 par value per share, for $10.00 per share or an aggregate price of $1,792,878,000. We registered with the SEC the offer and sale of our common stock in our IPO on our Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-239251), which the SEC declared effective on August 11, 2020. We registered a total of 210,084,636 shares of common stock, which included the 7,470,326 shares of common stock that we donated to the Eastern Bank Foundation promptly following the completion of the IPO. We do not intend to issue any of the remaining 23,326,482 shares that we registered for the IPO. Prior to the completion of the IPO, we had no shareholders, and consequently no shareholders sold shares of our common stock in the IPO. Our principal offering expense in the IPO were underwriting fees paid to Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc., which we engaged to be our selling agent to assist us in selling the shares on a “best efforts” basis in the IPO, and to J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, which we engaged as our capital markets advisor. The following table reflects our expenses incurred in connection with our IPO: Underwriting fees $16,766,937 Legal, audit and accounting services $5,786,847 Printing, postage and mailing $3,940,916 Filing fees $1,848,690 Other $556,055 Total offering expenses $28,899,445 We did not pay any offering expenses, directly or indirectly, to any of our directors or officers, or to any of their associates, to any person owning 5% or more of our common stock, or to any entity that is an affiliate of ours. After deducting expenses related to the IPO totaling $28.9 million, our net proceeds from the IPO totaled $1.76 billion. From those net proceeds, we contributed $882.0 million to Eastern Bank, representing 50% of our net proceeds, and loaned $149.4 million to our ESOP, enabling the ESOP to purchase 14,940,652 shares of our common stock in the IPO. On November 12, 2021, we completed our previously announced merger with Century for $641.9 million in cash. Eastern Bankshares, Inc. has invested the remaining net proceeds in various investment securities and liquid assets, including U.S. Agency securities, 59 government-sponsored residential mortgage-backed securities and government-sponsored commercial mortgage-backed securities. Eastern Bankshares, Inc. and Eastern Bank, respectively, generally intend that over time the remaining net proceeds from the IPO will be used for the range of possible purposes specified in our IPO prospectus, dated August 11, 2020, under the caption “How We Intend to Use the Proceeds From the Offering.” Although the Century acquisition reduced the net proceeds from the IPO, we continue to expect that, due to the increase in equity resulting from the net proceeds raised in our IPO, our return on equity has been and will continue to be adversely affected until we can effectively employ the remaining proceeds of the IPO. Repurchases of Common Shares On November 12, 2021, we announced receipt of a notice of non-objection from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to its previously announced share repurchase program which was approved by the our Board of Directors on October 1, 2021. The program authorizes the purchase of up to 9,337,900 shares, or 5% of our outstanding shares of common stock over a 12-month period. Repurchases are made at management’s discretion from time to time at prices management considers to be attractive and in the best interests of both us and our shareholders, subject to the availability of shares, general market conditions, the trading price of the shares, alternative uses for capital, and its financial performance. Repurchases may be suspended, terminated or modified by us at any time for any reason. The program is limited to $225 million through November 30, 2022. Information regarding the shares repurchased under the plan is presented in the following table: Period Total Number of Shares Repurchased Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Repurchased as Part of the Share Repurchase Program Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Share Repurchase Program December 1, 2021 –  December 31, 2021 1,135,878 $ 20.42 1,135,878 8,202,022 ITEM 6. [RESERVED] 60 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical data, this discussion contains forward-looking statements about our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and prospects based on current expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those in this discussion as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to, those discussed under Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Overview We are a bank holding company, and our principal subsidiary, Eastern Bank, is a Massachusetts-chartered bank that has served the banking needs of our customers since 1818. Our business philosophy is to operate as a diversified financial services enterprise providing a broad array of banking and other financial services primarily to retail, commercial and small business customers. We had total assets of $23.5 billion and $16.0 billion at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We are subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), the Federal Reserve Board and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. We manage our business under two business segments: our banking business, which contributed $531.1 million, which is 84.5%, of our total income for the year ended December 31, 2021, and our insurance agency business, which contributed $97.2 million, which is 15.5%, of our total income for the year ended December 31, 2021. Our banking business consists of a full range of banking, lending (commercial, residential and consumer), savings and small business offerings, including our wealth management and trust operations that we conduct through our Eastern Wealth Management division. Our insurance agency business consists of insurance-related activities, acting as an independent agent in offering commercial, personal and employee benefits insurance products to individual and commercial clients. See the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Business” for further discussion of our banking business and insurance agency business. Net income for the year ended December 31, 2021 computed in accordance with GAAP was $154.7 million, as compared to $22.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Net income for years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 included items that our management considers noncore, which are excluded for purposes of assessing operating earnings. Operating net income, a non-GAAP financial measure, for year ended December 31, 2021 was $165.9 million compared to operating net income of $102.1 million for year ended December 31, 2020, representing a 62.4% increase. This increase was largely driven by a decrease in the provision for allowance for loan losses which is attributable to greater prior period provisions that resulted from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Bank’s borrowers during such periods, and current period releases of allowance for loan losses totaling $9.7 million. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for a reconciliation of net operating earnings to GAAP net income. On November 12, 2021, we acquired Century, which operated 29 banking offices in 21 cities and towns in Massachusetts and southern New Hampshire for $641.9 million in cash. Century had total assets of approximately $6.8 billion at the time of our acquisition, at fair value and excluding goodwill and intangible assets. Outlook and Trends Interest Rates We expect increases in the federal funds rate in 2022 which is anticipated to be beneficial to our net interest income and net interest margin. In its statement released on January 26, 2022, the Federal Open Market Committee stated that it would soon be appropriate to raise the target range for the federal funds rate above the current range of 0.0% to 0.25% in response to inflation that is above their 2.0% target and a strong labor market. Approximately 40% of our loans are indexed to a market rate that is expected to reprice along with the federal funds rate. Refer to the section titled “Management of Market Risk” within this Item 7 for additional discussion including the estimated change to net interest income which assumes a variety of immediate and parallel changes in the U.S. Treasury yield curve. CECL Adoption We adopted the current expected credit losses accounting methodology (ASU 2016-13), commonly referred to as the “CECL standard” on January 1, 2022. The cumulative day one impact is estimated to be an increase of between $25.0 million and $30.0 million to the allowance which is attributable to the change in accounting methodology for estimating the allowance for credit losses from our adoption of ASU 2016-13 and includes the impact of loans acquired from Century. The portion of the total estimated impact that is attributable to loans acquired from Century is estimated to be between $25.0 million and $28.0 million. The anticipated increase in the allowance is expected to be a result of a) the change in accounting treatment 61 for loans acquired from Century; and b) transitioning from an “incurred loss” model, which estimates the allowance for loan losses based upon current known and inherent losses within our portfolio, to an “expected loss” model, which estimates the allowance for credit losses based upon losses expected to be incurred over the life of loans in our portfolio. For further information, refer to Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” within the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Paycheck Protection Program Loans We are a participating lender in the SBA’s Paycheck Protection Program. We concluded PPP loan originations in the second quarter of 2021 as the SBA announced in May 2021 that PPP funds were exhausted. The majority of our PPP borrowers are existing commercial and small business borrowers, non-profit customers, retail banking customers and clients of our Eastern Wealth Management division and Eastern Insurance Group. • During the year ended December 31, 2021, we originated approximately 6,600 PPP loans totaling $543.2 million. These loans have a maturity of five years. Fees received from the SBA and direct loan origination costs are being deferred over the five-year loan term. Through December 31, 2021, we had received $28.7 million in fees from the SBA and had deferred $4.0 million in direct loan origination costs related to 2021 originations. • During the year ended year ended December 31, 2020, we originated approximately 8,900 PPP loans totaling $1.2 billion. The majority of these loans have a maturity of two years. Fees received from the SBA and direct loan origination costs are being deferred over the loan term, which is generally two years. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we received $37.1 million in fees from the SBA and deferred $4.6 million in direct loan origination costs. During the year ended December 31, 2021, certain 2020 originations were modified and we received a nominal amount of additional fees from the SBA. • Net PPP fee accretion (fee accretion less cost amortization) for all PPP loans for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $34.3 million. In connection with the Century acquisition, we acquired Century’s PPP loans with a remaining unpaid principal balance of $73.7 million at the time of our acquisition. In accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations (commonly referred to as “purchase accounting”), remaining unearned fees received from the SBA and unamortized direct loan origination costs associated with these loans were written off with a corresponding adjustment to goodwill. The net purchase discount associated with these loans was $1.1 million, of which $0.1 million was accreted into income during the year ended December 31, 2021. 62 The following table shows certain data related to PPP originations by period. This table is specific to Eastern PPP loan originations and does not include data related to PPP loans that we acquired from Century: PPP Loans Originated During the Year Ended December 31, Total 2021 2020 (Dollars in thousands) Number of loans originated 6,628 8,902 15,530 Original balance of loans originated $ 543,212 $ 1,167,137 $ 1,710,349 Current balance of loans originated in respective periods 254,725 12,746 267,471 Total SBA fees received (1) 28,699 37,249 65,948 SBA fees recognized in interest income related to loans originated in respective periods (2) 18,227 37,166 55,393 Unaccreted SBA fees related to loans originated in respective periods 10,472 84 10,556 (1) Total SBA fees received on 2020 originations includes additional fees received from the SBA in 2021 for originations that were modified in 2021. (2) Reflects life-to-date accretion. The following table shows certain data related to the remaining balance of our aggregate PPP loans (Eastern originations and Century originations) as of December 31, 2021: Loan Size Loan Balance Number of Loans (Dollars in thousands) $0 to $50 thousand $ 37,513 2,234 $50 thousand to $150 thousand 45,097 512 $150 thousand to $1 million 165,346 500 $1 million to $2 million 45,851 32 $2 million to $5 million 37,578 15 Over $5 million — — Total $ 331,385 3,293 The following table shows the balance of our PPP loans (Eastern originations and Century originations) by industry as of December 31, 2021: Industry Loan Balance Number of Loans (Dollars in thousands) Accommodation & food services $ 84,739 469 Construction 44,021 449 Health care & social assistance 34,735 251 Professional, scientific & technical services 28,368 426 Other services 35,964 480 Manufacturing 17,659 117 Retail trade 13,191 291 Administrative & support 17,368 180 Wholesale trade 9,626 74 Transportation & warehousing 12,912 169 Arts, entertainment & recreation 9,912 104 All other 22,890 283 Total $ 331,385 3,293 63 Non-GAAP Financial Measures We present certain non-GAAP financial measures, which management uses to evaluate our performance, and which exclude the effects of certain transactions, non-cash items and GAAP adjustments that we believe are unrelated to our core business and are therefore not necessarily indicative of our current performance or financial position. Management believes excluding these items facilitates greater visibility for investors into our core businesses as well as underlying trends that may, to some extent, be obscured by inclusion of such items in the corresponding GAAP financial measures. There are items in our financial statements that impact our results but which we believe are unrelated to our core business. Accordingly, we present operating net income, noninterest income on an operating basis, noninterest expense on an operating basis, total operating revenue, operating earnings per share, and the operating efficiency ratio, each of which excludes the impact of such items because we believe such exclusion can provide greater visibility into our core business and underlying trends. Such items that we do not consider to be core to our business include (i) income and expenses from investments held in rabbi trusts, (ii) gains and losses on sales of securities available for sale, net, (iii) gains and losses on the sale of other assets, (iv) rabbi trust employee benefits, (v) impairment charges on tax credit investments and associated tax credit benefits, (vi) expenses indirectly associated with our IPO, (vii) other real estate owned (“OREO”) gains, (viii) merger and acquisition expenses, (ix) the stock donation to the Eastern Bank Foundation (formerly known as the Eastern Bank Charitable Foundation, or the “Foundation”) in connection with our mutual-to-stock conversion and IPO, and (x) settlement of putative consumer class action litigation matters related to overdraft and non-sufficient fund fees, and associated settlement expenses. We also present tangible shareholders’ equity, tangible assets, the ratio of tangible shareholders’ equity to tangible assets, and tangible book value per share, each of which excludes the impact of goodwill and other intangible assets, as we believe these financial measures provide investors with the ability to further assess our performance, identify trends in our core business and provide a comparison of our capital adequacy to other companies. We have included the tangible ratios because management believes that investors may find it useful to have access to the same analytical tools used by management to assess performance and identify trends. Our non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered as an alternative or substitute to GAAP net income, or as an indication of our cash flows from operating activities, a measure of our liquidity or an indication of funds available for our cash needs. An item which we consider to be non-core and exclude when computing these non-GAAP financial measures can be of substantial importance to our results for any particular period. In addition, our methodology for calculating non-GAAP financial measures may differ from the methodologies employed by other companies to calculate the same or similar performance measures and, accordingly, our reported non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to the same or similar performance measures reported by other companies. 64 The following table summarizes the impact of non-core items recorded for the time periods indicated below and reconciles them to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) Net income (GAAP) $ 154,665 $ 22,738 $ 135,098 Non-GAAP adjustments: Add: Noninterest income components: Income from investments held in rabbi trusts (10,217) (10,337) (9,866) Gains on sales of securities available for sale, net (1,166) (288) (2,016) (Gains) losses on sales of other assets (571) 20 15 Noninterest expense components: Rabbi trust employee benefit expense 5,515 4,789 4,604 Impairment (reversal) charge on tax credit investments (170) 10,779 — Indirect IPO costs (1) — 1,199 — Gain on sale of other real estate owned (87) (606) — Merger and acquisition expenses 35,460 90 — Settlement and expenses for putative consumer class action matters 3,325 — — Stock donation to the Eastern Bank Foundation — 91,287 — Total impact of non-GAAP adjustments 32,089 96,933 (7,263) Less net tax benefit (expense) associated with non-GAAP adjustment (2) 20,869 17,537 (1,861) Non-GAAP adjustments, net of tax $ 11,220 $ 79,396 $ (5,402) Operating net income (non-GAAP) $ 165,885 $ 102,134 $ 129,696 Weighted average common shares outstanding during the period: Basic 172,192,336 171,812,535 — Diluted 172,252,057 171,812,535 — Earnings per share, basic $ 0.90 $ 0.13 n.a. Earnings per share, diluted $ 0.90 0.13 n.a. Operating earnings per share, basic (non-GAAP) $ 0.96 $ 0.59 n.a. Operating earnings per share, diluted (non-GAAP) $ 0.96 0.59 n.a. (1) Reflects costs associated with the IPO that are indirectly related to the IPO and were not recorded as a reduction of capital. (2) The net tax benefit (expense) associated with these items is determined by assessing whether each item is included or excluded from net taxable income and applying our combined statutory tax rate only to those items included in net taxable income. The 2020 net tax benefit amount reflects the impact of the $12.0 million valuation allowance associated with the stock donation to the Eastern Bank Foundation. The 2021 net tax benefit amount reflects the impact of the reversal of $11.3 million of the $12.0 million valuation allowance associated with the stock donation to the Eastern Bank Foundation. 65 The following table summarizes the impact of non-core items with respect to our total revenue, noninterest income, noninterest expense and the efficiency ratio, which reconciles to the most directly comparable respective GAAP financial measure, for the periods indicated: For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Net interest income (GAAP) $ 429,827 $ 401,251 $ 411,264 $ 390,044 $ 338,514 Add: Tax-equivalent adjustment (non-GAAP) 6,093 5,472 5,254 5,696 10,607 Fully-taxable equivalent net interest income (non-GAAP) 435,920 406,723 416,518 395,740 349,121 Noninterest income (GAAP) 193,155 178,373 182,299 180,595 197,727 Less: Income (loss) from investments held in rabbi trusts 10,217 10,337 9,866 (1,542) 6,587 Gains on sales of securities available for sale, net 1,166 288 2,016 50 11,356 Gains (losses) on sales of other assets 571 (20) (15) 1,989 6,075 Noninterest income on an operating basis (non-GAAP) 181,201 167,768 170,432 180,098 173,709 Noninterest expense (GAAP) $ 443,956 $ 504,923 $ 412,684 $ 397,928 $ 389,413 Less: Rabbi trust employee benefit expense (income) 5,515 4,789 4,604 (847) 2,888 Impairment (reversal) charge on tax credit investments (170) 10,779 — — — Indirect IPO costs (1) — 1,199 — — — Merger and acquisition expenses 35,460 90 — 244 149 Settlement and expenses for putative consumer class action matters 3,325 — — — — Stock donation to the Eastern Bank Foundation — 91,287 — — — Plus: Gain on sale of other real estate owned 87 606 — — — Noninterest expense on an operating basis (non-GAAP) $ 399,913 $ 397,385 $ 408,080 $ 398,531 $ 386,376 Total revenue (GAAP) $ 622,982 $ 579,624 $ 593,563 $ 570,639 $ 536,241 Total operating revenue (non-GAAP) $ 617,121 $ 574,491 $ 586,950 $ 575,838 $ 522,830 Ratios Efficiency ratio (GAAP) 71.26 % 87.11 % 69.53 % 69.73 % 72.62 % Operating efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) 64.80 % 69.17 % 69.53 % 69.21 % 73.90 % (1) Reflects costs associated with the IPO that are indirectly related to the IPO and were not recorded as a reduction of capital. 