American Homes 4 Rent 10-K

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES American Homes 4 Rent Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures As of December 31, 2020, the Company performed an evaluation, under the supervision of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These controls and procedures have been designed to ensure that information required for disclosure is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the requisite time periods and that such information is accumulated and communicated to its management. Based on the Company’s evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2020. Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting There have been no changes to the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the Company’s last fiscal quarter of the year ended December 31, 2020, that materially affected, or were reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. Internal control over financial reporting is a process to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Company’s financial reporting for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Internal control over financial reporting includes maintaining records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the Company’s transactions; providing reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary for preparation of our financial statements; providing reasonable assurance that receipts and expenditures of Company assets are made in accordance with management authorization; and providing reasonable assurance that unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of Company assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements would be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or detected. Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the 2013 framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020. Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm that audited the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued an attestation report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, which is presented at the end of this “Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.” American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures As of December 31, 2020, the Operating Partnership performed an evaluation, under the supervision of the general partner’s CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These controls and procedures have been designed to ensure that information required for disclosure is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the requisite time periods and that such information is accumulated and communicated to its management. Based on the Operating Partnership’s evaluation, the general partner’s CEO and CFO concluded that the Operating Partnership’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2020. 46 Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting There have been no changes to the Operating Partnership’s internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the Operating Partnership’s last fiscal quarter of the year ended December 31, 2020, that materially affected, or were reasonably likely to materially affect, the Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting. Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting The Operating Partnership’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Operating Partnership. Internal control over financial reporting is a process to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Operating Partnership’s financial reporting for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Internal control over financial reporting includes maintaining records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the Operating Partnership’s transactions; providing reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary for preparation of the Operating Partnership’s financial statements; providing reasonable assurance that receipts and expenditures of the Operating Partnership’s assets are made in accordance with management authorization; and providing reasonable assurance that unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Operating Partnership’s assets that could have a material effect on the Operating Partnership’s financial statements would be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of the Operating Partnership’s financial statements would be prevented or detected. Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting based on the 2013 framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that the Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020. 47 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and Board of Trustees of American Homes 4 Rent Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited American Homes 4 Rent’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, American Homes 4 Rent (the Company) maintained, in all material aspects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of American Homes 4 Rent as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020 and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) of the Company and our report dated February 26, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Los Angeles, California February 26, 2021 48 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 49 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required by this item with respect to trustees, executive officers and, to the extent applicable, Section 16(a) compliance will be included in the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 (the “2021 Proxy Statement”) and is incorporated herein by reference. The information required by this item with respect to the nominating process, the audit committee and the audit committee financial expert will be included in the 2021 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. The information required by this item with respect to a code of ethics will be included in the 2021 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Any amendments to or waivers of the code of ethics granted to the Company’s executive officers or the controller will be published promptly on our website or by other appropriate means in accordance with SEC rules and regulations. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by this item will be included in the 2021 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required by this item, other than the table below, will be included in the 2021 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2020 for the Company’s equity compensation plan: Plan Category Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (1) 1,090,300 $ 17.68 1,417,627 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders — $ — — (1) The Company’s equity compensation plan, the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan, is described more fully in Note 10. Share-Based Compensation to the consolidated financial statements included as a separate section in Part IV, “Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The 2012 Equity Incentive Plan was approved by the Company’s shareholders. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by this item will be included in the 2021 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The information required by this item will be included in the 2021 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. 