Coherus Oncology, Inc. 10-Q

Table of Contents ​ ​ UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 ​ FORM 10-Q ​ ☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023 ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number: 001-36721 ​ Coherus BioSciences, Inc. (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) ​ Delaware 27-3615821 (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) ​ 333 Twin Dolphin Drive , Suite 600 Redwood City , California (Address of Principal Executive Office) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) ​ ​ 94065 ​ (Zip Code) ​ ( 650 ) 649-3530 (Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: ​ Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share CHRS The Nasdaq Global Market ​ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Large accelerated filer ☐ ​ Accelerated filer ☒ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Non-accelerated filer ☐ ​ Smaller reporting company ☐ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Emerging growth company ☐ ​ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ As of October 31, 2023, 111,364,152 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding. ​ ​ ​ ​ Table of Contents COHERUS BIOSCIENCES, INC. FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2023 TABLE OF CONTENTS ​ ​ ​ Page ​ CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS ​ 3 PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION ​ 5 ITEM 1 Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements ​ 5 Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets ​ 5 ​ Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations ​ 6 ​ Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss ​ 7 ​ Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) ​ 8 ​ Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows ​ 10 ​ Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements ​ 11 ITEM 2 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ​ 37 ITEM 3 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk ​ 55 ITEM 4 Controls and Procedures ​ 56 PART II OTHER INFORMATION ​ 57 ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings ​ 57 ITEM 1A. Risk Factors ​ 57 ITEM 2 Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities ​ 115 ITEM 3 Defaults Upon Senior Securities ​ 115 ITEM 4 Mine Safety Disclosures ​ 116 ITEM 5 Other Information ​ 116 ITEM 6. Exhibits ​ 116 ​ ​ ​ ​ Exhibit Index ​ 117 Signatures ​ 119 ​ UDENYCA®, YUSIMRY™, CIMERLI® and LOQTORZI™, whether or not appearing in large print or with the trademark symbol, are trademarks of Coherus, its affiliates, related companies or its licensors or joint venture partners, unless otherwise noted. Trademarks and trade names of other companies appearing in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are, to the knowledge of Coherus, the property of their respective owners. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2 Table of Contents CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements regarding future events and our future results that are subject to the safe harbors created under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical facts contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by words such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “attempt,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “due,” “estimate,” “expect,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “predict,” “potential,” “seek,” “should,” “strive,” “target,” “will,” “would” and other similar expressions that are predictions of or indicate future events and future trends, or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about: ● whether we will be able to continue to maintain or increase sales for our products; ​ ● our expectations regarding our ability to develop and commercialize CHS-006, casdozokitug, CHS-114 and our other product candidates in the United States and Canada ; ​ ● our ability and the timing in which we may be able to receive marketing authorization for the on-body injector presentation of UDENYCA® following a complete response letter for the PAS that we received on September 21, 2023 and our resubmission of the PAS to the FDA that we announced on October 5, 2023; ​ ● our ability to maintain regulatory approval for our products and our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our product candidates, if and when approved; ​ ● our expectations regarding government and third-party payer coverage and reimbursement; ​ ● our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from the acquisition (the “Surface Acquisition”) of Surface Oncology, Inc. (“Surface”); ​ ● our ability to manufacture our product candidates in conformity with regulatory requirements and to scale up manufacturing capacity of these products for commercial supply; ​ ● our reliance on third-party contract manufacturers to supply our products and product candidates for us; ​ ● our expectations regarding the potential market size and the size of the patient populations for our products and product candidates, if approved for commercial use; ​ ● our expectations about making required future interest and principal payments as they become due in connection with our debt obligations; ​ ● our financial performance, including, but not limited to, projected future performance of our gross margins, projected future cash reserves, research and development expenses and selling and general administrative expenses; ​ ● the implementation of strategic plans for our business, products and product candidates; ​ ● the initiation, timing, progress and results of future preclinical and clinical studies and our research and development programs; ​ 3 Table of Contents ● the scope of protection we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering our products and product candidates; ​ ● our ability to finalize the Definitive Agreements or close on the transactions contemplated by them; ​ ● our expectations regarding the scope or enforceability of third-party intellectual property rights, or the applicability of such rights to our products and product candidates; ​ ● the cost, timing and outcomes of litigation involving our products and product candidates; ​ ● our reliance on third-party contract research organizations to conduct clinical trials of our product candidates; ​ ● the benefits of the use of our products and product candidates; ​ ● the rate and degree of market acceptance of our current or any future products and product candidates; ​ ● our ability to compete with companies currently producing competitor products, including Neulasta, Humira and Lucentis and other biosimilar products made by other companies; ​ ● developments and projections relating to our competitors, our market opportunity and our industry; and ​ ● t he potential impact of COVID-19 and other viral pandemics and the continuation of the war in Ukraine and the war between Israel and Hamas on our business and prospects. ​ We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations about future events. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Our actual results may differ materially from those suggested by these forward-looking statements for various reasons, including those identified in Part II, Item 1A Risk Factors and discussed elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Given these risks and uncertainties, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements included in this report are made only as of the date hereof. Except as required under federal securities laws and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), we do not undertake, and specifically decline, any obligation to update any of these statements or to publicly announce the results of any revisions to any forward-looking statements after the distribution of this report, whether as a result of new information, future events, changes in assumptions or otherwise. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, or investments we may make or enter into, except for the acquisition of Surface to the extent described herein. ​ This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q also contains estimates, projections, market opportunity estimates and other information concerning our industry, our business, and the markets for certain diseases, including data regarding the estimated size of those markets, and the incidence and prevalence of certain medical conditions. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances reflected in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market and other data from reports, research surveys, studies and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry, medical and general publications, government data, publicly filed reports and similar sources. ​ 4 Table of Contents PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION ITEM 1. Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements ​ Coherus BioSciences, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands, except share and per share data) (unaudited) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, ​ December 31, ​ 2023 2022 Assets ​ ​ Current assets: ​ ​ Cash and cash equivalents ​ $ 80,259 ​ $ 63,547 Investments in marketable securities ​ ​ 50,818 ​ ​ 128,134 Trade receivables, net ​ 216,511 ​ 109,964 Inventory ​ 66,783 ​ 38,791 Prepaid manufacturing ​ 13,772 ​ 17,880 Other prepaids and current assets ​ 16,222 ​ 22,918 Total current assets ​ 444,365 ​ 381,234 Property and equipment, net ​ 6,069 ​ 8,754 Inventory, non-current ​ 79,002 ​ 76,260 Goodwill and intangible assets, net ​ 46,524 ​ 5,931 Other assets, non-current ​ 7,823 ​ 8,668 Total assets ​ $ 583,783 ​ $ 480,847 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities and Stockholders’ Deficit ​ ​ Current liabilities: ​ ​ Accounts payable ​ $ 37,092 ​ $ 11,526 Accrued rebates, fees and reserves ​ 117,369 ​ 54,461 Accrued compensation ​ 18,084 ​ 22,610 Accrued and other current liabilities ​ 67,114 ​ 50,097 Total current liabilities ​ 239,659 ​ 138,694 Term loans ​ ​ 246,217 ​ ​ 245,483 Convertible notes ​ ​ 226,557 ​ ​ 225,575 Lease liabilities, non-current ​ 1,436 ​ 5,046 Other liabilities, non-current ​ 3,513 ​ 3,467 Total liabilities ​ 717,382 ​ 618,265 Commitments and contingencies (Note 9) ​ ​ Stockholders’ deficit: ​ ​ Common stock ( $ 0.0001 par value; shares authorized: 300,000,000 ; shares issued and outstanding : 109,113,046 and 78,851,516 at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively) ​ 11 ​ 8 Additional paid-in capital ​ 1,366,502 ​ 1,204,431 Accumulated other comprehensive loss ​ ( 265 ) ​ ( 249 ) Accumulated deficit ​ ( 1,499,847 ) ​ ( 1,341,608 ) Total stockholders' deficit ​ ( 133,599 ) ​ ( 137,418 ) Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit ​ $ 583,783 ​ $ 480,847 ​ See accompanying notes. ​ 5 Table of Contents Coherus BioSciences, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands, except share and per share data) (unaudited) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 Net revenue ​ $ 74,568 ​ $ 45,424 ​ $ 165,720 ​ $ 165,690 Costs and expenses: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cost of goods sold ​ 32,703 ​ 35,234 ​ 74,425 ​ 55,881 Research and development ​ 25,647 ​ 45,808 ​ 83,068 ​ 170,336 Selling, general and administrative ​ 48,224 ​ 44,831 ​ 142,521 ​ 144,860 Total costs and expenses ​ 106,574 ​ 125,873 ​ 300,014 ​ 371,077 Loss from operations ​ ( 32,006 ) ​ ( 80,449 ) ​ ( 134,294 ) ​ ​ ( 205,387 ) Interest expense ​ ( 10,268 ) ​ ( 7,540 ) ​ ( 29,923 ) ​ ( 23,089 ) Loss on debt extinguishment ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 6,222 ) Other income (expense), net ​ 2,253 ​ 1,339 ​ 5,598 ​ 1,814 Loss before income taxes ​ ( 40,021 ) ​ ( 86,650 ) ​ ( 158,619 ) ​ ( 232,884 ) Income tax provision (benefit) ​ ( 380 ) ​ — ​ ( 380 ) ​ — Net loss ​ $ ( 39,641 ) ​ $ ( 86,650 ) ​ $ ( 158,239 ) ​ $ ( 232,884 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Basic and diluted net loss per share ​ $ ( 0.41 ) ​ $ ( 1.11 ) ​ $ ( 1.79 ) ​ $ ( 3.00 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average number of shares used in computing basic and diluted net loss per share ​ 97,738,509 ​ 77,746,895 ​ 88,277,936 ​ 77,520,244 ​ See accompanying notes. ​ ​ 6 Table of Contents Coherus BioSciences, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (in thousands) (unaudited) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 Net loss ​ $ ( 39,641 ) ​ $ ( 86,650 ) ​ $ ( 158,239 ) ​ $ ( 232,884 ) Other comprehensive income (loss): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities, net of tax ​ ​ 32 ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 15 ) ​ ​ — Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax ​ — ​ — ​ ( 1 ) ​ — Comprehensive loss ​ $ ( 39,609 ) ​ $ ( 86,650 ) ​ $ ( 158,255 ) ​ $ ( 232,884 ) ​ See accompanying notes. ​ 7 Table of Contents Coherus BioSciences, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit (in thousands, except share and per share data) (unaudited) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Accumulated ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Additional ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ Total ​ ​ Common Stock ​ Paid-In ​ Comprehensive ​ Accumulated ​ Stockholders' ​ Shares ​ Amount Capital Loss Deficit Deficit Balances at December 31, 2022 78,851,516 ​ $ 8 ​ $ 1,204,431 ​ $ ( 249 ) ​ $ ( 1,341,608 ) ​ $ ( 137,418 ) Net loss ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ ( 75,729 ) ​ ( 75,729 ) Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options ​ 24,107 ​ — ​ 103 ​ — ​ — ​ 103 Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units ("RSUs") ​ 771,167 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — Issuance of common stock under ATM Offering, net of issuance costs ​ 1,131,450 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 7,059 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 7,059 Taxes paid related to net share settlement of RSUs ​ ( 289,944 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 2,781 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 2,781 ) Stock-based compensation expense ​ — ​ — ​ 12,288 ​ — ​ — ​ 12,288 Other comprehensive loss, net of tax — ​ — ​ — ​ ( 29 ) ​ — ​ ( 29 ) Balances at March 31, 2023 80,488,296 ​ ​ 8 ​ ​ 1,221,100 ​ ​ ( 278 ) ​ ​ ( 1,417,337 ) ​ ​ ( 196,507 ) Net loss — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ ( 42,869 ) ​ ( 42,869 ) Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options 8,182 ​ — ​ 14 ​ — ​ — ​ 14 Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs ​ 142,982 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — Issuance of common stock under Public Offering, net of issuance costs ​ 13,529,411 ​ ​ 1 ​ ​ 53,624 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 53,625 Offering costs associated with ATM offering ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 74 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 74 ) Taxes paid related to net share settlement of RSUs ​ ( 48,529 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 305 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 305 ) Issuance of common stock under the employee stock purchase plan ("ESPP") 321,672 ​ — ​ 1,337 ​ — ​ — ​ 1,337 Stock-based compensation expense — ​ — ​ 10,034 ​ — ​ — ​ 10,034 Other comprehensive loss, net of tax ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 19 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 19 ) Balances at June 30, 2023 94,442,014 ​ ​ 9 ​ ​ 1,285,730 ​ ​ ( 297 ) ​ ​ ( 1,460,206 ) ​ ​ ( 174,764 ) Net loss — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 39,641 ) ​ ( 39,641 ) Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options ​ 27,977 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 53 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ 53 Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs ​ 72,918 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ — Issuance of common stock in connection with Surface Acquisition: (1) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Issuance to Surface shareholders for acquisition ​ 11,971,460 ​ ​ 1 ​ ​ 58,540 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ 58,541 Accelerated vesting of equity awards ​ 261,239 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,053 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ 1,053 Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards ​ ( 65,732 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 347 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 347 ) Issuance of common stock under ATM Offering, net of issuance costs ​ 2,428,311 ​ ​ 1 ​ ​ 11,436 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ 11,437 Taxes paid related to net share settlement of RSUs ​ ( 25,141 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 115 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ( 115 ) Stock-based compensation expense — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 10,152 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ 10,152 Other comprehensive gain, net of tax — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 32 ​ ​ — ​ 32 Balances at September 30, 2023 109,113,046 ​ $ 11 ​ $ 1,366,502 ​ $ ( 265 ) ​ $ ( 1,499,847 ) ​ $ ( 133,599 ) ​ (1) See Note 6 for further discussion. ​ ​ 8 Table of Contents Coherus BioSciences, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) (in thousands, except share and per share data) (unaudited) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Accumulated ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Additional ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ Total ​ ​ Common Stock ​ Paid-In ​ Comprehensive ​ Accumulated ​ Stockholders' ​ Shares ​ Amount Capital Loss Deficit Equity (Deficit) Balances at December 31, 2021 76,930,096 ​ $ 7 ​ $ 1,147,843 ​ $ ( 270 ) ​ $ ( 1,049,854 ) ​ $ 97,726 Net loss — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ ( 96,084 ) ​ ( 96,084 ) Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options 102,632 ​ — ​ 544 ​ — ​ — ​ 544 Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs 491,087 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — Taxes paid related to net share settlement of RSUs ​ ( 185,644 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 2,658 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 2,658 ) Stock-based compensation expense — ​ — ​ 13,037 ​ — ​ — ​ 13,037 Other comprehensive loss, net of tax — ​ — ​ — ​ ( 2 ) ​ — ​ ( 2 ) Balances at March 31, 2022 77,338,171 ​ ​ 7 ​ ​ 1,158,766 ​ ​ ( 272 ) ​ ​ ( 1,145,938 ) ​ ​ 12,563 Net loss — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ ( 50,150 ) ​ ( 50,150 ) Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options 4,499 ​ — ​ 8 ​ — ​ — ​ 8 Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs ​ 173,867 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — Taxes paid related to net share settlement of RSUs ​ ( 58,771 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 642 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 642 ) Issuance of common stock under the ESPP 244,983 ​ — ​ 1,655 ​ — ​ — ​ 1,655 Stock-based compensation expense — ​ — ​ 13,935 ​ — ​ — ​ 13,935 Other comprehensive gain, net of tax ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2 Balances at June 30, 2022 77,702,749 ​ ​ 7 ​ ​ 1,173,722 ​ ​ ( 270 ) ​ ​ ( 1,196,088 ) ​ ​ ( 22,629 ) Net loss — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 86,650 ) ​ ( 86,650 ) Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options ​ 6,557 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 79 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ 79 Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs ​ 93,606 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ — Taxes paid related to net share settlement of RSUs ​ ( 32,319 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 321 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 321 ) Stock-based compensation expense — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 12,388 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ 12,388 Balances at September 30, 2022 77,770,593 ​ $ 7 ​ $ 1,185,868 ​ $ ( 270 ) ​ $ ( 1,282,738 ) ​ $ ( 97,133 ) ​ See accompanying notes. ​ 9 Table of Contents Coherus BioSciences, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands) (unaudited) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 Operating activities ​ ​ ​ Net loss ​ $ ( 158,239 ) ​ $ ( 232,884 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: ​ ​ ​ ​ Depreciation and amortization ​ 2,728 ​ 2,649 Stock-based compensation expense ​ 32,312 ​ 39,011 Inventory write-offs, net ​ ​ 4,369 ​ ​ 26,000 Non-cash accretion of discount on marketable securities ​ ( 2,835 ) ​ — Non-cash interest expense from amortization of debt discount & issuance costs ​ 1,812 ​ 5,631 Non-cash operating lease expense ​ 2,016 ​ 1,854 Option payment to Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd. ("Junshi Biosciences") ​ — ​ 35,000 Loss on debt extinguishment ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6,222 Other non-cash adjustments, net ​ ​ ( 915 ) ​ ​ ( 10 ) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: ​ ​ ​ ​ Trade receivables, net ​ ( 106,626 ) ​ 31,849 Inventory ​ ( 34,941 ) ​ ( 37,556 ) Prepaid manufacturing ​ 4,108 ​ ( 6,967 ) Other prepaid, current and non-current assets ​ 10,702 ​ ( 12,509 ) Accounts payable ​ 24,545 ​ ( 6,149 ) Accrued rebates, fees and reserves ​ 60,602 ​ ( 25,006 ) Accrued compensation ​ ( 8,810 ) ​ ( 623 ) Accrued and other current and non-current liabilities ​ 7,225 ​ 32,317 Net cash used in operating activities ​ ( 161,947 ) ​ ( 141,171 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investing activities ​ ​ Purchases of property and equipment ​ ( 252 ) ​ ( 1,952 ) Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment ​ ​ 769 ​ ​ — Purchases of investments in marketable securities ​ ( 19,507 ) ​ — Proceeds from maturities of investments in marketable securities ​ 108,148 ​ — Proceeds from sale of investments in marketable securities ​ ​ 13,282 ​ ​ — Cash and cash equivalents acquired from Surface Acquisition ​ ​ 6,997 ​ ​ — Option payment to Junshi Biosciences ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 35,000 ) Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities ​ 109,437 ​ ( 36,952 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Financing activities ​ ​ Proceeds from 2027 Term Loans, net of debt discount & issuance costs ​ ​ — ​ ​ 240,679 Proceeds from issuance of common stock under ATM Offering, net of issuance costs ​ ​ 18,198 ​ ​ — Proceeds from issuance of common stock under Public Offering, net of issuance costs ​ ​ 53,625 ​ ​ — Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options ​ 170 ​ ​ 631 Proceeds from purchase under the employee stock purchase plan ​ 1,337 ​ ​ 1,655 Taxes paid related to net share settlement ​ ( 3,261 ) ​ ​ ( 3,621 ) Repayment of 2022 Convertible Notes and premiums ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 109,000 ) Repayment of 2025 Term Loan, premiums and exit fees ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 81,750 ) Other financing activities ​ ​ ( 835 ) ​ ​ ( 861 ) Net cash provided by financing activities ​ 69,234 ​ 47,733 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash ​ 16,724 ​ ( 130,390 ) Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period ​ 63,987 ​ 417,635 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period ​ $ 80,711 ​ $ 287,245 ​ See accompanying notes. ​ 10 Table of Contents Coherus BioSciences, Inc. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Organization Coherus BioSciences, Inc. (the “Company” or “Coherus”) is a commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the research, development and commercialization of innovative immunotherapies to treat cancer. Coherus’ strategy is to build a leading immuno-oncology franchise funded with cash generated from net sales of its diversified portfolio of United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”)-approved therapeutics. The Company’s headquarters and laboratories are located in Redwood City, California and in Camarillo, California, respectively. The Company sells UDENYCA® (pegfilgrastim-cbqv) , a biosimilar to Neulasta, a long-acting granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, in the United States. On August 2, 2022, the FDA approved CIMERLI® (ranibizumab-eqrn) , a biosimilar to Lucentis, and commercial launch commenced in October 2022 in the United States. The Company launched YUSIMRY™ (adalimumab-aqvh), a biosimilar to Humira (adalimumab), in the United States in July 2023. On October 27, 2023, the Company announced that the FDA approved LOQTORZI™ (toripalimab-tpzi) in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine for the first-line treatment of adults with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (“NPC”), and as monotherapy for the treatment of adults with recurrent, unresectable, or metastatic NPC with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy. LOQTORZI is an anti-PD-1 antibody that the Company developed in collaboration with Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd. (“Junshi Biosciences”). The Company expects to launch LOQTORZI in the U.S. in the first quarter of 2024. ​ The Company’s product pipeline comprises the following four product candidates: CHS-006, an antibody targeting TIGIT being developed in collaboration with Junshi Biosciences; CHS-1000, an antibody targeting ILT4; casdozokitug (CHS-388, formerly SRF388), an antibody targeting interleukin 27 (“IL-27”); and CHS-114 (formerly SRF114), a highly specific afucosylated immunoglobulin isotype G1 (“IgG1”) antibody targeting CCR8. In addition to the Company’s internally developed portfolio of product candidates, the Company has two product candidates, NZV930 and GSK4381562, which are exclusively licensed to Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc. (“Novartis Institutes”) and GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property No. 4 Limited (“GSK”), respectively. On January 9, 2023, the Company announced that it entered into a binding term sheet (the “Term Sheet”) with Klinge Biopharma GmbH (“Klinge Biopharma”) for the exclusive commercialization rights to FYB203, a biosimilar candidate to Eylea® (aflibercept), in the United States. The Company and Klinge Biopharma continue to conduct due diligence and discuss terms of the transaction. The material terms of the transaction with Klinge Biopharma will be included in a subsequent filing by the Company when definitive agreements are executed. ​ Basis of Consolidation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Coherus and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, including normal recurring accruals, that the Company believes are necessary to fairly state the financial position and the results of the Company’s operations and cash flows for interim periods in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Interim-period results are not necessarily indicative of results of operations or cash flows for a full year or any subsequent interim period. 11 Table of Contents The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Form 10-K”) filed with the SEC. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities when these values are not readily apparent from other sources. Estimates are assessed each period and updated to reflect current information. Accounting estimates and judgements are inherently uncertain and therefore actual results could differ from these estimates. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets, which, in aggregate, represent the amount reported in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (in thousands) ​ January 1, At beginning of period: 2023 2022 Cash and cash equivalents ​ $ 63,547 ​ $ 417,195 Restricted cash ​ ​ 440 ​ ​ 440 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash ​ $ 63,987 ​ $ 417,635 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, At end of period: ​ 2023 2022 Cash and cash equivalents ​ $ 80,259 ​ $ 286,805 Restricted cash ​ 452 ​ 440 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash ​ $ 80,711 ​ $ 287,245 ​ Restricted cash consists of deposits for letters of credit that the Company has provided to secure its obligations under certain leases and is included in other assets, non-current on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. ​ Trade Receivables Trade receivables are recorded net of allowances for chargebacks, cash discounts for prompt payment and credit losses. The Company estimates an allowance for expected credit losses by considering factors such as historical experience, credit quality, the age of the accounts receivable balances, and current economic conditions that may affect a customer’s ability to pay. The corresponding expense for the credit loss allowance is reflected in selling, general and administrative expenses. The credit loss allowance was immaterial as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Derivative Instruments In January 2023, the Company commenced using derivative contracts (foreign exchange option contracts) for the purpose of economically hedging exposure to changes in currency fluctuations between the U.S. Dollar and the Euro. The Company recognizes all derivatives at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, and corresponding gains and losses are recognized in other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The estimated fair value of derivative financial instruments represents the amount required to enter into similar 12 Table of Contents contracts with similar remaining maturities based on quoted market prices. During the periods presented, the Company did not apply hedge accounting to these instruments (see Note 10). Business Combination Accounting & Valuation of Acquired Assets The Company accounts for acquisitions of entities that include inputs and processes and have the ability to create outputs as business combinations. Judgment is required in assessing whether the acquired processes or activities, along with their inputs, meet the criteria to constitute a business, as defined by U.S. GAAP. The acquisition method of accounting requires the recognition of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. The excess of the fair value of consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill, or when there is an excess of the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities over the fair value of purchase consideration, a bargain purchase gain is recorded in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The estimations of fair values based on non-observable inputs that are included in valuation models. An income approach, which generally relies upon projected cash flow models, is used in estimating the fair value of the acquired intangible assets. These cash flow projections are based on management's estimates of economic and market conditions including the estimated future cash flows from revenues of acquired assets, the timing and projection of costs and expenses and the related profit margins, tax rates, and discount rate. During the measurement period, which occurs before finalization of the purchase price allocation, changes in assumptions and estimates that result in adjustments to the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if based on facts and circumstances existing at the acquisition date, are recorded on a retroactive basis as of the acquisition date, with the corresponding offset to goodwill or bargain purchase gain. ( See Note 6) Intangible Assets Acquired in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) that the Company acquires in conjunction with the acquisition of a business represents the fair value assigned to incomplete research projects which, at the time of acquisition, have not reached technological feasibility. The amounts are capitalized and are accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets, subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment of the projects. Upon successful completion of each IPR&D project, the Company will commence amortization over the useful life of the intangible asset, which will generally be determined by the period in which the substantial majority of the cash flows are expected to be generated. The Company evaluates IPR&D for impairment on an annual basis, during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist. Definite-lived intangible assets are generally amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated economic life and are reviewed periodically for impairment. The amortization expense related to capitalized milestone payments under license agreements is recorded as a component of cost of goods sold in the consolidated statements of operations, and amortization expense from out-licenses is recorded in cost of goods sold. The estimated life for capitalized milestone payments is ten years and fifteen years for acquired out-licenses. Contingent Consideration Contingent consideration relates to the potential payments to holders of Contingent Value Rights (“CVRs”) that are contingent upon the achievement of the Company and certain third-parties meeting product development or financial performance milestones. For transactions accounted for as business combinations, the Company records contingent consideration at fair value at the date of the acquisition based on the consideration expected to be transferred. Liabilities for contingent consideration are remeasured each reporting period and subsequent changes in fair value are recognized within loss from operations in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The assumptions utilized in the calculation of the fair values include probability of success and the discount rates. Contingent 13 Table of Contents consideration involves certain assumptions requiring significant judgment and actual results may differ from estimated amounts. Stock-Based Compensation The Company’s compensation programs include stock-based awards, and the related grants under these programs are accounted for at fair value. The fair values are recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period with the related costs recorded in cost of goods sold, research and development, and selling, general and administrative expense, as appropriate. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. The Company accounts for stock issued in connection with business combinations based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of issuance. Recent Accounting Pronouncements The Company has reviewed recent accounting pronouncements and concluded they are either not applicable to the business or that no material effect is expected on the condensed consolidated financial statements as a result of future adoption. ​ 2. Revenue The Company launched YUSIMRY in the United States in July 2023 and initiated sales of CIMERLI in October 2022. All net product revenue was generated in the United States, and the Company’s net revenue was as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, (in thousands) 2023 ​ 2022 ​ 2023 2022 Products ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ UDENYCA ​ $ 32,967 ​ $ 45,325 ​ $ 90,875 ​ $ 165,512 CIMERLI ​ ​ 40,037 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 72,939 ​ ​ — YUSIMRY ​ ​ 1,360 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,360 ​ ​ — Total net product revenue ​ ​ 74,364 ​ ​ 45,325 ​ ​ 165,174 ​ ​ 165,512 Other ​ 204 ​ 99 ​ 546 ​ 178 Total net revenue ​ $ 74,568 ​ $ 45,424 ​ $ 165,720 ​ $ 165,690 ​ Gross product revenues by significant customer as a percentage of total gross product revenues were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ ​ 2023 ​ 2022 ​ ​ 2023 ​ 2022 McKesson Corporation 44 % ​ 37 % ​ 38 % ​ 37 % AmeriSource-Bergen Corporation 41 % ​ 45 % ​ 45 % ​ 45 % Cardinal Health, Inc. 13 % ​ 17 % ​ 15 % ​ 17 % ​ 14 Table of Contents Product Sales Discounts and Allowances The activities and ending reserve balances for each significant category of discounts and allowances, which constitute variable consideration, were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 ​ Chargebacks ​ ​ Other Fees, ​ ​ ​ ​ and Discounts ​ ​ ​ ​ Co-pay ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ for Prompt ​ ​ ​ ​ Assistance ​ ​ ​ (in thousands) ​ Payment ​ Rebates ​ and Returns ​ Total Balances at December 31, 2022 ​ $ 42,677 ​ $ 38,713 ​ $ 19,113 ​ $ 100,503 Provision related to sales made in: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Current period ​ ​ 387,238 ​ ​ 83,009 ​ ​ 69,362 ​ ​ 539,609 Prior period - increase (decrease) ​ ​ ( 1,375 ) ​ ​ 1,540 ​ ​ 4,469 ​ ​ 4,634 Payments and customer credits issued ​ ( 379,076 ) ​ ​ ( 42,097 ) ​ ​ ( 55,681 ) ​ ​ ( 476,854 ) Balances at September 30, 2023 ​ $ 49,464 ​ $ 81,165 ​ $ 37,263 ​ $ 167,892 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 ​ Chargebacks ​ ​ Other Fees, ​ ​ ​ ​ and Discounts ​ ​ ​ ​ Co-pay ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ for Prompt ​ ​ ​ ​ Assistance ​ ​ ​ (in thousands) ​ Payment ​ Rebates ​ and Returns ​ Total Balances at December 31, 2021 ​ $ 29,665 ​ $ 54,004 ​ $ 26,054 ​ $ 109,723 Provision related to sales made in: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Current period ​ 321,056 ​ ​ 50,939 ​ ​ 54,967 ​ ​ 426,962 Prior period - increase (decrease) ​ ​ ( 2,055 ) ​ ​ ( 5,064 ) ​ ​ ( 181 ) ​ ​ ( 7,300 ) Payments and customer credits issued ​ ( 320,022 ) ​ ( 64,869 ) ​ ( 61,829 ) ​ ( 446,720 ) Balances at September 30, 2022 ​ $ 28,644 ​ $ 35,010 ​ $ 19,011 ​ $ 82,665 ​ The total provision related to sales made in the prior period was $ 1.1 million and $( 1.4 ) million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Chargebacks and discounts for prompt payment are recorded as a reduction in trade receivables, and the remaining reserve balances are classified as current liabilities and other liabilities, non-current on the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. ​ 3. Fair Value Measurements The fair values of financial instruments are classified into one of the following categories based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement: ● Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. ● Level 2 — Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. ● Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. 15 Table of Contents The fair values of cash equivalents approximate their carrying values due to the short-term nature of such financial instruments. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities are reported as a component of accumulated comprehensive income (loss), with the exception of unrealized losses believed to be related to credit losses, if any, which are recognized in earnings in the period the impairment occurs. Impairment assessments are made at the individual security level each reporting period. When the fair value of an available-for-sale debt investment is less than its cost at the balance sheet date, a determination is made as to whether the impairment is related to a credit loss and, if it is, the portion of the impairment relating to credit loss is recorded as an allowance through net income. Realized gains and losses, if any, on available-for-sale securities are included in other income (expense), net, in the condensed consolidated statements of operations based on the specific identification method. In connection with the Surface Acquisition on September 8, 2023 (see Note 6), the Company acquired money market funds and marketable securities and recorded a contingent consideration liability related to the CVRs issued in connection with the acquisition. The fair value of the CVR liability was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation-based model discounted to present value and represents a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. Assumptions used in this calculation include estimated revenue, discount rate and various probability factors. If different assumptions were used for the various inputs, the estimated fair value could be significantly higher or lower than the fair value the Company determined. For example, increases in discount rates and the time to payment may result in lower fair value measurements. There is no assurance that any of the conditions for payment of the CVR liability will be met. There was no change in the CVR liability from September 8, 2023 to September 30, 2023. The CVR liabilities were recorded in accrued and other current liabilities and other liabilities, non-current on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fair Value Measurements ​ ​ September 30, 2023 (in thousands) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Financial Assets: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Money market funds ​ $ 62,389 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 62,389 Marketable debt securities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. government agency securities ​ ​ 18,111 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 18,111 U.S. treasury securities ​ ​ 24,986 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 24,986 Commercial paper and corporate notes ​ ​ — ​ ​ 7,721 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 7,721 Total ​ $ 105,486 ​ $ 7,721 ​ $ — ​ $ 113,207 Financial Liabilities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Contingent consideration ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 5,392 ​ $ 5,392 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fair Value Measurements ​ ​ December 31, 2022 (in thousands) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Financial Assets: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Money market funds ​ $ 55,060 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 55,060 Marketable debt securities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. government agency securities ​ ​ 19,964 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 19,964 U.S. treasury securities ​ ​ 68,418 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 68,418 Commercial paper and corporate notes ​ ​ — ​ ​ 48,203 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 48,203 Total ​ $ 143,442 ​ $ 48,203 ​ $ — ​ $ 191,645 ​ 16 Table of Contents The cost, unrealized gains or losses, and fair value by investment type are summarized as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 (in thousands) Cost Unrealized Gain Unrealized (Loss) Fair Value Money market funds ​ $ 62,389 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 62,389 U.S. government agency securities ​ ​ 18,134 ​ — ​ ​ ( 23 ) ​ ​ 18,111 U.S. treasury securities ​ ​ 24,988 ​ ​ 1 ​ ​ ( 3 ) ​ ​ 24,986 Commercial paper and corporate notes ​ ​ 7,742 ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 21 ) ​ ​ 7,721 Total ​ $ 113,253 $ 1 ​ $ ( 47 ) ​ $ 113,207 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 (in thousands) Cost Unrealized Gain Unrealized (Loss) Fair Value Money market funds ​ $ 55,060 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 55,060 U.S. government agency securities ​ ​ 19,929 ​ 35 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 19,964 U.S. treasury securities ​ ​ 68,431 ​ ​ 8 ​ ​ ( 21 ) ​ ​ 68,418 Commercial paper and corporate notes ​ ​ 48,203 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 48,203 Total ​ $ 191,623 $ 43 ​ $ ( 21 ) ​ $ 191,645 ​ The Company held 14 positions that were in unrealized loss positions as of September 30, 2023, and aggregated gross unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities were not material. No impairment was recognized in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. As of September 30, 2023, the remaining contractual maturities of available-for-sale securities were less than one year , and the average maturity of investments upon acquisition was approximately ten months . The accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale marketable securities was immaterial at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. ​ There were no investments in marketable securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2022; thus, no unrealized gain (loss) was recognized during such period. ​ 4. Inventory Inventory consisted of the following: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, ​ December 31, (in thousands) ​ 2023 ​ 2022 Raw materials ​ $ 11,326 ​ $ 10,262 Work in process ​ 106,608 ​ 86,712 Finished goods ​ 27,851 ​ 18,077 Total ​ $ 145,785 ​ $ 115,051 ​ Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or estimated net realizable value with cost determined under the first-in first-out method. The determination of excess or obsolete inventory requires judgment including consideration of many factors, such as estimates of future product demand, current and future market conditions, product expiration information, and potential product obsolescence, among others. During the third quarter of 2022, the Company recorded a $ 26.0 million write-down of inventory in cost of goods sold in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The write-down was due to the competitive environment and lower demand for UDENYCA resulting in certain inventory becoming at risk of expiration. The Company began capitalizing YUSIMRY inventory in the second quarter of 2022 and had $ 41.1 million and $ 23.7 million of such inventory as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Inventory expected to be sold 17 Table of Contents more than twelve months from the balance sheet date is classified as inventory, non-current on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the non-current portion of inventory consisted of raw materials, work in process and a portion of finished goods. The following table presents the inventory balance sheet classifications: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, ​ December 31, (in thousands) ​ 2023 ​ 2022 Inventory ​ $ 66,783 ​ $ 38,791 Inventory, non-current ​ 79,002 ​ 76,260 Total ​ $ 145,785 ​ $ 115,051 ​ Prepaid manufacturing of $ 13.8 million as of September 30, 2023 includes prepayments of $ 12.4 million to contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) for manufacturing services for the Company’s products, which the Company expects to be converted into inventory within the next twelve months; and prepayments of $ 1.4 million to various CMOs for research and development pipeline programs. Prepaid manufacturing of $ 17.9 million as of December 31, 2022 included prepayments of $ 13.0 million to CMOs for manufacturing services of the Company’s products and prepayments of $ 4.9 million to various CMOs for research and development pipeline programs. ​ 5. Balance Sheet Components Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment, net consisted of the following: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, ​ December 31, (in thousands) ​ 2023 ​ 2022 Machinery and equipment ​ $ 13,141 ​ $ 12,944 Computer equipment and software ​ 3,232 ​ 3,183 Furniture and fixtures ​ 1,258 ​ 1,258 Leasehold improvements ​ 6,234 ​ 6,198 Finance lease right of use assets ​ ​ 2,663 ​ ​ 4,632 Construction in progress ​ 407 ​ 696 Total property and equipment ​ 26,935 ​ 28,911 Accumulated depreciation and amortization ​ ( 20,866 ) ​ ( 20,157 ) Property and equipment, net ​ $ 6,069 ​ $ 8,754 ​ Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment, net was $ 0.8 million and $ 2.