66 The following table summarizes the calculation of our tangible shareholders’ equity, tangible assets, the ratio of tangible shareholders’ equity to tangible assets, and tangible book value per share, which reconciles to the most directly comparable respective GAAP measure, as of the dates indicated: As of December 31, 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 (In thousands, except per share data) Tangible shareholders’ equity: Total shareholders’ equity (GAAP) $ 3,406,352 $ 3,428,052 $ 1,600,153 $ 1,433,141 $ 1,330,514 Less: Goodwill and other intangibles 649,703 376,534 377,734 381,276 373,042 Tangible shareholders’ equity (non-GAAP) 2,756,649 3,051,518 1,222,419 1,051,865 957,472 Tangible assets: Total assets (GAAP) 23,512,128 15,964,190 11,628,775 11,372,287 10,873,073 Less: Goodwill and other intangibles 649,703 376,534 377,734 381,276 373,042 Tangible assets (non-GAAP) $ 22,862,425 $ 15,587,656 $ 11,251,041 $ 10,991,011 $ 10,500,031 Shareholders’ equity to assets ratio (GAAP) 14.5 % 21.5 % 13.8 % 12.6 % 12.2 % Tangible shareholders’ equity to tangible assets ratio (non-GAAP) 12.1 % 19.6 % 10.9 % 9.6 % 9.1 % Book value per share: Common shares issued and outstanding 186,305,332 186,758,154 — — — Book value per share (GAAP) $ 18.28 $ 18.36 $ — $ — $ — Tangible book value per share (non-GAAP) $ 14.80 $ 16.34 $ — $ — $ — Financial Position Summary of Financial Position As of December 31, Change 2021 2020 Amount ($) Percentage (%) (Dollars in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,231,792 $ 2,054,070 $ (822,278) (40.0) % Securities available for sale 8,511,224 3,183,861 5,327,363 167.3 % Loans, net of allowance for loan losses 12,157,281 9,593,958 2,563,323 26.7 % Federal Home Loan Bank stock 10,904 8,805 2,099 23.8 % Goodwill and other intangible assets 649,703 376,534 273,169 72.5 % Deposits 19,628,311 12,155,784 7,472,527 61.5 % Borrowed funds 34,278 28,049 6,229 22.2 % Cash and cash equivalents Total cash and cash equivalents decreased by $0.8 billion, or 40.0%, to $1.2 billion at December 31, 2021 from $2.1 billion at December 31, 2020. This decrease was primarily due to available for sale security purchases partially offset by deposit growth. 67 Securities Our current investment policy authorizes us to invest in various types of investment securities and liquid assets, including U.S. Treasury obligations, securities of government-sponsored enterprises, mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, corporate notes, asset-backed securities and municipal securities. We do not engage in any investment hedging activities or trading activities, nor do we purchase any high-risk investment products. We typically invest in the following types of securities: U.S. government securities: At December 31, 2021 and 2020 our U.S. government securities consisted of U.S. Agency bonds, U.S. Treasury securities and Small Business Administration pooled securities. We maintain these investments, to the extent appropriate, for liquidity purposes, at zero risk weighting for capital purposes, and as collateral for interest rate derivative positions. U.S. Agency bonds include securities issued by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, the Federal Home Loan Bank, and the Federal Farm Credit Bureau. Mortgage-backed securities: We invest in residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities insured or guaranteed by Freddie Mac, Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae, including collateralized mortgage obligations. We have not purchased any privately-issued mortgage-backed securities. We invest in mortgage-backed securities to achieve a positive interest rate spread with minimal administrative expense, and to lower our credit risk as a result of the guarantees provided by Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae. Investments in residential mortgage-backed securities involve a risk that actual payments will be greater or less than the prepayment rate estimated at the time of purchase, which may require adjustments to the amortization of any premium or acceleration of any discount relating to such interests, thereby affecting the net yield on our securities. We periodically review current prepayment speeds to determine whether prepayment estimates require modification that could cause amortization or accretion adjustments. There is also reinvestment risk associated with the cash flows from such securities. In addition, the market value of such securities may be adversely affected by changes in interest rates. State and municipal securities: We invest in fixed rate investment grade bonds issued primarily by municipalities in our local communities within Massachusetts and by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The market value of these securities may be affected by call options, long dated maturities, general market liquidity and credit factors. The Risk Management Committee of our Board of Directors is responsible for approving and overseeing our investment policy, which it reviews at least annually. This policy dictates that investment decisions be made based on the safety of the investment, liquidity requirements, potential returns and market risk considerations. 68 The following table shows the fair value of our securities by investment category as of the dates indicated: Securities Portfolio Composition As of December 31, 2021 2020 (In thousands) Available for sale securities: Government-sponsored residential mortgage-backed securities $ 5,524,708 $ 2,148,800 Government-sponsored commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,408,868 17,081 U.S. Agency bonds 1,175,014 666,709 U.S. Treasury securities 88,605 70,369 State and municipal bonds and obligations 280,329 280,902 Small Business Administration pooled securities 32,103 — Other debt securities 1,597 — Total $ 8,511,224 $ 3,183,861 The following table presents the composition of securities acquired in connection with our acquisition of Century at fair value as of the November 12, 2021 acquisition date: Acquired Securities at Fair Value As of November 12, 2021 (Dollars in thousands) Available for sale securities: Government-sponsored residential mortgage-backed securities $ 1,675,002 Government-sponsored commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,055,228 U.S. Agency bonds 346,538 State and municipal bonds and obligations 6,532 Small Business Administration pooled securities 31,827 Other debt securities 1,895 Total $ 3,117,022 Our securities portfolio has increased year-to-date. Available for sale securities increased $5.3 billion, or 167.3%, to $8.5 billion at December 31, 2021 from $3.2 billion at December 31, 2020. This increase is due to investment purchases during the year ended December 31, 2021 and securities acquired in the Century acquisition as shown in the table above. Partially offsetting the increase in the securities portfolio from December 31, 2020 to December 31, 2021, was the reduction in the unrealized gain on the securities. At December 31, 2021 the unrealized loss was $76.0 million compared to an unrealized gain of $58.7 million at December 31, 2020, representing a $134.6 million decrease. This change is primarily driven by a steepening yield curve. We did not have trading or held-to-maturity investments at December 31, 2021 and 2020. A portion of our securities portfolio continues to be tax-exempt. Investments in federally tax-exempt securities totaled $279.8 million at December 31, 2021 compared to $280.9 million at December 31, 2020. Our available for sale securities are carried at fair value and are categorized within the fair value hierarchy based on the observability of model inputs. Securities which require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable are classified as level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. As of both December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had no securities categorized as level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. 69 The following table shows investment security weighted-average yields by category of security and contractual maturity at December 31, 2021. Weighted-average yields in the table below have been calculated based upon the amortized cost of the security: Securities Portfolio, Weighted-Average Yield Securities Maturing as of December 31, 2021 Within One Year After One Year But Within Five Years After Five Years But Within Ten Years After Ten Years Total Available for sale securities: Government-sponsored residential mortgage-backed securities — % 2.64 % 1.01 % 1.44 % 1.38 % Government-sponsored commercial mortgage-backed securities — 1.14 1.20 1.95 1.67 U.S. Agency bonds 1.11 0.73 1.00 — 0.88 U.S. Treasury securities 0.15 0.78 — — 0.50 State and municipal bonds and obligations (2) (1.24) 2.46 3.17 4.04 3.48 Small business administration pooled securities — 1.72 — 1.93 1.90 Other debt securities 1.01 0.84 — — 0.87 Total 0.10 % 0.95 % 1.12 % 1.60 % 1.42 % (1) Investment security weighted-average yields were calculated on a level-yield basis by weighting the tax equivalent yield for each security type by the book value of each maturity. (2) The negative yield indicated in the “Within One Year” category is the result of premium amortization that is in excess of earned income. The yield on tax-exempt obligations of states and political subdivisions has been adjusted to a fully taxable equivalent basis (“FTE”) by adjusting tax-exempt income upward by an amount equivalent to the prevailing federal income taxes that would have been paid if the income had been fully taxable. 70 Loans The following table shows the composition of our loan portfolio, by category, as of the dates indicated, the loans, by category, that were acquired from Century, and their balances as of the acquisition date of November 12, 2021 and net PPP loan activity for the year ended December 31, 2021: As of December 31, Organic Change (excluding net PPP loan activity) 2021 2020 Change ($) Century Acquired Balance (1) PPP Loan Activity, net (3) Amount ($) Percentage (%) (In thousands) Commercial and industrial $ 2,960,527 $ 1,995,016 $ 965,511 $ 1,405,127 $ (475,561) $ 35,945 1.8 % Commercial real estate 4,522,513 3,573,630 948,883 606,139 — 342,744 9.6 % Commercial construction 222,328 305,708 (83,380) 2,647 — (86,027) (28.1) % Business banking 1,334,694 1,339,164 (4,470) 240,703 (292,905) 47,732 3.6 % Residential real estate 1,926,810 1,370,957 555,853 418,119 — 137,734 10.0 % Consumer home equity 1,100,153 868,270 231,883 237,522 — (5,639) (0.6) % Other consumer 214,485 277,780 (63,295) 9,429 — (72,724) (26.2) % Total gross loans (2) $ 12,281,510 $ 9,730,525 $ 2,550,985 $ 2,919,685 $ (768,466) $ 399,766 4.1 % (1) Balances of loans acquired through our acquisition of Century represent unpaid principal balances and do not include the fair value adjustment recorded upon acquisition. Refer to Note 3, “Mergers and Acquisitions” within the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (2) Amounts presented exclude unamortized premiums, unearned discounts and deferred fees and costs. (3) Amounts exclude change attributable to acquired PPP loans. We consider our loan portfolio to be relatively diversified by borrower and industry. Our loans increased $2.6 billion, or 26.2%, to $12.3 billion at December 31, 2021 from $9.7 billion at December 31, 2020. The increase as of December 31, 2021 was primarily due to loans acquired from Century of $2.9 billion partially offset by a decrease in our PPP loan balances within our commercial and industrial balances and business banking portfolios. The changes to our loan portfolio, excluding the impact of the Century acquisition and PPP loan activity, are further detailed below: • The $342.7 million increase in our commercial real estate loans from December 31, 2020 to December 31, 2021 was primarily a result of an increase of $296.3 million in our investment commercial real estate loan balances, which represents loans secured by commercial real estate that are non-owner-occupied, during the year ended December 31, 2021. • The $59.4 million increase in our retail portfolio was primarily a result of an increase of $137.7 million in residential real estate loans during the year ended December 31, 2021 which was partially offset by a decrease in our other consumer and consumer home equity portfolios of $72.7 million