50 PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBIT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) (1) and (2) Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules The financial statements and financial statement schedule required by this item are included as a separate section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K beginning on page F-1. Page Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm F- 1 Audited Consolidated Financial Statements: American Homes 4 Rent Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 F- 5 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 F- 6 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 F- 7 Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 F- 8 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 F- 11 American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 F- 13 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 F- 14 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 F- 15 Consolidated Statements of Capital for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 F- 16 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 F- 18 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F- 20 Schedule III—Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation as of December 31, 2020 F- 47 All other schedules are omitted because they are either not required, are not applicable, or the information is included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. (a) (3) Exhibits Exhibit Number Exhibit Document 3.1 Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Declaration of Trust of American Homes 4 Rent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed June 25, 2013.) 3.2 First Articles of Amendment to Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Declaration of Trust of American Homes 4 Rent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed July 19, 2013.) 3.3 Articles Supplementary for American Homes 4 Rent 6.500% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Shares (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 17, 2016.) 3.4 Articles Supplementary for American Homes 4 Rent 6.350% Series E Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Shares (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 22, 2016.) 3.5 Articles Supplementary for American Homes 4 Rent 5.875% Series F Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Shares (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2017.) 3.6 Articles Supplementary for American Homes 4 Rent 5.875% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Shares (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 12, 2017.) 3.7 Articles Supplementary for American Homes 4 Rent 6.25% Series H Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Shares (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 14, 2018.) 3.8 Amended and Restated Bylaws of American Homes 4 Rent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2020.) 4.1 Form of Indenture (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-3 (Registration Number 333-221878) filed December 1, 2017.) 4.2 Indenture, dated as of February 7, 2018, between American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 7, 2018.) 51 Exhibit Number Exhibit Document 4.3 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 7, 2018, among American Homes 4 Rent, L.P., American Residential Properties OP, L.P. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 7, 2018.) 4.4 Form of Global Note representing the Notes (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 7, 2018.) 4.5 Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 23, 2019, among American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 23, 2019.) 4.6 Form of Global Note representing the Notes (Incorporated by reference to and included in Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 23, 2019.) 4.7 Description of Securities. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 28, 2020.) 10.1 Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed June 25, 2013.) 10.2 First Amendment to Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed June 25, 2013.) 10.3 Amended and Restated Second Amendment to Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed June 25, 2013.) 10.4 Third Amendment to Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed June 25, 2013.) 10.5 Fourth Amendment to Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed June 25, 2013.) 10.6 Fifth Amendment to Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-191015) filed October 25, 2013.) 10.7 Sixth Amendment to Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-192592) filed December 20, 2013.) 10.8 Seventh Amendment to Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-195575) filed April 24, 2014.) 10.9 Eighth Amendment to Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 25, 2014.) 10.10 Ninth Amendment to Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 2, 2015.) 10.11 Tenth Amendment to Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 26, 2016.) 10.12 Eleventh Amendment to Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 17, 2016.) 10.13 Twelfth Amendment to Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 22, 2016.) 10.14 Thirteenth Amendment to Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Homes 4 Rents, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 21, 2017.) 10.15 Fourteenth Amendment to Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Homes 4 Rents, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 12, 2017.) 10.16 Fifteenth Amendment to Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 14, 2018.) 10.17 Sixteenth Amendment to Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 22, 2019.) 52 Exhibit Number Exhibit Document 10.18 Agreement of Limited Partnership of American Residential Properties OP, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to American Residential Properties, Inc.'s Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration No. 333-187450) filed April 22, 2013.) 10.19 Loan Agreement dated as of September 19, 2014 between AMH 2014-2 Borrower, LLC, as Borrower and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as Lender (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 25, 2014.) 10.20 Loan Agreement dated as of November 25, 2014 between AMH 2014-3 Borrower, LLC, as Borrower and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as Lender (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 2, 2014.) 10.21 Loan Agreement dated as of March 6, 2015 between AMH 2015-1 Borrower, LLC, as Borrower and Goldman Sachs Mortgage Company, as Lender (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 11, 2015.) 10.22 Loan Agreement dated as of September 22, 2015 between AMH 2015-2 Borrower, LLC, as Borrower and Goldman Sachs Mortgage Company, as Lender (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 23, 2015.) 10.23 Property Management Agreement dated June 16, 2014 among American Homes 4 Rent II, LLC, American homes 4 Rent Management Holdings Company, LLC and American Homes 4 Rent, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 19, 2014.) 10.24 † Amended and Restated American Homes 4 Rent 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 24, 2017.) 10.25 † Form of Nonqualified Share Option Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed June 25, 2013.) 10.26 † Form of Restricted Share Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 26, 2014.) 10.27 † Form of Restricted Share Unit Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 26, 2014.) 10.28 † Form of Indemnification Agreement with Trustees and Executive Officers (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed June 25, 2013.) 10.29 Amendment Number Seven to the Master Loan and Security Agreement. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 9, 2016.) 