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and $ 0.9 million and $ 2.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. ​ As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the net book value of software implementation costs related to hosting arrangements was $ 3.2 million and $ 3.5 million, respectively, and the amortization expense was immaterial for all periods presented. ​ 18 Table of Contents Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net Goodwill and intangible assets, net consisted of the following: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, December 31, (in thousands) ​ 2023 ​ 2022 Goodwill ​ $ 943 ​ $ 943 Indefinite-lived assets - IPR&D ​ ​ 28,859 ​ ​ 2,620 Finite-lived assets, net ​ 16,722 ​ 2,368 Total Goodwill and intangible assets, net ​ $ 46,524 ​ $ 5,931 ​ Amortization expense and accumulated amortization related to finite-lived intangible assets was immaterial in all periods presented. Amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years will be approximately $ 1.3 million. ​ Accrued and Other Current Liabilities Accrued and other current liabilities consisted of the following: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, December 31, (in thousands) ​ 2023 ​ 2022 Accrued commercial and research and development manufacturing ​ $ 17,057 ​ $ 21,774 Accrued co-development costs payable to Junshi Biosciences ​ ​ 1,293 ​ ​ 8,356 Accrued royalties ​ ​ 30,557 ​ ​ 5,015 Accrued other ​ 9,698 ​ 10,634 Lease liabilities, current ​ ​ 4,469 ​ ​ 4,318 Contingent consideration, current ​ ​ 4,040 ​ ​ — Total Accrued and other current liabilities ​ $ 67,114 ​ $ 50,097 ​ Other Liabilities, Non-current Other liabilities, non-current consisted of the following: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, December 31, (in thousands) ​ 2023 ​ 2022 Contingent consideration, non-current ​ $ 1,352 ​ $ 102 Deferred tax liability ​ ​ 1,102 ​ ​ — Other ​ ​ 1,059 ​ ​ 3,365 Total Other liabilities, non-current ​ $ 3,513 ​ $ 3,467 ​ ​ ​ 6. Surface Acquisition On September 8, 2023 (the “Acquisition Date”), in accordance with an Agreement and Plan of Merger dated June 15, 2023 (the “Merger Agreement”) by and among the Company, Crimson Merger Sub I, Inc., a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub I”), Crimson Merger Sub II, LLC, a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub II,” and together with Merger Sub I, the “Merger Subs”), and Surface, the Company completed the Surface Acquisition. Surface is a clinical-stage immuno-oncology (“I-O”) company focused on using its specialized knowledge of the biological pathways critical to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment for the development of next-generation cancer therapies. The Surface Acquisition expanded the Company’s I-O pipeline with the following: casdozokitug ( CHS-388, formerly SRF388), an investigational, novel IL-27-targeted antibody currently being evaluated in 19 Table of Contents a Phase 2 clinical trial in HCC, and CHS-114 (formerly SRF114), an investigational, CCR8-targeted antibody currently in a Phase 1/2 study as a monotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumors. On the Acquisition Date, and in accordance with the Merger Agreement, the Company issued to the holders of all outstanding Surface common stock (other than treasury shares, any shares of Surface common stock held directly by the Company or the Merger Subs immediately prior to the Acquisition Date and shares of Surface common stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Acquisition Date and held by any holder properly demanding appraisal for such shares in accordance with Section 262 of the Delaware General Corporation Law) 0.1960 shares of Coherus common stock in exchange for each share of outstanding Surface common stock and certain outstanding Surface employee equity awards. The exchange ratio was calculated pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement and was based on a $ 5.2831 per share price of Coherus common stock and a nominal total amount of cash in lieu of fractional shares . Surface shareholders also received one CVR for each share of Surface common stock and employee equity award converted. Each CVR entitles the holder to receive quarterly contingent payments in the form of cash, stock or a combination of cash and stock at the Company’s discretion during the 10-year period following September 8, 2023, for the sum of the following, less any permitted deductions (in accordance with the Contingent Value Rights Agreement, dated September 8, 2023, by and among the Company and Computershare Inc. and its affiliate Computershare Trust Company, N.A., together, as the rights agent thereunder (the “CVR Agreement”)): ● 70 % of all milestone- and royalty-based payments actually received by the Company or its affiliates from GSK under a license agreement with GSK, dated December 16, 2020, which was subsequently amended in August 2021 (as amended, the “GSK Agreement”) related to the existing program (GSK4381562) ; ● 70 % of all milestone- and royalty-based payments actually received by the Company or its affiliates from Novartis Institutes under the collaboration agreement between Surface and Novartis Institutes dated January 9, 2016 which was subsequently amended in May 2016, July 2017, September 2017, and October 2018 (as amended, the “Novartis Agreement”) related to the existing program (NZV930) ; ● 25 % of any upfront payment actually received by the Company or its affiliates pursuant to potential ex-U.S. licensing agreements for CHS-114; and ● 50 % of any upfront payment actually received by the Company or its affiliates pursuant to potential ex-U.S. licensing agreements for casdozokitug . The Company has recorded a contingent consideration liability for the fair value of the potential payments under the CVR Agreement described above. The Company is unable to estimate a range of outcomes for potential upfront payments for CHS-114 and casdozokitug. The total consideration paid for the Surface Acquisition of $ 64.6 million consisted of the following: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (in thousands, except per share amounts) ​ As of Acquisition Date Coherus common stock issued ​ ​ 11,971,460 Coherus common stock share price ​ $ 4.89 ​ ​ ​ ​ Fair value of components of purchase price consideration at closing: ​ ​ ​ Equity of combined company owned by Surface equity holders ​ $ 58,540 Contingent CVR liability ​ ​ 5,290 Equity of combined company owned by Surface former employees (1) ​ ​ 766 Fair value of total purchase consideration ​ $ 64,596 (1) Represents 161,100 shares of Coherus common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes, issued to Surface’s former employees on the Acquisition Date. 20 Table of Contents The Company has accounted for the Surface Acquisition as a business combination which requires, among other things, that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed generally be recognized at their fair value on the Acquisition Date. Fair value estimates are based on management’s estimated future cash flows from revenues of acquired assets, the timing and projection of costs and expenses and the related profit margins, tax rates, and discount rate. The judgments used to determine the estimated fair value assigned to each class of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as well as asset lives, can materially impact the Company’s results of operations. The purchase price allocation for the Surface Acquisition is preliminary and subject to revisions as additional information about fair value of assets and liabilities becomes available. This is primarily related to the Company’s deferred tax liabilities assumed in connection with the Surface Acquisition, as the 2023 short period tax returns have not yet been filed. Additional information that existed as of the Acquisition Date, but is unknown to the Company, may become known during the remainder of the measurement period, not to exceed 12 months from the Acquisition Date. The following table below sets forth the purchase price allocation to the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (in thousands) ​ Amounts Recognized at Acquisition Date Assets Acquired ​ ​ Cash and cash equivalents ​ $ 6,997 Investments in marketable securities ​ ​ 21,791 Other prepaids and other assets ​ ​ 5,260 In-process research and development ​ ​ 26,239 Out-licenses ​ ​ 13,530 Total assets ​ $ 73,817 Liabilities Assumed ​ ​ ​ Accrued and other current liabilities ​ $ 7,722 Deferred tax liability ​ ​ 1,499 Total liabilities ​ ​ 9,221 Total net assets acquired ​ $ 64,596 ​ The Company believes it was able to acquire Surface for a price that was completely allocable to identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed with no residual attributable to goodwill primarily due to Surface’s need to raise additional capital to finance its operations, the challenging biotech funding environment at the time the transaction was initially announced, and the value of the acquired net assets. The amount allocated to identifiable intangible assets has been attributed to the following assets: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (in thousands) ​ Useful lives ​ Fair Value at Acquisition Date In-process research and development - casdozokitug ​ n/a ​ $ 25,899 In-process research and development - CHS-114 ​ n/a ​ ​ 340 Out-license - GSK ​ 15 years ​ ​ 2,506 Out-license - Novartis Institutes ​ 15 years ​ ​ 11,024 Total identifiable intangible assets ​ ​ ​ $ 39,769 ​ Surface had two out-licensed partnership programs, with Novartis Institutes (NZV930) and GSK (GSK4381562), to advance certain next-generation cancer therapies. The out-license intangible assets represent potential milestone and royalty-based payments to be received in the future. Surface shareholders received CVRs for certain percentages of these milestone and royalty-based payments on existing programs with Novartis Institutes (NZV930) and GSK (GSK4381562), as further explained above. Following the Acquisition Date, the operating results of Surface have been included in the condensed consolidated financial statements. For the period September 9, 2023 through September 30, 2023, there was no revenue attributable 21 Table of Contents to Surface and operating losses attributable to Surface for such period were $ 1.4 million, excluding acquisition-related costs. Unaudited Pro Forma Summary of Operations The following table shows the unaudited pro forma summary of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, as if the Surface Acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2022. This pro forma information does not purport to represent what the Company’s actual results would have been if the acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2022, and it is not indicative of what such results would be expected for any future period: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended September 30, ​ Nine Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2023 2022 Total revenues ​ $ 74,568 ​ $ 45,424 ​ ​ $ 165,720 ​ $ 195,690 Net loss ​ $ ( 49,984 ) ​ $ ( 108,472 ) ​ ​ $ ( 204,922 ) ​ $ ( 291,341 ) ​ The unaudited pro forma financial information was prepared using the acquisition method of accounting and was based on the historical financial information of the Company and Surface. In order to reflect the Surface Acquisition as if it had occurred on January 1, 2022, the summary pro forma financial information includes adjustments to reflect Surface’s severance expense, the early termination and related amortization expense of Surface’s corporate headquarters operating lease, the loss on debt extinguishment and historical interest expense related to the cash settlement of Surface’s convertible note as if it had occurred on January 1, 2022, and a mortization expense on the acquired finite-lived intangible assets. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information does not reflect the income tax effects of the pro forma adjustments, as management believes income tax adjustments to not be meaningful given the combined entity incurred significant losses during the historical periods presented. ​ Acquisition-related costs of $ 2.6 million and $ 4.5 million were recorded in selling, general and administrative expense in the condensed consolidated statement of operations during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. ​ ​ 7. Collaborations and Other Arrangements In-Licensing Agreements Junshi Biosciences On February 1, 2021, the Company entered into an Exclusive License and Commercialization Agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) with Junshi Biosciences for the co-development and commercialization of LOQTORZI , Junshi Biosciences’ anti-PD-1 antibody, in the United States and Canada. Under the terms of the Collaboration Agreement, the Company paid $ 150.0 million upfront for exclusive rights to LOQTORZI in the United States and Canada, an option in these territories to Junshi Biosciences’ anti-TIGIT antibody CHS-006, an option in these territories to a next-generation engineered IL-2 cytokine, and certain negotiation rights to two undisclosed preclinical immuno-oncology drug candidates. The Company will have the right to conduct all commercial activities of LOQTORZI in the United States and Canada. The Company will be obligated to pay Junshi Biosciences a 20 % royalty on net sales of LOQTORZI and up to an aggregate $ 380.0 million in one-time payments for the achievement of various regulatory and sales milestones. In March 2022, the Company paid $ 35.0 million for the exercise of its option to license CHS-006. Junshi Biosciences and the Company are jointly developing CHS-006 with each party responsible for the associated development costs as set forth in the Collaboration Agreement. If the Company exercises its remaining option for the IL-2 cytokine, it will be 22 Table of Contents obligated to pay an additional option exercise fee of $ 35.0 million. Additionally, for each exercised option, the Company will be obligated to pay Junshi Biosciences an 18 % royalty on net sales, up to $ 85.0 million for the achievement of certain regulatory approvals, and up to $ 170.0 million for the attainment of certain sales thresholds. Under the Collaboration Agreement, the Company retains the right to collaborate in the development of LOQTORZI and the other licensed compounds, including CHS-006, and will pay for a portion of these co-development activities up to a maximum of $ 25.0 million per licensed compound per year. Beginning in 2023, the scope of the development plan for LOQTORZI in the United States was reduced based on changes approved by the Company and Junshi Biosciences. Additionally, the Company is responsible for certain associated regulatory and technology transfer costs for LOQTORZI and other licensed compounds and will reimburse Junshi Biosciences for such costs. The licensing transaction and the exercise of the option were accounted for as asset acquisitions under the relevant accounting rules. Research and development expenses recognized for obligations to Junshi Biosciences were $ 3.1 million and $ 7.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. Research and development expenses were $ 7.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and $ 67.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022, inclusive of the $ 35.0 million option fee incurred in the first quarter of 2022. In the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2023, the Company has classified $ 1.3 million in accrued and other current liabilities and $ 9.5 million in accounts payable related to the co-development, regulatory and technology transfer costs related to these programs. As of September 30, 2023, the Company did not have any outstanding milestone or royalty payment obligations to Junshi Biosciences. The additional milestone payments and royalties are contingent upon future events and, therefore, will be recorded when it is probable that a milestone will be achieved or when royalties are due. Bioeq On November 4, 2019, the Company entered into a license agreement with Bioeq AG (“Bioeq”) (the “Bioeq License Agreement”) for the commercialization of CIMERLI, a biosimilar version of ranibizumab (Lucentis), in certain dosage forms in both a vial and pre-filled syringe presentation (the “Bioeq Licensed Products”). Under the Bioeq License Agreement, Bioeq granted to the Company an exclusive, royalty-bearing license to commercialize the Bioeq Licensed Products in the field of ophthalmology (and any other approved labelled indication) in the United States. Bioeq will supply to the Company the Bioeq Licensed Products in accordance with terms and conditions specified in the Bioeq License Agreement and a manufacturing and supply agreement to be executed by the parties in accordance therewith. The Bioeq License Agreement’s initial term continues in effect for ten years after the first commercial sale of a Bioeq Licensed Product in the United States, and thereafter renews for an unlimited period of time unless otherwise terminated in accordance with its terms. Bioeq will manufacture and supply the Bioeq Licensed Products to the Company in accordance with terms and conditions specified in the Bioeq License Agreement and a manufacturing and supply agreement between the Company and Bioeq dated September 29, 2022 (the “Bioeq Manufacturing Agreement”). The Bioeq Manufacturing Agreement will remain in force until the first to occur of the following: (1) the termination of the Bioeq License Agreement; (2) the exercise of a right to termination by the Company or Bioeq for a material breach of the other party that is not cured in accordance with the Bioeq Manufacturing Agreement; and (3) the exercise of a right to termination by Bioeq if invoices are not paid in full in accordance with the Bioeq Manufacturing Agreement. Under the Bioeq License Agreement, the Company was required to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and obtain regulatory approval of the Bioeq Licensed Products in the United States in accordance with a development and manufacturing plan, and the Company was required to use commercially reasonable efforts to commercialize the Bioeq Licensed Products in accordance with a commercialization plan. Additionally, the Company was required to commit certain post-launch resources to the commercialization of the Bioeq Licensed Products for a limited time as specified in the agreement. 23 Table of Contents The Company accounted for the licensing transaction as an asset acquisition under the relevant accounting rules. The Company paid Bioeq an upfront and a milestone payment aggregating to € 10 million ($ 11.1 million), which was recorded as research and development expense in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations in 2019. The terms of the Bioeq License Agreement include an aggregate of up to € 12.5 million in additional milestone payments in connection with the achievement of certain development and regulatory milestones with respect to the Bioeq Licensed Products in the United States including a € 2.5 million milestone related to the FDA approval of the CIMERLI Section 351(k) BLA that was paid in the fourth quarter of 2022. This was recorded as an intangible asset and is being amortized over ten years . The Company shares a percentage of gross profits on sales of Bioeq Licensed Products in the United States with Bioeq in the low- to mid- fifty percent range. Royalties due to Bioeq were $ 27.8 million and $ 2.9 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The remaining milestone payments and royalties are contingent upon future events and, therefore, will be recorded when it becomes probable that a milestone will be achieved. ​ Adimab Development and Option Agreement ​ In October 2018, Surface and Adimab LLC (“Adimab”), entered into an amended and restated development and option agreement, (as amended by the amendments dated as of December 16, 2020, June 1, 2022 and July 18, 2022, “the A&R Adimab Agreement”), which amended and restated the development and option agreement with Adimab dated July 2014, as amended, (“the Original Adimab Agreement”), for the discovery and optimization of proprietary antibodies as potential therapeutic product candidates. Under the A&R Adimab Agreement, the Company will select biological targets against which Adimab will use its proprietary platform technology to research and develop antibody proteins using a mutually agreed upon research plan. The A&R Adimab Agreement, among other things, extended the discovery term of the Original Adimab Agreement, provided access to additional antibodies, and expanded the Company’s right to evaluate and use antibodies that were modified or derived using Adimab technology for diagnostic purposes. ​ Upon the Company’s selection of a target, the Company and Adimab will initiate a research plan and the discovery term begins. During the discovery term, Adimab will grant the Company a non-exclusive, non-sublicensable license under its technology with respect to the target, to research, design and preclinically develop and use antibodies that were modified or derived using Adimab technology, solely to evaluate such antibodies, perform the Company’s responsibilities under the research plan, and use such antibodies for certain diagnostic purposes. The Company also will grant to Adimab a non-exclusive, nontransferable license with respect to the target under the Company’s technology that covers or relates to such target, solely to perform its responsibilities under the research plan during the discovery period. The Company is required to pay Adimab at an agreed upon rate for its full-time employees during the discovery period while Adimab performs research on each target under the applicable research plan. ​ Adimab granted the Company an exclusive option to obtain a non-exclusive, worldwide, fully paid-up, sublicensable license under Adimab’s platform patents and other Adimab technology solely to research up to ten antibodies, chosen by the Company against a specific biological target for a specified period of time (the “Research Option”). In addition, Adimab granted the Company an exclusive option to obtain a worldwide, royalty-bearing, sublicensable license under Adimab platform patents and other Adimab technology to exploit, including commercially, 20 or more antibodies against specific biological targets (the “Commercialization Option”). Upon the exercise of a Commercialization Option, and payment of the applicable option fee to Adimab, Adimab will assign the Company the patents that cover the antibodies selected by such Commercialization Option. The Company will be required to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, seek market approval of, and commercialize at least one antibody against the target covered by the Commercialization Option in specified markets upon the exercise of a Commercialization Option. ​ Under the A&R Adimab Agreement, the Company is obligated to make milestone payments and to pay specified fees upon the exercise of the Research Option or Commercialization Option. During the discovery term, the Company may be obligated to pay Adimab up to $ 0.3 million for technical milestones achieved against each biological target. Upon exercise of a Research Option, the Company is obligated to pay a nominal research maintenance fee on each of the next 24 Table of Contents four anniversaries of the exercise. Upon the exercise of each Commercialization Option, the Company will be required to pay an option exercise fee of a low seven-digit dollar amount, and the Company may be responsible for milestone payments of up to an aggregate of $ 13.0 million for each licensed product that receives marketing approval. For any licensed product that is commercialized, the Company is obligated to pay Adimab tiered royalties of a low to mid single-digit percentage on worldwide net sales of such product. The Company may also partially exercise a Commercialization Option with respect to ten antibodies against a biological target by paying 65 % of the option fee and later either (i) paying the balance and choosing additional antibodies for commercialization, up to the maximum number under the Commercialization Option, or (ii) foregoing the Commercialization Option entirely. For any Adimab diagnostic product that is used with or in connection with any compound or product other than a licensed antibody or licensed product, the Company is obligated to pay Adimab up to a low seven digits in regulatory milestone payments and low single-digit royalties on net sales. No additional payment is due with respect to any companion diagnostic or any diagnostic product that does not contain any licensed antibody. Any payments payable to Adimab as a result of any product candidates being developed pursuant to the GSK Agreement, will be payable to Adimab directly by GSK. ​ The A&R Adimab Agreement will remain in effect until (a) the earlier of (i) the expiration of the Research and Commercialization Options (if they expire without exercise) and (ii) 12 months from the effective date without the Company providing materials that pass Adimab’s quality control; or (b) if a Research Option is exercised but the Commercialization Option is not, then upon the expiration of the last to expire research license term; or (c) upon commercialization of a product, until the end of the royalty term, which will vary on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis, ending on the later of (y) the expiration of the last valid claim covering the licensed product in such country as the product is manufactured or sold, or (z) ten years after the first commercial sale of the licensed product in such country. ​ Either party may terminate the A&R Adimab Agreement for material breach if such breach remains uncured for a specified period of time, however, if a Research Option or Commercialization Option has been exercised and the breach only applies to the applicable target of such Research Option or Commercialization Option, then the termination right will only apply to such target. The Company may also terminate the A&R Adimab Agreement for any reason with prior notice to Adimab. If Adimab is bankrupt, the Company will be entitled to a complete duplicate of, or complete access to, all rights and licenses granted under or pursuant to the A&R Adimab Agreement. Out-Licensing Agreements Acquired as part of the Surface Acquisition On September 8, 2023, at the closing of the Surface Acquisition, all the assets, liabilities, rights and obligations of Surface were assumed by the Company’s direct, wholly-owned subsidiary, Surface Oncology, LLC. See further details in Note 6. Surface Acquisition above. Novartis Institutes In January 2016, Surface entered into the Novartis Agreement . Pursuant to the Novartis Agreement, Surface granted Novartis Institutes a worldwide exclusive license to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize antibodies that target cluster of diffe rentiation 73 (“CD73”). Under the Novartis Agreement, the Company is currently entitled to potential development milestones of $ 325.0 million and sales milestones of $ 200.0 million, as well as tiered royalties on annual net sales by Novartis Institutes ranging from high single-digit to mid-teens percentages upon the successful commercialization of NZV930. Due to the uncertainty of pharmaceutical development and the historical failure rates generally associated with drug development, the Company may not receive any milestone payments or any royalty payments under the Novartis Agreement. The Company did not recognize any revenue relating to the Novartis Agreement during the three months ended September 30, 2023. Unless terminated earlier, the Novartis Agreement will continue in effect until neither the Company nor Novartis Institutes is researching, developing, manufacturing or commercializing NZV930. Novartis Institutes may terminate the Novartis Agreement for any or no reason upon prior notice to the Company within a specified time period. Either party 25 Table of Contents may terminate the Novartis Agreement in full if an undisputed material breach is not cured within a certain period of time or upon notice of insolvency of the other party. To the extent Novartis Institutes terminates for convenience, or the Company terminates for Novartis Institutes’ uncured material breach, Novartis Institutes will grant the Company, on mutually agreeable financial terms, an exclusive, worldwide, irrevocable, perpetual and royalty-bearing license with respect to intellectual property controlled by Novartis Institutes that is reasonably necessary to research, develop, manufacture or commercialize NZV930. ​ GSK Agreement In December 2020, Surface entered into the GSK Agreement. Pursuant to the GSK Agreement, Surface granted GSK a worldwide exclusive, sublicensable license to develop, manufacture and commercialize antibodies that target CD112R, also known as PVRIG, including the antibody GSK4381562 (the “Licensed Antibodies”). GSK is responsible for the development, manufacturing and commercialization of the Licensed Antibodies and a joint development committee was formed to facilitate information sharing. GSK is responsible for all costs and expenses of such development, manufacturing and commercialization and is obligated to provide the Company with updates on its development, manufacturing and commercialization activities through the joint development committee. In March 2022, Surface earned a $ 30.0 million milestone payment from GSK upon the dosing of the first patient in the Phase 1 trial of GSK4381562. The Company is eligible to receive up to $ 60.0 million in additional clinical milestones and $ 155.0 million in regulatory milestones. In addition, the Company may receive up to $ 485.0 million in sales milestone payments. The Company is also eligible to receive royalties on global net sales of any approved products based on the Licensed Antibodies, ranging in percentages from high single digits to mid-teens. Due to the uncertainty of pharmaceutical development and the historical failure rates generally associated with drug development, the Company may not receive any milestone payments or any royalty payments under the GSK Agreement. The Company did not recognize license-related revenue under the GSK Agreement during the three months ended September 30, 2023. ​ Unless terminated earlier, the GSK Agreement expires on a licensed product-by-licensed product and country-by-country basis on the later of ten years from the date of first commercial sale or when there is no longer a valid patent claim or regulatory exclusivity covering such licensed product in such country. Either party may terminate the GSK Agreement for an uncured material breach by the other party or upon the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party. GSK may terminate the GSK Agreement for its convenience. The Company may terminate the GSK Agreement if GSK institutes certain actions related to the licensed patents or if GSK ceases development activities, other than for certain specified technical or safety reasons. In the event of termination, the Company would regain worldwide rights to the terminated program. Other On January 9, 2023, the Company announced that it entered into the Term Sheet with Klinge Biopharma for the exclusive commercialization rights to FYB203, a biosimilar candidate to Eylea® (aflibercept), in the United States. The Company and Klinge Biopharma continue to conduct due diligence and discuss terms of the transaction. The material terms of the transaction with Klinge Biopharma will be included in a subsequent filing by the Company when definitive agreements are executed. ​ 26 Table of Contents 8. Debt Obligations A summary of the Company’s debt obligations, including level within the fair value hierarchy (see Note 3), is as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ At September 30, 2023 (in thousands) Principal Amount ​ ​ Unamortized Debt Discount and Debt Issuance Costs ​ Net Carrying Value ​ Estimated Fair Value Level Financial Liabilities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2027 Term Loans $ 250,000 ​ $ ( 3,783 ) ​ $ 246,217 ​ $ 246,217 ​ Level 2* 2026 Convertible Notes $ 230,000 ​ $ ( 3,443 ) ​ $ 226,557 ​ $ 139,007 ​ Level 2** ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ At December 31, 2022 (in thousands) Principal Amount ​ Unamortized Debt Discount and Debt Issuance Costs ​ Net Carrying Value ​ Estimated Fair Value Level Financial Liabilities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2027 Term Loans $ 250,000 ​ $ ( 4,517 ) ​ $ 245,483 ​ $ 245,483 ​ Level 2* 2026 Convertible Notes $ 230,000 ​ $ ( 4,425 ) ​ $ 225,575 ​ $ 157,205 ​ Level 2** ​ * The principal amounts outstanding are subject to variable interest rates, which are based on three-month SOFR starting April 1, 2023 plus fixed percentages. Through March 31, 2023, the variable component was based on the three-month LIBOR. Therefore, the Company believes the carrying amount of these obligations approximates fair value. ** The fair value is influenced by interest rates, the Company’s stock price and stock price volatility and is determined by prices observed in market trading. Since the market for trading of the 2026 Convertible Notes is not considered to be an active market, the estimated fair value is based on Level 2 inputs. 2027 Term Loans The Company entered into a loan agreement in January 2022 (as amended to date, the “Loan Agreement”) with BioPharma Credit, PLC, (as the “Collateral Agent”), BPCR Limited Partnership (as a “Lender”), and Biopharma Credit Investments V (Master) LP, acting by its general partner, BioPharma Credit Investments V GP LLC (as a “Lender”) that provides for a senior secured term loan facility of up to $ 300.0 million to be funded in four committed tranches: (i) a Tranche A Loan in an aggregate principal amount of $ 100.0 million (the “Tranche A Loan”) that was funded on January 5, 2022 (the “Tranche A Closing Date”); (ii) a Tranche B Loan in an aggregate principal amount of $ 100.0 million (the “Tranche B Loan”) that was funded on March 31, 2022; (iii) a Tranche C Loan in an aggregate principal amount of $ 50.0 million (the “Tranche C Loan”) that was not funded; and (iv) a Tranche D Loan in an aggregate principal amount of $ 50.0 million (the “Tranche D Loan” and, together with the Tranche A Loan, the Tranche B Loan, and the Tranche C Loan, the “2027 Term Loans”) that was funded on September 14, 2022. The Company has the right to request an uncommitted additional facility amount of up to $ 100.0 million that is subject to new terms and conditions. The 2027 Term Loans mature on either (i) the fifth anniversary of the Tranche A Closing Date; or (ii) October 15, 2025, if the outstanding aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Convertible Notes is greater than $ 50.0 million on October 1, 2025. The 2027 Term Loans accrued interest from inception through March 31, 2023 at 8.25 % plus three-month LIBOR per annum with a LIBOR floor of 1.0 %; and starting April 1, 2023, accrue interest at 8.25 % plus the sum (the “Adjusted Term SOFR”) of three-month SOFR and 0.26161 % per annum, with a floor on Adjusted Term SOFR of 1.0 %. The interest rate for the third quarter of 2023 was 13.76 %. Interest is payable quarterly in arrears on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year. Repayment of outstanding principal of the 2027 Term Loans will be made in five equal quarterly payments of principal commencing March 31, 2026. 27 Table of Contents The Company adopted the prospective method to account for future cash payments. Under the prospective method, the effective interest rate is not constant, and any change in the expected cash flows is recognized prospectively as an adjustment to the effective yield. The obligations under the Loan Agreement are secured pursuant to customary security documentation, including a guaranty and security agreement among the Credit Parties and the Collateral Agent which provides for a lien on substantially all of the Company’s tangible and intangible assets and property, including intellectual property. Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, and subject to certain restrictions, proceeds of the 2027 Term Loans were used to fund the Company’s general corporate and working capital requirements except for the following: in January 2022, proceeds of the Tranche A Loan were used to repay in full all amounts outstanding under the Company’s $ 75.0 million aggregate principal credit agreement with affiliates of Healthcare Royalty Partners (the “2025 Term Loan”), as well as all associated costs and expenses pursuant to which a payoff amount of $ 81.9 million was outstanding; in March 2022, proceeds of the Tranche B Loan were drawn in connection with the full repayment of all amounts outstanding under the Company’s $ 100.0 million aggregate principal amount 8.2 % Convertible Senior Notes (the “2022 Convertible Notes”), as well as all associated costs and expenses pursuant to which a payoff amount of $ 111.1 million was outstanding. The Loan Agreement contains certain customary representations and warranties. In addition, the Loan Agreement includes affirmative covenants, such as the requirement to maintain minimum trailing twelve-month net sales in an amount that begins at $ 200.0 million for the quarter ending March 31, 2022, increases to $ 210.0 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, increases to $ 230.0 million for the quarter ending June 30, 2024, increases to $ 270.0 million for the quarter ending September 30, 2024, and increases to $ 300.0 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2024 and thereafter. Further, the Loan Agreement includes certain other affirmative covenants and negative covenants, including, covenants and restrictions that among other things, restrict the Company’s ability to incur liens, incur additional indebtedness, make investments, engage in certain mergers and acquisitions or asset sales, and declare dividends or redeem or repurchase capital stock. The Loan Agreement also contains customary events of default, including among other things, the Company’s failure to make any principal or interest payments when due, the occurrence of certain bankruptcy or insolvency events or its breach of the covenants under the Loan Agreement. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, the Lenders may, among other things, accelerate the Company’s obligations under the Loan Agreement. A change of control of the Company triggers a mandatory prepayment of the 2027 Term Loans within ten business days. As of September 30, 2023, the Company was in full compliance with these covenants, and there were no events of default under the 2027 Term Loans. ​ In connection with the closing of Tranche A, the Company incurred $ 7.8 million in debt discounts and issuance costs of which $ 6.8 million related to all the tranches of the 2027 Term Loans and was thus allocated pro rata between the tranches. The unamortized debt discount and issuance costs allocated to funded tranches are presented as deductions to the 2027 Term Loan balance and are amortized into interest expense using the effective interest method. The $ 2.3 million allocated to Tranche B was fully amortized over the commitment period prior to funding and recognized as interest expense in the first quarter of 2022. The associated debt discounts and issuance costs of unfunded tranches were deferred as assets and amortized into interest expense using the straight-line method over the commitment period of the respective tranches. At the closing dates of Tranche B on March 31, 2022 and Tranche D on September 14, 2022, the Company incurred an additional $ 1.0 million and $ 0.5 million, respectively, in debt issuance costs. As of September 30, 2023, the total remaining unamortized debt discount and debt offering costs related to Tranches A, B and D of $ 3.8 million will be amortized using the effective interest rate over the remaining term of 3.3 years. 28 Table of Contents The following table presents the components of interest expense related to the 2027 Term Loans: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, (in thousands) ​ 2023 ​ 2022 ​ 2023 ​ 2022 Contractual interest ​ $ 8,790 ​ $ 5,665 ​ $ 25,404 ​ $ 12,577 Amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs ​ ​ 255 ​ ​ 622 ​ ​ 830 ​ ​ 4,122 Total interest expense ​ $ 9,045 ​ $ 6,287 ​ $ 26,234 ​ $ 16,699 ​ Assuming the third quarter of 2023 interest rate of 13.76 %, future payments on the 2027 Term Loans as of September 30, 2023 are as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ Year ending December 31, (in thousands) ​ ​ ​ Remainder of 2023 - interest only ​ $ 8,790 2024 - interest only ​ ​ 34,970 2025 - interest only ​ 34,873 2026 - principal and interest ​ 224,345 2027 - principal and interest ​ ​ 50,095 Total minimum payments ​ 353,073 Less amount representing interest ​ ( 103,073 ) 2027 Term Loans, gross ​ 250,000 Less unamortized debt discount and debt issuance costs ​ ( 3,783 ) Net carrying amount of 2027 Term Loans ​ $ 246,217 ​ 1.5 % Convertible Senior Subordinated Notes due 2026 In April 2020, the Company issued and sold $ 230.