and $5.6 million, respectively. The increase in residential real estate loans is due to the Company retaining more residential real estate loans as held for investment rather than selling such loans on the secondary market. The decrease in other consumer is primarily the result of the continued run-off of our indirect auto loan portfolio. We believe that our commercial loan portfolio composition is relatively diversified in terms of industry sectors, property types and various lending specialties. As of December 31, 2021, concentrations in our commercial loan portfolios were as follows and includes loans acquired from Century: 71 Commercial and Industrial Balance Percentage (%) (Dollars in thousands) Educational services $ 821,187 27.7 % Professional, scientific, and technical services 288,532 9.7 % Wholesale trade 264,988 9.0 % Finance and insurance 180,398 6.1 % Transportation and warehousing 171,976 5.8 % Healthcare and social assistance 171,316 5.8 % Manufacturing 170,490 5.8 % Accommodation and food services 153,683 5.2 % Administrative and support 148,979 5.0 % Real estate, rental and leasing 124,239 4.2 % Other industries 464,739 15.7 % Total portfolio $ 2,960,527 100.0 % Commercial Real Estate Balance Percentage (%) (Dollars in thousands) Multi-family $ 807,437 17.9 % Office 492,669 10.9 % Industrial/warehouse 486,344 10.8 % Retail 471,147 10.4 % School 365,706 8.1 % Mixed use - retail/office 330,017 7.3 % Mixed use - retail/multi-family 268,017 5.9 % Affordable housing 259,467 5.7 % Hotel/motel/hospitality 178,561 3.9 % Other property types 863,148 19.1 % Total portfolio $ 4,522,513 100.0 % Commercial Construction Balance Percentage (%) (Dollars in thousands) Affordable housing $ 82,739 37.2 % For sale housing 39,852 17.9 % Multi-family 35,195 15.8 % Industrial/warehouse 14,584 6.6 % Assisted living 13,364 6.0 % Mixed use - retail/multi-family 10,904 4.9 % 1-4 Family 5,705 2.6 % Self storage 1,832 0.8 % Other property types 18,153 8.2 % Total portfolio $ 222,328 100.0 % We believe that the loan to value ratio (“LTV”) is an important factor in monitoring the risk characteristics of our loans secured by real estate. The following tables show the distribution of loan balances by LTV and year of origination for each of our portfolios of loans, including those acquired from Century, secured by real estate as of December 31, 2021: 72 Balance of Commercial Real Estate Loans Originated During the Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 and Prior Total Current LTV (1) (Dollars in thousands) Not available (2) $ 61,950 $ 22,373 $ 6,732 $ 20,132 $ 261,885 $ 373,073 50.00% or lower 185,482 190,888 103,556 134,336 815,035 1,429,296 50.01% - 69.99% 288,153 161,905 385,692 251,312 884,864 1,971,926 70.00% - 79.99% 123,506 84,920 108,505 62,527 83,969 463,427 80.00% - 89.99% (3) 32,503 17,520 6,026 12,471 33,790 102,310 90.00% or higher 23,480 70,561 21,121 6,968 60,351 182,481 Total $ 715,073 $ 548,167 $ 631,632 $ 487,747 $ 2,139,894 $ 4,522,513 Average LTV 53.62 % 58.94 % 57.70 % 54.58 % 45.50 % 50.38 % Balance of Residential Real Estate Loans Originated During the Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 and Prior Total Current LTV (1) (Dollars in thousands) Not available (2) $ 1,625 $ 912 $ — $ 353 $ 16,781 $ 19,671 50.00% or lower 168,814 80,959 29,190 25,491 179,865 484,318 50.01% - 69.99% 269,429 151,061 35,746 27,426 182,219 665,880 70.00% - 79.99% 194,495 123,898 34,120 16,938 114,558 484,009 80.00% - 89.99% 67,897 38,350 12,595 11,838 51,790 182,470 90.00% or higher 44,916 22,738 11,332 6,335 5,141 90,462 Total $ 747,175 $ 417,918 $ 122,982 $ 88,380 $ 550,354 $ 1,926,810 Average LTV 60.44 % 62.13 % 61.42 % 58.04 % 49.98 % 55.58 % Balance of Consumer Home Equity Loans Originated During the Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 and Prior Total Current LTV (1) (Dollars in thousands) Not available (2) $ 151,593 $ 32,587 $ 46,792 $ 35,381 $ 281,388 $ 547,740 50.00% or lower 35,473 35,608 29,780 31,195 43,929 175,986 50.01% - 69.99% 17,384 46,029 29,276 30,422 46,852 169,962 70.00% - 79.99% 9,246 23,367 31,219 29,311 46,508 139,652 80.00% - 89.99% 4,393 7,460 17,156 10,691 26,891 66,591 90.00% or higher — — — — 221 221 Total $ 218,089 $ 145,050 $ 154,223 $ 137,001 $ 445,790 $ 1,100,153 Average LTV 38.32 % 52.01 % 56.09 % 55.48 % 55.61 % 53.47 % (1) Current LTV is calculated based upon exposure amount and the most recently available appraisal value as of the reporting period. (2) Insufficient data available to calculate LTV. (3) We generally require an LTV of 80% or less on new CRE loan originations. Certain CRE loans with LTVs greater than 80% may have additional collateral pledged which is not included in the computation of the amounts stated. 73 The maturity distribution of our loan portfolio is one factor used by management to evaluate the risk characteristics of our loan portfolio. The following table shows the maturity distribution of our loans, including those acquired from Century, as of December 31, 2021: Scheduled Contractual Loan Maturity One Year or Less (1) One to Five Years Five to Fifteen Years After Fifteen Years Total (In thousands) Commercial and industrial $ 287,526 $ 1,070,642 $ 605,759 $ 996,600 $ 2,960,527 Commercial real estate 383,101 1,199,267 2,504,355 435,790 4,522,513 Commercial construction 47,057 95,735 58,079 21,457 222,328 Business banking 140,904 496,620 663,716 33,454 1,334,694 Residential real estate 398 5,024 302,715 1,618,673 1,926,810 Consumer home equity 2,260 19,989 183,738 894,166 1,100,153 Other consumer 25,660 115,894 66,449 6,482 214,485 Total loans $ 886,906 $ 3,003,171 $ 4,384,811 $ 4,006,622 $ 12,281,510 (1) Includes demand loans, or loans without a stated maturity. The interest rate risk to our loan portfolio is an important element in the management of net interest margin. We attempt to manage the relationship between the interest rate sensitivity of our assets and liabilities to produce an effective interest differential that is not significantly impacted by changes in the level of interest rates. The following table shows the interest rate risk of our loans, on a gross basis, due one year after December 31, 2021: Loan Interest Rate Risk Due after December 31, 2022 Fixed Adjustable Total (In thousands) Commercial and industrial $ 845,673 $ 1,827,328 $ 2,673,001 Commercial real estate 1,368,467 2,770,945 4,139,412 Commercial construction 116,240 59,031 175,271 Business banking 492,037 701,753 1,193,790 Residential real estate 1,502,419 423,993 1,926,412 Consumer home equity 141,295 956,598 1,097,893 Other consumer 185,028 3,797 188,825 Total loans $ 4,651,159 $ 6,743,445 $ 11,394,604 Asset quality. We continually monitor the asset quality of our loan portfolio utilizing portfolio scorecards and various credit quality indicators. Based on this process, loans meeting certain criteria are categorized as delinquent, impaired, or non-performing and further assessed to determine if non-accrual status is appropriate. For the commercial portfolio, which includes our commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, commercial construction and business banking loans, we monitor credit quality using a risk rating scale, which assigns a risk-grade to each borrower based on a number of quantitative and qualitative factors associated with a commercial loan transaction. Management utilizes a loan risk rating methodology based on a 15-point scale with the assistance of risk rating scorecard tools. Pass grades are 0-10 and non-pass categories, which align with regulatory guidelines, are: special mention (11), substandard (12), doubtful (13) and loss (14). Risk rating assignment is determined using one of 14 separate scorecards developed for distinctive portfolio segments based on common attributes. Key factors include: industry and market conditions, position within the industry, earnings trends, operating cash flow, asset/liability values, debt capacity, guarantor strength, management and controls, financial reporting, collateral and other considerations. The new risk rating methodology, inclusive of the expanded grade levels and the scorecard tools, has increased, and is expected to continue to increase granularity and distribution of risk rating assignment with more precision and effectiveness; provide customized and enhanced templates to incorporate more risk factors and attributes applicable to loan and collateral types; increase precision and effectiveness of credit risk identification; and provide a foundation for enhanced reporting, including migration of risk rating analysis. 74 Special mention, substandard and doubtful loans totaled 5.8% and 7.7% of total commercial loans outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. This decrease was driven by risk rating upgrades in the construction and commercial and industrial portfolios. Our philosophy toward managing our loan portfolios is predicated upon careful monitoring, which stresses early detection and response to delinquent and default situations. We seek to make arrangements to resolve any delinquent or default situation over the shortest possible time frame. For the retail portfolio, which includes residential real estate, consumer home equity, and other consumer portfolios, we monitor credit quality using the borrower’s FICO score. As of December 31, 2021, 70.8% of retail borrowers, based on loan balance, have a FICO score of 740 or greater. The following table shows the balances by borrower’s current FICO score as of the dates indicated: As of December 31, 2021 As of December 31, 2020 Residential Real Estate Consumer Home Equity Other Consumer Residential Real Estate Consumer Home Equity Other Consumer Current FICO (1) (Dollars in thousands) (Dollars in thousands) Not available (2) $ 3,954 $ 1,122 $ 27,448 $ 15,762 $ 224 $ 35,097 640 or lower 49,112 39,446 7,680 50,705 36,699 15,762 641 – 699 184,740 106,621 18,078 137,028 93,647 28,357 700 – 739 307,162 173,617 27,739 223,544 144,304 38,203 740 or higher 1,381,842 779,347 133,539 943,918 593,396 160,361 Total $ 1,926,810 $ 1,100,153 $ 214,485 $ 1,370,957 $ 868,270 $ 277,780 Average FICO 764.7 764.5 765.7 762.9 763.3 757.5 (1) Borrower FICO scores are updated on a semi-annual basis, and the most recent update occurred in August 2021. With respect to loans acquired in connection with our acquisition of Century, borrower FICO scores were updated in December 2021. (2) Insufficient data available to report. The delinquency rate of our total loan portfolio increased to 0.65% at December 31, 2021 from 0.49% at December 31, 2020. The following table provides details regarding our delinquency rates as of the dates indicated: Loan Delinquency Rates Delinquency Rate as of December 31, (1) 2021 2020 Commercial and industrial 0.06 % 0.11 % Commercial real estate 0.60 % 0.06 % Commercial construction — % — % Business banking 0.86 % 1.40 % Residential real estate 1.38 % 1.21 % Consumer home equity 0.90 % 0.60 % Other consumer 1.23 % 0.98 % Total 0.65 % 0.49 % (1) In the calculation of the delinquency rate as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the total amount of loans outstanding includes $0.3 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively, of PPP loans. As a general rule, loans more than 90 days past due with respect to principal or interest are classified as non-accrual loans. However, based on our assessment of collateral and/or payment prospects, certain loans that are more than 90 days past due may be kept on an accruing status. Income accruals are suspended on all non-accrual loans and all previously accrued and uncollected interest is reversed against current income. A loan is expected to remain on non-accrual status until it becomes current with respect to principal and interest, the loan is liquidated, or the loan is determined to be uncollectible and is charged-off against the allowance for loan losses. 