10.30 Credit Agreement, dated August 17, 2016, by and among American Homes 4 Rent, L.P., as Borrower, American Homes 4 Rent, as Parent, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and the other lending institutions that are parties thereto, as Lenders (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 18, 2016.) 10.31 Amendment No. 1 to Credit Agreement, dated June 30, 2017, by and among American Homes 4 Rent, L.P., as Borrower, American Homes 4 Rent, as Parent, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Agent, and the other lending institutions that are parties thereto, as Lenders. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 6, 2017.) 21.1 List of Subsidiaries of American Homes 4 Rent and American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Filed herewith. 23.1 Consent of independent registered public accounting firm of American Homes 4 Rent and American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Filed herewith. 24.1 Power of Attorney (included on the signature page of this Form 10-K). Filed herewith. 31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer of American Homes 4 Rent pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Filed herewith. 31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer of American Homes 4 Rent pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Filed herewith. 31.3 Certification of Chief Executive Officer of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Filed herewith. 31.4 Certification of Chief Financial Officer of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Filed herewith. 32.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of American Homes 4 Rent pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350. Filed herewith. 32.2 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350. Filed herewith. 53 Exhibit Number Exhibit Document 101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. 101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) _______________________________________________________________________________ † Indicates management contract or compensatory plan ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY None. 54 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and Board of Trustees of American Homes 4 Rent Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of American Homes 4 Rent (the Company) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020 and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 26, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. F-1 Purchase Price Accounting Description of the Matter For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company completed the acquisition of 1,019 single-family properties for a total purchase price of $266.4 million. As explained in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the transactions were accounted for as asset acquisitions, and as such, are recorded at the price to acquire the single-family property, including acquisition costs. The purchase price is allocated to land and building based upon the relative fair values of the acquired land and building which were determined using the Company’s own knowledge obtained from published market data such as county tax assessment records and supplemented by the Company’s historical cost to construct a home. Auditing the accounting for the Company’s 2020 acquisitions of single-family properties was challenging because the determination of the relative fair values of the acquired land and building involved a higher degree of subjectivity due to the lack of availability of direct comparable land market information. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over management’s accounting for acquired single-family properties, including controls over the review of assumptions underlying the purchase price allocation and accuracy of the underlying data used. For example, we tested controls over the determination of the fair value of the land and building assets and underlying assumptions used to develop those estimates. Management’s review of the allocated values included use of historical data and current internal construction costs to validate the reasonableness of the allocated land values. For the 2020 single-family property acquisitions described above, our procedures included, among others, an evaluation of the methods and significant assumptions used by the Company and an evaluation of the sensitivity of changes in the significant assumptions on the purchase price allocation. For a sample of acquisitions, we read the purchase and sale agreements and tested the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data supporting the significant assumptions and estimates. For example, on a sub-market basis, we compared the allocated land and building values to the historical results of single-family properties acquired in the prior years. We also performed a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact on the Company’s financial statements resulting from changes in allocated land values. In addition, for certain of these asset acquisitions, our valuation specialists performed corroborative calculations to assess whether the conclusions in the valuation were supported by observable market data. Specifically, our valuation specialists utilized alternative data sources to develop a range of independent estimates of the land and building fair values to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s allocated land and building values. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016. Los Angeles, California February 26, 2021 F-2 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Partners of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (the Operating Partnership) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), capital and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020 and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Operating Partnership at December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Operating Partnership’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Operating Partnership’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Operating Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Operating Partnership is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. F-3 Purchase Price Accounting Description of the Matter For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Operating Partnership completed the acquisition of 1,019 single-family properties for a total purchase price of $266.4 million. As explained in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the transactions were accounted for as asset acquisitions, and as such, are recorded at the price to acquire the single-family property, including acquisition costs. The purchase price is allocated to land and building based upon the relative fair values of the acquired land and building which were determined using the Operating Partnership’s own knowledge obtained from published market data such as county tax assessment records and supplemented by the Operating Partnership’s historical cost to construct a home. Auditing the accounting for the Operating Partnership’s 2020 acquisitions of single-family properties was challenging because the determination of the relative fair values of the acquired land and building involved a higher degree of subjectivity due to the lack of availability of direct comparable land market information. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over management’s accounting for acquired single-family properties, including controls over the review of assumptions underlying the purchase price allocation and accuracy of the underlying data used. For example, we tested controls over the determination of the fair value of the land and building assets and underlying assumptions used to develop those estimates. Management’s review of the allocated values included use of historical data and current internal construction costs to validate the reasonableness of the allocated land values. For the 2020 single-family property acquisitions described above, our procedures included, among others, an evaluation of the methods and significant assumptions used by the Company and an evaluation of the sensitivity of changes in the significant assumptions on the purchase price allocation. For a sample of acquisitions, we read the purchase and sale agreements and tested the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data supporting the significant assumptions and estimates. For example, on a sub-market basis, we compared the allocated land and building values to the historical results of single-family properties acquired in the prior years. We also performed a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact on the Operating Partnership’s financial statements resulting from changes in allocated land values. In addition, for certain of these asset acquisitions, our valuation specialists performed corroborative calculations to assess whether the conclusions in the valuation were supported by observable market data. Specifically, our valuation specialists utilized alternative data sources to develop a range of independent estimates of the land and building fair values to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s allocated land and building values. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Operating Partnership’s auditor since 2017. Los Angeles, California February 26, 2021 F-4 American Homes 4 Rent Consolidated Balance Sheets (Amounts in thousands, except share data) December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Assets Single-family properties: Land $ 1,836,798 $ 1,756,504 Buildings and improvements 8,163,023 7,691,877 Single-family properties in operation 9,999,821 9,448,381 Less: accumulated depreciation ( 1,754,433 ) ( 1,462,105 ) Single-family properties in operation, net 8,245,388 7,986,276 Single-family properties under development and development land 510,365 355,427 Single-family properties held for sale, net 129,026 209,828 Total real estate assets, net 8,884,779 8,551,531 Cash and cash equivalents 137,060 37,575 Restricted cash 128,017 126,544 Rent and other receivables 41,544 29,618 Escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets 163,171 140,961 Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures 93,109 67,935 Asset-backed securitization certificates 25,666 25,666 Goodwill 120,279 120,279 Total assets $ 9,593,625 $ 9,100,109 Liabilities Revolving credit facility $ — $ — Asset-backed securitizations, net 1,927,607 1,945,044 Unsecured senior notes, net 889,805 888,453 Accounts payable and accrued expenses 298,949 243,193 Amounts payable to affiliates 4,834 4,629 Total liabilities 3,121,195 3,081,319 Commitments and contingencies (see Note 14) Equity Shareholders' equity: Class A common shares ($ 0.01 par value per share, 450,000,000 shares authorized, 316,021,385 and 300,107,599 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively) 3,160 3,001 Class B common shares ($ 0.01 par value per share, 50,000,000 shares authorized, 635,075 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019) 6 6 Preferred shares ($ 0.01 par value per share, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 35,350,000 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019) 354 354 Additional paid-in capital 6,223,256 5,790,775 Accumulated deficit ( 443,522 ) ( 465,368 ) Accumulated other comprehensive income 5,840 6,658 Total shareholders' equity 5,789,094 5,335,426 Noncontrolling interest 683,336 683,364 Total equity 6,472,430 6,018,790 Total liabilities and equity $ 9,593,625 $ 9,100,109 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-5 American Homes 4 Rent Consolidated Statements of Operations (Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data) For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Revenues: Rents and other single-family property revenues $ 1,172,514 $ 1,132,137 $ 1,066,675 Other 10,322 11,241 6,180 Total revenues 1,182,836 1,143,378 1,072,855 Expenses: Property operating expenses 450,267 433,854 412,905 Property management expenses 89,892 86,908 74,573 General and administrative expense 48,517 43,206 36,575 Interest expense 117,038 127,114 122,900 Acquisition and other transaction costs 9,298 3,224 5,225 Depreciation and amortization 343,153 329,293 318,685 Other 14,036 6,733 7,265 Total expenses 1,072,201 1,030,332 978,128 Gain on sale of single-family properties and other, net 44,194 43,873 17,946 Loss on early extinguishment of debt — ( 659 ) ( 1,447 ) Remeasurement of participating preferred shares — — 1,212 Net income 154,829 156,260 112,438 Noncontrolling interest 14,455 15,221 4,165 Dividends on preferred shares 55,128 55,128 52,586 Redemption of participating preferred shares — — 32,215 Net income attributable to common shareholders $ 85,246 $ 85,911 $ 23,472 Weighted-average common shares outstanding: Basic 306,613,197 299,415,397 293,640,500 Diluted 307,074,747 299,918,966 294,268,330 Net income attributable to common shareholders per share: Basic $ 0.28 $ 0.29 $ 0.08 Diluted $ 0.28 $ 0.29 $ 0.08 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-6 American Homes 4 Rent Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Amounts in thousands) For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Net income $ 154,829 $ 156,260 $ 112,438 Other comprehensive (loss) income: Gain on cash flow hedging instrument: Gain on settlement of cash flow hedging instrument — — 9,553 Reclassification adjustment for amortization of interest expense included in net income ( 963 ) ( 963 ) ( 842 ) Other comprehensive (loss) income ( 963 ) ( 963 ) 8,711 Comprehensive income 153,866 155,297 121,149 Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests 14,315 15,073 5,547 Dividends on preferred shares 55,128 55,128 52,586 Redemption of participating preferred shares — — 32,215 Comprehensive income attributable to common shareholders $ 84,423 $ 85,096 $ 30,801 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-7 American Homes 4 Rent Consolidated Statements of Equity (Amounts in thousands, except share data) Class A common shares Class B common shares Preferred shares Number of shares Amount Number of shares Amount Number of shares Amount Additional paid-in capital Accumulated deficit Accumulated other comprehensive income Shareholders’ equity Noncontrolling interest Total equity Balances at December 31, 2017 286,114,637 $ 2,861 635,075 $ 6 38,350,000 $ 384 $ 5,600,256 $ ( 453,953 ) $ 75 $ 5,149,629 $ 726,195 $ 5,875,824 Share-based compensation — — — — — — 3,433 — — 3,433 — 3,433 Common stock issued under share-based compensation plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes 821,918 8 — — — — 11,939 — — 11,947 — 11,947 Issuance of perpetual preferred shares, net of offering costs of $ 4,022 — — — — 4,600,000 46 110,932 — — 110,978 — 110,978 Redemptions of Class A units 33,327 — — — — — 515 — — 515 ( 515 ) — Redemption of Series C participating preferred shares into Class A common shares 10,848,827 109 — — ( 7,600,000 ) ( 76 ) 60,440 ( 32,215 ) — 28,258 — 28,258 Reacquisition of equity component upon settlement of exchangeable senior notes — — — — — — ( 20,098 ) — — ( 20,098 ) — ( 20,098 ) Repurchase of Class A common shares ( 1,804,163 ) ( 18 ) — — — — ( 34,951 ) — — ( 34,969 ) — ( 34,969 ) Liquidation of consolidated joint venture — — — — — — — ( 1,849 ) — ( 1,849 ) 1,608 ( 241 ) Distributions to equity holders: Preferred shares (Note 9) — — — — — — — ( 52,586 ) — ( 52,586 ) — ( 52,586 ) Noncontrolling interests — — — — — — — — — — ( 11,069 ) ( 11,069 ) Common shares ($ 0.20 per share) — — — — — — — ( 58,884 ) — ( 58,884 ) — ( 58,884 ) Net income — — — — — — — 108,273 — 108,273 4,165 112,438 Total other comprehensive income — — — — — — — — 7,318 7,318 1,393 8,711 Balances at December 31, 2018 296,014,546 $ 2,960 635,075 $ 6 35,350,000 $ 354 $ 5,732,466 $ ( 491,214 ) $ 7,393 $ 5,251,965 $ 721,777 $ 5,973,742 F-8 American Homes 4 Rent Consolidated Statements of Equity (Continued) (Amounts in thousands, except share data) Class A common shares Class B common shares Preferred shares Number of shares Amount Number of shares Amount Number of shares Amount Additional paid-in capital Accumulated deficit Accumulated other comprehensive income Shareholders’ equity Noncontrolling interest Total equity Balances at December 31, 2018 296,014,546 $ 2,960 635,075 $ 6 35,350,000 $ 354 $ 5,732,466 $ ( 491,214 ) $ 7,393 $ 5,251,965 $ 721,777 $ 5,973,742 Share-based compensation — — — — — — 4,808 — — 4,808 — 4,808 Common stock issued under share-based compensation plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes 803,207 8 — — — — 10,682 — — 10,690 — 10,690 Redemptions of Class A units 3,289,846 33 — — — — 42,819 — 80 42,932 ( 42,932 ) — Distributions to equity holders: Preferred shares (Note 9) — — — — — — — ( 55,128 ) — ( 55,128 ) — ( 55,128 ) Noncontrolling interests — — — — — — — — — — ( 10,554 ) ( 10,554 ) Common shares ($ 0.20 per share) — — — — — — — ( 60,065 ) — ( 60,065 ) — ( 60,065 ) Net income — — — — — — — 141,039 — 141,039 15,221 156,260 Total other comprehensive loss — — — — — — — — ( 815 ) ( 815 ) ( 148 ) ( 963 ) Balances at December 31, 2019 300,107,599 $ 3,001 635,075 $ 6 35,350,000 $ 354 $ 5,790,775 $ ( 465,368 ) $ 6,658 $ 5,335,426 $ 683,364 $ 6,018,790 F-9 American Homes 4 Rent Consolidated Statements of Equity (Continued) (Amounts in thousands, except share data) Class A common shares Class B common shares Preferred shares Number of shares Amount Number of shares Amount Number of shares Amount Additional paid-in capital Accumulated deficit Accumulated other comprehensive income Shareholders’ equity Noncontrolling interest Total equity Balances at December 31, 2019 300,107,599 $ 3,001 635,075 $ 6 35,350,000 $ 354 $ 5,790,775 $ ( 465,368 ) $ 6,658 $ 5,335,426 $ 683,364 $ 6,018,790 Share-based compensation — — — — — — 9,834 — — 9,834 — 9,834 Common stock issued under share-based compensation plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes 577,656 6 — — — — 5,354 — — 5,360 — 5,360 Issuance of Class A common shares, net of offering costs of $ 600 15,036,130 150 — — — — 413,350 — — 413,500 — 413,500 Redemptions of Class A units 300,000 3 — — — — 3,943 — 5 3,951 ( 3,951 ) — Distributions to equity holders: Preferred shares (Note 9) — — — — — — — ( 55,128 ) — ( 55,128 ) — ( 55,128 ) Noncontrolling interests — — — — — — — — — — ( 10,392 ) ( 10,392 ) Common shares $ 0.20 per share) — — — — — — — ( 61,906 ) — ( 61,906 ) — ( 61,906 ) Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2016-13 (Note 2) — — — — — — — ( 1,494 ) ( 1,494 ) — ( 1,494 ) Net income — — — — — — — 140,374 — 140,374 14,455 154,829 Total other comprehensive loss — — — — — — — — ( 823 ) ( 823 ) ( 140 ) ( 963 ) Balances at December 31, 2020 316,021,385 $ 3,160 635,075 $ 6 35,350,000 $ 354 $ 6,223,256 $ ( 443,522 ) $ 5,840 $ 5,789,094 $ 683,336 $ 6,472,430 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-10 American Homes 4 Rent Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Amounts in thousands) For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Operating activities Net income $ 154,829 $ 156,260 $ 112,438 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 343,153 329,293 318,685 Noncash amortization of deferred financing costs, debt discounts and cash flow hedging instrument 7,431 7,457 10,493 Noncash share-based compensation 9,834 4,808 3,433 Provision for bad debt — — 8,732 Loss on early extinguishment of debt — 659 1,447 Remeasurement of participating preferred shares — — ( 1,212 ) Equity in net losses (income) of unconsolidated joint ventures 774 ( 509 ) ( 546 ) Net gain on sale of single-family properties and other ( 44,194 ) ( 43,873 ) ( 17,946 ) Loss on impairment of single-family properties and other 5,421 3,663 5,858 Other changes in operating assets and liabilities: Rent and other receivables ( 15,633 ) ( 2,784 ) ( 12,172 ) Prepaid expenses and other assets 2,652 ( 10,170 ) ( 17,447 ) Deferred leasing costs ( 4,070 ) ( 4,095 ) ( 12,603 ) Accounts payable and accrued expenses 14,193 17,408 11,772 Amounts due from related parties ( 290 ) ( 230 ) ( 50 ) Net cash provided by operating activities 474,100 457,887 410,882 Investing activities Cash paid for single-family properties ( 269,273 ) ( 120,487 ) ( 489,625 ) Change in escrow deposits for purchase of single-family properties ( 374 ) ( 7,171 ) 1,818 Net proceeds received from sales of single-family properties and other 228,566 221,930 106,157 Proceeds received from hurricane-related insurance claims 3,705 2,171 4,522 Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures ( 29,834 ) ( 13,114 ) ( 8,400 ) Distributions from joint ventures 129,007 22,561 36,917 Renovations to single-family properties ( 16,968 ) ( 21,883 ) ( 52,379 ) Recurring and other capital expenditures for single-family properties ( 104,819 ) ( 71,481 ) ( 54,465 ) Cash paid for development activity ( 564,241 ) ( 383,271 ) ( 215,797 ) Other purchases of productive assets ( 18,694 ) ( 6,121 ) ( 3,156 ) Net cash used for investing activities ( 642,925 ) ( 376,866 ) ( 674,408 ) Financing activities Proceeds from issuance of Class A common shares 414,100 — — Payments of Class A common share issuance costs ( 600 ) — — Proceeds from issuance of perpetual preferred shares — — 115,000 Payments of perpetual preferred share issuance costs — — ( 4,022 ) Repurchase of Class A common shares — — ( 34,969 ) Proceeds from exercise of stock options 7,011 11,524 10,707 Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation ( 1,651 ) ( 834 ) ( 546 ) Payments on asset-backed securitizations ( 22,501 ) ( 21,517 ) ( 20,847 ) Proceeds from revolving credit facility 130,000 — 405,000 Payments on revolving credit facility ( 130,000 ) ( 250,000 ) ( 295,000 ) Payments on term loan facility — ( 100,000 ) ( 100,000 ) Payments on secured note payable — — ( 49,427 ) Proceeds from unsecured senior notes, net of discount — 397,944 497,210 Settlement of cash flow hedging instrument — — 9,628 Payments on exchangeable senior notes — — ( 135,093 ) F-11 American Homes 4 Rent Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued) (Amounts in thousands) For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Financing activities (continued) Distributions to noncontrolling interests ( 10,381 ) ( 10,701 ) ( 11,071 ) Distributions to common shareholders ( 61,067 ) ( 59,832 ) ( 58,370 ) Distributions to preferred shareholders ( 55,128 ) ( 55,128 ) ( 67,183 ) Deferred financing costs paid — ( 3,572 ) ( 5,100 ) Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities 269,783 ( 92,116 ) 255,917 Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 100,958 ( 11,095 ) ( 7,609 ) Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period (see Note 2) 164,119 175,214 182,823 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period (see Note 2) $ 265,077 $ 164,119 $ 175,214 Supplemental cash flow information Cash payments for interest, net of amounts capitalized $ ( 109,679 ) $ ( 112,980 ) $ ( 105,056 ) Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities Accrued property renovations and development expenditures $ 36,544 $ 18,276 $ 1,921 Transfers of completed homebuilding deliveries to properties 322,024 167,652 94,212 Property and land contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures ( 132,439 ) ( 20,448 ) ( 40,942 ) Note receivable related to a bulk sale of properties, net of discount — 29,474 — Redemption of participating preferred shares — — ( 28,258 ) Noncash right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities 17,105 6,089 — Accrued distributions to affiliates 4,834 4,629 71 Accrued distributions to non-affiliates 13,612 13,024 14,173 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-12 American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Consolidated Balance Sheets (Amounts in thousands, except unit data) December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Assets Single-family properties: Land $ 1,836,798 $ 1,756,504 Buildings and improvements 8,163,023 7,691,877 Single-family properties in operation 9,999,821 9,448,381 Less: accumulated depreciation ( 1,754,433 ) ( 1,462,105 ) Single-family properties in operation, net 8,245,388 7,986,276 Single-family properties under development and development land 510,365 355,427 Single-family properties held for sale, net 129,026 209,828 Total real estate assets, net 8,884,779 8,551,531 Cash and cash equivalents 137,060 37,575 Restricted cash 128,017 126,544 Rent and other receivables 41,544 29,618 Escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets 163,171 140,681 Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures 93,109 67,935 Amounts due from affiliates 25,666 25,946 Goodwill 120,279 120,279 Total assets $ 9,593,625 $ 9,100,109 Liabilities Revolving credit facility $ — $ — Asset-backed securitizations, net 1,927,607 1,945,044 Unsecured senior notes, net 889,805 888,453 Accounts payable and accrued expenses 298,949 243,193 Amounts payable to affiliates 4,834 4,629 Total liabilities 3,121,195 3,081,319 Commitments and contingencies (see Note 14) Capital Partners' capital: General partner: Common units ( 316,656,460 and 300,742,674 units issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively) 4,928,819 4,474,333 Preferred units ( 35,350,000 units issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019) 854,435 854,435 Limited partner: Common units ( 51,726,980 and 52,026,980 units issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively) 682,316 682,199 Accumulated other comprehensive income 6,860 7,823 Total capital 6,472,430 6,018,790 Total liabilities and capital $ 9,593,625 $ 9,100,109 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-13 American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Consolidated Statements of Operations (Amounts in thousands, except unit and per unit data) For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Revenues: Rents and other single-family property revenues $ 1,172,514 $ 1,132,137 $ 1,066,675 Other 10,322 11,241 6,180 Total revenues 1,182,836 1,143,378 1,072,855 Expenses: Property operating expenses 450,267 433,854 412,905 Property management expenses 89,892 86,908 74,573 General and administrative expense 48,517 43,206 36,575 Interest expense 117,038 127,114 122,900 Acquisition and other transaction costs 9,298 3,224 5,225 Depreciation and amortization 343,153 329,293 318,685 Other 14,036 6,733 7,265 Total expenses 1,072,201 1,030,332 978,128 Gain on sale of single-family properties and other, net 44,194 43,873 17,946 Loss on early extinguishment of debt — ( 659 ) ( 1,447 ) Remeasurement of participating preferred units — — 1,212 Net income 154,829 156,260 112,438 Noncontrolling interest — — ( 259 ) Preferred distributions 55,128 55,128 52,586 Redemption of participating preferred units — — 32,215 Net income attributable to common unitholders $ 99,701 $ 101,132 $ 27,896 Weighted-average common units outstanding: Basic 358,603,291 352,460,401 348,990,561 Diluted 359,064,841 352,963,970 349,618,391 Net income attributable to common unitholders per unit: Basic $ 0.28 $ 0.29 $ 0.08 Diluted $ 0.28 $ 0.29 $ 0.08 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-14 American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Amounts in thousands) For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Net income $ 154,829 $ 156,260 $ 112,438 Other comprehensive (loss) income: Gain on cash flow hedging instrument: Gain on settlement of cash flow hedging instrument — — 9,553 Reclassification adjustment for amortization of interest expense included in net income ( 963 ) ( 963 ) ( 842 ) Other comprehensive (loss) income ( 963 ) ( 963 ) 8,711 Comprehensive income 153,866 155,297 121,149 Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests — — ( 259 ) Preferred distributions 55,128 55,128 52,586 Redemption of participating preferred units — — 32,215 Comprehensive income attributable to common unitholders $ 98,738 $ 100,169 $ 36,607 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-15 American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Consolidated Statements of Capital (Amounts in thousands, except unit data) General Partner Limited Partners Common capital Preferred capital amount Common capital Accumulated other comprehensive income Total partners' capital Noncontrolling interest Total capital Number of units Amount Number of units Amount Balances at December 31, 2017 286,749,712 $ 4,248,236 $ 901,318 55,350,153 $ 727,544 $ 75 $ 5,877,173 $ ( 1,349 ) $ 5,875,824 Share-based compensation — 3,433 — — — — 3,433 — 3,433 Common units issued under share-based compensation plans, net of units withheld for employee taxes 821,918 11,947 — — — — 11,947 — 11,947 Issuance of perpetual preferred units, net of offering costs of $ 4,022 — — 110,978 — — — 110,978 — 110,978 Redemptions of Class A units 33,327 515 — ( 33,327 ) ( 515 ) — — — — Redemption of Series C participating preferred units into Class A units 10,848,827 186,119 ( 157,861 ) — — — 28,258 — 28,258 Reacquisition of equity component upon settlement of exchangeable senior notes — ( 20,098 ) — — — — ( 20,098 ) — ( 20,098 ) Repurchases of Class A units ( 1,804,163 ) ( 34,969 ) — — — — ( 34,969 ) — ( 34,969 ) Liquidation of consolidated joint venture — ( 1,849 ) — — — — ( 1,849 ) 1,608 ( 241 ) Distributions to capital holders: Preferred units (Note 9) — — ( 52,586 ) — — — ( 52,586 ) — ( 52,586 ) Common units ($ 0.20 per unit) — ( 58,884 ) — — ( 11,069 ) — ( 69,953 ) — ( 69,953 ) Net income — 55,687 52,586 — 4,424 — 112,697 ( 259 ) 112,438 Total other comprehensive income — — — — — 8,711 8,711 — 8,711 Balances at December 31, 2018 296,649,621 $ 4,390,137 $ 854,435 55,316,826 $ 720,384 $ 8,786 $ 5,973,742 $ — $ 5,973,742 Share-based compensation — 4,808 — — — — 4,808 — 4,808 Common units issued under share-based compensation plans, net of units withheld for employee taxes 803,207 10,690 — — — — 10,690 — 10,690 Redemptions of Class A units 3,289,846 42,852 — ( 3,289,846 ) ( 42,852 ) — — — — Distributions to capital holders: Preferred units (Note 9) — — ( 55,128 ) — — — ( 55,128 ) — ( 55,128 ) Common units ($ 0.20 per unit) — ( 60,065 ) — — ( 10,554 ) — ( 70,619 ) — ( 70,619 ) Net income — 85,911 55,128 — 15,221 — 156,260 — 156,260 Total other comprehensive loss — — — — — ( 963 ) ( 963 ) — ( 963 ) Balances at December 31, 2019 300,742,674 $ 4,474,333 $ 854,435 52,026,980 $ 682,199 $ 7,823 $ 6,018,790 $ — $ 6,018,790 F-16 American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Consolidated Statements of Capital (Continued) (Amounts in thousands, except unit data) General Partner Limited Partners Common capital Preferred capital amount Common capital