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 1.5 % Convertible Senior Subordinated notes due 2026 (the “2026 Convertible Notes”) in a private offering to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act. The net proceeds from the offering were $ 222.2 million after deducting initial purchasers’ fees and offering expenses. The 2026 Convertible Notes are general unsecured obligations and will be subordinated to the Company’s designated senior indebtedness (as defined in the indenture for the 2026 Convertible Notes) and structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities, including trade payables . The 2026 Convertible Notes accrue interest at a rate of 1.5 % per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year, since October 15, 2020 , and will mature on April 15, 2026 , unless earlier repurchased or converted. At any time before the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, noteholders may convert their 2026 Convertible Notes at their option into shares of the Company’s common stock, together, if applicable, with cash in lieu of any fractional share, at the then-applicable conversion rate. Since inception, the conversion price has been 51.9224 shares of common stock per $ 1,000 principal amount of the 2026 Convertible Notes, which represents a conversion price of approximately $ 19.26 per share of common stock. The initial conversion price represents a premium of approximately 30.0 % over the last reported sale of $ 14.82 per share of the Company’s common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market on April 14, 2020, the date the 2026 Convertible Notes were issued. The conversion rate and conversion price will be subject to customary adjustments upon the occurrence of certain events. If a “make-whole fundamental change” (as defined in the indenture for the 2026 Convertible Notes) occurs, the Company will, in certain circumstances, increase the conversion rate for a specified period of time for noteholders who convert their 2026 Convertible Notes in connection with that make-whole fundamental change. The 2026 Convertible Notes are not redeemable at the Company’s election before maturity. If a “fundamental change” (as defined in the indenture for the 2026 Convertible Notes) occurs, then, subject to a limited exception, noteholders may require the Company to repurchase their 2026 Convertible Notes for cash. The repurchase price will be equal to the principal amount of the 2026 29 Table of Contents Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the applicable repurchase date. The 2026 Convertible Notes have customary provisions relating to the occurrence of “events of default” (as defined in the Indenture for the 2026 Convertible Notes). The occurrence of such events of default could result in the acceleration of all amounts due under the 2026 Convertible Notes. ​ As of September 30, 2023, the Company was in full compliance with these covenants and there were no events of default under the 2026 Convertible Notes. ​ The Company evaluated the features embedded in the 2026 Convertible Notes under the relevant accounting rules and concluded that the embedded features do not meet the requirements for bifurcation, and therefore do not need to be separately accounted for as an equity component. The proceeds received from the issuance of the convertible debt were recorded as a liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Capped Call Transactions In connection with the pricing of the 2026 Convertible Notes, the Company paid $ 18.2 million to enter into privately negotiated capped call transactions with one or a combination of the initial purchasers, their respective affiliates and other financial institutions. The capped call transactions are generally expected to reduce the potential dilution upon conversion of the 2026 Convertible Notes in the event that the market price per share of the Company’s common stock, as measured under the terms of the capped call transactions, is greater than the strike price of the capped call transactions, which initially corresponds to the conversion price of the 2026 Convertible Notes, and is subject to anti-dilution adjustments generally similar to those applicable to the conversion rate of the 2026 Convertible Notes. Since inception, the cap price has been $ 25.93 per share, which represents a premium of approximately 75.0 % over the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock of $ 14.82 per share on April 14, 2020, and is subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the capped call transactions. The capped call transactions are accounted for as separate transactions from the 2026 Convertible Notes and classified as equity instruments; thus, they are recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The capped calls will not be subsequently re-measured as long as the conditions for equity classification continue to be met. The Company incurred $ 0.9 million of debt issuance costs relating to the issuance of the 2026 Convertible Notes, which were recorded as a reduction to the notes on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The debt issuance costs are being amortized and recognized as additional interest expense over the six-year contractual term of the notes using the effective interest rate method. If the 2026 Convertible Notes were converted on September 30, 2023, the holders of the 2026 Convertible Notes would have received common shares with an aggregate value of $ 44.7 million based on the Company’s closing stock price of $ 3.74 as of September 29, 2023. The following table presents the components of interest expense related to the 2026 Convertible Notes: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, (in thousands) 2023 ​ 2022 ​ 2023 2022 Stated coupon interest ​ $ 863 ​ $ 863 ​ $ 2,588 ​ $ 2,588 Amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs ​ 329 ​ 322 ​ 982 ​ 962 Total interest expense ​ $ 1,192 ​ $ 1,185 ​ $ 3,570 ​ $ 3,550 ​ 30 Table of Contents The remaining unamortized debt discount and debt offering costs related to the 2026 Convertible Notes of $ 3.4 million as of September 30, 2023 will be amortized using the effective interest rate over the remaining term of the 2026 Convertible Notes. The annual effective interest rate is 2.1 % for the 2026 Convertible Notes. Future payments on the 2026 Convertible Notes as of September 30, 2023 are as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year ending December 31, (in thousands) ​ ​ Remainder of 2023 - interest only ​ $ 1,725 2024 - interest only ​ ​ 3,450 2025 - interest only ​ 3,450 2026 ​ 231,725 Total minimum payments ​ 240,350 Less amount representing interest ​ ( 10,350 ) 2026 Convertible Notes, principal amount ​ 230,000 Less unamortized debt discount and debt issuance costs ​ ( 3,443 ) Net carrying amount of 2026 Convertible Notes ​ $ 226,557 ​ 8.2 % Convertible Notes due 2022 On February 29, 2016, the Company issued and sold $ 100.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 8.2 % Convertible Senior Notes due 2022. The 2022 Convertible Notes constituted general, senior unsubordinated obligations of the Company, bore interest at a fixed coupon rate of 8.2 % per annum payable quarterly in arrears and matured on March 31, 2022 . In March 2022, the Company fully repaid the 2022 Convertible Notes, and a s a result had no continuing obligations associated with them thereafter . The payoff amount of $ 111.1 million included the repayment of the entire outstanding principal amount, the 9 % premium of the outstanding principal amount and accrued and unpaid interest. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, interest expense on the 2022 Convertible Notes was $ 2.6 million, which included $ 2.1 million of stated coupon interest and $ 0.5 million amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs. 2025 Term Loan On January 7, 2019, the Company entered into a credit agreement with affiliates of Healthcare Royalty Partners. The 2025 Term Loan consisted of a six-year term loan facility for an aggregate principal amount of $ 75.0 million (the “Borrowings”). Pursuant to the terms of the 2025 Term Loan, the Company was required to begin paying principal on the Borrowings in equal quarterly installments beginning on the third anniversary of the 2025 Term Loan Closing Date, with the outstanding balance to be repaid on January 7, 2025, the maturity date. In January 2022, pursuant to the Company entering into the 2027 Term Loans, the Company voluntarily prepaid all amounts outstanding under the 2025 Term Loan. The payoff amount of $ 81.9 million included principal repayment in full, accrued interest, a 5.0 % prepayment premium fee of the Borrowings principal amount, and an exit fee of 4.0 % of the Borrowings principal amount. The prepayment premium fee and unamortized exit fee, debt discount and debt issuance costs, net from the payoff of the 2025 Term Loan totaled $ 6.2 million and was recorded in loss on debt extinguishment in the condensed consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, interest expense on the 2025 Term Loan was $ 0.2 million which represented stated coupon interest. ​ ​ 31 Table of Contents 9. Commitments and Contingencies Purchase Commitments The Company entered into agreements with certain vendors to secure raw materials and certain CMOs to manufacture its supply of products. As of September 30, 2023, the Company’s non-cancelable purchase commitments under the terms of its agreements are as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ Year ending December 31, (in thousands) ​ ​ 2023* ​ $ 15,117 2024 ​ ​ 54,929 2025 ​ ​ 11,050 2026 ​ ​ 839 Total obligations ​ $ 81,935 ​ * Includes a reduction compared to December 31, 2022 resulting from a contract change to lower the number of UDENYCA batches to be produced at a specific CMO. The Company enters into contracts in the normal course of business with contract research organizations for preclinical studies and clinical trials and CMOs for the manufacture of clinical trial materials. The contracts are generally cancellable, with varying provisions regarding termination. If a contract with a specific vendor were to be terminated, the Company would generally only be obligated for products or services that the Company had received as of the effective date of the termination and any applicable cancellation fees. Guarantees and Indemnifications In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnifications. The Company’s exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future but have not yet been made. To date, the Company has not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to its indemnification obligations. However, the Company may record charges in the future as a result of these indemnification obligations. The Company assesses the likelihood of any adverse judgments or related claims, as well as ranges of probable losses. In the cases where the Company believes that a reasonably possible or probable loss exists, it will disclose the facts and circumstances of the claims, including an estimate range, if possible. ​ Legal Proceedings and Other Claims The Company is a party to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary, routine course of business and that have not been fully resolved. The outcome of such legal proceedings and claims is inherently uncertain. Accruals are recognized for such legal proceedings and claims to the extent that a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable. The best estimate of a loss within a range is accrued; however, if no estimate in the range is better than any other, then the minimum amount in the range is accrued. If it is determined that a material loss is reasonably possible and the loss or range of loss can be estimated, the possible loss is disclosed. Sometimes it is not possible to determine the outcome of these matters or, unless otherwise noted, the outcome (including in excess of any accrual) is not expected to be material, and the maximum potential exposure or the range of possible loss cannot be reasonably estimated. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had an accrual of $ 6.4 million and $ 4.7 million, respectively, related to such matters that was included in accrued rebates, fees and reserves on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. ​ In late April of 2022, the Company received a demand letter from Zinc Health Services, LLC (“Zinc”) asserting that Zinc was entitled to approximately $ 14.0 million from the Company for claims related to certain sales of UDENYCA from October 2020 through December 2021. The Company is continuing to evaluate the claims in the letter. No legal 32 Table of Contents proceeding has been filed in connection with the claims in the letter and based on currently available information the final resolution of the matter is uncertain. The Company intends to defend any legal proceeding that may be filed. The Company’s accrual as of September 30, 2023 represented its estimated liability to resolve the matter. Loss contingencies are inherently unpredictable, the assessment is highly subjective and requires judgments about future events and unfavorable developments or resolutions can occur. The Company regularly reviews litigation matters to determine whether its accrual is adequate. The amount of ultimate loss may differ materially from the amount accrued to date. ​ Other than the matter in connection with the demand letter described in this Note 9, there are no pending legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party, or that any of the Company or its subsidiaries' property is subject. ​ 10. Derivatives The Company is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk related to its international purchases. In the first quarter of 2023, the Company started utilizing euro currency contracts to manage euro currency risk in purchasing inventory and future settlement of euro denominated assets and liabilities. The volume of the Company’s foreign currency contract activity is limited by the amount of transaction exposure in each foreign currency and the Company’s election whether to hedge the transactions. There are no derivative instruments entered into for speculative or trading purposes. The Company did not elect hedge accounting for any of its currency contracts. All outstanding contracts are with the same counterparty. Changes in the net fair value of contracts are recorded in other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Since the Company's derivatives all matured and settled by September 30, 2023, there were no derivative assets or derivative liabilities as of September 30, 2023. The pre-tax gain (loss) of foreign currency contracts not designated as hedging instruments were recorded on the condensed consolidated statements of operations as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended (in thousands) Statement of Operations Classification September 30, 2023 September 30, 2023 Currency contracts Other income (expense), net ​ $ 82 ​ $ — ​ ​ 11. Stockholders’ Deficit Public Offering On May 16, 2023, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Citigroup Global Markets Inc., as representatives of the several underwriters named therein (collectively, the “Underwriters”), pursuant to which the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 11,764,706 shares (the “Firm Shares”) of its common stock, par value $ 0.0001 per share, to the Underwriters (the “Public Offering”). Additionally, under the terms of the Underwriting Agreement, the Company granted the Underwriters an option, for 30 days from the date of the Underwriting Agreement, to purchase up to an additional 1,764,705 shares of common stock (the “Option Shares,” and together with the Firm Shares, the “Shares”), which the Underwriters elected to exercise in full. The price to the public in the Public Offering was $ 4.25 per share. The Underwriters agreed to purchase the Shares from the Company pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement at a price of $ 3.995 per share. The Offering was made pursuant to a prospectus supplement and related prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to the Company’s shelf registration statement on Form S-3 that was declared effective on November 17, 2022 (the 33 Table of Contents “Registration Statement”) under which the Company may offer and sell up to $ 150.0 million in the aggregate of its common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and units from time to time in one or more offerings. On May 18, 2023, the Company completed the sale and issuance of an aggregate of 13,529,411 Shares, including the exercise in full of the Underwriters’ option to purchase the Option Shares. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $ 53.6 million, after deducting the Underwriters’ discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company. ATM Offering On November 8, 2022, the Company filed the Registration Statement. Also on November 8, 2022, the Company entered into a sales agreement (“Sales Agreement”) with Cowen and Company, LLC (“TD Cowen”), pursuant to which the Company may issue and sell from time to time up to $ 150.0 million of its common stock through or to TD Cowen as the Company’s sales agent or principal in an at-the-market offering (“ATM Offering”). On May 15, 2023, pursuant to an Amendment No. 1 to Sales Agreement and in connection with the Public Offering, the Company reduced the amount of shares that could be issued and sold pursuant to its ATM Offering with TD Cowen by $ 86.25 million, lowering the aggregate offering price under the Sales Agreement from $ 150.0 million to $ 63.75 million. On September 11, 2023, pursuant to an Amendment No. 2 to Sales Agreement, the Company increased the amount of shares that could be issued and sold pursuant to its ATM Offering with TD Cowen by $ 28.75 million, increasing the aggregate offering price under the Sales Agreement from $ 63.75 million to $ 92.5 million. The following table summarizes information regarding settlements under the ATM Offering for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended (in thousands, except share and per share data) ​ September 30, 2023 September 30, 2023 Number of common stock shares sold during the period ​ 2,428,311 ​ 3,559,761 Weighted-average price per share ​ $ 4.92 ​ $ 5.43 Gross proceeds ​ $ 11,938 ​ $ 19,339 Less commissions and fees ​ ( 298 ) ​ ( 483 ) Net proceeds after commissions and fees ​ $ 11,640 ​ $ 18,856 ​ As of September 30, 2023, the Company had approximately $ 66.5 million of its common stock remaining available for sales under the ATM Offering. ​ ​ 34 Table of Contents 12. Stock-Based Compensation The following table summarizes the classification of stock-based compensation expense in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations related to options and restricted stock units granted to employees and nonemployees: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2023 2022 Cost of goods sold (1) ​ $ 174 ​ $ 184 ​ $ 535 ​ $ 555 Research and development ​ 2,929 ​ 5,173 ​ 11,760 ​ 14,707 Selling, general and administrative ​ 6,850 ​ 6,925 ​ 20,017 ​ 23,749 Stock-based compensation expense ​ $ 9,953 ​ $ 12,282 ​ $ 32,312 ​ $ 39,011 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Stock-based compensation expense capitalized into inventory ​ $ 373 ​ $ 290 ​ $ 697 ​ $ 904 ​ (1) Stock-based compensation capitalized into inventory is recognized as cost of goods sold when the related product is sold. ​ The stock-based compensation for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes restructuring charges described in Note 14 of $ 1.1 million in research and development expense and a net forfeiture credit of $ 0.1 million in selling, general and administrative expense. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, there were no restructuring charges included in stock-based compensation. ​ The stock-based compensation expense recorded in connection with the Surface Acquisition that was not included in the consideration transferred was immaterial. ​ 13. Net Loss Per Share Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period, without consideration for potential dilutive common shares. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period, without consideration for any potential dilutive common share equivalents as their effect would be antidilutive. The following outstanding dilutive potential shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share due to their anti-dilutive effect: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 Stock options, including shares subject to ESPP 24,558,893 22,535,371 ​ 24,003,706 22,267,304 Restricted stock units 2,141,403 2,305,743 ​ 2,354,166 2,401,188 Shares issuable upon conversion of 2022 Convertible Notes — — ​ — 1,442,127 Shares issuable upon conversion of 2026 Convertible Notes ​ 11,942,152 ​ 11,942,152 ​ 11,942,152 ​ 11,942,152 Total 38,642,448 36,783,266 ​ 38,300,024 38,052,771 ​ The amounts in the table above exclude any shares contingently issuable pursuant to the CVR Agreement because the conditions that could result in a payment becoming due were not met. ​ ​ 35 Table of Contents 14. Restructuring Charges On March 3, 2023, the Company committed to a plan to reduce its workforce to focus resources on strategic priorities including the commercialization of its diversified product portfolio and development of innovative immuno-oncology product candidates. The reduction in force impacted approximately 50 full-time and part-time employees, effective March 10, 2023 for most of these employees. In the first quarter of 2023, non-recurring restructuring charges associated with the reduction in force consisted of $ 3.9 million in cash expenses related to personnel expenses such as salaries, severance payments and other benefits; and $ 1.5 million in non-cash stock-based compensation related to acceleration of vesting and extension of the stock option exercise windows for two impacted executives; partially offset by $ 0.5 million in non-cash stock-based compensation forfeiture credits. There were no additional restructuring charges in the third quarter of 2023, as the reduction in force was completed during the second quarter of 2023. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the condensed consolidated statement of operations includes $ 3.6 million in research and development expense and $ 1.3 million in selling, general and administrative expense related to the reduction in force. ​ 15. Subsequent Events Common Stock On October 9, 2023, in accordance with the terms of an Optional Stock Purchase Agreement entered with a CMO on September 28, 2023 (the “Optional Stock Purchase Agreement”), the Company issued 2,225,513 shares of its common stock to the CMO for a price of $ 3.675 per share, representing an aggregate value of $ 8.2 million. The Optional Stock Purchase Agreement gave the Company the option, in its sole discretion to elect to pay for certain manufacturing services provided by the CMO by either paying cash or issuing shares of its common stock in a private placement offering (the “Stock Service Fee Payment”). On October 4, 2023, the Company notified the CMO of its election of the Stock Service Fee Payment. The price per share of common stock was equal to the volume-weighted average closing trading price per share of common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market over the ten -trading day period ending on and including October 6, 2023. Sixth Amendment to Lease The Company has been a party to an existing Office Lease (as amended, the “Lease”) with Hudson 333 Twin Dolphin Plaza, LLC (the “Landlord”), under which the Company leases approximately 47,789 square feet of office space located at 333 Twin Dolphin Drive, Redwood City, California for the Company’s principal executive offices with an expiration date of September 30, 2024. On October 24, 2023, the Company entered into the Sixth Amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Lease with the Landlord. Under the Amendment, the Company has extended the term of the Lease through September 30, 2027 for only approximately 27,532 square feet of office space (the “Remaining Premises”). For the other 20,257 square feet of office space (the “Reduction Space”), the Amendment provides that the term of the lease shall expire for the Reduction Space on December 31, 2023. After December 31, 2023, the leased premises shall consist only of the Remaining Premises. Except for the early expiration described above for the Reduction Space, the term of the Lease is extended through September 30, 2027. The Amendment provides for monthly base rent on the Remaining Premises of approximately $ 0.2 million per month from January 1, 2024 through September 30, 2024. The Amendment also provides for certain limited rent abatements on the Remaining Premises prior to September 30, 2024. The Amendment provides for annual base rent on 36 Table of Contents the Remaining Premises from October 1, 2024 through September 30, 2027 starting at approximately $ 1.8 million per year and increases up to approximately $ 1.9 million per year. The Landlord has agreed that the Company shall not be required to remove (or pay for the removal) of certain tenant improvements existing in the Reduction Space. The Company is obligated to pay the Landlord certain costs, taxes and operating expenses related to the Remaining Premises pursuant to the Lease. Approval of LOQTORZI On October 27, 2023, the FDA approved LOQTORZI in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine for the first-line treatment of adults with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced NPC, and as monotherapy for the treatment of adults with recurrent, unresectable, or metastatic NPC with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy. The approval was based on results of the JUPITER-02 Phase 3 study and the POLARIS-02 Phase 2 study and is irrespective of a patient’s PD-L1 status. LOQTORZI is a next-generation, programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody that blocks PD-1 ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 with high potency at a unique site on the PD-1 receptor, enabling the immune system to activate and kill the tumor. The Company plans and projects payment of the $ 25.0 million milestone due to Junshi Biosciences pursuant to the Collaboration Agreement dated as of February 1, 2021 to occur in March 2024. ​ ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The interim financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2022, and the related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, contained in the 2022 Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, including those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors,” set forth in Part II – Other Information, Item 1A below and elsewhere in this report, that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical results or anticipated results. Overview We are a commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the research, development and commercialization of innovative immunotherapies to treat cancer. Our strategy is to build a leading immuno-oncology franchise funded with cash generated from net sales of our diversified portfolio of FDA-approved therapeutics. Our commercial portfolio includes three FDA-approved biosimilar products. Our first product, UDENYCA, a biosimilar to Neulasta, a long-acting granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (“G-CSF”), was launched commercially in the United States in January 2019. The FDA approved the prior approval supplement (“PAS”) for an autoinjector (“AI”) presentation of UDENYCA on March 3, 2023, and on May 22, 2023 we announced the availability of UDENYCA AI for commercial sale. The FDA issued a complete response letter (“CRL”) for the PAS for our third pegfilgrastim presentation, the UDENYCA® on-body injector (“OBI”), on September 21, 2023, solely due to the FDA’s ongoing review of inspection findings at a third-party filler. On October 5, 2023, we announced that we had resubmitted the PAS for UDENYCA OBI following the resolution of the FDA’s inspectional findings at the third-party filler. We anticipate the FDA to complete its review of the resubmitted PAS for UDENYCA OBI in the fourth quarter of 2023 or the early part of 2024. Our second product, CIMERLI (ranibizumab-eqrn), was approved by the FDA in August 2022 as a biosimilar product interchangeable with Lucentis (ranibizumab injection) for the treatment of neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration, macular edema following retinal vein occlusion, diabetic macular edema, diabetic retinopathy, and myopic choroidal neovascularization. We launched CIMERLI commercially in the United States in October 2022. We launched YUSIMRY (adalimumab-aqvh), a biosimilar to Humira (adalimumab), in the United States in July 2023. 37 Table of Contents In addition to three FDA-approved biosimilar products, our commercial portfolio also includes LOQTORZI. On October 27, 2023, we announced that the FDA approved LOQTORZI in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine for the first-line treatment of adults with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced NPC, and as monotherapy for the treatment of adults with recurrent, unresectable, or metastatic NPC with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy. LOQTORZI is an anti-PD-1 antibody that we developed in collaboration with Junshi Biosciences. We expect to launch LOQTORZI in the U.S. in the first quarter of 2024. We also have a pipeline of earlier stage clinical and preclinical immuno-oncology programs. On September 8, 2023, we acquired Surface and took ownership of its assets, including its portfolio of product candidates. The lead clinical stage product candidate from the Surface Acquisition is casdozokitug (CHS-388, formerly SRF388), an investigational antibody targeting IL-27, an immune regulatory cytokine, or protein that is overexpressed in certain cancers, including hepatocellular, lung and renal cell carcinoma. IL-27 is a cytokine secreted by macrophages and antigen presenting cells that plays an important physiologic role in suppressing the immune system, as evidenced by its ability to resolve tissue inflammation. In addition, one of the subunits of IL-27, EBI3, is highly expressed during pregnancy and its expression is correlated with maternal-fetal tolerance. Due to its immunosuppressive nature, there is a rationale for inhibiting IL-27 to treat cancer, as this approach will influence the activity of multiple types of immune cells that are necessary to recognize and attack a tumor. Casdozokitug received orphan drug designation and fast track designation from the FDA for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (“HCC”) in November 2020. Casdozokitug is currently in two on-going clinical studies, a Phase 1/2 study in patients with advanced solid tumors (clinicaltrials.gov identifier# NCT04374877) and a Phase 2 study in HCC (clinicaltrials.gov identifier# NCT05359861). Our second clinical-stage product candidate from the Surface Acquisition, CHS-114 (formerly SRF114), is an investigational IgG1 antibody targeting CCR8, a chemokine receptor highly expressed on regulatory T cells (“Treg cells”) in the tumor microenvironment (“TME”) . CHS-114 is designed to cause depletion of intra-tumoral Treg cells, important regulators of immune suppression and tolerance, through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (“ADCC”), or antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (“ADCP”), or both, that has shown anti-tumor activity in preclinical models. We are enrolling patients with advanced solid tumors in North America in a clinical trial evaluating safety and pharmacokinetics of CHS-114 (clinicaltrials.gov identifier# NCT05635643). In addition to our internally developed portfolio of product candidates that we obtained in the Surface Acquisition, we have two product candidates, NZV930 and GSK4381562, which are exclusively licensed to Novartis Institutes and GSK, respectively. We will pay 70% of all milestone- and royalty-based payments that we or our affiliates actually receive from the product candidates licensed to Novartis Institutes and GSK during the ten-year period following the entry into the CVR Agreement to the holders of CVRs. We are also developing CHS-006, an investigational recombinant humanized IgG4κ monoclonal antibody designed to act specifically against human TIGIT in collaboration with Junshi Biosciences. We are enrolling patients with advanced solid tumors in North America in a clinical trial evaluating safety and pharmacokinetics of LOQTORZI in combination with CHS-006 (clinicaltrials.gov identifier# NCT05757492). We are also pursuing an early-stage development candidate that is in investigational new drug application-enabling studies, CHS-1000, an antibody targeting human ILT4, designed to improve anti-PD-1 clinical benefit by transforming an unfavorable TME to a more favorable TME. We have built an experienced and robust sales, market access, key account management and medical affairs capability in the United States, which have supported the successful commercialization of UDENYCA, CIMERLI and YUSIMRY. We expect to leverage these capabilities as we build and launch our immuno-oncology franchise, continue to grow our ophthalmology product portfolio, and launch the commercialization of other biosimilar products. We primarily operate in the United States and partner with companies that operate in other countries. We have no material direct exposure to the war between Russia and Ukraine or the war between Israel and Hamas; however, we are monitoring any broader economic impact from these conflicts, including, without limitation, heightened risk of cyberattacks, increased prices of fuel and other commodities, and potential impacts to our partners’ supply chains. ​ 38 Table of Contents Business Update Surface Acquisition On September 8, 2023, in accordance with the Merger Agreement, we completed the acquisition of Surface, a clinical-stage I-O company focused on using its specialized knowledge of the biological pathways critical to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment for the development of next-generation cancer therapies. The Surface Acquisition expanded our I-O pipeline with the following: casdozokitug (CHS-388, formerly SRF388), an investigational, novel IL-27-targeted antibody currently being evaluated in a Phase 2 clinical trial in HCC, and CHS-114 (formerly SRF114), an investigational, CCR8-targeted antibody currently in a Phase 1/2 study as a monotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumors. On September 8, 2023, we issued to the holders of all outstanding Surface common stock (other than treasury shares, any shares of Surface common stock held directly by us or the Merger Subs immediately prior to the Acquisition Date and shares of Surface common stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Acquisition Date and held by any holder properly demanding appraisal for such shares in accordance with Section 262 of the Delaware General Corporation Law) 0.1960 shares of our common stock in exchange for each share of outstanding Surface common stock and certain outstanding Surface employee equity awards. The exchange ratio was calculated pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement and was based on a $5.2831 per share price of our common stock and a nominal total amount of cash in lieu of fractional shares. Surface shareholders also received one CVR for each share of Surface common stock and employee equity award converted. Each CVR entitles the holder to receive quarterly contingent payments in the form of cash, stock or a combination of cash and stock at our discretion during the 10-year period following September 8, 2023, for the sum of the following, less any permitted deductions (in accordance with the CVR Agreement): • 70% of all milestone- and royalty-based payments actually received by us or our affiliates under the GSK Agreement related to the existing program (GSK4381562); • 70% of all milestone- and royalty-based payments actually received by us or our affiliates under the Novartis Agreement related to the existing program (NZV930); • 25% of any upfront payment actually received by us or our affiliates pursuant to potential ex-U.S. licensing agreements for CHS-114; and • 50% of any upfront payment actually received by us or our affiliates pursuant to potential ex-U.S. licensing agreements for casdozokitug. We expensed $2.6 million and $4.5 million of acquisition-related costs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. Other Updates On October 27, 2023, we announced that the FDA approved LOQTORZI in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine for the first-line treatment of adults with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced NPC, and as monotherapy for the treatment of adults with recurrent, unresectable, or metastatic NPC with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy. LOQTORZI is an anti-PD-1 antibody that we developed in collaboration with Junshi Biosciences. We expect to launch LOQTORZI in the U.S. in the first quarter of 2024. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we donated approximately 36,000 units of UDENYCA in the pre-filled syringe (“PFS”) presentation to the nonprofit organization Direct Relief to benefit cancer patients in low- and middle-income countries requiring increased access for vulnerable patients. The carrying value of this inventory was written down to zero in the third quarter of 2022, thus there was no charge associated with the donation. 39 Table of Contents On October 9, 2023, in accordance with the terms of an Optional Stock Purchase Agreement entered with a CMO on September 28, 2023, we issued 2,225,513 shares of our common stock to the CMO for a price of $3.675 per share, representing an aggregate value of $8.2 million. The Optional Stock Purchase Agreement gave us the option in our sole discretion to elect to pay for certain manufacturing services provided by the CMO by either paying cash or electing for the Stock Service Fee Payment. On October 4, 2023, we notified the CMO of our election of the Stock Service Fee Payment. The price per share of common stock was equal to the volume-weighted average closing trading price per share of common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market over the ten-trading day period ending on and including October 6, 2023. On November 8, 2022, we filed the Registration Statement, which was declared effective on November 17, 2022. Under the Registration Statement, we may offer and sell up to $150.0 million in the aggregate of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and units from time to time in one or more offerings. Also on November 8, 2022, we entered into the Sales Agreement pursuant to which we may issue and sell from time to time up to $150.0 million of our common stock in the ATM Offering. On May 15, 2023, pursuant to an Amendment No. 1 to Sales Agreement, we reduced the amount of shares that could be issued and sold pursuant to its ATM Offering by $86.25 million, lowering the aggregate offering price under the Sales Agreement from $150.0 million to $63.75 million. On September 11, 2023, pursuant to an Amendment No. 2 to Sales Agreement, we increased the amount of shares that could be issued and sold pursuant to its ATM Offering with TD Cowen by $28.75 million, increasing the aggregate offering price under the Sales Agreement from $63.75 million to $92.5 million. For the ATM Offering program to date as of September 30, 2023, we sold 4,476,645 shares of common stock at a weighted-average price per share of $5.81 for gross proceeds of $26.0 million pursuant to the ATM Offering and received net proceeds of $25.4 million, net of $0.6 million of commissions and fees of which 2,428,311 shares of common stock were sold during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 at a weighted-average price per share of $4.92 for gross proceeds of $11.9 million pursuant to the ATM Offering and received net proceeds of $11.6 million, net of $0.3 million of commissions and fees. ​ Products and Product Candidates Our portfolio includes the following products and product candidates: Oncology ● UDENYCA, a biosimilar to Neulasta, a long-acting G-CSF, was launched commercially in the United States in January 2019. The FDA approved the PAS for an AI presentation of UDENYCA on March 3, 2023, and on May 22, 2023 we announced the availability of UDENYCA AI for commercial sale. The FDA issued a CRL for the PAS for our third pegfilgrastim presentation, UDENYCA OBI, on September 21, 2023, solely due to the FDA’s ongoing review of inspection findings at a third-party filler. On October 5, 2023, we announced that we had resubmitted the PAS for UDENYCA OBI following the resolution of the FDA’s inspection findings at the third-party filler. We anticipate the FDA to complete its review of the resubmitted PAS for UDENYCA OBI in the fourth quarter of 2023 or the early part of 2024. ● LOQTORZI was developed for its ability to block PD-1 interactions with its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, by binding to the FG loop on the PD-1 receptor. We believe blocking PD-1 interactions with PD-L1 and PD-L2 can help to promote the immune system’s ability to attack and kill tumor cells. On October 27, 2023, we announced that the FDA approved LOQTORZI in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine for the first-line treatment of adults with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced NPC, and as monotherapy for the treatment of adults with recurrent, unresectable, or metastatic NPC with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy. LOQTORZI is an anti-PD-1 antibody that we developed in collaboration with Junshi Biosciences. We expect to launch LOQTORZI in the U.S. in the first quarter of 2024. ​ 40 Table of Contents ● Casdozokitug ( CHS-388, formerly SRF388), is an investigational recombinant human IgG1 monoclonal antibody targeting IL-27, an immune regulatory cytokine, or protein that is overexpressed in certain cancers, including hepatocellular, lung and renal cell carcinoma. IL-27 is a cytokine secreted by macrophages and antigen presenting cells that plays an important physiologic role in suppressing the immune system, as evidenced by its ability to resolve tissue inflammation. In addition, IL-27 is highly expressed during pregnancy and its expression is correlated with maternal-fetal tolerance. Due to its immune regulatory nature, there is a rationale for inhibiting IL-27 to treat cancer, as this approach will influence the activity of multiple types of immune cells that are necessary to recognize and attack a tumor. Casdozokitug received orphan drug designation and fast track designation from the FDA for the treatment of HCC in November 2020. Casdozokitug is currently in two on-going clinical studies a Phase 1/2 study in advanced solid tumors (clinicaltrials.gov identifier# NCT04374877) and a Phase 2 study in HCC (clinicaltrials.gov identifier# NCT05359861). ● CHS-114 (formerly SRF114), is an investigational highly specific human afucosylated IgG1 monoclonal antibody selectively targeting CCR8, a chemokine receptor highly expressed on Treg cells in the TME. CHS-114 is designed as a cytolytic antibody to cause depletion of intra-tumoral Treg cells, important regulators of immune suppression and tolerance, through ADCC, and/or ADCP. CHS-114 has shown anti-tumor activity as monotherapy or in combination with anti-PD-1 antibodies in preclinical models. We are enrolling patients with advanced solid tumors in North America in a clinical trial evaluating safety and pharmacokinetics of CHS-114 (clinicaltrials.gov identifier# NCT05635643). ● C HS-006 is an investigational recombinant humanized IgG4κ monoclonal antibody designed to act specifically against human TIGIT that we are developing in collaboration with Junshi Biosciences. A number of third-party preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that activation of the TIGIT pathway may be a crucial underlying mechanism for tumor immune evasion and resistance to PD-1 blockade therapy in some tumor types. In preclinical studies the combination of TIGIT and PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies showed a synergistic potential to enhance antitumor response, and thus we hypothesize that combination treatment in cancer patients may overcome anti-PD-1 resistance and possibly broaden the cancer patient population that can benefit from immunotherapy. A dose escalation, dose expansion clinical trial (clinicaltrials.gov identifier# NCT05061628) evaluating the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic properties of CHS-006 as monotherapy and in combination with PD-1 inhibitor LOQTORZI in patients with advanced solid tumors is ongoing in China. We are enrolling patients with advanced solid tumors in North America in a clinical trial evaluating safety and pharmacokinetics of LOQTORZI in combination with CHS-006 (clinicaltrials.gov identifier# NCT05757492). ● We are pursuing an early-stage development candidate, CHS-1000, an antibody targeting human ILT4, designed to improve anti-PD-1 clinical benefit by transforming an unfavorable TME to a more favorable TME. We plan to submit an investigational new drug application (“IND”) to the FDA in 2024 for CHS-1000. ● In addition to our internally developed portfolio of product candidates that we obtained in the Surface Acquisition, we also own NZV930 and GSK4381562, which are exclusively licensed to Novartis Institutes and GSK, respectively. NZV930 is an antibody designed to inhibit CD73, which is a critical enzyme involved in the production of extracellular adenosine, a key metabolite with strong immunosuppressive properties within the TME. NZV930 aims to reduce the production of immunosuppressive adenosine within the TME. GSK4381562 is an antibody targeting CD112R, also known as PVRIG, an inhibitory protein expressed on natural killer (“NK”) and T cells. GSK4381562 blocks the interaction of CD112R with CD112, its binding partner that is expressed on tumor cells. GSK4381562 can promote the activation of both NK and T cells, with potential to elicit a strong anti-tumor response and promote immunological memory. We will pay 70% of all milestone- and royalty-based payments that we or our affiliates actually receive from the product candidates 41 Table of Contents licensed to Novartis Institutes and GSK during the ten-year period following the entry into the CVR Agreement to the holders of CVRs. ​ Ophthalmology ● CIMERLI is a Lucentis biosimilar. In November 2019, we entered into the Bioeq License Agreement with Bioeq for the commercialization of CIMERLI in certain dosage forms in both a vial and PFS presentation. Under the Bioeq License Agreement, Bioeq granted to us an exclusive royalty-bearing license to commercialize CIMERLI in the field of ophthalmology (and any other approved labelled indication) in the United States. On August 2, 2022, the FDA approved CIMERLI as a biosimilar product interchangeable with Lucentis for the treatment of neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration, macular edema following retinal vein occlusion, diabetic macular edema, diabetic retinopathy, and myopic choroidal neovascularization. In October 2022, we launched CIMERLI commercially in the United States in both 0.3 mg and 0.5 mg dosage forms. Immunology ● YUSIMRY, a biosimilar of Humira (adalimumab), is a monoclonal antibody that can bind to tumor necrosis factor (“TNF”). YUSIMRY provides certain therapeutic benefits for treatment of patients with certain inflammatory diseases characterized by increased production of TNF in the body, including rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn’s disease, psoriasis and ulcerative colitis. In December 2021, the FDA approved YUSIMRY, which we launched in the United States in July 2023. The list price of YUSIMRY at launch represented an approximately 85% discount to the list price of Humira. YUSIMRY is now available for sale nationwide through retail, mail order, and specialty pharmacy channels. License Agreement with Junshi Biosciences On February 1, 2021, we entered into the Collaboration Agreement with Junshi Biosciences for the co-development and commercialization of LOQTORZI, Junshi Biosciences’ anti-PD-1 antibody, in the United States and Canada. Under the terms of the Collaboration Agreement, we paid $150.0 million upfront for exclusive rights to LOQTORZI in the United States and Canada, an option in these territories to Junshi Biosciences’ anti-TIGIT antibody CHS-006, an option in these territories to a next-generation engineered IL-2 cytokine, and certain negotiation rights to two undisclosed preclinical immuno-oncology drug candidates. We will have the right to conduct all commercial activities of LOQTORZI in the United States and Canada. We will be obligated to pay Junshi Biosciences a 20% royalty on net sales of LOQTORZI and up to an aggregate $380.0 million in one-time payments for the achievement of various regulatory and sales milestones. In March 2022, we paid $35.0 million for the exercise of our option to license CHS-006. We and Junshi Biosciences are jointly developing CHS-006 with each party responsible for the associated development costs as set forth in the Collaboration Agreement. If we exercise our remaining option for the IL-2 cytokine, we will be obligated to pay an additional option exercise fee of $35.0 million. Additionally, for each exercised option, we will be obligated to pay Junshi Biosciences an 18% royalty on net sales, up to $85.0 million for the achievement of certain regulatory approvals, and up to $170.0 million for attainment of certain sales thresholds. Under the Collaboration Agreement, we retain the right to collaborate in the development of LOQTORZI and the other licensed compounds, including CHS-006, and will pay for a portion of these co-development activities up to a maximum of $25.0 million per licensed compound per year. Beginning in 2023, the scope of the development plan for LOQTORZI in the United States has been reduced based on changes approved by us and Junshi Biosciences. Additionally, we are responsible for certain associated regulatory and technology transfer costs for LOQTORZI and other licensed compounds and will reimburse Junshi Biosciences for such costs. 