75 Non-performing assets (“NPAs”) are comprised of non-performing loans (“NPLs”), OREO and non-performing securities. NPLs consist of non-accrual loans and loans that are more than 90 days past due but still accruing interest. OREO consists of real estate properties, which primarily serve as collateral to secure our loans, that we control due to foreclosure. These properties are recorded at the fair value less estimated costs to sell on the date we obtain control. Any write-downs to the cost of the related asset upon transfer to OREO to reflect the asset at fair value less estimated costs to sell is recorded through the allowance for loan losses. NPLs decreased $8.3 million, or 20%, to $35.0 million at December 31, 2021 from $43.3 million at December 31, 2020. NPLs as a percentage of total loans decreased to 0.29% at December 31, 2021 from 0.45% at December 31, 2020 primarily due to a decrease in residential non-accrual loans, commercial real estate non-accrual loans, and commercial and industrial loans greater than 90 days past due and still accruing. The decreases in these categories was partially offset by an increase in consumer loans greater than 90 days and still accruing. For additional discussion of non-accrual loans, refer to the later “Credit Ratios” section. The total amount of interest recorded on NPLs was $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The gross interest income that would have been recorded under the original terms of those loans if they had been performing amounted to $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The total amount of interest recorded on NPLs was $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The gross interest income that would have been recorded under the original terms of those loans if they had been performing amounted to $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. In the course of resolving NPLs, we may choose to restructure the contractual terms of certain loans. We attempt to work-out alternative payment schedules with the borrowers in order to avoid foreclosure actions. We review any loans that are modified to identify whether a TDR has occurred. TDRs involve situations in which, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, we grant a concession to the borrower that we would not otherwise consider. As described further below, loan modifications made in response to the COVID-19 pandemic met the criteria of either Section 4013 of the CARES Act or the Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus (Revised) and therefore are not deemed TDRs. All TDR loans are considered impaired and therefore are subject to a specific review for impairment loss. The impairment analysis discounts the present value of the anticipated cash flows by the loan’s contractual rate of interest in effect prior to the loan’s modification or the fair value of collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. The amount of impairment loss, if any, is recorded as a specific reserve to each individual loan in the allowance for loan losses. Commercial loans (commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, commercial construction, and business banking) and residential loans that have been classified as TDRs and which subsequently default are reviewed to determine if the loan should be deemed collateral dependent. TDR loans modified during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were $0.8 million and $4.2 million, respectively (post modification balance). The overall decrease in TDR loans consisted of a decrease of $2.3 million in commercial loan TDRs and a decrease of $1.2 million in consumer loan TDRs. No loans were modified during the preceding 12 months which subsequently defaulted during the year ended December 31, 2021. It is our policy to have any restructured loans that are on non-accrual status prior to being modified remain on non-accrual status for approximately six months subsequent to being modified before we consider its return to accrual status. If the restructured loan is on accrual status prior to being modified, we review it to determine if the modified loan should remain on accrual status. PCI loans are loans we acquired that have shown evidence of deterioration of credit quality since origination and, therefore, it was deemed unlikely that all contractually required payments would be collected upon the acquisition date. We consider factors such as payment history, collateral values and accrual status when determining whether there was evidence of deterioration at the acquisition date. The carrying value and prospective income recognition of PCI loans are predicated on future cash flows expected to be collected. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020 the carrying amount of PCI loans was $69.6 million and $9.3 million, respectively. The increase of $60.3 million was primarily attributable to PCI loans acquired from Century of $67.3 million, partially offset by borrower principal payments during the year ended December 31, 2021. COVID-19 Modifications In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, we implemented loan modification programs for our borrowers in 2020 that allowed for either full payment deferrals (both interest and principal) or deferral of principal only. These modifications met the criteria of either Section 4013 of the CARES Act or the Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus (Revised) and therefore are not deemed TDRs. We have deemed these modified loans “COVID-19 modifications.” The Appropriations Act, which was enacted on December 27, 2020, extended certain expiring tax provisions related to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States and provides additional emergency relief to individuals and businesses. Included 76 within the provisions of the Appropriations Act was the extension of Section 4013 of the CARES Act to January 1, 2022. As such, we applied CARES Act TDR relief to qualifying loan modifications executed during the allowable time period. The following table presents the balance of loans that received a COVID-19 modification and have not yet resumed repayment as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 and excludes loans acquired from Century: Remaining COVID-19 Modifications as of December 31, 2021 (1) Remaining COVID-19 Modifications as of December 31, 2020 (1) Balance % of Total Portfolio Balance % of Total Portfolio (In thousands) Commercial and industrial $ 4,548 0.2 % $ 34,076 1.7 % Commercial real estate 93,519 2.1 % 231,794 6.5 % Commercial construction — — % 10,987 3.6 % Business banking 649 0.1 % 23,434 1.7 % Residential real estate 5,870 0.3 % 26,772 2.0 % Consumer home equity 1,365 0.1 % 3,432 0.4 % Other consumer 706 0.3 % 2,187 0.8 % Total $ 106,657 0.9 % $ 332,682 3.4 % (1) Remaining COVID-19 modifications reflect only those loans which underwent a modification and have not yet resumed payment. We define a modified loan to have resumed payment if it is one month past the modification end date and not more than 30 days past due. As of December 31, 2021, the aggregate amount of loans that received a COVID-19 modification and have become a non-performing loan after the respective deferral period is $4.7 million and are included in the total remaining COVID-19 modifications shown in the table above. COVID-19 Pandemic-Impacted Industries. Management evaluated the risk present in our commercial loan portfolios with respect to COVID-19 pandemic-impacted industries as of December 31, 2021 and, in connection with that evaluation, identified commercial real estate loans collateralized by properties with office space as a high risk industry sector primarily resulting from the delay in many companies’ return to office plans. As of December 31, 2021, we believe loans to our borrowers in office, retail, restaurant, and hotel industry categories represent those which have experienced and will likely continue to experience the most adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. As of December 31, 2021, the aggregate outstanding balance of loans to our borrowers in office, retail, restaurant, and hotel industry categories was $1.1 billion, $549.0 million, $188.9 million, and $189.0 million respectively, representing 8.8%, 4.5%, 1.5% and 1.5% of total loans, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the aggregate outstanding loan balance of loans to our borrowers in office, retail, restaurant, and hotel industry categories was $1.0 billion, $496.4 million, $197.4 million, and $178.7 million, respectively, representing 10.6%, 5.1%, 2.0%, and 1.8% of total loans, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, the current balance of loans modified which we considered to be COVID-19 modifications was $987.0 million, of which 40% were for full payment deferrals, while 60% were for full deferral of principal only. This includes $631.7 million in commercial real estate (including commercial construction loans), $105.7 million in commercial and industrial loans, $133.5 million in business banking loans, $88.5 million in residential real estate loans, and $27.5 million in consumer loans. The balance of COVID-19 modifications that have not resumed scheduled repayment or have become delinquent as of December 31, 2021 was $106.7 million compared to $332.7 million as of December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2021, the percentage of loans to our borrowers in retail, restaurant and hotel industries that were modified primarily due to the effects on borrowers of the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic slowdown beginning in late March 2020 which have not yet resumed payment were less than 0.1%, 2.9%, and 37.6%, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, there were no loans to our borrowers in office industries that were modified primarily due to the effects on borrowers of the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic slowdown beginning in late March 2020 and which have not yet resumed payment. As of December 31, 2020, the percentage of loans to our borrowers in office, retail, restaurant, and hotel industries that were modified primarily due to the effects on borrowers of the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic slowdown beginning in late March 2020 which have not yet resumed payment were 7.7%, 2.1%, 12.7%, and 39.4%, respectively. 77 In the normal course of business, we become aware of possible credit problems in which borrowers exhibit potential for the inability to comply with the contractual terms of their loans, but which currently do not yet meet the criteria for classification as NPLs. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we reviewed all of our credit exposures in industries that were expected to experience significant problems due to the pandemic and resulting economic contraction. As part of that review, we downgraded our hotel loans, restaurant loans and other loans that we expected to have associated challenges as a result of the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. These loans were neither delinquent nor on non-accrual status. Management evaluated loans to borrowers in our office segment as of December 31, 2021 and observed increases in vacancy rates in properties collateralized by such properties. Due to the long-term nature of leases at such properties, the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on borrowers’ ability to repay is not currently reasonably estimable. However, based upon management’s regular evaluation of such loans, downgrades to the respective risk ratings have occurred and may occur again at such time heightened risk is identified. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, our potential problem loans (including these COVID-19 pandemic-impacted loans), or loans with potential weaknesses that were not included in the non-accrual loans or in the loans 90 days or more past due categories, totaled $470.9 million and $563.3 million, respectively. Included in these potential problem loans was $335.9 million and $319.5 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, of loans in COVID-19 impacted industries, which includes borrowers in office industries as previously described at both December 31, 2021 and 2020. Allowance for loan losses. Because we continued to qualify for emerging growth company status under the Jumpstart Our Business (“JOBS”) Act until December 31, 2021, we were permitted to delay adoption of the CECL standard until the earlier of the date at which non-public business entities are required to adopt the standard and the date we ceased to be an EGC. Included in the Appropriations Act was an extension of the adoption date to the earlier of January 1, 2022 or 60 days after the date on which the COVID-19 national emergency terminates. We elected this extension and, accordingly, adopted the CECL standard on January 1, 2022. As of December 31, 2021, we followed the incurred loss allowance GAAP accounting model. See “Risk Factors—Our loan loss allowance at December 31, 2021 may be difficult to evaluate in comparison to our peers” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For the purpose of estimating our allowance for loan losses, we segregate the loan portfolio into homogenous loan pools that possess unique risk characteristics such as loan purpose, repayment source, and collateral that are considered when determining the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses for each category. While we use available information to recognize losses on loans, future additions or subtractions to/from the allowance for loan losses may be necessary based on changes in NPLs, changes in economic conditions, or other reasons. Additionally, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of our examination process, periodically assess the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses to assess whether the allowance for loan losses was determined in accordance with GAAP and applicable guidance. We perform an evaluation of our allowance for loan losses on a regular basis (at least quarterly), and establish the allowance for loan losses based upon an evaluation of our loan categories, as each possess unique risk characteristics that are considered when determining the appropriate level of allowance for loan losses, including: • estimated future loss in all impaired loans in each category; • known increases in concentrations within each category; • certain higher risk classes of loans, or pledged collateral; • historical loan loss experience within each category; • results of any independent review and evaluation of the category’s credit quality; • trends in volume, maturity and composition of each category; • volume and trends in delinquencies and non-accruals; • national and local economic conditions and downturns in specific local industries; • corporate goals and objectives; • expertise of our lending staff; • lending policy and practices; and • current and forecasted banking industry conditions, as well as regulatory environment. Loans are periodically evaluated using changes in asset quality, historical losses, and other loss allocation factors, which form our basis for estimating incurred losses. For risk rated loans, our risk-rating system takes into consideration a number of quantitative and qualitative factors, such as the borrower’s financial capacity, cash flow, liquidity, leverage, adequacy of collateral, tangible net worth, management team, industry, sales and supplier concentration, credit history, 78 additional support and the impact of outside factors on repayment ability. Homogenous populations of loans that are not risk rated loans, are analyzed by loan category, taking into account delinquency ratios and historical loss experience. The allowance for loan losses is allocated to loan categories using both a formula-based approach and an analysis of certain individual loans for impairment. We use a methodology to systematically estimate the amount of credit loss incurred in the loan portfolio. Under our current methodology, the allowance for loan losses contains specific, general and other components. The specific component consists of reserves for impaired loans (defined as those where we determine it is probable we will not collect all payments when due, typically classified as either doubtful or substandard). All commercial, residential and consumer loan portfolios are periodically reviewed to identify the loans with deteriorating performance. The reports used to identify those loans include, but are not limited to, delinquency reports, risk rating migration (for risk rated loans), asset quality reports, watch loan list and other credit risk management reports. When a loan is determined to be impaired, the measurement will be based on the present value of expected future cash flows, except for collateral-dependent loans, where the impairment is based on the fair value of the collateral. The general loss reserves methodology, which is applied to categories of loans with similar characteristics, covers all non-impaired loans and is based on our portfolio’s segment historical loss experience adjusted for qualitative factors. The general loss reserve methodology considers multiple qualitative factors that may impact the loss experience during the incurred loss horizon period, including internal infrastructure factors, external macroeconomic factors, internal credit quality factors and external industry data, tailored to the specific loan category. For additional discussion of our risk rating methodology, see Note 5, “Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses” within the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 79 The following table summarizes credit ratios for the periods presented: Credit Ratios For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 (Dollars in thousands) Net loan charge-offs (recoveries): Commercial and industrial $ 623 $ 992 $ (2,625) $ 893 $ (4,489) Commercial real estate 243 (206) (12) (83) (147) Commercial construction — — — — (21) Business banking 3,567 4,855 5,370 5,970 4,800 Residential real estate (87) (125) (39) (125) 43 Consumer home equity (161) 421 153 225 (16) Other consumer 1,373 2,129 1,811 1,676 1,707 Total net loan charge-offs (recoveries) $ 5,558 $ 8,066 $ 4,658 $ 8,556 $ 1,877 Average loans: Commercial and industrial $ 2,015,665 $ 2,053,093 $ 1,419,875 $ 1,185,224 $ 1,074,875 Commercial real estate 3,960,818 3,654,887 3,667,147 3,402,560 3,131,900 Commercial construction 191,771 226,286 263,736 327,781 253,244 Business banking 1,241,770 1,079,779 738,652 738,122 701,704 Residential real estate 1,508,796 1,398,337 1,438,775 1,357,116 1,220,600 Consumer home equity 869,110 902,634 948,089 934,681 913,830 Other consumer 233,932 334,257 471,602 619,406 670,881 Average total loans (1) $ 10,021,862 $ 9,649,273 $ 8,947,876 $ 8,564,890 $ 7,967,034 Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans outstanding during the period: Commercial and industrial 0.03 % 0.05 % (0.18) % 0.08 % (0.42) % Commercial real estate 0.01 (0.01) 0.00 0.00 0.00 Commercial construction — — — — (0.01) Business banking 0.29 0.45 0.73 0.81 0.68 Residential real estate (0.01) (0.01) 0.00 (0.01) 0.00 Consumer home equity (0.02) 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.00 Other consumer 0.59 0.64 0.38 0.27 0.25 Total net charge-offs (recoveries) to average total loans outstanding during the period 0.06 % 0.08 % 0.05 % 0.10 % 0.02 % Total loans $ 12,281,510 $ 9,730,525 $ 8,987,046 $ 8,856,003 $ 8,227,041 Total non-accrual loans 32,993 41,005 42,451 26,172 18,165 Allowance for loan losses $ 97,787 $ 113,031 $ 82,297 $ 80,655 $ 74,111 Allowance for loan losses as a percent of total loans 0.80 % 1.16 % 0.92 % 0.91 % 0.90 % Non-accrual loans as a percent of total loans 0.27 % 0.42 % 0.47 % 0.30 % 0.22 % Allowance for loan losses as a percent of non-accrual loans 296.39 % 275.65 % 193.86 % 308.17 % 407.99 % (1) Average loan balances exclude loans held for sale. Non-accrual loans decreased $8.0 million, or 20%, to $33.0 million at December 31, 2021 from $41.0 million at December 31, 2020, primarily due to a decrease in non-accrual loans in our business banking portfolio and commercial real estate portfolio, partially offset by an increase in non-accrual loans in our commercial and industrial portfolio. 80 The allowance for loan losses decreased by $15.2 million, or 13.5%, to $97.8 million, or 0.80% of total loans (including PPP loans), at December 31, 2021 from $113.0 million, or 1.16% of total loans at December 31, 2020. The decrease in the allowance for loan losses was primarily a result of improved macroeconomic conditions, risk rating upgrades in the commercial portfolios during the period and loans acquired from Century for which the estimated incurred losses were substantively included in the initial fair value determination as of the acquisition date of November 12, 2021. The economic environment during the year ended December 31, 2021 was assisted by government stimulus, the impacts of loan deferral programs, reductions in unemployment and reductions in COVID-19 related restrictions. These, along with other factors, resulted in a release of allowance for loan losses of $9.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to a provision for allowance for loan losses of $38.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. 