Accumulated other comprehensive income Total capital Number of units Amount Number of units Amount Balances at December 31, 2019 300,742,674 $ 4,474,333 $ 854,435 52,026,980 $ 682,199 $ 7,823 $ 6,018,790 Share-based compensation — 9,834 — — — — 9,834 Common units issued under share-based compensation plans, net of units withheld for employee taxes 577,656 5,360 — — — — 5,360 Issuance of Class A common units, net of offering costs of $ 600 15,036,130 413,500 — — — — 413,500 Redemptions of Class A units 300,000 3,946 — ( 300,000 ) ( 3,946 ) — — Distributions to capital holders: Preferred units (Note 9) — — ( 55,128 ) — — — ( 55,128 ) Common units ($ 0.20 per unit) — ( 61,906 ) — — ( 10,392 ) — ( 72,298 ) Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2016-13 (Note 2) — ( 1,494 ) — — — — ( 1,494 ) Net income — 85,246 55,128 — 14,455 — 154,829 Total other comprehensive loss — — — — — ( 963 ) ( 963 ) Balances at December 31, 2020 316,656,460 $ 4,928,819 $ 854,435 51,726,980 $ 682,316 $ 6,860 $ 6,472,430 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-17 American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Amounts in thousands) For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Operating activities Net income $ 154,829 $ 156,260 $ 112,438 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 343,153 329,293 318,685 Noncash amortization of deferred financing costs, debt discounts and cash flow hedging instrument 7,431 7,457 10,493 Noncash share-based compensation 9,834 4,808 3,433 Provision for bad debt — — 8,732 Loss on early extinguishment of debt — 659 1,447 Remeasurement of participating preferred units — — ( 1,212 ) Equity in net losses (income) of unconsolidated joint ventures 774 ( 509 ) ( 546 ) Net gain on sale of single-family properties and other ( 44,194 ) ( 43,873 ) ( 17,946 ) Loss on impairment of single-family properties and other 5,421 3,663 5,858 Other changes in operating assets and liabilities: Rent and other receivables ( 15,633 ) ( 2,784 ) ( 12,172 ) Prepaid expenses and other assets 2,652 ( 10,170 ) ( 17,447 ) Deferred leasing costs ( 4,070 ) ( 4,095 ) ( 12,603 ) Accounts payable and accrued expenses 14,193 17,408 11,772 Amounts due from related parties ( 290 ) ( 230 ) ( 50 ) Net cash provided by operating activities 474,100 457,887 410,882 Investing activities Cash paid for single-family properties ( 269,273 ) ( 120,487 ) ( 489,625 ) Change in escrow deposits for purchase of single-family properties ( 374 ) ( 7,171 ) 1,818 Net proceeds received from sales of single-family properties and other 228,566 221,930 106,157 Proceeds received from hurricane-related insurance claims 3,705 2,171 4,522 Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures ( 29,834 ) ( 13,114 ) ( 8,400 ) Distributions from joint ventures 129,007 22,561 36,917 Renovations to single-family properties ( 16,968 ) ( 21,883 ) ( 52,379 ) Recurring and other capital expenditures for single-family properties ( 104,819 ) ( 71,481 ) ( 54,465 ) Cash paid for development activity ( 564,241 ) ( 383,271 ) ( 215,797 ) Other purchases of productive assets ( 18,694 ) ( 6,121 ) ( 3,156 ) Net cash used for investing activities ( 642,925 ) ( 376,866 ) ( 674,408 ) Financing activities Proceeds from issuance of Class A common units 414,100 — — Payments of Class A common unit issuance costs ( 600 ) — — Proceeds from issuance of perpetual preferred units — — 115,000 Payments of perpetual preferred unit issuance costs — — ( 4,022 ) Repurchase of Class A common units — — ( 34,969 ) Proceeds from exercise of stock options 7,011 11,524 10,707 Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation ( 1,651 ) ( 834 ) ( 546 ) Payments on asset-backed securitizations ( 22,501 ) ( 21,517 ) ( 20,847 ) Proceeds from revolving credit facility 130,000 — 405,000 Payments on revolving credit facility ( 130,000 ) ( 250,000 ) ( 295,000 ) Payments on term loan facility — ( 100,000 ) ( 100,000 ) Payments on secured note payable — — ( 49,427 ) Proceeds from unsecured senior notes, net of discount — 397,944 497,210 Settlement of cash flow hedging instrument — — 9,628 Payments on exchangeable senior notes — — ( 135,093 ) F-18 American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued) (Amounts in thousands) For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Financing activities (continued) Distributions to common unitholders ( 71,448 ) ( 70,533 ) ( 69,441 ) Distributions to preferred unitholders ( 55,128 ) ( 55,128 ) ( 67,183 ) Deferred financing costs paid — ( 3,572 ) ( 5,100 ) Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities 269,783 ( 92,116 ) 255,917 Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 100,958 ( 11,095 ) ( 7,609 ) Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period (see Note 2) 164,119 175,214 182,823 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period (see Note 2) $ 265,077 $ 164,119 $ 175,214 Supplemental cash flow information Cash payments for interest, net of amounts capitalized $ ( 109,679 ) $ ( 112,980 ) $ ( 105,056 ) Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities Accrued property renovations and development expenditures $ 36,544 $ 18,276 $ 1,921 Transfers of completed homebuilding deliveries to properties 322,024 167,652 94,212 Property and land contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures ( 132,439 ) ( 20,448 ) ( 40,942 ) Note receivable related to a bulk sale of properties, net of discount — 29,474 — Redemption of participating preferred units — — ( 28,258 ) Noncash right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities 17,105 6,089 — Accrued distributions to affiliates 4,834 4,629 71 Accrued distributions to non-affiliates 13,612 13,024 14,173 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-19 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1. Organization and Operations American Homes 4 Rent (“AH4R” or the “General Partner”) is a Maryland real estate investment trust (“REIT”) formed on October 19, 2012 for the purpose of acquiring, developing, renovating, leasing and operating single-family homes as rental properties. American Homes 4 Rent, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership formed on October 22, 2012, and its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, the “Operating Partnership” or the “OP”) is the entity through which the Company conducts substantially all of our business and owns, directly or through subsidiaries, substantially all of our assets. References to the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” mean collectively AH4R, the Operating Partnership and those entities/subsidiaries owned or controlled by AH4R and/or the Operating Partnership. As of December 31, 2020, the Company held 53,584 single-family properties in 22 states, including 711 properties classified as held for sale. AH4R is the general partner of, and as of December 31, 2020 owned approximately 85.9 % of the common partnership interest in, the Operating Partnership. The remaining 14.1 % of the common partnership interest was owned by limited partners. As the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, AH4R has exclusive control of the Operating Partnership’s day-to-day management. The Company’s management operates AH4R and the Operating Partnership as one business, and the management of AH4R consists of the same members as the management of the Operating Partnership. AH4R’s primary function is acting as the general partner of the Operating Partnership. The only material asset of AH4R is its partnership interest in the Operating Partnership. As a result, AH4R generally does not conduct business itself, other than acting as