42 Table of Contents We accounted for the licensing transaction as an asset acquisition under the relevant accounting rules. The $35.0 million payment for the option to license CHS-006 was reflected in our first quarter of 2022 financial statements. As of September 30, 2023, we did not have any outstanding milestone or royalty payment obligations to Junshi Biosciences. The additional milestone payments, option fee for the IL-2 cytokine and royalties are contingent upon future events and, therefore, will be recorded if and when it becomes probable that a milestone will be achieved, or when an option fee or royalties are incurred. In connection with the Collaboration Agreement, we entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Junshi Biosciences agreeing, subject to customary conditions, to acquire certain equity interests in us. Pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement, on April 16, 2021, we issued 2,491,988 unregistered shares of our common stock to Junshi Biosciences, at a price per share of $20.06, for an aggregate amount of approximately $50.0 million in cash. Under the terms of the Stock Purchase Agreement, Junshi Biosciences was not permitted to sell, transfer, make any short sale of, or grant any option for the sale of the common stock for the two-year period following its effective date. Out-Licensing Agreements Acquired as part of Surface Acquisition Novartis Pursuant to the Novartis Agreement, Surface granted Novartis Institutes a worldwide exclusive license to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize antibodies that target CD73. Under the Novartis Agreement, we are currently entitled to potential development milestones of $325.0 million and sales milestones of $200.0 million, as well as tiered royalties on annual net sales by Novartis Institutes ranging from high single-digit to mid-teens percentages upon the successful commercialization of NZV930. Due to the uncertainty of pharmaceutical development and the historical failure rates generally associated with drug development, we may not receive any milestone payments or any royalty payments under the Novartis Agreement. We did not recognize any revenue relating to the Novartis Agreement during the three months ended September 30, 2023. ​ GSK Agreement Pursuant to the GSK Agreement, Surface granted GSK a worldwide exclusive, sublicensable license to develop, manufacture and commercialize antibodies that target the antibody GSK4381562, targeting CD112R, also known as PVRIG. GSK is responsible for the development, manufacturing and commercialization of the Licensed Antibodies and a joint development committee was formed to facilitate information sharing. GSK is responsible for all costs and expenses of such development, manufacturing and commercialization and is obligated to provide us with updates on its development, manufacturing and commercialization activities through the joint development committee. In March 2022, Surface earned a $30 million milestone payment from GSK upon the dosing of the first patient in the Phase 1 trial of GSK4381562. We are eligible to receive up to $60.0 million in additional clinical milestones and $155.0 million in regulatory milestones. In addition, we may receive up to $485.0 million in sales milestone payments. We are also eligible to receive royalties on global net sales of any approved products based on the Licensed Antibodies, ranging in percentages from high single digits to mid-teens. Due to the uncertainty of pharmaceutical development and the historical failure rates generally associated with drug development, we may not receive any milestone payments or any royalty payments under the GSK Agreement. We did not recognize license-related revenue under the GSK Agreement during the three months ended September 30, 2023. ​ 43 Table of Contents COVID-19 Update As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we experienced and may, as a result of future outbreaks, experience disruptions that could severely impact our business, clinical trials and preclinical studies. See “Risk Factors – Risks Related to COVID-19.” Financial Operations Overview Revenue Our first FDA-approved product, UDENYCA, was approved in November 2018, and we initiated United States sales of UDENYCA on January 3, 2019. In December 2021, the FDA-approved YUSIMRY, which we launched in the United States in July 2023. On August 2, 2022, the FDA approved CIMERLI, which we launched in October 2022. Our total net revenues were $74.6 million and $45.4 million during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 , respectively, and $165.7 million and $165.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Cost of Goods Sold Cost of goods sold consists primarily of third-party manufacturing, distribution, certain overhead costs, and royalties on certain products. On May 2, 2019, we settled a trade secret action brought by Amgen Inc. and Amgen USA Inc. (collectively “Amgen”) . As a result, cost of goods sold reflects a mid-single digit royalty on net product revenue, which began July 1, 2019 and continues for five years from then. Additionally, we share a percentage of gross profits on sales of Bioeq Licensed Products in the United States with Bioeq in the low- to mid-fifty percent range, and pursuant to the Genentech Agreement we incur a royalty that is a low single-digit percentage of net sales of CIMERLI that must be paid through the end of 2023. Research and Development Expense Research and development expense represents costs incurred to conduct research, such as the discovery and development of our product candidates. We recognize all research and development costs as they are incurred. We currently track research and development costs incurred on a product candidate basis only for external research and development expenses. Our external research and development expense consists primarily of: ● expense incurred under agreements with collaborators, consultants, third-party contract research organizations (“CROs”), and investigative sites where a substantial portion of our preclinical studies and all of our clinical trials are conducted; ● costs of acquiring originator comparator materials and manufacturing preclinical study and clinical trial supplies and other materials from CMOs, and related costs associated with release and stability testing; ● costs associated with manufacturing process development activities, analytical activities and pre-launch inventory manufactured prior to regulatory approval being obtained or deemed to be probable; and ● upfront and certain milestone payments related to licensing and collaboration agreements. Internal costs are associated with activities performed by our research and development organization and generally benefit multiple programs. These costs are not separately allocated by product candidate. Unallocated, internal research and development costs consist primarily of: ● personnel-related expense, which includes salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation; and ● facilities and other allocated expense, which include direct and allocated expense for rent and maintenance of facilities, depreciation and amortization of leasehold improvements and equipment, laboratory and 44 Table of Contents other supplies. The largest component of our total operating expense has historically been our investment in research and development activities, including the licensing and collaboration costs, clinical development and manufacturing process development of our product candidates. The process of conducting the necessary clinical research to obtain regulatory approval is costly and time consuming. Furthermore, in the past, we have entered into collaborations with third parties to participate in the development and commercialization of our product candidates, and we may enter into additional collaborations in the future. In situations in which third parties have substantial influence over the development activities for product candidates, the estimated completion dates are not fully under our control. For example, our partners in licensed territories may exert considerable influence on the regulatory filing process globally. Therefore, we cannot forecast with any degree of certainty the duration and completion costs of these or other current or future clinical trials of our product candidates. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any of our pipeline product candidates. In addition, we may enter into other collaboration arrangements for our other product candidates, which could affect our development plans or capital requirements. Selling, General and Administrative Expense Selling, general and administrative expense consists primarily of personnel costs, allocated facilities costs and other expense for outside professional services, including legal, insurance, human resources, outside marketing, advertising, audit and accounting services, acquisition-related costs, and costs associated with establishing commercial capabilities in support of the commercialization of UDENYCA, CIMERLI, YUSIMRY and LOQTORZI. Personnel costs consist of salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation. Interest Expense Interest expense consists primarily of interest incurred on our outstanding indebtedness and non-cash interest related to the amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs associated with our outstanding debt agreements. Loss on Debt Extinguishment Loss on debt extinguishment consists of losses incurred related to the early repayment of debt obligations. Other Income (Expense), Net Other income (expense), net consists primarily of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents, non-cash accretion of discount on our investments in marketable securities, foreign exchange gains (losses) resulting from currency fluctuations, gains (losses) from disposal of long-lived assets, and the change in fair value of our foreign currency contracts that we use to manage our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk. Income Tax Provision (Benefit) Income tax provision (benefit) consists of the change in deferred tax balances resulting from the recognition of a deferred tax liability related to the Surface Acquisition. 45 Table of Contents Results of Operations Comparison of Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 Revenue ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended September 30, ​ Nine Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2023 2022 Change 2023 2022 Change Net revenue ​ $ 74,568 ​ $ 45,424 ​ $ 29,144 ​ $ 165,720 ​ $ 165,690 ​ $ 30 ​ The increase in net revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily due to our launches of CIMERLI in October 2022 and YUSIMRY in July 2023, which contributed $40.0 million and $1.4 million of net revenue, respectively. This was partially offset by lower UDENYCA net revenue primarily from a decline in the average net selling price per unit resulting from competition and reduced market access. Although net revenue was flat in the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the composition of our net revenue changed. Our launches of CIMERLI in October 2022 and YUSIMRY in July 2023 contributed $72.9 million and $1.4 million of net revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, offset by a $74.6 million decline in UDENYCA net revenue primarily related to the decline in the average net selling price per unit. Our net revenue and market penetration may continue to be adversely impacted by pricing trends and competitive dynamics in the overall pegfilgrastim market. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the pre-filled syringe pegfilgrastim market due to preferences to administer medication at home. We expect our net revenue in 2023 to be higher than in 2022, as a result of the continued growth in sales of CIMERLI and the continued market share growth of UDENYCA. Cost of Goods Sold ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended September 30, ​ ​ ​ Nine Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2023 2022 Change ​ ​ 2023 2022 Change Cost of goods sold ​ $ 32,703 ​ $ 35,234 ​ $ (2,531) ​ ​ ​ $ 74,425 ​ $ 55,881 ​ $ 18,544 Gross margin ​ 56 % 22 % ​ ​ ​ ​ 55 % 66 % ​ ​ The decrease in cost of goods sold for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year was primarily due to the $26.0 million write-down in the third quarter of 2022 of inventory at risk of expiration and due to the sale in the third quarter of 2023 of certain of those UDENYCA units having a total original cost of $2.4 million but no carrying value following the write-off , partially offset by a $17.0 million increase in royalty costs and $8.4 million increase in product costs driven primarily by CIMERLI sales and the mix of products sold. The increase in cost of goods sold for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year was due to a $28.1 million increase in royalty costs and $13.1 million increase in product costs both driven primarily by CIMERLI sales and the mix of products sold, $3.0 million in contract modification fees with one of our manufacturers for reducing the number of UDENYCA batches to be produced, and $2.3 million in write-offs, net of recoveries for inventory that was damaged during processing. These unfavorable factors were offset by the $26.0 million write-down in the third quarter of 2022 of inventory at risk of expiration and due to the sale in the third quarter of 2023 of certain of those UDENYCA units having no carrying value following the write-off and a total original cost of $2.4 million. In addition, gross margins in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 were unfavorably impacted due to product mix resulting from increased volumes of CIMERLI sold following the product specific Q-Code implementation in April 2023, the launch of UDENYCA AI in May 2023, and the launch of YUSIMRY in July 2023. 46 Table of Contents We expect our gross margin for the full year 2023 to be lower than the full year 2022 primarily due to royalties incurred on CIMERLI sales, sales of YUSIMRY in a very competitive market, and continued declines in net realized prices of UDENYCA due to market pressures. Research and Development Expense ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended September 30, ​ Nine Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2023 2022 Change 2023 2022 Change Research and development ​ $ 25,647 ​ $ 45,808 ​ $ (20,161) ​ $ 83,068 ​ $ 170,336 ​ $ (87,268) ​ The decrease in research and development expense in the three months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due to the following: ● a decrease of $9.0 million in YUSIMRY costs primarily due to certain manufacturing costs for YUSIMRY being capitalized since mid-2022, as well as completion of key studies in the second half of 2022; ● a decrease of $6.4 million in costs to develop additional presentations of UDENYCA; ● a decrease of $5.2 million in personnel and stock-based compensation expense primarily due to fewer employees; ● a decrease of $1.5 million in facilities, supplies and materials and other infrastructure related expenses to support our research and development programs; and ● a decrease of $1.4 million in co-development costs for LOQTORZI and CHS-006 resulting from reducing the scope of the development plan for LOQTORZI in the United States beginning in 2023. The decrease was partially offset by an increase of $2.4 million for development of CHS-1000. The decrease in research and development expense in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due to the following: ● the first quarter of 2022 including an upfront payment of $35.0 million to exercise our option to license CHS-006, a TIGIT-targeted antibody, in the United States and Canada; ● a decrease of $20.1 million in co-development costs for LOQTORZI and CHS-006 resulting from reducing the scope of the development plan for LOQTORZI in the United States beginning in 2023; ● a decrease of $17.1 million in YUSIMRY costs primarily due to certain manufacturing costs for YUSIMRY being capitalized since mid-2022, as well as completion of key studies in the second half of 2022; ● a decrease of $11.7 million in costs to develop additional presentations of UDENYCA; ● a decrease of $5.3 million in personnel and stock-based compensation expense primarily due to fewer employees; and ● a decrease of $2.4 million in facilities, supplies and materials and other infrastructure related expenses to support our research and development programs. The decrease was partially offset by an increase of $4.3 million for development of CHS-1000. 47 Table of Contents Excluding the potential impact of any acquisitions or business development transactions that have not been consummated, we expect our research and development expense for the full year 2023 to be lower than the full year 2022 due to the reduced scope of the development plan for LOQTORZI in the United States based on changes approved by us and Junshi Biosciences. Selling, General and Administrative Expense ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended September 30, ​ Nine Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2023 2022 Change 2023 2022 Change Selling, general and administrative ​ $ 48,224 ​ $ 44,831 ​ $ 3,393 ​ $ 142,521 ​ $ 144,860 ​ $ (2,339) ​ The increase in selling, general and administrative expense in the three months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due to an increase in professional services of $4.7 million driven by the Surface Acquisition and third-party processing fees from multiple products being commercialized, partially offset by a $1.9 million reduction in employee and consultant costs due to a lower average headcount. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expense in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due to a lower average headcount, including reductions of $5.3 million in employee and consultant costs and $3.7 million in stock-based compensation. These decreases were partially offset by increases of $3.8 million in professional services driven by the Surface Acquisition and third-party processing fees , $1.6 million in facilities, supplies and materials to support the commercial infrastructure for our products, and $1.2 million in travel-related costs. Excluding the potential impact of any acquisitions or business development transactions that have not been consummated, we expect our selling, general and administrative expense for the full year 2023 to be lower than the full year 2022 primarily as a result of decreased commercial costs and our reduction in force that occurred in the first quarter of 2023. Interest Expense ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended September 30, ​ Nine Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2023 2022 Change 2023 2022 Change Interest expense ​ $ 10,268 ​ $ 7,540 ​ $ 2,728 ​ $ 29,923 ​ $ 23,089 ​ $ 6,834 ​ The increase in interest expense in the three months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due to a higher average outstanding debt balance and higher average interest rate. The increase in interest expense in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due to a higher average outstanding debt balance and higher average interest rate. This was partially offset by $3.6 million of interest expense in the first nine months of 2022 related to the 2027 Term Loans discount and debt issuance costs that were allocated to unfunded tranches and subsequently amortized over the respective commitment periods for tranches, including $2.3 million allocated to Tranche B that was fully amortized in the first quarter of 2022. Our 2027 Term Loans have a variable interest rate component that resets at the beginning of every quarter, and the total interest rates ranged from 9.25% in the first quarter of 2022 to 12.00% in the fourth quarter of 2022. The interest rate on the 2027 Term Loans increased to 13.76% for the third quarter of 2023 and will be 13.91% for the fourth quarter of 2023. As a result of the higher interest rate and higher average outstanding debt balance, we expect interest expense to be higher for the full year 2023 compared to the full year 2022. 48 Table of Contents Loss on Debt Extinguishment ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2023 2022 Change Loss on debt extinguishment ​ $ — ​ $ 6,222 ​ $ (6,222) ​ The $6.2 million loss on debt extinguishment recorded in the first nine months of 2022 resulted from voluntarily prepaying all amounts outstanding under the 2025 Term Loan in January 2022. ​ Other Income (Expense), Net ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three Months Ended September 30, ​ Nine Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2023 2022 Change 2023 2022 Change Other income (expense), net ​ $ 2,253 ​ $ 1,339 ​ $ 914 ​ $ 5,598 ​ $ 1,814 ​ $ 3,784 ​ Other income (expense), net in the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023 changed favorably compared to the same period in the prior year primarily due to investing in our marketable securities during the fourth quarter of 2022. This resulted in interest income and non-cash accretion of discount on our marketable securities held during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to not holding investments in marketable securities during the same periods in the prior year. Income Tax Provision (Benefit) Income tax provision (benefit) consists of the change in deferred tax balances resulting from the recognition of a deferred tax liability related to the Surface Acquisition. The Company recognized $0.4 million of income tax benefit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. No income tax provision or benefit was recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. ​ Liquidity and Capital Resources Certain relevant measures of our liquidity and capital resources are summarized as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, ​ ​ December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 Financial assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Total Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities ​ $ 131,077 ​ ​ $ 191,681 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Debt obligations: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2027 Term Loans ​ $ 246,217 ​ ​ $ 245,483 2026 Convertible Notes ​ 226,557 ​ ​ 225,575 Total debt obligations ​ $ 472,774 ​ ​ $ 471,058 ​ Although we were profitable in 2020 and 2019, due to our research and development expenditures and decline in revenue beginning in 2021, we have generated significant operating losses in all other years since our inception, including in 2021, 2022 and the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. We have funded our operations primarily through sales of our common stock, issuance and incurrence of convertible and term debt and sales of our products. On September 8, 2023, we obtained $28.8 million of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as part of the Surface Acquisition. 49 Table of Contents On May 16, 2023, we entered into the Underwriting Agreement with the Underwriters, pursuant to which we sold an aggregate of 11,764,706 Firm Shares to the Underwriters. Additionally, under the terms of the Underwriting Agreement, we granted the Underwriters an option, for 30 days from the date of the Underwriting Agreement, to purchase up to an additional 1,764,705 Option Shares, which the Underwriters elected to exercise in full. The price to the public in the Public Offering was $4.25 per share. The Underwriters agreed to purchase the shares from us pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement at a price of $3.995 per share. On May 18, 2023, we completed the sale and issuance of an aggregate of 13,529,411 Shares in the Public Offering, including the exercise in full of the Underwriters’ option to purchase the Option Shares. We received net proceeds of approximately $53.6 million, after deducting the Underwriters’ discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us. On November 8, 2022, we entered into the Sales Agreement related to the ATM Offering pursuant to which we may issue and sell from time to time up to $150.0 million of our common stock. On May 15, 2023, pursuant to an Amendment No. 1 to Sales Agreement and in connection with the Public Offering, we reduced the amount of shares that could be issued and sold pursuant to its ATM Offering with TD Cowen by $86.25 million, lowering the aggregate offering price under the Agreement from $150.0 million to $63.75 million. On September 11, 2023, pursuant to an Amendment No. 2 to Sales Agreement, the Company increased the amount of shares that could be issued and sold pursuant to its ATM Offering with TD Cowen by $28.75 million, increasing the aggregate offering price under the Sales Agreement from $63.75 million to $92.5 million. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, 2,428,311 shares were sold pursuant to the ATM Offering. For the ATM Offering program to date as of September 30, 2023, we sold 4,476,645 shares of common stock at a weighted-average price per share of $5.81 for gross proceeds of $26.0 million and received net proceeds of $25.4 million, net of $0.6 million of commissions and fees. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we sold 3,559,761 shares of common stock at a weighted-average price per share of $5.43 for gross proceeds of $19.3 million pursuant to the ATM Offering and received net proceeds of $18.9 million, net of $0.5 million of commissions and fees. As of September 30, 2023, we had approximately $66.5 million of our common stock remaining available for sales under the ATM Offering. The ability to elect to sell shares of our common stock in the ATM Offering from time to time adds to our financial flexibility. As of September 30, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.5 billion and cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities of $131.1 million. We believe that our available cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, cash collected from product sales, ATM Offering and Public Offering proceeds received to date will be sufficient to fund our planned expenditures and meet our obligations for at least the twelve months following our financial statement issuance date. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Further, our operating plan may change, and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements for product development and commercialization sooner than planned. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development and commercialization of our product candidates and the extent to which we may enter into additional agreements with third parties to participate in their development and commercialization, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenditures associated with our current and anticipated research and development activities, and on-going and future licensing and collaboration obligations. We may need to raise additional funds in the future; however, there can be no assurance that such efforts will be successful or that, if they are successful, the terms and conditions of such financing will be favorable. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the following: ● cash proceeds from product sales; ● the costs of manufacturing, distributing and marketing our products; ● the cost of manufacturing clinical supplies and any products that we may develop; 50 Table of Contents ● the terms and timing of any other collaborative, licensing and other arrangements that we have established or may establish; ● the timing, receipt and amount of sales, profit sharing or royalties, if any, from any product candidates that are approved in the future; ● the number and characteristics of product candidates that we pursue; ● the scope, rate of progress, results and cost of our clinical trials, preclinical testing and other related activities; ● the costs of acquiring originator comparator materials and manufacturing preclinical study and clinical trial supplies and other materials from CMOs and related costs associated with release and stability testing; ● the cost, timing and outcomes of regulatory approvals; ● the cost of preparing, filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights; ● the extent to which we acquire or invest in businesses, products or technologies; ● the impact of general economic conditions on our business, including but not limited to increased interest rates and high inflation; and ● the costs of the impact from the COVID-19 pandemic and future outbreaks. For further discussion of risks related to our financial condition and capital requirements, please see “Risk Factors— Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements.” Financing arrangements 2027 Term Loans In January 2022, we entered into the 2027 Term Loans which provide for a senior secured term loan facility of up to $300.0 million to be funded in four committed tranches: (i) a Tranche A Loan in an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million that was funded on January 5, 2022; (ii) a Tranche B Loan in an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million that was funded on March 31, 2022, in connection with the full repayment of our 2022 Convertible Notes due in March 2022; (iii) a Tranche C Loan in an aggregate principal amount of $50.0 million that was not funded; and (iv) a Tranche D Loan in an aggregate principal amount of $50.0 million that was funded on September 14, 2022. We have the right to request an uncommitted additional facility amount of up to $100.0 million that is subject to new terms and conditions. The 2027 Term Loans mature on either (i) January 5, 2027; or (ii) October 15, 2025, if the outstanding aggregate principal amount of our 2026 Convertible Notes is greater than $50.0 million on October 1, 2025. The 2027 Term Loans accrued interest from inception through March 31, 2023 at 8.25% plus three-month LIBOR per annum with a LIBOR floor of 1.0%; and, starting April 1, 2023, accrue interest at 8.25% plus the Adjusted Term SOFR, with a floor on Adjusted Term SOFR of 1.0%. Interest is payable quarterly in arrears. Repayment of outstanding principal of the 2027 Term Loans will be made in five equal quarterly payments of principal commencing March 31, 2026. In January 2022, we paid to the Lenders of the 2027 Term Loans $6.0 million for a funding fee equal to 2.00% of the Lenders’ total committed amount to fund all four tranches. Pursuant to the 2027 Term Loans agreement, and subject to certain restrictions, proceeds of the 2027 Term Loans were used to fund our general corporate and working capital requirements except for the following: in January 2022, proceeds of the Tranche A Loan were used to voluntarily repay in full all amounts outstanding under the 2025 Term Loan, 51 Table of Contents as well as all associated costs and expenses; and proceeds of the Tranche B Loan were drawn in connection with the full repayment of our 2022 Convertible Notes due in March 2022. As of September 30, 2023, we were in full compliance with these covenants, and there were no events of default under the 2027 Term Loans. 2026 Convertible Notes As of September 30, 2023, the carrying amount of our $230.0 million aggregate principal amount convertible senior subordinated notes due 2026 was $226.6 million. The 2026 Convertible Notes accrue interest at a rate of 1.5% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year, and will mature on April 15, 2026, unless earlier repurchased or converted at the option of holders. Since inception, the conversion price has been 51.9224 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the 2026 Convertible Notes, which represents a conversion price of approximately $19.26 per share of common stock. The initial conversion price represents a premium of approximately 30.0% over the last reported sale of $14.82 per share of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market on April 14, 2020, the date the 2026 Convertible Notes were issued. The conversion rate and conversion price will be subject to customary adjustments upon the occurrence of certain events. The 2026 Convertible Notes are not redeemable at our election before maturity. If the 2026 Convertible Notes were converted on September 29, 2023, the holders of the 2026 Convertible Notes would have received common shares with an aggregate value of $44.7 million based on our closing stock price of $3.74. In connection with the pricing of the 2026 Convertible Notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with certain of the initial purchasers of the 2026 Convertible Notes and other financial institutions. Since inception, the cap price has been $25.93 per share, which represents a premium of approximately 75.0% over the last reported sale price of our common stock of $14.82 per share on April 14, 2020, and is subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the capped call transactions. Contingent Milestones We have obligations to make future payments to third parties that become due and payable upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones (such as clinical trial achievements, the filing of a BLA, approval by the FDA or product launch). These milestone payments and other similar fees are contingent upon future events and therefore are only recorded when it becomes probable that a milestone will be achieved or other applicable criteria will be met. Because the achievement of these milestones had not reached the threshold for recognition as of September 30, 2023, such contingencies were not recorded in our financial statements. The following presents a summary of our active partnerships and collaborations that have contingent regulatory and sales milestones as of September 30, 2023: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Counterparty ​ Description ​ Potential Aggregate Milestone Amount (1) Junshi Biosciences ​ LOQTORZI ​ $380.0 million (2) ​ ​ CHS-006 anti-TIGIT antibody ​ $255.0 million (3) Bioeq ​ CIMERLI ​ €5.0 million (4) ​ (1) Excludes any amounts due according to the Term Sheet with Klinge Biopharma. The Company and Klinge Biopharma continue to conduct due diligence and discuss terms of the transaction. The material terms of the transaction with Klinge Biopharma will be included in a subsequent filing by the Company when definitive agreements are executed. (2) On October 27, 2023, we announced that the FDA approved LOQTORZI in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine for the first-line treatment of adults with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced NPC, and as monotherapy for the treatment of adults with recurrent, unresectable, or metastatic NPC with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy. LOQTORZI is an anti-PD-1 antibody that we developed in 52 Table of Contents collaboration with Junshi Biosciences. We expect to launch LOQTORZI in the U.S. in the first quarter of 2024. We plan and project payment of the $25.0 million milestone payment that became due because of the recent FDA approval of LOQTORZI to occur in March 2024. (3) U pon initiation of the first qualifying clinical trial that contains the optioned TIGIT molecule, we will be required to pay Junshi Biosciences a milestone payment of $20.0 million. (4) Relates to a milestone contingent upon the launch readiness of a PFS product, if achieved during 2023. Contingent Value Rights ​ We have recorded a contingent consideration liability for the fair value of the potential payments under the CVR Agreement in connection with the Surface Acquisition. These potential payments during the 10-year period following September 8, 2023 are only due if we first receive milestone- or royalty-based payments under certain license agreements or upfront payments pursuant to ex-U.S. licensing agreements. Payments can be in the form of cash, stock or a combination of cash and stock. As of September 30, 2023, no payments are due to CVR holders. For further details, see Note 6. Surface Acquisition in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q . Other Commitments ​ We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with CROs for preclinical research studies and clinical trials, research supplies and other services and products for operating purposes. We have also entered into agreements with several CMOs for the manufacture and clinical drug supply of our commercial and product candidates. Our non-cancelable purchase commitments as of September 30, 2023 were $81.9 million, as outlined in Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. There have been no significant changes to our leases during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the discussion in the 2022 Form 10-K, except for the Amendment entered into on October 24, 2023 for our principal executive offices as outlined in Note 15. Subsequent Events in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q . Summary Statement of Cash Flows The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented : ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine Months Ended ​ ​ September 30, (in thousands) 2023 2022 Net cash used in operating activities ​ $ (161,947) ​ $ (141,171) Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities ​ 109,437 ​ (36,952) Net cash provided by financing activities ​ ​ 69,234 ​ ​ 47,733 Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash ​ $ 16,724 ​ $ (130,390) ​ Net cash used in operating activities Cash used in operating activities of $161.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due to the net loss of $158.2 million adjusted for non-cash items including stock-based compensation expense of $32.3 million and other non-cash adjustments of $7.2 million, partially offset by the changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $43.2 million. Cash used in operating activities of $141.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily 53 Table of Contents due to the net loss of $232.9 million adjusted for the classification of the cash option payment to Junshi Biosciences of $35.0 million to investing activities, non-cash items including stock-based compensation expense of $39.0 million, write-down for inventory at risk of expiration of $26.0 million, loss on debt extinguishment of $6.2 million and other non-cash adjustments of $10.1 million, partially offset by the changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $24.6 million. Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Cash provided by investing activities of $109.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due to proceeds from maturities of investments in marketable securities of $108.1 million, proceeds from sale of investments in marketable securities of $13.3 million, and $7.0 million of cash acquired from the Surface Acquisition, partially offset by purchases of investments in marketable securities of $19.5 million. Cash used in investing activities of $37.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily due to the option fee payment of $35.0 million to license CHS-006 from Junshi Biosciences and purchases of property and equipment of $2.0 million. Net cash provided by financing activities Cash provided by financing activities of $69.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due to proceeds of $53.6 million from the Public Offering, net of issuance costs, $18.2 million proceeds from the ATM Offering, net of issuance costs, and $1.3 million proceeds from purchase under the ESPP. These were partially offset by $3.3 million in tax payments related to net share settlement. Cash provided by financing activities of $47.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily due to proceeds of $240.7 million under the 2027 Term Loans, net of debt discount and issuance costs and $1.7 million proceeds from purchase under the ESPP. These were partially offset by fully repaying $109.0 million on the 2022 Convertible Notes and $81.8 million on the 2025 Term Loan (excluding interest which is accounted for as an operating activity), and $3.6 million in tax payments related to net share settlement of RSUs. Critical Accounting Estimates The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported revenue generated and expense incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Other than as relates to the Surface Acquisition which was accounted for as a business combination and is described below, there have been no significant changes to our critical accounting estimates during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the critical accounting estimates described in our 2022 Form 10-K. We believe that the critical accounting estimates discussed in the 2022 Form 10-K are meaningful to understanding our historical and future performance, as these estimates relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and assumptions. Business Combination Accounting and Valuation of Acquired Assets We completed the Surface Acquisition on September 8, 2023, which was accounted for as a business combination. We account for acquisitions of entities that include inputs and processes and have the ability to create outputs as 54 Table of Contents business combinations. Judgment was required in assessing whether the acquired processes or activities, along with their inputs, met the criteria to constitute a business, as defined by U.S. GAAP. The acquisition method of accounting requires the recognition of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. The excess of the fair value of consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill, or when there is an excess of the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities over the fair value of purchase consideration, a bargain purchase gain is recorded in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The estimations of fair values are based on non-observable inputs that are included in valuation models. An income approach, which generally relies upon projected cash flow models, is used in estimating the fair value of the acquired intangible assets. These cash flow projections are based on management's estimates of economic and market conditions including the estimated future cash flows from revenues of acquired assets, the timing and projection of costs and expenses and the related profit margins, tax rates, and discount rate. During the measurement period, which occurs before finalization of the purchase price allocation, changes in assumptions and estimates that result in adjustments to the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if based on facts and circumstances existing at the acquisition date, are recorded on a retroactive basis as of the acquisition date, with the corresponding offset to goodwill or bargain purchase gain. Recent Accounting Pronouncements For a description of the impact of recent accounting pronouncements, see Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. ​ ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates. As of September 30, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities of $131.1 million, primarily invested in U.S. treasuries and government agency securities, commercial paper, corporate bonds and money market funds. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitivity. Our marketable securities are subject to interest rate risk and could fall in value if market interest rates increase. Due to the short-term duration of our investment portfolio and the low risk profile of our investments, we believe that our exposure to interest rate risk on these investments is not significant and a 1% movement in market interest rates would not have a material impact to our financial results. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. ​ Our financial instruments that are exposed to the concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, investments and accounts receivables. We attempt to minimize the risks related to cash, cash equivalents and investments by investing in a broad and diverse range of financial instruments. The investment portfolio is maintained in accordance with our investment policy, which defines allowable investments, specifies credit quality standards and limits the credit exposure of any single issuer. There were no material losses from credit risks on such accounts during any of the periods presented. We are not exposed to any significant concentrations of credit risk from these financial instruments. ​ We are also subject to credit risk from trade receivables related to product sales, and we monitor the credit worthiness of customers that are granted credit in the normal course of business. In general, there is no requirement for collateral from customers. We have not experienced significant losses with respect to the collection of trade receivables. ​ We are exposed to interest rate risk with respect to variable rate debt. As of September 30, 2023, we had $250.0 million principal outstanding on our 2027 Term Loans that starting April 1, 2023, accrue interest at 8.25% plus the Adjusted Term SOFR, with a floor on Adjusted Term SOFR of 1.0%. We currently do not hedge our variable interest rate 55 Table of Contents debt. The interest rate for our variable rate debt during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 was 13.76%, and the interest rate during the fourth quarter of 2023 will be 13.91%. A hypothetical 100 basis point increase in the interest rate on our variable rate debt could result in up to a $2.5 million increase in the annual interest expense as of September 30, 2023. ​ In April 2020, we issued $230.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2026 Convertible Notes with a fixed interest rate of 1.5%. Since the notes have a fixed annual interest rate, we have no financial or economic interest exposure associated with changes in interest rates. However, the fair value of fixed rate debt fluctuates when interest rates change. Additionally, the fair value of the 2026 Convertible Notes can be impacted when the market price of our common stock fluctuates. We carry the 2026 Convertible Notes on our balance sheet at face value less the unamortized discount and issuance costs, and we present the fair value for required disclosure purposes only. ​ Substantially all of our sales are denominated in U.S. dollars. We have exposure to the exchange rate between the U.S. Dollar and the Euro because we make purchases of CIMERLI inventory from and pay royalties to our partner Bioeq that are denominated in Euros. Accordingly, fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. Dollar and the Euro may impact our condensed consolidated statements of operations. For information on our economic hedges of foreign currency exchange rate risk, see Note 10. Derivatives in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. ​ ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision of our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, and evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on that evaluation, our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our disclosure controls and procedures were, in design and operation, effective at the reasonable assurance level. We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. We intend to review and evaluate the design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures on an ongoing basis and to correct any material deficiencies that we may discover. Our goal is to ensure that our management has timely access to material information that could affect our business. While we believe the present design of our disclosure controls and procedures is effective to achieve our goal, future events affecting our business may cause us to modify our disclosure controls and procedures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting . There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 56 Table of Contents Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. PART II – OTHER INFORMATION ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings The information called for by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information set forth in Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. ​ Item 1A. Risk Factors Risk Factor Summary Below is a summary of the principal factors that make an investment in our common stock speculative or risky. This summary does not address all of the risks that we face. Additional discussion of the risks summarized in this risk factor summary, and other risks that we face, can be found below under the heading “Risk Factors” and should be carefully considered, together with other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our financial statements and related notes thereto, before making investment decisions regarding our common stock. ● We have a limited history of profitability, which we have not maintained and may not achieve again, and only three products that have been approved and marketed, with multiple products either approved and not yet marketed or not approved and still in development. ● We may be unable to realize the anticipated benefits of the Surface Acquisition. ● The applicability of clinical data generated outside the United States, particularly from a single country such as China, is subject to FDA concurrence for its suitability in supporting product approvals in the United States. If the FDA or comparable regulatory agencies do not accept data from such trials, our development plans will be delayed and diminished, which could materially harm our business. ● The commercial success of our existing products or any future products will depend upon the degree of market acceptance and adoption by prescribing physicians, healthcare providers and the patients to whom our medicines are prescribed. Additionally, obtaining placement on national and/or local clinical guidelines/pathways, as well as coverage on third-party payor formularies, can impact our short and long-term financial performance. ● As we have in-licensed development and/or commercial rights to LOQTORZI and CHS-006, we rely on prior and ongoing preclinical, clinical, regulatory and manufacturing expertise of our collaborators in order to advance these product candidates through regulatory approvals in the United States and other licensed territories . ● Our products and our product candidates, even if approved, will remain subject to regulatory scrutiny. ● Disruptions at the FDA and other government agencies caused by funding shortages, government shut-downs or global health concerns could hinder their ability to hire, retain or deploy key leadership and other personnel, 57 Table of Contents and conduct foreign inspections of manufacturing facilities, or otherwise prevent new or modified products from being developed, or approved or commercialized in a timely manner or at all, which could negatively impact our business. ● Our biosimilar products or our biosimilar product candidates, if approved, will face significant competition from the reference products and from other biosimilar products or pharmaceuticals approved for the same indication as the originator products. LOQTORZI faces significant competition from other immuno-oncology biologics. If we fail to compete effectively, we may not achieve significant market penetration and expansion. ● We face intense competition and rapid technological change and the possibility that our competitors may develop therapies that are similar, more advanced or more effective than ours, which may adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates. ● The future commercial success of our product LOQTORZI and our product candidates CHS-006, casdozokitug and CHS-114 and any other immuno-oncology product candidates, if approved, will depend on our ability to successfully transition our company’s clinical, commercial, manufacturing, regulatory, marketing and general historical focus on biosimilars to a new strategy to build a leading immuno-oncology franchise funded with cash generated by our commercial biosimilar business. ● If an improved version of an originator product, such as Neulasta, Humira or Lucentis, is developed or if the market for the originator product significantly declines, sales or potential sales of our biosimilar product candidates may suffer. ● Healthcare reform measures, including the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”), may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval for and commercialize our products, affect the prices we may set, and have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. ● We are highly dependent on the services of our key executives and personnel, including our President and Chief Executive Officer, Dennis M. Lanfear, and if we are not able to retain these members of our management or recruit additional management, clinical and scientific personnel, our business will suffer. ● We rely on third parties to conduct our nonclinical and clinical studies and perform other tasks for us. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or comply with regulatory requirements, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed. ● We are subject to a multitude of manufacturing risks. Any adverse developments affecting the manufacturing operations of our biosimilar product candidates could substantially increase our costs and limit supply for our product candidates. ● The continuation of the war between Russia and Ukraine and the war between Israel and Hamas may exacerbate certain risks we face. ● Our products or our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could, as applicable, delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if granted. ● If we infringe or are alleged to infringe intellectual property rights of third parties, our business could be harmed. Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts. 58 Table of Contents ● We are heavily dependent on the development, clinical success, regulatory approval and commercial success of our product candidates. We cannot give any assurance that any of our product candidates will receive regulatory approval, which is necessary before they can be commercialized. ​ Risk Factors Investing in the common stock of a biopharmaceutical company, including one with significant international partnerships and multiple products in development, is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. If any of the following risks are realized, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. The risks described below are not the only risks facing us. Risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or prospects. Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements We have a limited history of profitability, which we have not maintained and may not achieve again, and only three products that have been approved and marketed, with multiple products either approved and not yet marketed or not approved and still in development. With the exception of generating net income of $132.2 million and $89.8 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively, we incurred net losses in each year from our inception in September 2010 through December 31, 2022, including net losses of $291.8 million and $287.1 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. We also incurred a net loss of $158.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023. It is uncertain that we will be profitable in future periods as research and development is expensive and risky. The amount of our future net losses or any future net income will depend, in part, on the amount of our future expenditures offset by the amount of future product sales, including sales of our current products or any other products that may receive regulatory approval. Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. For example, as of September 30, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.5 billion. The losses and accumulated deficit were primarily due to the substantial investments we made to identify, develop or license our product candidates, including conducting, among other things, analytical characterization, process development and manufacturing, formulation and clinical studies and providing general and administrative support for these operations. ​ We have incurred and anticipate we will continue to incur certain development and commercial expenses for LOQTORZI, the anti-PD-1 antibody we licensed from Junshi Biosciences in 2021, and have agreed to pay up to $90.0 million for the achievement of certain regulatory approvals and up to $290.0 million for the attainment of certain sales thresholds. Launching this product and advancing our product candidates through clinical development will be expensive and could result in us continuing to experience future net losses. For YUSIMRY and CIMERLI, which are launched products, and if we obtain regulatory approval to market any other biosimilar product candidate, our future revenue will depend upon the size of any markets in which our product candidates may receive approval and our ability to achieve sufficient market acceptance, pricing, reimbursement from third-party payers, and adequate market share for our product candidates which include all product candidates for which we obtained commercial rights, in those markets. However, even if additional product candidates in addition to our current products gain regulatory approval and are commercialized, we may not remain profitable. Our expenses will increase substantially if and as we: ● further develop our sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure for our current products and develop such infrastructure for new products once they are launched; 59 Table of Contents ● establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any of our product candidates for which we may obtain marketing approval; ● make upfront, milestone, royalty or other payments under any license agreements; ● continue our nonclinical and clinical development of our product candidates; ● initiate additional nonclinical, clinical or other studies for our product candidates; ● expand the scope of our current clinical studies for our product candidates; ● advance our programs into more expensive clinical studies; ● change or add contract manufacturers, clinical research service providers, testing laboratories, device suppliers, legal service providers or other vendors or suppliers; ● seek regulatory and marketing approvals for our product candidates that successfully complete clinical studies; ● seek to identify, assess, acquire and/or develop other product candidates or products that may be complementary to our products; ● seek to create, maintain, protect and expand our intellectual property portfolio; ● engage legal counsel and technical experts to help us evaluate and avoid infringing any valid and enforceable intellectual property rights of third parties; ● engage in litigation, including patent litigation, and Inter Partes Review (“IPR”) proceedings with originator companies or others that may hold patents; ● seek to attract and retain skilled personnel; ● create additional infrastructure to support our operations as a public company and our product development and planned future commercialization efforts; and ● experience any delays or encounter issues with any of the above, including but not limited to failed studies, conflicting results, safety issues, manufacturing delays, litigation or regulatory challenges that may require longer follow-up of existing studies, additional major studies or additional supportive studies or analyses in order to pursue marketing approval. ​ Further, the net loss or net income we achieve may fluctuate significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our future performance quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year due to factors including the timing of clinical trials, any litigation that we may initiate or that may be initiated against us as well as any settlements or judgments from such litigation, the execution of collaboration, licensing or other agreements and the timing of any payments we make or receive thereunder. We continue to be dependent on the ability to raise funds. This additional funding may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. Failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, limit or terminate our product development and commercialization efforts or other operations. As of September 30, 2023, our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities were $131.1 million. We expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents, investments and cash collected from our product sales will be sufficient to fund our current operations for the foreseeable future. We have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities, convertible notes, credit facilities, license agreements and through recent product sales of our products. However, our operating or investing plans may change as a result of many factors that may currently be unknown 60 Table of Contents to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including but not limited to: ● our ability to continue to successfully commercialize our products; ● the scope, rate of progress, results and cost of any clinical studies, nonclinical testing and other related activities; ● the cost of manufacturing clinical drug supplies and establishing commercial supplies, of our product candidates and any products that we may develop; ● the number and characteristics of product candidates that we pursue; ● the cost, timing and outcomes of regulatory approvals; ● the cost and timing of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities; ● our ability to successfully integrate the business of Surface following consummation of the Surface Acquisition; ● the terms and timing of any licensing or other arrangements to acquire intellectual property rights that we may establish, including any milestone and royalty payments thereunder; ● the timing of conversion in common shares or repayment in cash of our convertible debt, or the timing of repayment in cash, whether due or not, of our long-term debt; and ● the cost, timing and outcomes of any litigation that we may file against third parties or that may be filed against us by third parties. Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Moreover, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders, and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us or the possibility of such issuance may cause the market price of our shares to decline. The sale of additional equity or convertible securities, such as the sales in the Public Offering or sales from time to time through our ATM Offering, may dilute the share ownership of our existing stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness could result in increased fixed payment obligations and we may be required to agree to certain restrictive covenants, such as those contained in the Loan Agreement we entered into in January 2022 with the Collateral Agent and the Lenders that provides for a senior secured term loan facility of up to $300.0 million, including limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. For more information on our restrictive covenants please read the Loan Agreement, the First Amendment to Loan Agreement and the Second Amendment and Waiver to Loan Agreement filed as exhibits to our public filings. We could also be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise at an earlier stage or for a lower price than otherwise would be desirable and we may be required to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or product candidates or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects. Even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital if market conditions are favorable or for specific strategic considerations. If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis or at all, stay profitable or generate any net profits, we may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of our research or development programs or the commercialization of any products or product candidates or be unable to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities, as desired, which could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations. 61 Table of Contents We may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of the Surface Acquisition. On September 8, 2023, we completed the Surface Acquisition. Our future success will depend, in part, upon our ability to manage our expanded business, including challenges related to the management and monitoring of new operations and products and associated increased costs and complexity associated with the acquisition of Surface. It is possible that the integration of Surface’s business could result in the loss of key employees; the disruption of our ongoing business or the ongoing business of Surface; or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures or policies, in each case, that could adversely affect our ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition. Integration efforts between the two companies may also divert management’s attention from our core business and other opportunities that could have been beneficial to our stockholders. An inability to realize the full extent of, or any of, the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, as well as any delays encountered in the integration process, could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations, which may affect the value of the shares of our common stock. If we are unable to achieve these objectives, the anticipated benefits of the acquisition may not be realized fully or at all or may take longer or cost more to realize than expected. In particular, the acquisition may not be accretive to our stock value in the near or long term. Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited. To the extent that we continue to generate taxable losses, unused losses will carry forward to offset future taxable income, if any, until such unused losses expire. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change” (generally defined as a greater than 50 percentage point change (by value) in its equity ownership by shareholders who own, directly or indirectly, 5% or more of our common stock, or are otherwise treated as “5% shareholders” over a rolling three-year period), such corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its post-change income or taxes may be limited. We have experienced ownership changes in the past and may experience ownership changes in the future (some of which changes are outside our control). As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change NOLs to offset such taxable income may be subject to limitations. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply to limit our use of accumulated state tax attributes. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of NOLs is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed. As a result, we may be unable to use a material portion of our NOLs and other tax attributes, which could adversely affect our future cash flows. Risks Related to Launch and Commercialization of our Products and our Product Candidates The applicability of clinical data generated outside the United States, particularly from a single country such as China, is subject to FDA concurrence for its suitability in supporting approval in the United States. If the FDA or comparable regulatory agencies do not accept data from such trials, our development plans may be delayed, which could materially harm our business. Certain clinical trials supporting our regulatory strategies were conducted outside the United States in foreign countries such as China, and we or our collaborators in the future may choose to conduct one or more clinical trials or a portion of such clinical trials for our product candidates outside the United States. The acceptance of study data from clinical trials conducted outside the United States or another jurisdiction by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority may be subject to certain conditions or may not be accepted at all. In cases where data from foreign clinical trials are intended to serve as the sole basis for marketing approval in the United States, the FDA will generally not approve the application on the basis of foreign data alone unless (i) the data are applicable to the United States population and United States medical practice; (ii) the trials were performed by clinical investigators of recognized competence and pursuant to good clinical practice (“GCP”) regulations; and (iii) the data may be considered valid without the need for an on-site inspection by the FDA, or if the FDA considers such inspection to be necessary, the FDA is able to validate the data through an on-site inspection or other appropriate means. In addition, even where the foreign study data are not intended to serve as the sole basis for approval, the FDA will not accept the data as support for an application 62 Table of Contents for marketing approval unless the study is well-designed and well-conducted in accordance with GCP requirements and the FDA is able to validate the data from the study through an onsite inspection if deemed necessary. Many foreign regulatory authorities have similar approval requirements. In addition, such foreign trials would be subject to the applicable local laws of the foreign jurisdictions where the trials are conducted. There can be no assurance that the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority will accept data from trials conducted outside of the United States or the applicable jurisdiction. If the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority does not accept such data, it would result in the need for additional trials, which could be costly and time-consuming, and which may result in current or future product candidates that we may develop not receiving approval for commercialization in the applicable jurisdiction. We have a limited operating history in an emerging regulatory environment on which to assess our business. We are a biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history in an emerging regulatory environment of biosimilar and immuno-oncology products. Although we have received upfront payments, milestone and other contingent payments and/or funding for development from some of our collaboration and license agreements, our only approved products include UDENYCA, YUSIMRY, LOQTORZI and CIMERLI which are approved for commercialization in the United States, and we have no products approved in any other territories. Our ability to generate meaningful revenue and remain profitable depends on our ability, alone or with strategic collaboration partners, to successfully market and sell our products, and to complete the development of, and obtain the regulatory and marketing approvals necessary to commercialize, one or more of our product pipeline candidates, which include: ● CHS-006; ● additional presentations of UDENYCA; ● CHS-1000; ● casdozokitug; and ● CHS-114 We may not be able to continue to generate meaningful revenue from product sales, as this depends heavily on our success in many areas, including but not limited to: ● our ability to continue to successfully commercialize UDENYCA product presentations, CIMERLI and LOQTORZI; ● our ability to successfully commercialize YUSIMRY in a very competitive adalimumab market; ● competing against numerous current and future pegfilgrastim, ranibizumab and adalimumab products with significant market share; ● healthcare providers, payers, and patients adopting our products and product candidates once approved and launched; ● our ability to procure and commercialize our in-licensed biosimilar candidates; ● obtaining additional regulatory and marketing approvals for product candidates for which we complete clinical studies; ● obtaining adequate third-party coverage and reimbursements for our products; ● obtaining market acceptance of our products and product candidates as viable treatment options; ● completing nonclinical and clinical development of our product candidates; 63 Table of Contents ● developing and testing of our product formulations; ● attracting, hiring and retaining qualified personnel; ● developing a sustainable and scalable manufacturing process for our products and any approved product candidates and establishing and maintaining supply and manufacturing relationships with third parties that can conduct the process and provide adequate (in amount and quality) products to support clinical development and the market demand for our products and product candidates, if approved; ● addressing any competing technological and market developments; ● identifying, assessing and developing (or acquiring/in-licensing on favorable terms) new product candidates; ● negotiating favorable terms in any collaboration, licensing or other arrangements into which we may enter; ● maintaining, protecting and expanding our portfolio of intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets and know-how; and ● defending against any litigation including patent or trade secret infringement lawsuits, that may be filed against us, or achieving successful outcomes of IPR petitions that we have filed, or may in the future file, against third parties. Even if one or more of the product candidates that we develop is approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs to commercialize any such product. Our expenses could increase beyond our expectations if we are required by the FDA, the European Medical Agency (the “EMA”), other regulatory agencies, domestic or foreign, or by any unfavorable outcomes in intellectual property litigation filed against us, to change our manufacturing processes or assays or to perform clinical, nonclinical or other types of studies in addition to those that we currently anticipate. In cases where we are successful in obtaining additional regulatory approvals to market one or more of our product candidates, our revenue will be dependent, in part, upon the size of the markets in the territories for which we gain regulatory approval, the number of biosimilar or immuno-oncology competitors in such markets, the accepted price for the product, the ability to get reimbursement at any price, the nature and degree of competition from originators and other biosimilar or immuno-oncology companies (including competition from large pharmaceutical companies entering the biosimilar market or possessing large established positions in the immuno-oncology market that may be able to gain advantages in the sale of biosimilar or immuno-oncology products based on brand recognition and/or existing relationships with customers and payers) and whether we own (or have partnered with companies owning) the commercial rights for that territory. If the market for our products and product candidates (or our share of that market) is not as significant as we expect, the price of our products is not what we project, the indication approved by regulatory authorities is narrower than we expect or the reasonably accepted population for treatment is narrowed by competition, physician choice or treatment guidelines, we may not generate significant revenue from sales of such products, even if approved. If we are unable to successfully complete development and obtain additional regulatory approval for our products, our business may suffer. The commercial success of our existing products or any future products will depend upon the degree of market acceptance and adoption by prescribing physicians, healthcare providers and the patients to whom our medicines are prescribed. Additionally, obtaining placement on national and/or local clinical guidelines/pathways, as well as coverage on third-party payor formularies, can impact our short and long-term financial performance . Even with the requisite approvals from the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, the commercial success of our products or product candidates, if approved, will depend in part on the medical community, patients and third-party payers accepting our products and product candidates as medically useful, cost-effective and safe. Any product that we bring to the market may not gain market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payers and others in the medical community. The degree of market acceptance of our recently launched product, CIMERLI, or any of our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including: 64 Table of Contents ● the safety and efficacy of the product, as demonstrated in clinical studies, and potential advantages over competing treatments; ● the prevalence and severity of any side effects and any limitations or warnings contained in a product’s approved labeling; ● the clinical indications for which approval is granted; ● for our immuno-oncology product candidates, our ability to compete in a competitive immuno-oncology market that may differ from the biosimilar market; ● inclusion, in either parity or better position, on commonly accepted clinical guidelines or pathways that influence prescribing patterns and/or affect reimbursement; ● for our biosimilar product candidates, the possibility that a competitor may achieve interchangeability and we may not; ● relative convenience, ease of administration and any real or perceived benefit from administration at home as opposed to in the clinic; ● policies and practices governing the naming of biosimilar product candidates; ● prevalence of the disease or condition for which the product is approved; ● the cost of treatment, particularly in relation to competing treatments; ● the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies; ● the strength of marketing and distribution support and timing of market introduction of competitive products; ● the extent to which the product is approved for inclusion on formularies of hospitals, integrated delivery networks and managed care organizations; ● publicity concerning our products or competing products and treatments; ● the extent to which third-party payers (including government and national/regional commercial plans) provide adequate third-party coverage and reimbursement for our products and product candidates, if approved; ● the price at which we sell our products; ● the potential impact of the IRA on the pharmaceutical industry and the market for biosimilars; ● the actions taken by current and future competitors to delay, restrict or block customer usage of the product; and ● our ability to maintain compliance with regulatory requirements. Market acceptance of any future product candidates, if approved, will not be fully known until after they are launched and may be negatively affected by a potential poor safety experience and the track record of other biosimilar and immuno-oncology products and product candidates. Further, continued market acceptance of UDENYCA, CIMERLI and YUSIMRY, and any future product candidates that may be approved, depends on our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payers on the benefits of our products and product candidates and will require significant resources from us and we have significantly less resources compared to large, well-funded pharmaceutical entities. Given the resource disparity, our outreach may have little success or may never be successful. If our products or any future product candidates that are approved fail to achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payers and others in the medical community, we will not be able to generate sufficient revenue to sustain profitability. 65 Table of Contents The future commercial success of our product LOQTORZI and our product candidates CHS-006, casdozokitug and CHS-114 and any other immuno-oncology product candidates, if approved, will depend on our ability to successfully transition our company’s clinical, commercial, manufacturing, regulatory, marketing and general historical focus on biosimilars to a new strategy to build a leading immuno-oncology franchise funded with cash generated by our commercial biosimilar business. We may have little or no success making this strategic transition if there is difficulty hiring and retaining employees with expertise in both biosimilar and immuno-oncology products, managing our licensing relationship with our partner for LOQTORZI and CHS-006, regulatory differences between biosimilars and immuno-oncology products and other factors. Our acquisition of LOQTORZI, CHS-006, casdozokitug and CHS-114 represented a significant strategic shift for our company from a historical focus on biosimilars to a new strategy to build a leading immuno-oncology franchise funded with cash generated by our commercial biosimilar business. Pivoting in this manner requires hiring and retaining new employees with expertise across multiple therapeutic areas, particularly immuno-oncology, in a highly competitive global market for talent. In addition, our strategic transition requires us to rely heavily on our licensing relationship with Junshi Biosciences, our partner for LOQTORZI. A bilateral relationship involves significant risks, including those discussed below in the Risk Factor titled “we are dependent on Junshi Biosciences, Bioeq, and Orox) for the commercialization of our product candidates in certain markets and we intend to seek additional commercialization partners for major markets, and the failure to commercialize in those markets could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.” We have managed in a highly complex regulatory environment for biosimilars in the past where approval from the FDA primarily requires a demonstration that our product shows biosimilarity with the reference product. However, with our strategic shift to operating in both the biosimilar and immuno-oncological spaces, we must still maintain regulatory expertise within the biosimilar area while also building capabilities in the immuno-oncology market. FDA regulation of immuno-oncology product candidates like LOQTORZI is different than for biosimilars because we must demonstrate the safety, purity and efficacy of the product candidate to the satisfaction of the FDA rather than relying on the safety and efficacy data of the reference product and demonstrate biosimilarity. This process of generating acceptable safety and efficacy data from clinical trials represents a relatively new approach for our company, so it involves more execution risk for us than for biosimilars where we have many years of experience advancing product candidates. If we fail to successfully manage the transition of our focus on biosimilars to our new strategy to build a leading immuno-oncology franchise funded with cash generated by our commercial biosimilar business it will materially and adversely affect our financial results. The third-party coverage and reimbursement status of our products are uncertain. Failure to obtain or maintain adequate coverage and reimbursement for new or current products could limit our ability to market those products and decrease our ability to generate revenue. Pricing, coverage and reimbursement of our products, or any of our product candidates, if approved, may not be adequate to support our commercial infrastructure. The prices required to successfully compete may not continue to be sufficient to recover our development and manufacturing costs, and as a result, we may not be profitable in the future. Accordingly, the availability and adequacy of coverage and reimbursement by governmental and commercial payers are essential to enable provider/patient access to our products and our patient support services must be sufficiently scaled to meet the needs of patients receiving our products. Sales will depend substantially, both domestically and abroad, on the extent to which the costs of our products will be paid for by health maintenance, managed care, pharmacy benefit and similar healthcare management organizations or reimbursed by government authorities, private health insurers and other third-party payers. If coverage and reimbursement are not available, or are available only to limited levels, or become unavailable, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our products or any of our product candidates, if approved. Even if coverage is provided, the approved reimbursement amount may not be adequate to allow us to establish or maintain pricing sufficient to realize a return on our investment. There is significant uncertainty related to third-party coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products. In the United States, third-party payers, including private and governmental payers such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs, play an important role in determining the extent to which new drugs and biologics will be covered and 66 Table of Contents reimbursed. The Medicare program covers certain individuals aged 65 or older or those who are disabled or suffering from end-stage renal disease. The Medicaid program, which varies from state to state, covers certain individuals and families who have limited financial means. The Medicare and Medicaid programs increasingly are used as models for how private payers and other governmental payers develop their coverage and reimbursement policies for drugs and biologics. It is difficult to predict what third-party payers will decide with respect to the coverage and reimbursement for any newly approved product. In addition, in the United States, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for biologics exists among third-party payers. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for biologics can differ significantly from payer to payer. As a result, the process for obtaining favorable coverage determinations often is time-consuming and costly and may require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payer separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be obtained. Effective January 2019, U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) assigned a product specific Q-Code to UDENYCA, which is necessary to enable providers to separately bill for UDENYCA to have its own reimbursement rate with Medicare or other third-party payers. A product specific Q-Code was also assigned to CIMERLI effective April 2023. However, reimbursement is not guaranteed and rates may vary based on product life cycle, site of care, type of payer, coverage decisions, and provider contracts. Furthermore, while payers have adopted the Q-Codes assigned by CMS for UDENYCA and CIMERLI, there remains uncertainty as to whether such payers will continue to cover and pay providers for the administration and use of the product with each patient or may favor competing products. If our products or any of our future product candidates, are not covered or adequately reimbursed by third-party payers, including Medicare, then the cost of the relevant product may be absorbed by healthcare providers or charged to patients. If this is the case, our expectations of the pricing we expect to achieve for such product and the related potential revenue, may be significantly diminished. Outside of the United States, pharmaceutical businesses are generally subject to extensive governmental price controls and other market regulations. We believe the increasing emphasis on cost-containment initiatives in Europe, Canada and other countries has and will continue to put pressure on the pricing and usage of our product candidates. In many countries, the prices of medical products are subject to varying price control mechanisms as part of national health systems. Other countries allow companies to fix their own prices for medical products but monitor and control company profits. Additional foreign price controls or other changes in pricing regulation could restrict the amount that we are able to charge for our product candidates. Accordingly, in markets outside the United States, the reimbursement for our products may be reduced compared with the United States and may be insufficient to generate commercially reasonable revenue and profits. Increasing efforts by governmental and third-party payers in the United States and abroad to control healthcare costs may cause such organizations to limit both coverage and the level of reimbursement for new products approved and, as a result, they may not cover or provide adequate payment for our products or any of our product candidates. While cost containment practices generally benefit biosimilars, severe cost containment practices may adversely affect our product sales. Furthermore, the impact of the IRA on our business and the pharmaceutical industry generally is currently unknown. We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of our products and any of our product candidates due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative changes. Our products and our product candidates, even if approved, will remain subject to regulatory scrutiny. Our products and our product candidates, even If approved, will be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements for manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, sampling, record-keeping, conduct of post-marketing studies and submission of safety, efficacy and other post-market information, including both federal and state requirements in the United States and requirements of comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Manufacturers and manufacturers’ facilities are required to comply with extensive FDA, and comparable foreign regulatory authority, requirements, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to 67 Table of Contents current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”) regulations. As such, we and our contract manufacturers will be subject to continual review and inspections to assess compliance with cGMP and adherence to commitments made in any NDA, original BLA submitted under Section 351(a) of the Public Health Service Act (“PHSA”), Section 351(k) BLA or MAA. Accordingly, we and others with whom we work must continue to expend time, money and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production and quality control. Any regulatory approvals that we or our collaboration partners receive for our product candidates may be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval or may contain requirements for potentially costly additional clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product candidate. We will be required to report certain adverse events and production problems, if any, to the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Any new legislation addressing drug safety issues could result in delays in product development or commercialization or increased costs to assure compliance. We will have to comply with requirements concerning advertising and promotion for our products. Promotional communications with respect to prescription drugs are subject to a variety of legal and regulatory restrictions and must be consistent with the information in the product’s approved label. As such, we may not promote our products for indications or uses for which they do not have approval. If our product candidates are approved, we must submit new or supplemental applications and obtain approval for certain changes to the approved products, product labeling or manufacturing process. We or our collaboration partners could also be asked to conduct post-marketing clinical studies to verify the safety and efficacy of our products in general or in specific patient subsets. If original marketing approval is obtained via an accelerated biosimilar approval pathway, we could be required to conduct a successful post-marketing clinical study to confirm clinical benefit for our products. An unsuccessful post-marketing study or failure to complete such a study could result in the withdrawal of marketing approval. If a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured or disagrees with the promotion, marketing or labeling of a product, such regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product or us, including requiring withdrawal of the product from the market. If we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory agency or enforcement authority may, among other possibilities: ● issue warning letters; ● impose civil or criminal penalties; ● suspend or withdraw regulatory approval; ● suspend any of our ongoing clinical studies; ● refuse to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications submitted by us; ● impose restrictions on our operations, including closing our contract manufacturers’ facilities; or ● seize or detain products or require a product recall. Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity. Any failure to comply with ongoing regulatory requirements may significantly and adversely affect our ability to commercialize and generate revenue from our products. If regulatory sanctions are applied or if regulatory approval is withdrawn, the value of our company and our operating results will be adversely affected. The FDA’s and other regulatory authorities’ policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not sustain profitability, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. 68 Table of Contents We also cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative or executive action, either in the United States, China or other foreign countries. Disruptions at the FDA and other government agencies caused by funding shortages, government shut-downs or global health concerns could hinder their ability to hire, retain or deploy key leadership and other personnel, and conduct foreign inspections of manufacturing facilities, or otherwise prevent new or modified products from being developed, or approved or commercialized in a timely manner or at all, which could negatively impact our business. The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, government shut-downs, statutory, regulatory, and policy changes, the FDA’s ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and other events that may otherwise affect the FDA’s ability to perform routine functions. Average review times at the FDA have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of other government agencies that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable. Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new drugs and biologics or modifications to approved drugs and biologics to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years, the United States government has periodically shut down and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, had to furlough critical FDA employees and stop critical activities. Separately, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the FDA postponed most inspections of domestic and foreign manufacturing facilities at various points. Even though the FDA has since resumed standard inspection operations of domestic facilities where feasible, the FDA has continued to monitor and implement changes to its inspectional activities to ensure the safety of its employees and those of the firms it regulates as it adapts to the evolving COVID-19 pandemic, and any resurgence of the virus or emergence of new variants may lead to further inspectional delays. Regulatory authorities outside the United States may adopt similar restrictions or other policy measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, or if they are put in place again in regions such as China, or if global health concerns continue to prevent the FDA or other regulatory authorities from conducting their regular inspections, reviews, or other regulatory activities, including in China where we partner with Junshi Biosciences for LOQTORZI, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA or other regulatory authorities to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Risks Related to Competitive Activity Our biosimilar products or our biosimilar product candidates, if approved, will face significant competition from the reference products and from other biosimilar products or pharmaceuticals approved for the same indication as the originator products. Our product LOQTORZI and product candidate CHS-114, if approved, will face significant competition from other immuno-oncology biologics. If we fail to compete effectively, we may not achieve significant market penetration and expansion. We operate in highly competitive pharmaceutical markets. Successful competitors in the pharmaceutical market have demonstrated the ability to effectively discover molecules, obtain patents, develop, test and obtain regulatory approvals for products, as well as an ability to effectively commercialize, market and promote approved products. Numerous companies, universities and other research institutions are engaged in developing, patenting, manufacturing and marketing of products competitive with those that we are developing. Many of these potential competitors are large, experienced multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that enjoy significant competitive advantages, such as substantially greater financial, research and development, legal, governmental affairs, manufacturing, personnel, and marketing resources, with additional benefits of mergers and acquisitions. LOQTORZI is entering a competitive market in the United States where a number of anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody drugs have been approved by the FDA including the following marketed products from several competitors: Keytruda® (pembrolizumab) from Merck & Company, Inc. (“Merck”), Opdivo® (nivolumab) from Bristol-Myers Squibb Company 69 Table of Contents (“BMS”), Tecentriq® (atezolizumab) from Genentech, Imfinzi® (durvalumab) from AstraZeneca plc (“AstraZeneca”), Bavencio® (avelumab) from EMD Serono Inc. and Pfizer Inc. (“Pfizer”), and Libtayo® (cemiplimab-rwlc) from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Regeneron”) and Sanofi S.A. (“Sanofi”), and Jemperli (dostarlimab-gxly) from GlaxoSmithKline plc (“GlaxoSmithKline”). In addition to LOQTORZI, multiple other competitors are seeking to develop and approve novel anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody drugs in the United States in the coming years, including but not limited to BeiGene, Ltd. (in collaboration with Novartis International AG (“Novartis”)). We believe there is potentially a high unmet need for LOQTORZI for treatment for NPC based on the current FDA-approved treatment alternatives and the lack of any approved immunotherapies. CHS-114, if approved, faces competition from programs in development specifically targeting CCR8, including those by Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Gilead/Jounce, Shionogi, AbbVie, Bayer, LaNova and Immunophage; UDENYCA faces competition in the United States from Amgen, Viatris Inc. (“Viatris”), Sandoz International GmbH (“Sandoz”), Pfizer and Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Spectrum”), and is expected to face competition from Amneal Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Amneal”) and Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. KGaA (“Fresenius”), each of which has announced the approval of a pegfilgrastim biosimilar and have launched their products for sale in the United States. CIMERLI faces competition in the United States from F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd. (“Roche”)/Genentech (the manufacturer of Lucentis, Vabysmo and Susvimo TM ) and Biogen Inc. (“Biogen”) with collaborator Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd. (“Samsung Bioepis”), who have each disclosed the development of a Lucentis biosimilar candidate. YUSIMRY, following our launch in July 2023, faces competition in the United States from AbbVie Inc. (“AbbVie”) (the holder of rights to Humira), Amgen (Amjevita TM (adalimumab-atto)), Sandoz (Hyrimoz TM (adalimumab-adaz)), Samsung Bioepis (Hadlima TM (adalimumab-bwwd)), Pfizer (Abrilada TM (adalimumab-afzb)), Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH (“Boehringer Ingelheim”) (Cyltezo TM (adalimumab-adbm)) as well as Viatris / Biocon (Hulio® (adalimumab-fkjp)), Alvotech Holdings S.A. and Fresenius, each a company that has disclosed development plans for a Humira biosimilar candidate. As a result of continued expected competition from Humira and a large number of potential adalimumab (Humira) biosimilar competitors, we may not be able to achieve substantial topline sales for YUSIMRY in the United States. These companies may also have greater brand recognition and more experience in conducting preclinical testing and clinical trials of product candidates, obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals of products and marketing and commercializing products once approved. Additionally, many manufacturers of originator products have increasingly used legislative, regulatory and other means, such as litigation, to delay regulatory approval and to seek to restrict competition from manufacturers of biosimilars. These efforts may include or have included: ● settling, or refusing to settle, patent lawsuits with biosimilar companies, resulting in such patents remaining an obstacle for biosimilar approval; ● submitting Citizen Petitions to request the FDA Commissioner to take administrative action with respect to prospective and submitted biosimilar applications; ● appealing denials of Citizen Petitions in United States federal district courts and seeking injunctive relief to reverse approval of biosimilar applications; ● restricting access to reference brand products for equivalence and biosimilarity testing that interferes with timely biosimilar development plans; ● attempting to influence potential market share by conducting medical education with physicians, payers, regulators and patients claiming that biosimilar products are too complex for biosimilar approval or are too dissimilar from originator products to be trusted as safe and effective alternatives; ● implementing payer market access tactics that benefit their brands at the expense of biosimilars; 70 Table of Contents ● seeking state law restrictions on the substitution of biosimilar products at the pharmacy without the intervention of a physician or through other restrictive means such as excessive recordkeeping requirements or patient and physician notification; ● seeking federal or state regulatory restrictions on the use of the same non-proprietary name as the reference brand product for a biosimilar or interchangeable biologic; ● seeking changes to the United States Pharmacopeia, an industry recognized compilation of drug and biologic standards; ● obtaining new patents covering existing products or processes, which could extend patent exclusivity for a number of years or otherwise delay the launch of biosimilars; and ● influencing legislatures so that they attach special patent extension amendments to unrelated federal legislation. Our products and our product candidates, if approved, could face price competition from other products or biosimilars of the same reference products for the same indication. This price competition could exceed our capacity to respond, detrimentally affecting our market share and revenue as well as adversely affecting the overall financial health and attractiveness of the market for the biosimilar. Competitors in the biosimilar market have the ability to compete on price through PBMs, payers and their third-party administrators, IDNs and hospitals who exert downward pricing pressure on our product offerings. It is possible our biosimilar competitors’ compliance with price discounting demands in exchange for market share or volume requirements could exceed our capacity to respond in kind and reduce market prices beyond our expectations. There could be similar price competition in the immuno-oncology market that could adversely affect our results in the future. Such practices may limit our ability to increase market share and may also impact profitability. We face intense competition and rapid technological change and the possibility that our competitors may develop therapies that are similar, more advanced, less costly, easier to administer or more effective than ours, which may adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates. Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and other resources, such as larger research and development staff and more experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations. Additional mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical industry may result in even more resources being concentrated in our competitors. As a result, these companies may obtain regulatory approval more rapidly than we are able to and may be more effective in selling and marketing their products. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large, established companies. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing on an exclusive basis, products that are more effective or less costly than any product candidate that we may develop; they may also obtain patent protection that could block our products; and they may obtain regulatory approval, product commercialization and market penetration earlier than we do. Our competitors may have products that are easier to administer than our products, which could adversely affect our results, such as due to the observed trend that a large number of patients demonstrate a preference to administer medication at home due to COVID-19 or other factors. Biosimilar or immuno-oncology product candidates developed by our competitors may render our potential product candidates uneconomical, less desirable or obsolete, and we may not be successful in marketing our product candidates against competitors. If other competitors to LOQTORZI, casdozokitug, CHS-114 and CHS-006 are approved and successfully commercialized before LOQTORZI, casdozokitug, CHS-114 and CHS-006, our business would suffer. There are a number of companies that currently commercialize PD-1/PD-L1 blocking antibodies or antibodies targeting TIGIT or are developing such compounds for commercialization in the United States. If other competitors to LOQTORZI, casdozokitug, CHS-114 and CHS-006 are successfully commercialized before LOQTORZI, casdozokitug, CHS- 71 Table of Contents 114 and CHS-006, we may never achieve meaningful market share for these products, our revenue would be reduced and, as a result, our business, prospects and financial condition could suffer. If an improved version of an originator product, such as Neulasta, Humira or Lucentis, is developed or if the market for the originator product significantly declines, sales or potential sales of our biosimilar products and product candidates may suffer. Originator companies may develop improved versions of a reference product as part of a life cycle extension strategy and may obtain regulatory approval of the improved version under a new or supplemental BLA submitted to the applicable regulatory authority. Should the originator company succeed in obtaining an approval of an improved biologic product, it may capture a significant share of the collective reference product market in the applicable jurisdiction and significantly reduce the market for the reference product and thereby the potential size of the market for our biosimilar products and product candidates. In addition, the improved product may be protected by additional patent rights that may subject our follow-on biosimilar to claims of infringement. Biologic reference products may also face competition as technological advances are made that may offer patients a more convenient form of administration or increased efficacy or as new products are introduced. External developments can also result in changing preferences for convenient forms of administration of products that may impact our business. As new products are approved that compete with the reference product to our biosimilar product candidates, sales of the reference originator product may be adversely impacted or rendered obsolete. If the market for the reference product is impacted, we may lose significant market share or experience limited market potential for our approved biosimilar products or product candidates, and the value of our product pipeline could be negatively impacted. As a result of the above factors, our business, prospects and financial condition could suffer. Any product candidates for which we intend to seek approval as original biologic products may face competition sooner than anticipated. Our development of novel biologic product candidates, such as casdozokitug, CHS-114 and CHS-006, subjects us to additional risks relating to biosimilar competition. In particular, under the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (“BPCIA”), an application for a biosimilar product may not be submitted to the FDA until four years following the date that the reference product was first licensed by the FDA. In addition, the approval of a biosimilar product may not be made effective by the FDA until 12 years from the date on which the reference product was first licensed. During this 12-year period of exclusivity, another company may still market a competing version of the reference product if the FDA approves a full BLA for the competing product containing the sponsor’s own preclinical data and data from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate the safety, purity and potency of its product. We believe that LOQTORZI and any of our future product candidates approved under an original BLA should qualify for the 12-year period of exclusivity. However, there is a risk that this exclusivity could be shortened due to Congressional action or otherwise, or that the FDA will not consider our product candidates to be reference products for competing products, potentially creating the opportunity for generic competition sooner than anticipated. Moreover, the extent to which a biosimilar, once approved, could be substituted for any one of our reference products in a way that is similar to traditional generic substitution for non-biological products will depend on a number of marketplace and regulatory factors that are still developing. Risks Related to Our Ability to Hire and Retain Highly Qualified Personnel We are highly dependent on the services of our key executives and personnel, including our President and Chief Executive Officer, Dennis M. Lanfear, and if we are not able to retain these members of our management or recruit additional management, product development and scientific personnel, our business will suffer. 72 Table of Contents We are highly dependent on the principal members of our management and scientific and technical staff. The loss of service of any of our management or key scientific and technical staff could harm our business. In addition, we are dependent on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified additional management, product development and scientific personnel. If we are not able to retain our management, particularly our President and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Lanfear, and to attract, on acceptable terms, additional qualified personnel necessary for the continued development of our business, we may not be able to sustain our operations or grow. Our future performance will also depend, in part, on our ability to successfully integrate newly hired executive officers into our management team and our ability to develop an effective working relationship among senior management. Our failure to integrate these individuals and create effective working relationships among them and other members of management could result in inefficiencies in the development and commercialization of our product candidates, harming future regulatory approvals, sales of our product candidates and our results of operations. Additionally, we do not currently maintain “key person” life insurance on the lives of our executives or any of our employees. We will need to expand and effectively manage our managerial, scientific, operational, financial, commercial and other resources in order to successfully pursue our product development and commercialization efforts. Our success also depends on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified management and technical personnel. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified management and scientific and product development personnel in the future due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among biotechnology, pharmaceutical and other businesses, particularly those located in the San Francisco Bay Area. We also use equity compensation as a part of a comprehensive compensation package for our personnel. The majority of our outstanding options have exercise prices that are above our current stock price. See the tables describing our outstanding stock options in Note 11. Stock-Based Compensation and Employee Benefits to our financial statements included in our Annual Report for the Fiscal Year ended December 31, 2022. If we are not able to attract, retain and motivate necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience constraints that will significantly impede the achievement of our development objectives, our ability to raise additional capital and our ability to implement our business strategy. We may need to expand our organization, particularly due to employee turnover and the transition of our strategy from a biosimilars business to a company using cash flows from our commercial biosimilars portfolio to fund our immuno-oncology pipeline, and we may experience difficulties in managing this turnover and ongoing transition, which could disrupt our operations. As of September 30, 2023, we had 299 full-time and part-time employees. As our development and commercialization plans and strategies develop and evolve from time to time and as we experience turnover, we may need to hire additional people in the future. Further, as we develop and build our immuno-oncology platform, such work could further divert internal resources. Our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these hiring activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the transition in our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of our current and potential future product candidates. If our management is unable to effectively manage our turnover and transition of our strategy, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and/or grow revenue could be reduced and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize product candidates and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth. Risks Related to Reliance on Third Parties We rely on third parties to conduct our nonclinical and clinical studies and perform other tasks for us. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or comply with regulatory 73 Table of Contents requirements, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed. We have relied upon and plan to continue to rely upon third-party clinical research organizations (“CROs”) to monitor and manage data for our ongoing nonclinical and clinical programs. We rely on these parties for execution of our nonclinical and clinical studies and control only certain aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our CROs and other vendors are required to comply with cGMP, GCP, and good laboratory practices (“GLP”), which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA, the Competent Authorities of the Member States of the EEA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for all of our product candidates in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce these regulations through periodic inspections or remote regulatory assessments (“RRAs”) of study sponsors, principal investigators, study sites and other contractors. If we, any of our CROs, service providers or investigators fail to comply with applicable regulations or GCPs, the data generated in our nonclinical and clinical studies may be deemed unreliable and the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional nonclinical and clinical studies before approving our marketing applications. There can be no assurance that upon inspection or conclusion of an RRA by a given regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that any of our clinical studies comply with GCP regulations. In addition, our clinical studies must be conducted with product generated under cGMP regulations. Failure to comply by any of the participating parties or ourselves with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical studies, which would delay the regulatory approval process. Moreover, our business may be implicated if our CRO or any other participating parties violate federal or state fraud and abuse or false claims laws and regulations or healthcare privacy and security laws. If any of our relationships with these third-party CROs terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs or do so on commercially reasonable terms. In addition, our CROs are not our employees, and except for remedies available to us under our agreements with such CROs, we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our on-going nonclinical and clinical programs. If CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our clinical studies may be extended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our product candidates. CROs may also generate higher costs than anticipated. As a result, our results of operations and the commercial prospects for our product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenue could be delayed. Switching or adding additional CROs involves additional cost and requires management time and focus. In addition, a transition period is necessary when a new CRO commences work, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Though we strive to carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter similar challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects and financial condition. We rely on third parties, and in some cases a single third party, to manufacture nonclinical, clinical and commercial drug supplies of our product candidates and to store critical components of our product candidates for us. Our business could be harmed if those third parties fail to provide us with sufficient quantities of product candidates or fail to do so at acceptable quality levels or prices. We do not currently have the infrastructure or capability internally to manufacture supplies of our product candidates for use in our nonclinical and clinical studies, and we lack the resources and the capability to manufacture any of our product candidates on a clinical or commercial scale. We rely on third-party manufacturers to manufacture and supply us with our product candidates for our preclinical and clinical studies as well as to establish commercial supplies of our product candidates. Successfully transferring complicated manufacturing techniques to contract manufacturing organizations and scaling up these techniques for commercial quantities is time consuming and we may 74 Table of Contents not be able to achieve such transfer or do so in a timely manner. Moreover, the availability of contract manufacturing services for protein-based therapeutics is highly variable and there are periods of relatively abundant capacity alternating with periods in which there is little available capacity. If our need for contract manufacturing services increases during a period of industry-wide production capacity shortage, we may not be able to produce our product candidates on a timely basis or on commercially viable terms. Although we will plan accordingly and generally do not begin a clinical study unless we believe we have a sufficient supply of a product candidate to complete such study, any significant delay or discontinuation in the supply of a product candidate for an ongoing clinical study due to the need to replace a third-party manufacturer could considerably delay completion of our clinical studies, product testing and potential regulatory approval of our product candidates, which could harm our business and results of operations. Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails additional risks, including reliance on the third party for regulatory compliance and quality assurance, the possible breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third party and the possible termination or nonrenewal of the agreement by the third party at a time that is costly or inconvenient for us. In addition, third-party manufacturers may not be able to comply with cGMP or similar regulatory requirements outside the United States. Our failure or the failure of our third-party manufacturers to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our product candidates or any other product candidates or products that we may develop. Any failure or refusal to supply the components for our product candidates that we may develop could delay, prevent or impair our clinical development or commercialization efforts. If our contract manufacturers were to breach or terminate their manufacturing arrangements with us, the development or commercialization of the affected products or product candidates could be delayed, which could have an adverse effect on our business. Any change in our manufacturers could be costly because the commercial terms of any new arrangement could be less favorable and because the expenses relating to the transfer of necessary technology and processes could be significant. If any of our product candidates are approved, in order to produce the quantities necessary to meet anticipated market demand, any contract manufacturer that we engage may need to increase manufacturing capacity. If we are unable to build and stock our product candidates in sufficient quantities to meet the requirements for the launch of these candidates or to meet future demand, our revenue and gross margins could be adversely affected. Although we believe that we will not have any material supply issues, we cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain long-term supply arrangements for our product candidates or materials used to produce them on acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to arrange for third-party manufacturing, or to do so on commercially reasonable terms, we may not be able to complete development of our product candidates or market them. We are dependent on Junshi Biosciences, Bioeq and Orox for the commercialization of our product candidates in certain markets and we intend to seek additional commercialization partners for major markets, and the failure to commercialize in those markets could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results. We have exclusive licenses from Junshi Biosciences to develop and commercialize LOQTORZI and CHS-006 in the United States and Canada. We have an exclusive license from Bioeq to commercialize CIMERLI in the United States. Our licensors are responsible for supplying us with drug substance and final drug products. Our exclusive licensee, Orox, is responsible for commercialization of certain of our products and product candidates, including UDENYCA and YUSIMRY in certain Caribbean and Latin American countries (excluding Brazil, and in the case of UDENYCA, also excluding Argentina). Our licenses with Junshi Biosciences, Bioeq, Orox, or other future license or collaboration agreements, may not result in positive outcomes. Factors that may affect the success of our licenses and collaborations include, but are not limited to, the following: 75 Table of Contents ● our existing and potential collaboration partners may fail to provide sufficient amounts of commercial products, including because of import restrictions, or they may be ineffective in doing so; ● our existing and potential collaboration partners may fail regulatory inspections or RRAs which may preclude or delay the delivery of commercial products; ● our existing and potential collaboration partners may fail to exercise commercially reasonable efforts to market and sell our products in their respective licensed jurisdictions or they may be ineffective in doing so; ● our existing and potential licensees and collaboration partners may incur financial, legal or other difficulties that force them to limit or reduce their participation in our joint projects; ● our existing and potential licensees and collaboration partners may terminate their licenses or collaborations with us, which could make it difficult for us to attract new partners or adversely affect perception of us in the business and financial communities; and ● our existing and potential licensees and collaboration partners may choose to pursue alternative, higher priority programs, which could affect their commitment to us. Moreover, any disputes with our licensees and collaboration partners will substantially divert the attention of our senior management from other business activities and will require us to incur substantial costs associated with litigation or arbitration proceedings. If we cannot maintain successful license and collaboration arrangements, our business, financial condition and operating results may be adversely affected. ​ Risks Related to Manufacturing and Supply Chain We are subject to a multitude of manufacturing risks and the risks of inaccurately forecasting sales of our products. Any adverse developments affecting the manufacturing operations of our product candidates could substantially increase our costs and limit supply for our product candidates. The process of manufacturing our product candidates is complex, highly regulated and subject to several risks, including but not limited to: ● product loss due to contamination, equipment failure or improper installation or operation of equipment or vendor or operator error; ● equipment failures, labor shortages, natural disasters, power failures and numerous other factors associated with the manufacturing facilities in which our product candidates are produced, and potentially exacerbated by climate change; and ● disruption of supply chains for critical and specialized raw materials, delays in regulatory inspections of manufacturing and testing facilities, and reduced manufacturing capacities created by global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. We have experienced reduced production yields, product defects and other supply disruptions. For example, we have experienced failures with respect to the manufacturing of certain lots of each of our product candidates resulting in delays prior to our taking corrective action. Additionally, if microbial, viral or other contaminations are discovered in our product candidates or in the manufacturing facilities in which our product candidates are made, such manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination. Any adverse developments affecting manufacturing operations for our product candidates, including due to sudden or long-term changes in weather patterns, may result in shipment delays, inventory shortages, lot failures, withdrawals or recalls or other interruptions in the supply of our product candidates. We may also have to take inventory write-offs and incur other charges and expenses for products that are manufactured in reliance on a forecast that proves to be inaccurate because we do not sell as many units as forecasted. For example, during the third quarter of 2022, we 76 Table of Contents recorded a $26.0 million write-down of inventory that was at risk of expiration. Although we believe that the assumptions that we use in estimating inventory write-downs are reasonable, additional write-downs of inventory may be required in the future if actual market conditions are less favorable than our projections, which could materially and adversely impact our financial results. In addition to such write-offs, we may also have to incur charges and expenses related to firm purchase commitments or for product candidates that fail to meet specifications, undertake costly remediation efforts or seek costlier manufacturing alternatives. We currently engage single suppliers for manufacture, clinical trial services, formulation development and product testing of our product candidates. The loss of any of these suppliers or vendors could materially and adversely affect our business. For our products and our product candidates, we currently engage a distinct vendor or service provider for each of the principal activities supporting our manufacture and development of these products, such as manufacture of the biological substance present in each of the products, manufacture of the final filled and finished presentation of these products, as well as laboratory testing, formulation development and clinical testing of these products. For example, in September 2022 we entered into the Bioeq Manufacturing Agreement for our supply of CIMERLI. Because we currently have engaged a limited number of back-up suppliers or vendors for these single-sourced services, and although we believe that there are alternate sources that could fulfill these activities, we cannot assure you that identifying and establishing relationships with alternate suppliers and vendors would not result in significant delay in the development of our product candidates. Additional delays or cost increases could occur due to the direct or indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. Additionally, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative service providers on commercially reasonable terms or at all. A delay in the development of our product candidates, or having to enter into a new agreement with a different third party on less favorable terms than we have with our current suppliers, could have a material adverse impact on our business. We and our collaboration partners and contract manufacturers are subject to significant regulation with respect to manufacturing our product candidates. The manufacturing facilities on which we rely may not continue to meet regulatory requirements or may not be able to meet supply demands. All entities involved in the preparation of therapeutics for clinical studies or commercial sale, including our existing contract manufacturers for our product candidates, are subject to extensive regulation. Components of a finished therapeutic product approved for commercial sale or used in clinical studies must be manufactured in accordance with cGMP. These regulations govern manufacturing processes and procedures (including record keeping) and the implementation and operation of quality systems to control and assure the quality of investigational products and products approved for sale. Poor control of production processes can lead to the introduction of contaminants or to inadvertent changes in the properties or stability of our product candidates that may not be detectable in final product testing. We, our collaboration partners, or our contract manufacturers must supply all necessary documentation in support of a Section 351(k) BLA, original BLA, NDA or MAA on a timely basis and must adhere to GLP and cGMP regulations enforced by the FDA and other regulatory agencies through their facilities inspection program. Some of our contract manufacturers may have never produced a commercially approved pharmaceutical product and therefore have not obtained the requisite regulatory authority approvals to do so. The facilities and quality systems of some or all of our collaboration partners and third-party contractors must pass a pre-approval inspection for compliance with the applicable regulations as a condition of regulatory approval of our product candidates or any of our other potential products. In addition, the regulatory authorities may, at any time, audit or inspect a manufacturing facility involved with the preparation of our product candidates or our other potential products or the associated quality systems for compliance with the regulations applicable to the activities being conducted. Although we oversee the contract manufacturers, we cannot control the manufacturing process of, and are completely dependent on, our contract manufacturing partners for compliance with the regulatory requirements. If these facilities do not pass a pre-approval plant inspection, regulatory approval of the products may not be granted or may be substantially delayed until any violations are corrected to the satisfaction of the regulatory authority, if ever. 77 Table of Contents The regulatory authorities also may, at any time following approval of a product for sale, inspect, audit or initiate an RRA of the manufacturing facilities of our collaboration partners and third-party contractors. If any such inspection, audit or RRA identifies a failure to comply with applicable regulations or if a violation of our product specifications or applicable regulations occurs independent of such an inspection, audit or RRA, we or the relevant regulatory authority may require remedial measures that may be costly and/or time consuming for us or a third party to implement and that may include the temporary or permanent suspension of a clinical study or commercial sales or the temporary or permanent closure of a facility. Any such remedial measures imposed upon us or third parties with whom we contract could materially harm our business. If we, our collaboration partners or any of our third-party manufacturers fail to maintain regulatory compliance, the FDA or other applicable regulatory authority can impose regulatory sanctions including, among other things, refusal to approve a pending application for a new product candidate, withdrawal of an approval or suspension of production. As a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially harmed. Additionally, if supply from one approved manufacturer is interrupted, an alternative manufacturer would need to be qualified through a PAS, NDA supplement or MAA variation or equivalent foreign regulatory filing, which could result in further delay. The regulatory agencies may also require additional studies if a new manufacturer is relied upon for commercial production. Switching manufacturers may involve substantial costs and is likely to result in a delay in our desired clinical and commercial timelines. These factors could cause us to incur additional costs and could cause the delay or termination of clinical studies, regulatory submissions, required approvals or commercialization of our product candidates. Furthermore, if our suppliers fail to meet contractual requirements and we are unable to secure one or more replacement suppliers capable of production at a substantially equivalent cost, our clinical studies may be delayed or we could lose potential revenue. The structure of complex proteins used in protein-based therapeutics is inherently variable and highly dependent on the processes and conditions used to manufacture them. If we are unable to develop manufacturing processes that achieve a requisite degree of biosimilarity to the originator drug, and within a range of variability considered acceptable by regulatory authorities, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for our biosimilar products. Protein-based therapeutics are inherently heterogeneous and their structures are highly dependent on the production process and conditions. Products from one production facility can differ within an acceptable range from those produced in another facility. Similarly, physicochemical differences can also exist among different lots produced within a single facility. The physicochemical complexity and size of biologic therapeutics create significant technical and scientific challenges in the context of their replication as biosimilar products. The inherent variability in protein structure from one production lot to another is a fundamental consideration with respect to establishing biosimilarity to an originator product to support regulatory approval requirements. For example, the glycosylation of the protein, meaning the manner in which sugar molecules are attached to the protein backbone of a therapeutic protein when it is produced in a living cell, is critical to therapeutic efficacy, half-life, efficacy and even safety of the therapeutic and is therefore a key consideration for biosimilarity. Defining and understanding the variability of an originator molecule in order to match its glycosylation profile requires significant skill in cell biology, protein purification and analytical protein chemistry. Furthermore, manufacturing proteins with reliable and consistent glycosylation profiles at scale is challenging and highly dependent on the skill of the cell biologist and process scientist. There are extraordinary technical challenges in developing complex protein-based therapeutics that not only must achieve an acceptable degree of similarity to the originator molecule in terms of characteristics such as the unique glycosylation pattern, but also the ability to develop manufacturing processes that can replicate the necessary structural characteristics within an acceptable range of variability sufficient to satisfy regulatory authorities. 