81 The following table sets forth the allocation of the allowance for loan losses by loan categories listed in loan portfolio composition as of the dates indicated: Summary of Allocation of Allowance for Loan Losses As of December 31, 2021 2020 Allowance for Loan Losses Percent of Allowance in Category to Total Allocated Allowance Percent of Loans in Category to Total Loans Allowance for Loan Losses Percent of Allowance in Category to Total Allocated Allowance Percent of Loans in Category to Total Loans (Dollars in thousands) Commercial and industrial (1) $ 18,018 18.43 % 24.10 % $ 26,617 23.54 % 20.51 % Commercial real estate 52,373 53.56 % 36.82 % 54,569 48.28 % 36.73 % Commercial construction 2,585 2.64 % 1.81 % 4,553 4.03 % 3.14 % Business banking (1) 10,983 11.23 % 10.87 % 13,152 11.64 % 13.76 % Residential real estate 6,556 6.70 % 15.69 % 6,435 5.69 % 14.09 % Consumer home equity 3,722 3.81 % 8.96 % 3,744 3.31 % 8.92 % Other consumer 3,308 3.38 % 1.75 % 3,467 3.07 % 2.85 % Other 242 0.25 % — % 494 0.44 % — % Total $ 97,787 100.00 % 100.00 % $ 113,031 100.00 % 100.00 % (1) PPP loans are included within these portfolios as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020; however, as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, no allowance for loan losses have been recorded on these loans due to the SBA guarantee of 100% of the loans. As of December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Allowance for Loan Losses Percent of Allowance in Category to Total Allocated Allowance Percent of Loans in Category to Total Loans Allowance for Loan Losses Percent of Allowance in Category to Total Allocated Allowance Percent of Loans in Category to Total Loans Allowance for Loan Losses Percent of Allowance in Category to Total Allocated Allowance Percent of Loans in Category to Total Loans (Dollars in thousands) Commercial and industrial $ 20,919 25.42 % 18.27 % $ 19,321 23.96 % 18.73 % $ 14,892 20.09 % 16.97 % Commercial real estate 34,730 42.20 % 39.34 % 32,400 40.17 % 36.26 % 30,807 41.57 % 34.40 % Commercial construction 3,424 4.16 % 3.05 % 4,606 5.71 % 3.53 % 5,588 7.54 % 4.87 % Business banking 8,260 10.04 % 8.58 % 8,167 10.13 % 8.37 % 6,497 8.77 % 9.25 % Residential real estate 6,380 7.75 % 15.90 % 7,059 8.75 % 16.16 % 6,954 9.38 % 15.69 % Consumer home equity 4,027 4.89 % 10.38 % 4,113 5.10 % 10.72 % 4,040 5.45 % 11.32 % Other consumer 4,173 5.07 % 4.48 % 4,600 5.70 % 6.23 % 4,751 6.41 % 7.50 % Other 384 0.47 % — % 389 0.48 % — % 582 0.79 % — % Total $ 82,297 100.00 % 100.00 % $ 80,655 100.00 % 100.00 % $ 74,111 100.00 % 100.00 % To determine if a loan should be charged-off, all possible sources of repayment are analyzed. Possible sources of repayment include the potential for future cash flows, liquidation of the collateral and the strength of co-makers or guarantors. When available information confirms that specific loans or portions thereof are uncollectible, these amounts are promptly charged-off against the allowance for loan losses and any recoveries of such previously charged-off amounts are credited to the allowance for loan losses. Regardless of whether a loan is unsecured or collateralized, we charge off the amount of any confirmed loan loss in the period when the loans, or portions of loans, are deemed uncollectible. For troubled, collateral-dependent loans, loss confirming events may include an appraisal or other valuation that reflects a shortfall between the value of the collateral and the carrying value of the loan or receivable, or a deficiency balance following the sale of the collateral. 82 For additional information regarding our allowance for loan losses, see Note 5, “Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses” within the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We adopted the CECL standard on January 1, 2022 and will use the CECL methodology to determine our allowance for loan loss in future periods. For information about risks associated with our adoption of the CECL standard, see “Risk Factors—“We increased our allowance for loan losses as a result of our adoption as of January 1, 2022 of the new accounting standard for determining the amount of the allowance for loan losses and may be required to do so again in the future.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Federal Home Loan Bank stock The FHLBB is a cooperative that provides services to its member banking institutions. The primary reason for our membership in the FHLBB is to gain access to a reliable source of wholesale funding and as a tool to manage interest rate risk. The purchase of stock in the FHLB is a requirement for a member to gain access to funding. We purchase and/or are subject to redemption of FHLBB stock proportional to the volume of funding received and view the holdings as a necessary long-term investment for the purpose of balance sheet liquidity and not for investment return. We held an investment in the FHLBB of $10.9 million and $8.8 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Goodwill and other intangible assets Goodwill and other intangible assets were $649.7 million and $376.5 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The increase in goodwill and other intangibles assets was due to our acquisition of Century which resulted in the addition of goodwill and intangible assets of $259.0 million and $11.6 million, respectively, as well as two insurance agency acquisitions which resulted in additional goodwill and intangible assets that are not considered to be material. This was partially offset by amortization of definite-lived intangibles during the year ended December 31, 2021. We did not record any impairment to our goodwill or other intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. We routinely assess our goodwill and other intangible assets to determine if impairments are necessary. Deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities Deposits originating within the markets we serve continue to be our primary source of funding our earning assets. We have been able to compete effectively for deposits in our primary market areas. The distribution and market share of deposits by type of deposit and by type of depositor are important considerations in our assessment of the stability of our fund sources and our access to additional funds. Furthermore, we shift the mix and maturity of the deposits depending on economic conditions and loan and investment policies in an attempt, within set policies, to minimize cost and maximize net interest margin. The following table presents our deposits, including those acquired from Century in 2021, as of the dates presented: Components of Deposits As of December 31, Change 2021 2020 Amount ($) Percentage (%) (Dollars in thousands) Demand $ 7,020,864 $ 4,910,794 $ 2,110,070 43.0 % Interest checking 4,478,566 2,380,497 2,098,069 88.1 % Savings 2,077,495 1,256,736 820,759 65.3 % Money market investments 5,525,005 3,348,898 2,176,107 65.0 % Certificates of deposit 526,381 258,859 267,522 103.3 % Total deposits $ 19,628,311 $ 12,155,784 $ 7,472,527 61.5 % 83 (1) The Bank’s estimate of total uninsured deposits was $11.0 billion and $5.5 billion at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The increase in estimated uninsured deposits between December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2021 was primarily due to our acquisition of Century. The following table presents the composition of deposits acquired in connection with our acquisition of Century at fair value as of the November 12, 2021 acquisition date: Acquired Deposits at Fair Value As of November 12, 2021 (Dollars in thousands) Demand $ 1,744,600 Interest checking 1,406,039 Savings 1,011,569 Money market investments 1,611,947 Certificates of deposit 325,666 Total deposits $ 6,099,821 Deposits increased by $7.5 billion, or 61.5%, to $19.6 billion at December 31, 2021 from $12.2 billion at December 31, 2020. This increase was primarily a result of our acquisition of Century through which we acquired $6.1 billion total deposits. For more information regarding deposits acquired as a result of the Century acquisition, see Note 26, “Subsequent Events” within the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on form 10-K. Excluding deposits acquired from Century, interest checking deposits, money market deposits and demand deposits, the deposit types primarily contributed to the increase in legacy deposits (e.g., deposits not acquired from Century) and increased $0.7 billion, $0.6 billion and $0.4 billion, respectively. The increases in these deposit categories reflect strong deposit flows, in part due to government stimulus. The following table presents the classification of deposits on an average basis for the years indicated: Classification of Deposits on an Average Basis For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 Average Amount Average Rate Average Amount Average Rate Average Amount Average Rate (Dollars in thousands) Demand $ 5,547,615 — % $ 4,535,066 — % $ 3,369,375 — % Interest checking 2,866,091 0.07 % 2,227,185 0.09 % 1,842,993 0.21 % Savings 1,483,271 0.02 % 1,123,584 0.02 % 991,244 0.02 % Money market investments 3,870,712 0.06 % 3,212,752 0.23 % 2,769,934 0.69 % Time accounts 280,141 0.21 % 300,381 0.52 % 392,035 1.02 % Total deposits $ 14,047,830 0.04 % $ 11,398,968 0.10 % $ 9,365,581 0.29 % Other time deposits in excess of the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000, including certificates of deposits as of the dates indicated had maturities as follows: Maturities of Time Certificates of Deposit $250,000 and Over As of December 31, 2021 2020 Maturing in (In thousands) Three months or less $ 113,019 $ 29,224 Over three months through six months 53,899 12,264 Over six months through twelve months 33,295 13,187 Over twelve months 23,827 4,402 Total $ 224,040 $ 59,077 Borrowings 84 Our borrowings may consist of both short-term and long-term borrowings and provide us with sources of funding. Maintaining available borrowing capacity provides us with a contingent source of liquidity. Our total borrowings increased by $6.2 million, or 22.2%, to $34.3 million at December 31, 2021 compared to $28.0 million at December 31, 2020. The following table sets forth information concerning balances on our borrowings as of the dates indicated: Borrowings by Category As of December 31, Change 2021 2020 Amount ($) Percentage (%) (Dollars in thousands) Federal Home Loan Bank advances $ 14,020 $ 14,624 $ (604) (4.1) % Escrow deposits of borrowers 20,258 13,425 6,833 50.9 % Total $ 34,278 $ 28,049 $ 6,229 22.2 % Results of Operations Summary of Results of Operations For the Year Ended December 31, Change 2021 2020 Amount ($) Percentage (%) (Dollars in thousands) Interest and dividend income $ 435,159 $ 413,328 $ 21,831 5.3 % Interest expense 5,332 12,077 (6,745) (55.8) % Net interest income 429,827 401,251 28,576 7.1 % Provision for loan losses (9,686) 38,800 (48,486) (125.0) % Noninterest income 193,155 178,373 14,782 8.3 % Noninterest expense 443,956 504,923 (60,967) (12.1) % Income taxes 34,047 13,163 20,884 158.7 % Net income $ 154,665 $ 22,738 $ 131,927 580.2 % Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 Interest and Dividend Income Interest and dividend income increased by $21.8 million, or 5.3%, to $435.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 from $413.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. This increase was primarily a result of our acquisition of Century on November 12, 2021 which added approximately $6.6 billion in interest-earning assets. Overall, the average balance of our interest-earning assets increased $3.9 billion, or 30.7%, to $16.7 billion as of December 31, 2021 compared to $12.8 billion as of December 31, 2020, reflecting the addition of Century assets and the purchase of investment securities resulting from the investment of the proceeds from our October 2020 IPO. Partially offsetting this increase was a decrease in the yield on average interest-earning assets which decreased by 64 basis points to 2.64% during the year ended December 31, 2021. Our yields on loans and securities are generally presented on an FTE basis where the embedded tax benefit on loans or securities are calculated and added to the yield. Management believes that this presentation allows for better comparability between institutions with different tax structures. • Interest income on securities and federal funds sold and other short-term investments increased $26.4 million, or 64.1%, to $67.