78 Table of Contents Given the challenges caused by the inherent variability in protein production, we may not be successful in developing our biosimilar products if regulators conclude that we have not achieved a sufficient level of biosimilarity to the originator product, or that the processes we use are unable to generate our products within an acceptable range of variability. Risks Related to Adverse Events Our products or our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could, as applicable, delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if granted. As with most pharmaceutical products, use of our products or our product candidates could be associated with side effects or adverse events, which can vary in severity (from minor reactions to death) and frequency (infrequent or prevalent). Side effects or adverse events associated with the use of our product candidates may be observed at any time, including in clinical trials or when a product is commercialized. Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical studies and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other comparable foreign authorities. Results of our studies could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of side effects such as toxicity or other safety issues and could require us or our collaboration partners to perform additional studies or halt development or sale of these product candidates or expose us to product liability lawsuits, which will harm our business. In such an event, we may be required by regulatory agencies to conduct additional animal or human studies regarding the safety and efficacy of our product candidates, which we have not planned or anticipated or our studies could be suspended or terminated, and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of or deny or withdraw approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. There can be no assurance that we will resolve any issues related to any product-related adverse events to the satisfaction of the FDA or any other regulatory agency in a timely manner, if ever, which could harm our business, prospects and financial condition. Additionally, product quality characteristics have been shown to be sensitive to changes in process conditions, manufacturing techniques, equipment or sites and other such related considerations, hence any manufacturing process changes we implement prior to or after regulatory approval could impact product safety and efficacy. Drug-related side effects could affect patient recruitment for clinical trials, the ability of enrolled patients to complete our studies or result in potential product liability claims. We currently carry product liability insurance and we are required to maintain product liability insurance pursuant to certain of our license agreements. We believe our product liability insurance coverage is sufficient in light of our current clinical programs; however, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due to liability. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could adversely affect our results of operations and business. In addition, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in impairment of our business reputation, withdrawal of clinical study participants, costs due to related litigation, distraction of management’s attention from our primary business, initiation of investigations by regulators, substantial monetary awards to patients or other claimants, the inability to commercialize our product candidates and decreased demand for our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale. Additionally, if one or more of our product candidates receives marketing approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such products, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including but not limited to: ● regulatory authorities may withdraw approvals of such product; ● regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the label; ● we may be required to create a REMS plan, which could include a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients, a communication plan for healthcare providers and/or other 79 Table of Contents elements to assure safe use; ● we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients; and ● our reputation may suffer. Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular product candidate, if approved, and could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects. If we receive approval for our product candidates, regulatory agencies including the FDA and foreign regulatory agencies, regulations require that we report certain information about adverse medical events if those products may have caused or contributed to those adverse events. The timing of our obligation to report would be triggered by the date we become aware of the adverse event as well as the nature of the event. We may fail to report adverse events we become aware of within the prescribed timeframe. We may also fail to appreciate that we have become aware of a reportable adverse event, especially if it is not reported to us as an adverse event or if it is an adverse event that is unexpected or removed in time from the use of our products. If we fail to comply with our reporting obligations, the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies could take action including criminal prosecution, the imposition of civil monetary penalties, seizure of our products or extended delay in approval or clearance of future products. Adverse events involving an originator product, or other biosimilars of such originator product, may negatively affect our business. In the event that use of an originator product, or other biosimilar for such originator product, results in unanticipated side effects or other adverse events, it is likely that our biosimilar product candidate will be viewed comparably and may become subject to the same scrutiny and regulatory sanctions as the originator product or other biosimilar, as applicable. Accordingly, we may become subject to regulatory supervisions, clinical holds, product recalls or other regulatory actions for matters outside of our control that affect the originator product, or other biosimilar, as applicable, if and until we are able to demonstrate to the satisfaction of our regulators that our biosimilar product candidate is not subject to the same issues leading to the regulatory action as the originator product or other biosimilar, as applicable. Risks Related to Intellectual Property If we infringe or are alleged to infringe intellectual property rights of third parties, our business could be harmed. Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts. Our commercial success depends in large part on avoiding infringement of the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. There have been many lawsuits and other proceedings involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical industry, including patent infringement lawsuits, interferences, oppositions and reexamination proceedings before the USPTO and corresponding foreign patent offices. Numerous United States and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we are developing product candidates. As the pharmaceutical industry expands and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our product candidates may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties. Our research, development and commercialization activities may infringe or otherwise violate or be claimed to infringe or otherwise violate patents owned or controlled by other parties. The companies that originated the products for which we introduced biosimilar versions, such as Amgen, AbbVie and Genentech, as well as other competitors (including other companies developing biosimilars) have developed, and are continuing to develop, worldwide patent portfolios of varying sizes and breadth, many of which are in fields relating to our business, and it may not always be clear to industry participants, including us, which patents cover various types of products or methods of use. 80 Table of Contents Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. We are aware of third-party patents or patent applications with claims, for example, to compositions, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of our product candidates. While we have conducted freedom to operate analyses with respect to our products and our product candidates, including our in-licensed biosimilar candidates, as well as our pipeline candidates, we cannot guarantee that any of our analyses are complete and thorough, nor can we be sure that we have identified each patent and pending application in the United States and abroad that is relevant or necessary to the commercialization of our product candidates. Moreover, because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications that may later result in issued patents covering our product candidates. With respect to products we are evaluating for inclusion in our future product pipeline, our freedom to operate analyses, including our research on the timing of potentially relevant patent expirations, are ongoing. There may also be patent applications that have been filed but not published and if such applications issue as patents, they could be asserted against us. For example, in most cases, a patent filed today would not become known to industry participants for at least 18 months given patent rules applicable in most jurisdictions, which do not require publication of patent applications until 18 months after filing. Moreover, some United States patents may issue without any prior publication in cases where the patent applicant does not also make a foreign filing. We may also face claims from non-practicing entities that have no relevant product revenue and against whom our own patent portfolio may have no deterrent effect. In addition, coverage of patents is subject to interpretation by the courts, and the interpretation is not always uniform. If we are sued for patent infringement, we would need to demonstrate that our product candidates, products or methods either do not infringe the patent claims of the relevant patent or that the patent claims are invalid and/or unenforceable, and we may not be able to do this. Proving that a patent is invalid or unenforceable is difficult. For example, in the United States, proving invalidity requires a showing of clear and convincing evidence to overcome the presumption of validity enjoyed by issued patents. Also in proceedings before courts in Europe, the burden of proving invalidity of the patent usually rests on the party alleging invalidity. Even if we are successful in these proceedings, we may incur substantial costs and the time and attention of our management and scientific personnel could be diverted in pursuing these proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, we may not have sufficient resources to bring these actions to a successful conclusion. Third parties could bring claims against us that would cause us to incur substantial expenses and, if successful against us, could cause us to pay substantial monetary damages. Further, if a patent infringement suit were brought against us, we could be forced to stop or delay research, development, manufacturing or sales of the product or product candidate that is the subject of the suit. Ultimately, we could be prevented from commercializing a product or be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations, if, as a result of actual or threatened patent infringement claims, we are unable to enter into licenses on commercially acceptable terms or at all. If, as a result of patent infringement claims or to avoid potential claims, we choose or are required to seek licenses from third parties, these licenses may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. Even if we are able to obtain a license, the license may obligate us to pay substantial license fees or royalties or both, and the rights granted to us might be nonexclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property. Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would likely involve substantial litigation expense and would likely be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may, in addition to being blocked from the market, have to pay substantial monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, pay royalties, redesign our infringing products or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. On May 10, 2017, Amgen Inc. and Amgen Manufacturing Inc. filed an action against us in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware alleging infringement of one or more claims of Amgen’s US patent 8,273,707 (the “‘707 patent”) under 35 U.S.C. § 271. The complaint seeks injunctive relief, monetary damages and attorney fees. On December 7, 2017, the United States Magistrate Judge issued under seal a Report and Recommendation to the District 81 Table of Contents Court recommending that the District Court grant, with prejudice, our pending motion to dismiss Amgen’s complaint for failure to state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). On March 26, 2018, Judge Stark of the District Court adopted the United States Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation to grant our motion pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) to dismiss with prejudice the patent infringement complaint alleging infringement of the ‘707 patent on the grounds that such complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. In May 2018, Amgen filed a Notice of Appeal in the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. We and Amgen filed briefs in this matter and oral argument was held on May 8, 2019. On July 29, 2019, the Federal Circuit issued a precedential opinion affirming the District Court’s judgment in our favor. The Federal Circuit held that the doctrine of prosecution history estoppel barred Amgen from succeeding on its infringement claim and affirmed the District Court’s dismissal. In a Joint Status Report, dated September 20, 2019, Amgen stated that it does not intend to further appeal the Federal Circuit’s decision. On October 11, 2019, we filed a Motion for Attorneys’ Fees with the District Court. Amgen filed its Answering Brief in Opposition on November 8, 2019. On November 22, 2019, we filed our Reply Brief with the District Court. On November 30, 2020, the District Court issued an order denying our motion. On January 24, 2019, we entered into settlement and license agreements with AbbVie, that grant us global, royalty-bearing, non-exclusive license rights under AbbVie’s intellectual property to commercialize YUSIMRY. The global settlements resolved all then pending disputes between the parties related to YUSIMRY. Under the United States settlement, our license period in the United States commences on July 1, 2023. In addition to infringement claims against us, we may become a party to other patent litigation and other proceedings, including interference, IPR, derivation or post-grant proceedings declared or granted by the USPTO and similar proceedings in foreign countries, regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our current or future products. An unfavorable outcome in any such proceeding could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party or could cause us to lose valuable intellectual property rights. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms, if any license is offered at all. Litigation or other proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. We may also become involved in disputes with others regarding the ownership of intellectual property rights. For example, we jointly develop intellectual property with certain parties, and disagreements may therefore arise as to the ownership of the intellectual property developed pursuant to these relationships. If we are unable to resolve these disputes, we could lose valuable intellectual property rights. Third parties may submit applications for patent term extensions in the United States or other jurisdictions where similar extensions are available and/or Supplementary Protection Certificates in the E.U. states and Switzerland seeking to extend certain patent protection, which, if approved, may interfere with or delay the launch of one or more of our products. The cost to us of any patent litigation or other proceeding, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. Patent litigation and other proceedings may fail, and even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. The companies that originated the products for which we intend to introduce biosimilar versions, as well as other competitors (including other biosimilar companies) may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their substantially greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could impair our ability to compete in the marketplace. 82 Table of Contents We do not know whether any of our pending patent applications will result in the issuance of any patents or whether the rights granted under any patents issuing from these applications will prevent any of our competitors from marketing similar products that may be competitive with our own. Moreover, even if we do obtain issued patents, they will not guarantee us the right to use our patented technology for commercialization of our product candidates. Third parties may have blocking patents that could prevent us from commercializing our own products, even if our products use or embody our own, patented inventions. The validity and enforceability of patents are generally uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. Any patents that may issue on our pending applications may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, which could limit our ability to stop competitors from marketing products similar to ours. Furthermore, our competitors may develop similar or alternative technologies not covered by any patents that may issue to us. For technologies for which we do not seek patent protection, we may rely on trade secrets to protect our proprietary position. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We seek to protect our technology and product candidates, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with those who have access to our confidential information, including our employees, consultants, advisors, contractors or collaborators. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our proprietary technology and processes by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. While we have confidence in these individuals, organizations and systems, agreements or security measures may be breached and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our employees, consultants, advisors, contractors and collaborators use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. We may be involved in lawsuits or IPR proceedings to protect or enforce our patents, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful. We may discover that competitors are infringing our issued patents. Expensive and time-consuming litigation may be required to abate such infringement. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. If we or one of our collaboration partners were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our product candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product candidate is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including but not limited to lack of novelty, obviousness or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could include an allegation that someone involved in the prosecution of the patent withheld relevant or material information related to the patentability of the invention from the USPTO or made a misleading statement during prosecution. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. Interference proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us or declared by the USPTO may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if we cannot obtain a license from the prevailing party on commercially reasonable terms. Third parties may request an IPR of our patents in the USPTO. An unfavorable decision may result in the revocation of our patent or a limitation to the scope of the claims of our patents. Our defense of litigation, interference or IPR proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our clinical trials, continue our research programs, license necessary technology from third parties or enter into development partnerships that would help us bring our product candidates to market. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during any 83 Table of Contents litigation we initiate to enforce our patents. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock. We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties or that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers. We employ individuals, retain independent contractors and consultants and members on our board of directors or scientific advisory board who were previously employed at universities or other pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. For example, our Chief Executive Officer, Dennis M. Lanfear is a former employee of Amgen. Mr. Lanfear was employed at Amgen during periods when Amgen’s operations included the development and commercialization of Neulasta. Senior members of our commercial team and medical affairs team who will be responsible for any launch of additional presentations of UDENYCA formerly held positions at Amgen. Our board of directors and scientific advisory board include members who were former employees of Genentech, Amgen and Abbott Laboratories. Although we have procedures in place to try to ensure that our employees, consultants and independent contractors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees or consultants have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of a former employer or other third parties. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel, which could adversely impact our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees. On March 3, 2017, Amgen filed an action against us, KBI Biopharma, our employee Howard S. Weiser and Does 1-20 in the Superior Court of the State of California, County of Ventura. The complaint, which was amended, alleged that we engaged in unfair competition and improperly solicited and hired certain former Amgen employees in order to acquire and access trade secrets and other confidential information belonging to Amgen. The complaint, as amended, sought injunctive relief and monetary damages. On May 2, 2019, we and Amgen settled the trade secret action brought by Amgen. The details of the settlement are confidential but we will continue to market UDENYCA and began paying a mid-single digit royalty to Amgen for five years starting on July 1, 2019. If we fail to comply with our obligations in the agreements under which we license intellectual property and other rights from third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we could lose license rights that are important to our business. We are a party to certain non-exclusive intellectual property license agreements with certain vendors (pertaining to mammalian cell lines), with Genentech (pertaining to Genentech’s intellectual property related to CIMERLI) and with AbbVie (pertaining to AbbVie’s intellectual property related to YUSIMRY) that are important to our business, and we expect to enter into additional license agreements in the future. Our existing license agreements impose, and we expect that future license agreements will impose, various diligence, milestone payment, royalty and other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with our obligations under these agreements or we are subject to a bankruptcy, we may be required to make certain payments to the licensor, we may lose the license or the licensor may have the right to terminate the license, in which event we would not be able to develop or market products covered by the license. Additionally, the milestone and other payments associated with these licenses will make it less profitable for us to develop our product candidates. In the event we breach any of our obligations related to such agreements, we may incur significant liability to our licensing partners. Disputes may arise regarding intellectual property subject to a licensing agreement, including but not limited to: ● the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues; 84 Table of Contents ● the extent to which our technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the licensing agreement; ● the sublicensing of patents and other rights; ● our diligence obligations under the license agreement and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations; ● the ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and us and our collaborators; and ● the priority of invention of patented technology. If disputes over intellectual property and other rights that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates and that could have a material adverse effect on our business. We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to our product candidates through acquisitions and in-licenses. We currently have rights to certain intellectual property, through licenses from third parties and under patent applications that we own, to develop our product candidates. Because we may find that our programs require the use of proprietary rights held by third parties, the growth of our business may depend in part on our ability to acquire, in-license or use these proprietary rights. We may be unable to acquire or in-license compositions, methods of use, processes or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify as necessary for our product candidates. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and a number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, financial resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment. We may also get into disputes or litigation with third parties from whom we license intellectual property rights necessary for the sale of our products. For example, on June 6, 2023 we received a notice letter from AbbVie alleging that we breached our settlement and license agreement with AbbVie (the “AbbVie Agreement”), which grants us a royalty-bearing, non-exclusive license under AbbVie’s intellectual property rights to commercialize YUSIMRY in the United States commencing on July 1, 2023, because of our announcement on June 1, 2023 of our pricing agreement with Mark Cuban Cost Plus Drug Company, PBC and its plans to offer YUSIMRY to its customers beginning in July 2023. The parties engaged in discussions to resolve the dispute and on June 14, 2023 entered into a stipulation resolving our motion for temporary restraining order, whereby AbbVie agreed that it will not seek to terminate the AbbVie Agreement based on its June 6, 2023 notice and that it will not terminate the AbbVie Agreement unless it first serves a new notice of breach and affords us an opportunity to cure any alleged breach. If we are unable to successfully obtain required third-party intellectual property rights or maintain the existing intellectual property rights we have, we may have to abandon development of that program and our business and financial condition could suffer. Our ability to market our products in the United States may be significantly delayed or prevented by the BPCIA patent dispute resolution mechanism. The BPCIA created an elaborate and complex patent dispute resolution mechanism for biosimilars that, if we choose to implement it, could prevent us from launching our product candidates in the United States or could substantially delay such launches. However, even if we elect not to implement this mechanism, the launch of our products in the United States could still be prevented or substantially delayed by intellectual property disputes with originator companies that market the reference products on which our biosimilar products are based. 85 Table of Contents The BPCIA establishes a patent disclosure and briefing process between the biosimilar applicant and the originator that is demanding and time-sensitive. While certain aspects of this process are still being tested in the federal courts, the United States Supreme Court, as discussed further below, ruled in 2017 that this process is not mandatory, such that a biosimilar applicant may elect to engage in this process, but is not required to do so. The following is an overview of the patent exchange and patent briefing procedures established by the BPCIA for biosimilar applicants that elect to employ them: 1. Disclosure of the Biosimilar Application. Within 20 days after the FDA publishes a notice that its application has been accepted for review, a Section 351(k) biosimilar applicant may elect to provide a copy of its application to the originator if it chooses to engage in the BPCIA patent exchange mechanism. 2. Identification of Pertinent Patents. Within 60 days of the date of receipt of the application the originator must identify patents owned or controlled by the originator, which it believes could be asserted against the biosimilar applicant. 3. Statement by the Biosimilar Applicant. Following the receipt of the originator’s patent list, the biosimilar applicant must state either that it will not market its product until the relevant patents have expired or alternatively provide its arguments that the patents are invalid, unenforceable or would not be infringed by the proposed biosimilar product candidate. The biosimilar applicant may also provide the originator with a list of patents it believes the brand-name firm could assert against the reference product. 4. Statement by the Originator. In the event the biosimilar applicant has asserted that the patents are invalid, unenforceable or would not be infringed by the proposed follow-on product, the originator must provide the biosimilar applicant with a response within 60 days. The response must provide the legal and factual basis of the opinion that such patent will be infringed by the commercial marketing of the proposed biosimilar. 5. Patent Resolution Negotiations. If the originator provides its detailed views that the proposed biosimilar would infringe valid and enforceable patents, then the parties are required to engage in good faith negotiations to identify which of the discussed patents will be the subject of a patent infringement action. If the parties agree on the patents to be litigated, the brand-name firm must bring an action for patent infringement within 30 days. 6. Simultaneous Exchange of Patents. If those negotiations do not result in an agreement within 15 days, then the biosimilar applicant must notify the originator of how many patents (but not the identity of those patents) that it wishes to litigate. Within five days, the parties are then required to exchange lists identifying the patents to be litigated. The number of patents identified by the originator may not exceed the number provided by the biosimilar applicant. However, if the biosimilar applicant previously indicated that no patents should be litigated, then the originator may identify one patent. 7. Commencement of Patent Litigation. The originator must then commence patent infringement litigation within 30 days. That litigation will involve all of the patents on the originator’s list and all of the patents on the follow-on applicant’s list. The follow-on applicant must then notify the FDA of the litigation. The FDA must then publish a notice of the litigation in the Federal Register. 8. Notice of Commercial Marketing. The BPCIA requires the biosimilar applicant to provide notice to the originator 180 days in advance of its first commercial marketing of its proposed follow-on biologic. The originator is allowed to seek a preliminary injunction blocking such marketing based upon any patents that either party had preliminarily identified but were not subject to the initial phase of patent litigation. The litigants are required to “reasonably cooperate to expedite such further discovery as is needed” with respect to the preliminary injunction motion. The federal courts have not yet settled the issue as to when, or under what circumstances, the biosimilar applicant must provide the 180-day notice of commercial marketing provided in the BPCIA. 86 Table of Contents On June 12, 2017, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Amgen v. Sandoz , holding that (i) the “patent dance” is optional; and (ii) the 180-day pre-marketing notification may be given either before or after receiving FDA approval of the biosimilar product. The Supreme Court declined to rule whether a state injunctive remedy may be available to the originator and remanded that question to the Federal Circuit for further consideration. On December 14, 2017, the Federal Circuit decided that state law claims are preempted by the BPCIA on both field and conflict grounds. A significant legal risk for a biosimilar applicant that pursues regulatory approval under the Section 351(k) regulatory approval route and also elects to engage in the above-described BPCIA patent exchange mechanism, is that the process could result in the initiation of patent infringement litigation prior to FDA approval of a Section 351(k) application, and such litigation could result in blocking the market entry of the biosimilar product. However, even if biosimilar applicants opt out of the BPCIA patent exchange process, originators will still have the right to assert patent infringement as a basis to enjoin a biosimilar product launch. Thus, whether or not we engage in the BPCIA patent exchange process, there is risk that patent infringement litigation initiated by originators could prevent us indefinitely from launching our biosimilar products. The legal and strategic considerations weighing for or against a decision to voluntarily engage in the BPCIA patent exchange process are complex and will differ on a product-by-product basis. If we decide to engage in the BPCIA patent exchange process, preparing for and conducting the patent exchange, briefing and negotiation process outlined above will require extraordinarily sophisticated legal counseling and extensive planning, all under extremely tight deadlines. Moreover, it may be difficult for us to secure or retain such legal support if large, well-funded originators have already entered into engagements with highly qualified law firms or if the most highly qualified law firms choose not to represent biosimilar applicants due to their long-standing relationships with originators. Under the complex, and uncertain rules of the BPCIA patent provisions, coupled with the inherent uncertainty surrounding the legal interpretation of any originator patents that might be asserted against us in this new process, we see substantial risk that the BPCIA process may significantly delay or defeat our ability to market our products in the United States, or may result in us incurring substantial legal settlement costs. Risks Related to the Discovery and Development of Our Product Candidates We are heavily dependent on the development, clinical success, regulatory approval and commercial success of our product candidates. We cannot give any assurance that any of our product candidates will receive regulatory approval, which is necessary before they can be commercialized. We invested substantially all of our efforts and financial resources to identify, acquire and develop our product candidates. Our future success is dependent on our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for, and then commercialize and obtain adequate third-party coverage and reimbursement for one or more of our product candidates. We currently have four approved products: UDENYCA, CIMERLI, YUSIMRY and LOQTORZI. ​ Our product candidates are in varying stages of development and will require additional clinical development, management of nonclinical, clinical and manufacturing activities, regulatory approval, adequate manufacturing supplies, commercial organization and significant marketing efforts before we generate any revenue from product sales. Other than certain pharmacokinetic bridging studies, we have not initiated phase 3 clinical trials for other product candidates in our pipeline. It may be some time before we file for market approval with the relevant regulatory agencies for these product candidates. 87 Table of Contents We cannot be certain that any of our product candidates will be successful in clinical trials or receive regulatory approval. Further, our product candidates may not receive regulatory approval even if they are successful in clinical trials. If we and our existing or future collaboration partners do not receive regulatory approvals for our product candidates, we may not be able to continue our operations. We, together with our collaboration partners, generally plan to seek regulatory approval to commercialize our product candidates in the United States, the E.U., and additional foreign countries where we or our partners have commercial rights. To obtain regulatory approval, we and our collaboration partners must comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of such countries regarding safety, efficacy, chemistry, manufacturing and controls, clinical studies, commercial sales, and pricing and distribution of our product candidates. Even if we and our collaboration partners are successful in obtaining approval in one jurisdiction, we cannot ensure that we will obtain approval in any other jurisdictions. If we and our collaboration partners are unable to obtain approval for our product candidates in multiple jurisdictions, our revenue and results of operations could be negatively affected. The regulatory approval processes of the FDA, EMA and comparable foreign authorities are lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable, and the regulatory approval requirements for biosimilars are evolving. If we and our collaboration partners are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, our business will be substantially harmed. The research, development, testing, manufacturing, labeling, packaging, approval, promotion, advertising, storage, marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting and export and import of biologic and biosimilar products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory authorities in the United States, by the EMA and EEA Competent Authorities in the European Economic Area (“EEA”), and by other regulatory authorities in other countries, where regulations differ from country to country. Neither we nor any existing or future collaboration partners are permitted to market our product candidates in the United States until we and our collaboration partners receive approval from the FDA, or in the EEA until we and our collaboration partners receive EC or EEA Competent Authority approvals. The time required to develop new products or obtain approval for new products by the FDA and comparable foreign authorities is unpredictable, may take many years following the completion of clinical studies and depends upon numerous factors. Further, applications to the Human Genetic Resources Administration of China (HGRAC) required for any activities, including development activities and data sharing with our partners in China, may result in product development delays. In addition, approval policies, regulations or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions, which may cause delays in the approval or the decision not to approve an application. For example, in 2020 during FDA’s review of Bioeq’s Section 351(k) BLA for CIMERLI, the FDA requested that Bioeq submit additional manufacturing data for the equipment in its new location, leading Bioeq to withdraw its Section 351(k) BLA for this candidate in order to provide the requested data and to resubmit the application thereafter. Neither we nor any collaboration partner has obtained regulatory approval for any of our products and product candidates, other than UDENYCA, which has received approval from the FDA and EMA, YUSIMRY, and CIMERLI which have received approval from the FDA, and LOQTORZI, which has received approval from the FDA and is also approved for use in China, and it is possible that none of our other current or future product candidates will ever obtain additional regulatory approvals. Applications for our product candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval for many reasons, including but not limited to the following: ● the data collected from clinical studies of our product candidates may not be sufficient to support the submission of an original BLA, an NDA, a Section 351(k) BLA, a biosimilar marketing authorization under 88 Table of Contents Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No. 726/2004 and/or Article 10(4) of Directive 2001/83/EC in the EEA or other submission or to obtain regulatory approval in the United States, the EEA or elsewhere; ● the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with the design or implementation of our clinical studies; ● the FDA may determine that the population studied in the clinical program may not be sufficiently broad or representative to assure safety and efficacy in the full population for which we seek approval, or that conclusions of clinical trials conducted in a single country or region outside the United States may not be generalizable to the patient population in the United States; ● the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from analytical and bioanalytical studies, nonclinical studies or clinical studies; ● we may be unable to demonstrate to the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities that a product candidate’s risk-benefit ratio for its proposed indication is acceptable; ● the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may fail to approve the manufacturing processes, test procedures and specifications or facilities of our collaborators or third-party manufacturers with which we contract for clinical and commercial supplies; and ● the approval policies or regulations of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may significantly change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval. This approval process, as well as the unpredictability of the results of clinical studies, may result in our failure to obtain regulatory approval to market any of our product candidates, which would significantly harm our business. Any delays in the commencement or completion of clinical testing could significantly impact our product development costs and could result in the need for additional financing. If we are not able to demonstrate biosimilarity of our biosimilar product candidates to the satisfaction of regulatory authorities, we will not obtain regulatory approval for commercial sale of our biosimilar product candidates and our future results of operations would be adversely affected. Our future results of operations depend, to a significant degree, on our ability to obtain regulatory approval for and to commercialize our proposed biosimilar products. To obtain regulatory approval for the commercial sale of these product candidates, we will be required to demonstrate to the satisfaction of regulatory authorities, among other things, that our proposed biosimilar products are highly similar to biological reference products already licensed by the regulatory authority pursuant to marketing applications, notwithstanding minor differences in clinically inactive components, and that they have no clinically meaningful differences as compared to the marketed biological products in terms of the safety, purity and potency of the products. Each individual jurisdiction may apply different criteria to assess biosimilarity, based on a preponderance of the evidence that can be interpreted subjectively in some cases. In the EEA, the similar nature of a biosimilar and a reference product is demonstrated by comprehensive comparability studies covering quality, biological activity, safety and efficacy. It is uncertain if regulatory authorities will grant the full originator label to biosimilar product candidates when they are approved. For example, an infliximab (Remicade) biosimilar molecule was approved in Europe and in the United States for the full originator label but received a much narrower originator label when initially approved in Canada. That infliximab biosimilar only received full label extension in Canada in 2016 after providing additional clinical data. A similar outcome could occur with respect to our product candidates and there is no guarantee that our product candidates will receive a full originator label even after the provision of additional clinical data. In the event that regulatory authorities require us to conduct additional clinical trials or other lengthy processes, the commercialization of our proposed biosimilar products could be delayed or prevented. Delays in the 89 Table of Contents commercialization of or the inability to obtain regulatory approval for these products could adversely affect our operating results by restricting or significantly delaying our introduction of new biosimilars. Clinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process and we may encounter substantial delays in our clinical studies or may fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory authorities. Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of our product candidates, we or our collaboration partners, or both, as the case may be, must conduct clinical studies to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product candidates in humans. Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical study process. The results of preclinical studies and early clinical studies of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical studies. Product candidates that have shown promising results in early-stage clinical studies may still suffer significant setbacks in subsequent registration clinical studies. There is a high failure rate for product candidates proceeding through clinical studies, and product candidates in later stages of clinical studies may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical studies. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical studies due to lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier studies. Nonclinical and clinical data are also often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses. We do not know whether any clinical studies we may conduct for our product candidates will demonstrate consistent or adequate efficacy and safety to obtain regulatory approval. Furthermore, biosimilar clinical studies must use originator products as comparators, and such supplies may not be available on a timely basis to support such trials. We cannot guarantee that any clinical studies will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. A failure of one or more clinical studies can occur at any stage of testing, and our future clinical studies may not be successful. Events that may prevent successful or timely completion of clinical development include but are not limited to: ● inability to generate sufficient preclinical, toxicology or other in vivo or in vitro data to support the initiation of human clinical studies; ● delays in reaching a consensus with regulatory agencies on study design; ● delays in reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective CROs, and clinical study sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and clinical study sites; ● delays in obtaining required IRB approval at each clinical study site; ● imposition of a clinical hold by regulatory agencies, after review of an IND or amendment or equivalent application or amendment, or an inspection of our clinical study operations or study sites or as a result of adverse events reported during a clinical trial; ● delays in recruiting suitable patients to participate in our clinical studies sponsored by us or our partners; ● difficulty collaborating with patient groups and investigators; ● failure by our CROs, other third parties or us to adhere to clinical study requirements; ● failure to perform in accordance with the FDA’s good clinical practices requirements or applicable regulatory guidelines in other countries; ● delays in patients completing participation in a study or return for post-treatment follow-up, or patients dropping out of a study; 90 Table of Contents ● occurrence of adverse events associated with the product candidate that are viewed to outweigh its potential benefits; ● changes in regulatory requirements and guidance that require amending or submitting new clinical protocols; ● the cost of clinical studies of our product candidates being greater than we anticipate; ● clinical studies of our product candidates producing negative or inconclusive results, which may result in us deciding or regulators requiring us to conduct additional clinical studies or abandon product development programs; and ● delays in manufacturing, testing, releasing, validating or importing/exporting and/or distributing sufficient stable quantities of our product candidates and originator products for use in clinical studies or the inability to do any of the foregoing. In addition, disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic may increase the likelihood that we encounter such difficulties or delays in initiating, enrolling, or conducting our planned clinical trials. Any inability to successfully complete nonclinical and clinical development could result in additional costs to us or impair our ability to generate revenue. In addition, if we make manufacturing or formulation changes to our product candidates, we may need to conduct additional studies to bridge our modified product candidates to earlier versions. The development, manufacture and commercialization of biosimilar products under various global regulatory pathways pose unique risks. We and our collaboration partners intend to pursue market authorization globally. In the United States, an abbreviated pathway for approval of biosimilar products was established by the BPCIA, enacted on March 23, 2010, as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (collectively, the “ACA”). The BPCIA established this abbreviated pathway under Section 351(k) of the PHSA. Subsequent to the enactment of the BPCIA, the FDA issued guidance documents regarding the demonstration of biosimilarity and interchangeability as well as the submission and review of biosimilar applications. Moreover, market acceptance of biosimilar products in the United States is unclear. Numerous states are considering or have already enacted laws that regulate or restrict the substitution by state pharmacies of biosimilars for originator products already licensed by the FDA. Market success of biosimilar products will depend on demonstrating to patients, physicians, payers and relevant authorities that such products are similar in quality, safety and efficacy as compared to the reference product. We will continue to analyze and incorporate into our biosimilar development plans any final regulations issued by the FDA, pharmacy substitution policies enacted by state governments and other applicable requirements established by relevant authorities. The costs of development and approval, along with the probability of success for our biosimilar product candidates, will be dependent upon the application of any laws and regulations issued by the relevant regulatory authorities. Biosimilar products may also be subject to extensive originator-controlled patent portfolios and patent infringement litigation, which may delay and could prevent the commercial launch of a product. Moreover, the BPCIA prohibits the FDA from accepting an application for a biosimilar candidate to a reference product within four years of the reference product’s licensure by the FDA. In addition, the BPCIA provides innovative biologics with 12 years of exclusivity from the date of their licensure, during which time the FDA cannot approve any application for a biosimilar candidate to the reference product. Under current E.U. regulations, an application for regulatory approval of a biosimilar drug cannot be submitted in the E.U. until expiration of an eight-year data exclusivity period for the reference (originator) product, measured from the date of the reference product’s initial marketing authorization. Furthermore, once approved, the biosimilar cannot be marketed until expiration of a ten-year period following the initial marketing authorization of the reference product, 91 Table of Contents such ten-year period being extendible to 11 years if the reference product received approval of an additional therapeutic indication, within the first eight years following its initial marketing authorization, representing a significant clinical benefit in comparison with existing therapies. In Europe, the approval of a biosimilar for marketing is based on an opinion issued by the EMA and a decision issued by the EC. Therefore, the marketing approval will cover the entire EEA. However, substitution of a biosimilar for the originator is a decision that is made at the national level. Additionally, a number of countries do not permit the automatic substitution of biosimilars for the originator product. Therefore, even if we obtain marketing approval for the entire EEA, we may not receive substitution in one or more European nations, thereby restricting our ability to market our products in those jurisdictions. Other regions, including Canada, Japan and South Korea, also have their own legislation outlining a regulatory pathway for the approval of biosimilars. In some cases other countries have either adopted European guidance (Singapore and Malaysia) or are following guidance issued by the World Health Organization (Cuba and Brazil). While there is overlap in the regulatory requirements across regions, there are also some areas of non-overlap. Additionally, we cannot predict whether countries that we may wish to market in which do not yet have an established or tested regulatory framework could decide to issue regulations or guidance and/or adopt a more conservative viewpoint than other regions. Therefore, it is possible that even if we obtain agreement from one health authority to an accelerated or optimized development plan, we will need to defer to the most conservative view to ensure global harmonization of the development plan. Also, for regions where regulatory authorities do not yet have sufficient experience in the review and approval of a biosimilar product, these authorities may rely on the approval from another region (e.g., the United States or the E.U.), which could delay our approval in that region. Finally, it is possible that some countries will not approve a biosimilar without clinical data from their population or may require that the biosimilar product be manufactured within their region, or some countries may require both. If other biosimilars of pegfilgrastim (Neulasta) or adalimumab (Humira) are determined to be interchangeable and our biosimilar products and product candidates for these originator products are not, our business could suffer. The FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may determine that a proposed biosimilar product is “interchangeable” with a reference product, meaning that the biosimilar product may be substituted for the reference product without the intervention of the health care provider who prescribed the reference product, if the application includes sufficient information to show that the product is biosimilar to the reference product and that it can be expected to produce the same clinical result as the reference product in any given patient. If the biosimilar product may be administered more than once to a patient, the applicant must demonstrate that the risk in terms of safety or diminished efficacy of alternating or switching between the biosimilar product candidate and the reference product is not greater than the risk of using the reference product without such alternation or switch. To make a final determination of interchangeability, regulatory authorities may require additional confirmatory information beyond what we plan to initially submit in our applications for approval, such as more in-depth analytical characterization, animal testing or further clinical studies. Provision of sufficient information for approval may prove difficult and expensive. We cannot predict whether any of our biosimilar products and product candidates will meet regulatory authority requirements for approval not only as a biosimilar product but also as an interchangeable product in any jurisdiction. Furthermore, legislation governing interchangeability could differ by jurisdiction on a state or national level worldwide. The labelling of “interchangeability” is important because, in the United States for example, the first biosimilar determined to be interchangeable with a particular reference, or originator, product for any condition of use is eligible for a period of market exclusivity that delays an FDA determination that a second or subsequent biosimilar product is interchangeable with that originator product for any condition of use until the earlier of: (1) one year after the first commercial marketing of the first interchangeable product; (2) 18 months after resolution of a patent infringement suit instituted under 42 U.S.C. § 262(l)(6) against the applicant that submitted the application for the first interchangeable product, based on a final court decision regarding all of the patents in the litigation or dismissal of the litigation with or without prejudice; (3) 42 months after approval of the first interchangeable product, if a patent infringement suit 92 Table of Contents instituted under 42 U.S.C. § 262(l)(6) against the applicant that submitted the application for the first interchangeable product is still ongoing; or (4) 18 months after approval of the first interchangeable product if the applicant that submitted the application for the first interchangeable product has not been sued under 42 U.S.C. § 262(l)(6). Thus, a determination that another company’s product is interchangeable with the originator biologic before we obtain approval of our corresponding biosimilar product candidates may delay the potential determination that our products are interchangeable with the originator product, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and delay, prevent or limit our ability to generate revenue. Failure to obtain regulatory approval in any targeted regulatory jurisdiction would prevent us from marketing our products to a larger patient population and reduce our commercial opportunities. We are marketing UDENYCA, CIMERLI and YUSIMRY in the United States, and subject to product approvals and relevant patent and settlement agreement expirations, we intend to market our other biosimilar products in the United States and outside the United States on our own or with future collaboration partners. We entered into a distribution agreement with our licensee Orox for the commercialization of biosimilar versions of etanercept (Enbrel) (for which we discontinued development), rituximab (Rituxan) (for which we discontinued development), adalimumab (Humira) and pegfilgrastim (Neulasta) in certain Caribbean and Latin American countries. We intend to market our biosimilar product candidates in the United States and may seek to partner commercially all biosimilars outside the United States. In order to market our products in the E.U., the United States and other jurisdictions, we and our collaboration partners must obtain separate regulatory approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. The EMA is responsible for the centralized procedure for the regulation and approval of human medicines. This procedure results in a single marketing authorization that is valid in all E.U. countries, as well as in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. The time required to obtain approval abroad may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. The foreign regulatory approval process may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval and we may not obtain foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries, and approval by one foreign regulatory authority does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries or by the FDA. We or our collaboration partners may not be able to file for regulatory approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market. Failure to obtain these approvals would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may not be successful in our efforts to identify, develop or commercialize additional product candidates. Although a substantial amount of our effort will focus on the continued clinical testing, potential approval and commercialization of our existing product candidates, the success of our business also depends upon our ability to identify, develop and commercialize additional product candidates. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential programs or product candidates that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful. Our development efforts may fail to yield additional product candidates suitable for clinical development and commercialization for a number of reasons, including but not limited to the following: ● we may not be successful in identifying potential product candidates that pass our strict screening criteria; ● we may not be able to overcome technological hurdles to development or a product candidate may not be capable of producing commercial quantities at an acceptable cost or at all; ● we may not be able to assemble sufficient resources to acquire or discover additional product candidates; ● our product candidates may not succeed in nonclinical or clinical testing; ● our potential product candidates may fail to show sufficient biosimilarity to originator molecules; and 93 Table of Contents ● competitors may develop alternatives that render our product candidates obsolete or less attractive or the market for a product candidate may change such that a product candidate may not justify further development. If any of these events occur, we may be forced to abandon our development efforts for a program or programs or we may not be able to identify, develop or commercialize additional product candidates, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and could potentially cause us to cease operations. Risks Related to Our Compliance with Applicable Laws Healthcare reform measures, including the IRA, may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval for and commercialize our products, affect the prices we may set, and have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. In the United States, there have been and continue to be a number of legislative initiatives to contain healthcare costs. For example, in March 2010, the ACA, was passed, which substantially changed the way health care is financed by both governmental and private insurers and has impacted and continues to impact the United States pharmaceutical industry. The ACA, among other things, modified the AMP definition under the MDRP for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected and not generally distributed through the retail channel; expanded rebate payments under the MDRP to include utilization by individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations; added a provision to increase the Medicaid rebate for line extension drugs; established annual fees and taxes on manufacturers of certain branded prescription drugs; expanded the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service 340B drug pricing program; and established the Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D. Since its enactment, there have been judicial, executive and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA. On June 17, 2021, the United States Supreme Court dismissed the most recent judicial challenge to the ACA brought by several states without specifically ruling on the constitutionality of the ACA. In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted. These changes include the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, which eliminates the statutory cap on the Medicaid drug rebate, currently set at 100% of a drug’s AMP, beginning January 1, 2024. Most significantly, on August 16, 2022, President Biden signed the IRA into law. This statute marks the most significant action by Congress with respect to the pharmaceutical industry since adoption of the ACA in 2010. Among other things, the IRA requires manufacturers of certain drugs to engage in price negotiations with Medicare (beginning in 2026), with prices that can be negotiated subject to a cap; imposes rebates under Medicare Part B and Medicare Part D to penalize price increases that outpace inflation (first due in 2023); and replaces the Part D coverage gap discount program with a new discounting program (beginning in 2025). The IRA permits the Secretary of HHS to implement many of these provisions through guidance, as opposed to regulation, for the initial years. HHS has and will continue to issue and update guidance as these programs are implemented. On August 29, 2023, HHS announced the list of the first ten drugs that will be subject to price negotiations, although the Medicare drug price negotiation program is currently subject to legal challenges. For that and other reasons, the impact of the IRA on our business and the pharmaceutical industry cannot yet be fully determined. If a product becomes subject to the IRA negotiation provision and related price cap, that may significantly alter the economic rationale for developing and commercializing a biosimilar. Additionally, in response to the Biden administration’s October 2022 executive order, on February 14, 2023, HHS released a report outlining three new models for testing by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation which will be evaluated on their ability to lower the cost of drugs, promote accessibility, and improve quality of care. It is unclear whether the models will be utilized in any health reform measures in the future. 94 Table of Contents The cost of prescription pharmaceuticals in the United States is likely to remain the subject of considerable discussion. There have been several Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted legislation designed to, among other things, reform government program reimbursement methodologies. The likelihood of implementation of these and other reform initiatives is uncertain. In the coming years, additional legislative and regulatory changes could be made to governmental health programs that could significantly impact pharmaceutical companies and the success of our product candidates. We expect that healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future may result in more rigorous coverage criteria, new payment methodologies and additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our product candidates. Individual states in the United States have also proposed and enacted legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access, marketing cost disclosure and other transparency measures, and, in some cases, measures designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for our product candidates or additional pricing pressures, such as a single reimbursement code for biosimilar products. We expect that healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future may result in more rigorous coverage criteria, new payment methodologies and additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our product candidates. In the E.U., similar political, economic and regulatory developments may affect our ability to profitably commercialize our product candidates, if approved. In addition to continuing pressure on prices and cost containment measures, legislative developments at the E.U. or member state level may result in significant additional requirements or obstacles that may increase our operating costs. The delivery of healthcare in the E.U., including the establishment and operation of health services and the pricing and reimbursement of medicines, is almost exclusively a matter for national, rather than E.U., law and policy. National governments and health service providers have different priorities and approaches to the delivery of health care and the pricing and reimbursement of products in that context. In general, however, the healthcare budgetary constraints in most E.U. member states have resulted in restrictions on the pricing and reimbursement of medicines by relevant health service providers. Coupled with ever-increasing E.U. and national regulatory burdens on those wishing to develop and market products, this could prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to commercialize our product candidates, if approved. In markets outside of the United States and E.U., reimbursement and healthcare payment systems vary significantly by country, and many countries have instituted price ceilings on specific products and therapies. 95 Table of Contents We may be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal and state healthcare laws, including fraud and abuse, false claims and physician payment transparency laws. If we are unable to comply or have not fully complied with such laws, we could face substantial penalties. Our operations are directly or indirectly through our customers subject to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the federal False Claims Act and physician sunshine laws and regulations. These laws impact, among other things, sales, marketing and education programs. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include: ● the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or in return for the purchase, recommendation, order or furnishing of an item or service reimbursable, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation; ● federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the False Claims Act, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting or causing to be presented claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payers that are false or fraudulent and which may apply to entities that provide coding and billing advice to customers. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act; ● federal civil monetary penalties laws, which impose civil fines for, among other things, the offering or transfer of remuneration to a Medicare or state healthcare program beneficiary if the person knows or should know it is likely to influence the beneficiary’s selection of a particular provider, practitioner, or supplier of services reimbursable by Medicare or a state healthcare program, unless an exception applies; ● HIPAA, which created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program and making false statements relating to healthcare matters. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation; ● federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws, which broadly regulate marketplace activities and activities that potentially harm consumers; ● the federal physician “sunshine” requirements under the ACA, which requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies to report annually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services information related to payments and other transfers of value made by such manufacturers to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists, chiropractors, and certain non-physician practitioners (physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, certified nurse anesthetists, anesthesiologist assistants and certified nurse midwives)), and teaching hospitals and ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members; and ● state and foreign law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws that may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payer, including commercial insurers, state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers and other potential referral sources; and state laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures and pricing information. 96 Table of Contents Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. In addition, recent health care reform legislation has strengthened these laws. Efforts to ensure that our operations and business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. If we are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from participation in government health care programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, imprisonment, additional reporting obligations and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. Further, defending against any such actions can be costly, time-consuming and may require significant personnel resources. Therefore, even if we are successful in defending against any such actions that may be brought against us, our business may be impaired. If we fail to comply with our reporting and payment obligations under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program or other governmental pricing programs in the United States, we could be subject to additional reimbursement requirements, penalties, sanctions and fines which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. We participate in governmental programs that impose drug price reporting, payment, and other compliance obligations on pharmaceutical manufacturers. Medicaid is a joint federal and state program for low-income and disabled beneficiaries. Medicare is a federal program that is administered by the federal government covering individuals age 65 and over as well as those with certain disabilities. Medicare Part B reimburses physicians who administer our products. Under the MDRP, as a condition of having federal funds available for our covered outpatient drugs under Medicaid and under Medicare Part B, we must enter into, and have entered into, an agreement with the Secretary of Health and Human Services to pay a rebate to state Medicaid programs for each unit of our covered outpatient drugs dispensed to a Medicaid beneficiary and paid for by the state Medicaid program. Medicaid rebates are based on pricing data that we are required to report on a monthly and quarterly basis to CMS, the federal agency that administers the MDRP and Medicare programs. For the MDRP, these data include the AMP for each drug and, in the case of innovator products, the Best Price, which represents the lowest price available from us to any wholesaler, retailer, provider, health maintenance organization, nonprofit entity, or governmental entity in the United States in any pricing structure, calculated to include all applicable sales and associated rebates, discounts and other price concessions. In connection with Medicare Part B, we must provide CMS with ASP information on a quarterly basis. CMS uses this information to compute Medicare Part B payment rates, which consist of ASP plus a specified percentage. If we become aware that our MDRP submissions for a prior period were incorrect or have changed as a result of recalculation of the pricing data, we must resubmit the corrected data for up to three years after those data originally were due. Pursuant to the IRA, the AMP and ASP figures we report will also be used to compute rebates under Medicare Part D and Medicare Part B triggered by price increases that outpace inflation. If we fail to provide information timely or are found to have knowingly submitted false information to CMS, we may be subject to civil monetary penalties and other sanctions, including termination from the MDRP. Federal law requires that any company that participates in the MDRP also participate in the Public Health Service’s 340B drug pricing program in order for federal funds to be available for the manufacturer’s drugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. The 340B program is administered by the HRSA and requires us to agree to charge statutorily defined covered entities no more than the 340B “ceiling price” for our covered drugs when used in an outpatient setting. These 340B covered entities include a variety of community health clinics and other entities that receive health services grants from the Public Health Service, as well as hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low-income patients. The 340B ceiling price is calculated using a statutory formula, which is based on the AMP and rebate amount for the covered outpatient drug as calculated under the MDRP. In general, products subject to Medicaid price reporting and rebate liability are also subject to the 340B ceiling price requirement. We must report 340B ceiling prices to HRSA on a quarterly basis, and HRSA publishes them to 340B covered entities. HRSA has finalized regulations regarding the calculation of the 97 Table of Contents 340B ceiling price and the imposition of civil monetary penalties on manufacturers that knowingly and intentionally overcharge covered entities for 340B eligible drugs. HRSA has also finalized an administrative dispute resolution process through which 340B covered entities may pursue claims against participating manufacturers for overcharges. In order to be eligible to have drug products paid for with federal funds under Medicaid and Medicare Part B and purchased by certain federal agencies and grantees, a pharmaceutical manufacturer must also participate in VA FSS pricing program. Under the VA FSS program, we must report the Non-FAMP for our covered drugs to the VA and charge certain federal agencies no more than the Federal Ceiling Price, which is calculated based on Non FAMP using a statutory formula. These four agencies are the VA, the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Coast Guard, and the U.S. Public Health Service (including the Indian Health Service). We must also pay rebates on products purchased by military personnel and dependents through the TRICARE retail pharmacy program. If a manufacturer participating in the FSS program fails to provide timely information or is found to have knowingly submitted false information, the manufacturer may be subject to civil monetary penalties. Individual states continue to consider and have enacted legislation to limit the growth of healthcare costs, including the cost of prescription drugs and combination products. A number of states have either implemented or are considering implementation of drug price transparency legislation that may prevent or limit our ability to take price increases at certain rates or frequencies. Requirements under such laws include advance notice of planned price increases, reporting price increase amounts and factors considered in taking such increases, wholesale acquisition cost information disclosure to prescribers, purchasers, and state agencies, and new product notice and reporting. Such legislation could limit the price or payment for certain drugs, and a number of states are authorized to impose civil monetary penalties or pursue other enforcement mechanisms against manufacturers for the untimely, inaccurate, or incomplete reporting of drug pricing information or for otherwise failing to comply with drug price transparency requirements. If we are found to have violated state law requirements, we may become subject to penalties or other enforcement mechanisms, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Pricing and rebate calculations vary across products and programs, are complex, and are often subject to interpretation by us, governmental or regulatory agencies, and the courts, which can change and evolve over time. Such pricing calculations and reporting, along with any necessary restatements and recalculations, could increase costs for complying with the laws and regulations governing the MDRP and other governmental programs, and under the MDRP could result in an overage or underage in Medicaid rebate liability for past quarters. Price recalculations under the MDRP also may affect the ceiling price at which we are required to offer products under the 340B program. Civil monetary penalties can be applied if we are found to have knowingly submitted any false price or product information to the government, if we are found to have made a misrepresentation in the reporting of ASP, if we fail to submit the required price data on a timely basis, or if we are found to have charged 340B covered entities more than the statutorily mandated ceiling price. CMS could also terminate our Medicaid drug rebate agreement, in which case federal payments may not be available under Medicaid or Medicare Part B for our covered outpatient drugs. We cannot assure you that our submissions will not be found by CMS or other governmental agencies to be incomplete or incorrect. Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile, and purchasers of our common stock could incur substantial losses. The market price of our common stock has been highly volatile since our Initial Public Offering (“IPO”) and the intraday sales price per share has ranged from $3.60 to $38.10 per share during the period from November 6, 2014 through September 30, 2023 and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include those discussed in the “Risk Factors” section of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and others such as: ● adverse results or delays in preclinical or clinical studies; 98 Table of Contents ● any inability to obtain additional funding; ● any delay in filing an IND, NDA, BLA, Section 351(k) BLA or other regulatory submission for any of our product candidates and any adverse development or perceived adverse development with respect to the applicable regulatory agency’s review of that IND, NDA, BLA, Section 351(k) BLA or other regulatory submission; ● the perception of limited market sizes or pricing for our products and product candidates; ● failure to successfully develop and commercialize our product candidates; ● post-marketing safety issues relating to our product candidates or biosimilars generally; ● failure to maintain our existing strategic collaborations or enter into new collaborations; ● failure by us or our licensors and strategic collaboration partners to prosecute, maintain or enforce our intellectual property rights; ● changes in laws or regulations applicable to our products; ● future outbreaks of COVID-19 and other viral pandemics; ● any inability to obtain adequate product supply for our product candidates or the inability to do so at acceptable prices; ● difficulties in the implementation of the shift in our clinical, commercial, manufacturing, regulatory, marketing and general historical focus on biosimilars to a new strategy to build a leading immuno-oncology franchise funded with cash generated by our commercial biosimilar business; ● adverse regulatory decisions; ● introduction of new products, services or technologies by our competitors; ● failure to meet or exceed financial projections we may provide to the public; ● failure to meet or exceed the financial projections of the investment community; ● the perception of the pharmaceutical industry by the public, legislatures, regulators and the investment community; ● announcements of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by us, our strategic collaboration partners or our competitors; ● disputes or other developments relating to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies; ● additions or departures of key scientific or management personnel; ● lawsuits, including but not limited to complaints initiated by stockholders, customers and collaboration partners, and litigation filed by us or filed against us pertaining to patent infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights; ● the outcomes of any citizen petitions filed by parties seeking to restrict or limit the approval of biosimilar products; ● if securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our stock; ● changes in the market valuations of similar companies; ● general market or macroeconomic conditions, including rising interest rates and inflation; ● sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders in the future; 99 Table of Contents ● trading volume of our common stock; ● issuance of patents to third parties that could prevent our ability to commercialize our product candidates; ● reductions in the prices of originator products that could reduce the overall market opportunity for our product candidates intended as biosimilars to such originator products; and ● changes in biosimilar regulatory requirements that could make it more difficult for us to develop our product candidates. In addition, biopharmaceutical companies in particular have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval. As of September 30, 2023, our executive officers, directors, five percent stockholders and their affiliates beneficially owned approximately 43.6% of our voting stock (assuming no exercise of outstanding options or conversion of our outstanding convertible notes). These stockholders have the ability to influence us through their ownership positions, which may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock that you may believe are in your best interest as one of our stockholders. Our indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition, our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, our ability to operate our business, our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry and our ability to pay our debts and could divert our cash flow from operations for debt payments. Our leverage and debt service obligations could adversely impact our business, including by: ● impairing our ability to generate cash sufficient to pay interest or principal, including periodic principal payments; ● increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions; ● requiring the dedication of a portion of our cash flow from operations to service our debt, thereby reducing the amount of our cash flow available for other purposes, including funds for clinical development or to pursue future business opportunities; ● requiring us to sell debt or equity securities or to sell some of our core assets, possibly on unfavorable terms, to meet payment obligations; ● limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industries in which we compete; and ● placing us at a possible competitive disadvantage with less leveraged competitors and competitors that may have better access to capital resources. Any of the foregoing factors could have negative consequences on our financial condition and results of operations. This indebtedness could be due sooner upon the triggering of certain covenants in our debt agreements and or upon the occurrence of an event of default. If and when our indebtedness becomes due, if we do not have sufficient cash or access to capital to pay such indebtedness, we will default on our obligations which will adversely harm our business. We entered into a Loan Agreement that contains affirmative and negative covenants that restrict our operations, including, among other restrictions, the requirement to maintain minimum trailing twelve-month net sales in an amount that begins at $200.0 million in the first quarter of 2022 and increases to $210.0 million for the quarter 100 Table of Contents ended March 31, 2024 and increases to be as much as $300.0 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2024. Further, the Loan Agreement includes certain other affirmative covenants and negative covenants, including, covenants and restrictions that among other things, restrict our ability to incur liens, incur additional indebtedn