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to $41.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in interest income on securities was primarily due to an increase in the average balance of such securities of $3.6 billion, or 114.0%, to $6.7 billion as of December 31, 2021 compared to $3.1 billion as of December 31, 2020, which was partially offset by a decrease in the yield on such securities. The increase in the average balance of securities was attributable to security purchases of $3.3 billion during the year ended December 31, 2021, reflecting the investment of the proceeds from our October 2020 IPO, and investment securities acquired of $3.1 billion as a result of our acquisition of Century. • Interest income on loans decreased by $4.6 million, or 1.2%, to $367.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 from $372.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease in interest income on our 85 loans was primarily due to the decrease in yield on average loans which was driven by the downward adjustment of the interest rates on our existing adjustable-rate loans as a result of lower interest rates. The FTE yield on average loans decreased 18 basis points to 3.71% during the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in loan yields was partially offset by an increase in net accretion of PPP loan deferred fees and costs of $20.4 million to $34.3 million during year ended December 31, 2021 from $13.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. Also partially offsetting the decline in average yield was a slight increase in the average balance of loans of $371.9 million, or 3.9%, from $9.7 billion to $10.0 billion which was primarily the result of our acquisition of Century which added $2.9 billion in loans as of November 12, 2021, partially offset by a decline in PPP loan balances of $0.7 billion reflecting pay-offs of such balances. Interest Expense Interest expense decreased $6.7 million, or 55.8%, to $5.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 from $12.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was a result of lower funding costs associated with the decline in the market interest rates. • Interest expense on our interest-bearing deposits decreased by $6.1 million, or 54.3%, to $5.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 from $11.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. • Interest expense on borrowed funds decreased by $0.6 million, or 78.3%, to $0.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 from $0.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. Average interest-bearing deposits increased $1.6 billion, or 23.8%, for year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to the Century acquisition. The increase in deposit costs associated with the increase in average deposits was more than offset by the reduction in rates paid on deposits during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. Net Interest Income Net interest income increased by $28.6 million, or 7.1%, to $429.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, from $401.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. Net interest income increased slightly as the reduction in interest income associated with the lower interest rate environment was more than offset by a related reduction in interest expense. In addition, the average balances of interest-earning assets substantially increased during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020 which reflects assets acquired in connection with our acquisition of Century and the investment of the proceeds from our October 2020 IPO in investment securities. Net interest margin is determined by dividing FTE net interest income by average-earning assets. For purposes of the following discussion, income from tax-exempt loans and investment securities has been adjusted to an FTE basis, using a marginal tax rate of 21.0% for the year ended December 31, 2021, and 21.8% for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. Net interest margin decreased 57 basis points to 2.61% during the year ended December 31, 2021, from 3.19% during the year ended December 31, 2020. The following tables set forth average balance sheet items, average yields and costs, and certain other information for the periods indicated. All average balances in the table reflect daily average balances. Non-accrual loans were included in the computation of average balances but have been reflected in the table as loans carrying a zero yield. The yields set forth below include the effect of deferred fees, discounts and premiums that are amortized or accreted to interest income or expense. 86 Average Balances, Interest Earned/Paid, & Average Yields As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 Average Outstanding Balance Interest Average Yield /Cost Average Outstanding Balance Interest Average Yield /Cost Average Outstanding Balance Interest Average Yield /Cost (Dollars in thousands) Interest-earning assets: Loans (1): Residential $ 1,510,703 $ 47,143 3.12 % $ 1,400,907 $ 49,767 3.55 % $ 1,439,845 $ 53,736 3.73 % Commercial 7,410,024 288,557 3.89 % 7,014,044 281,816 4.02 % 6,089,410 291,055 4.78 % Consumer 1,103,042 36,019 3.27 % 1,236,893 43,729 3.54 % 1,419,692 60,009 4.23 % Total loans 10,023,769 371,719 3.71 % 9,651,844 375,312 3.89 % 8,948,947 404,800 4.52 % Non-taxable investment securities 260,399 9,335 3.58 % 265,511 9,899 3.73 % 287,128 10,852 3.78 % Taxable investment securities 4,890,737 58,312 1.19 % 1,560,610 31,831 2.04 % 1,148,591 31,642 2.75 % Federal funds sold and other short-term investments 1,514,351 1,886 0.12 % 1,288,714 1,758 0.14 % 144,856 2,977 2.06 % Total interest-earning assets 16,689,256 441,252 2.64 % 12,766,679 418,800 3.28 % 10,529,522 450,271 4.28 % Non-interest-earning assets 1,173,830 1,097,064 874,588 Total assets $ 17,863,086 $ 13,863,743 $ 11,404,110 Interest-bearing liabilities: Deposits: Savings accounts $ 1,483,271 $ 230 0.02 % $ 1,123,584 $ 242 0.02 % $ 991,244 $ 210 0.02 % Interest checking accounts 2,866,091 1,997 0.07 % 2,227,185 2,033 0.09 % 1,842,993 3,947 0.21 % Money market investments 3,870,712 2,342 0.06 % 3,212,752 7,492 0.23 % 2,769,934 19,150 0.69 % Time accounts 280,141 598 0.21 % 300,381 1,548 0.52 % 392,035 3,994 1.02 % Total interest-bearing deposits 8,500,215 5,167 0.06 % 6,863,902 11,315 0.16 % 5,996,206 27,301 0.46 % Borrowings 26,495 165 0.62 % 72,101 762 1.06 % 291,413 6,452 2.21 % Total interest-bearing liabilities 8,526,710 5,332 0.06 % 6,936,003 12,077 0.17 % 6,287,619 33,753 0.54 % Demand accounts 5,547,615 4,535,066 3,369,375 Other noninterest-bearing liabilities 364,191 352,518 203,925 Total liabilities 14,438,516 11,823,587 9,860,919 Total net worth 3,424,570 2,040,156 1,543,191 Total liabilities and retained earnings $ 17,863,086 $ 13,863,743 $ 11,404,110 Net interest income - FTE $ 435,920 $ 406,723 $ 416,518 Net interest rate spread (2) 2.58 % 3.11 % 3.74 % Net interest-earning assets (3) $ 8,162,546 $ 5,830,676 $ 4,241,903 Net interest margin - FTE (4) 2.61 % 3.19 % 3.96 % Average interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities 195.73 % 184.06 % 167.46 % Return on average assets (5) 0.87 % 0.16 % 1.18 % Return on average equity (6) 4.52 % 1.11 % 8.75 % Noninterest expenses to average assets 2.49 % 3.64 % 3.62 % (1) Non-accrual loans are included in Loans. (2) Net interest rate spread represents the difference between the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities. (3) Net interest-earning assets represent total interest-earning assets less total interest-bearing liabilities. (4) Net interest margin represents net interest income divided by average total interest-earning assets. (5) Represents net income divided by average total assets. (6) Represents net income divided by average equity. 87 The following table presents, on a tax equivalent basis, the effects of changing rates and volumes on our net interest income for the periods indicated. The rate column shows the effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). The volume column shows the effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate). The total column represents the sum of the prior columns. For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume, which cannot be segregated, have been allocated proportionately based on the changes due to rate and the changes due to volume. Rate and Volume Analysis For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 vs. 2020 For the Year Ended December 31, 2020 vs. 2019 Increase (Decrease) Due to Total Increase (Decrease) Increase (Decrease) Due to Total Increase (Decrease) Rate Volume Rate Volume (In thousands) Interest-earning assets: Loans Residential $ (6,339) $ 3,715 $ (2,624) $ (2,541) $ (1,428) $ (3,969) Commercial (8,852) 15,593 6,741 (49,997) 40,758 (9,239) Consumer (3,190) (4,520) (7,710) (9,110) (7,170) (16,280) Total loans (18,381) 14,788 (3,593) (61,648) 32,160 (29,488) Non-taxable investment securities (376) (188) (564) (145) (808) (953) Taxable investment securities (17,822) 44,303 26,481 (9,452) 9,641 189 Federal funds sold and other short-term investments (162) 290 128 (5,100) 3,881 (1,219) Total interest-earning assets $ (36,741) $ 59,193 $ 22,452 $ (76,345) $ 44,874 $ (31,471) Interest-bearing liabilities: Deposits: Savings accounts $ (78) $ 66 $ (12) $ 4 $ 28 $ 32 Interest checking accounts (544) 508 (36) (2,611) 697 (1,914) Money market investments (6,438) 1,288 (5,150) (14,325) 2,667 (11,658) Time accounts (852) (98) (950) (1,660) (786) (2,446) Total interest-bearing deposits (7,912) 1,764 (6,148) (18,592) 2,606 (15,986) Borrowings (235) (362) (597) (2,332) (3,358) (5,690) Total interest-bearing liabilities (8,147) 1,402 (6,745) (20,924) (752) (21,676) Change in net interest income $ (28,594) $ 57,791 $ 29,197 $ (55,421) $ 45,626 $ (9,795) Provision for Loan Losses The provision for loan losses represents the charge to expense that is required to maintain an appropriate level of allowance for loan losses. We currently follow the incurred loss model for determining the provision for loan losses and adopted what is commonly referred to as the “CECL standard” on January 1, 2022. We recorded a release of the allowance for loan losses of $9.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to a provision of $38.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Given the continued improved economic and credit conditions during year ended December 31, 2021, we determined that a release of the allowance was necessary. In March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we downgraded the risk ratings for all commercial loans we expected at the time to be significantly impacted by the pandemic, including our hotel and restaurant loan portfolios, which resulted in a total provision of $28.6 million recorded in the first quarter of 2020. Our periodic evaluation of the appropriate allowance for loan losses considers the risk characteristics of the loan portfolio, current economic