the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, issuing equity from time to time and guaranteeing certain debt of the Operating Partnership. AH4R itself is not directly obligated under any indebtedness, but guarantees some of the debt of the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership owns substantially all of the assets of the Company, including the Company’s ownership interests in its joint ventures, either directly or through its subsidiaries, conducts the operations of the Company’s business and is structured as a limited partnership with no publicly traded equity. One difference between the Company and the Operating Partnership is $ 25.7 million of asset-backed securitization certificates issued by the Operating Partnership and purchased by AH4R. The asset-backed securitization certificates are recorded as an asset-backed securitization certificates receivable by the Company and as an amount due from affiliates by the Operating Partnership. AH4R contributes all net proceeds from its various equity offerings to the Operating Partnership. In return for those contributions, AH4R receives Operating Partnership units (“OP units”) equal to the number of shares it has issued in the equity offering. Based on the terms of the Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Operating Partnership, as amended, OP units can be exchanged for shares on a one-for-one basis. Except for net proceeds from equity issuances by AH4R, the Operating Partnership generates the capital required by the Company’s business through the Operating Partnership’s operations, by the Operating Partnership’s incurrence of indebtedness or through the issuance of OP units. Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of AH4R, the Operating Partnership and their consolidated subsidiaries. The consolidated financial statements of the Operating Partnership include the accounts of the Operating Partnership and its consolidated subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The Company consolidates real estate partnerships and other entities that are not variable interest entities (“VIEs”) when it owns, directly or indirectly, a majority interest in the entity or is otherwise able to control the entity. The ownership interest in a consolidated subsidiary of the Company held by outside parties, which was liquidated during the second quarter of 2018, is included in noncontrolling interest within the consolidated financial statements. The Company consolidates VIEs in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 810, Consolidation, if it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE as determined by its power to direct the VIE’s activities and the obligation to absorb its losses or the right to receive its benefits, which are potentially significant to the VIE. Entities for which the Company owns an interest, but does not consolidate, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as an investment in an unconsolidated entity and are included in investments in unconsolidated joint ventures within the consolidated balance sheets. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Any references in this report to the number of properties is outside the scope of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit of our financial statements, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. In the opinion of management, all adjustments of a normal and recurring nature necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements have been made. F-20 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements As a result of the expected growth in our joint venture activities, the investments in unconsolidated joint ventures balance has been reclassified into a separate balance sheet line item. This resulted in the reclassification of $ 67.9 million as of December 31, 2019, which was previously included in escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets, into investments in unconsolidated joint ventures on the consolidated balance sheets. Certain other amounts in the consolidated financial statements for the prior periods have also been reclassified or presented to conform to the current year presentation. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Income Taxes AH4R has elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Sections 856 to 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2012. We believe that we have operated, and continue to operate, in such a manner as to satisfy the requirements for qualification as a REIT. Provided that we qualify as a REIT and our distributions to our shareholders equal or exceed our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and including any net capital gains), we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax. Qualification and taxation as a REIT depend upon our ability to meet the various qualification tests imposed under the Code, including tests related to the percentage of income that we earn from specified sources and the percentage of our earnings that we distribute to our shareholders. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that we will continue to be organized or be able to operate in a manner so as to remain qualified as a REIT. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we would be subject to U.S. federal income tax and state income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate tax rates, and we would likely be precluded from qualifying for treatment as a REIT until the fifth calendar year following the year in which we fail to qualify. Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may be subject to certain state or local income and capital taxes and U.S. federal income and excise taxes on our undistributed REIT taxable income, if any. Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to taxation by U.S. federal, state and local authorities for the periods presented. We made joint elections to treat certain subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries which are subject to U.S. federal, state and local taxes on their income at regular corporate rates. The tax years from 2016 to present generally remain open to examination by the taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject. We believe that our Operating Partnership is properly treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a partnership, the Operating Partnership is not subject to U.S. federal income tax on our income. Instead, each of the Operating Partnership’s partners, including AH4R, is allocated, and may be required to pay tax with respect to, its share of the Operating Partnership’s income. As such, no provision for U.S. federal income taxes has been included for the Operating Partnership. ASC 740-10, Income Taxes, requires recognition of deferred tax assets for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We recognize tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained, based solely on its technical merits, with the taxing authority having full knowledge of all relevant information. The measurement of a tax benefit for an uncertain tax position that meets the more likely than not threshold is based on a cumulative probability model under which the largest amount of tax benefit recognized is the amount with a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the taxing authority having full knowledge of all the relevant information. As of December 31, 2020, there were no deferred tax assets and liabilities or unrecognized tax benefits recorded by the Company. We do not anticipate a significant change in unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months. As a REIT, we generally are required to distribute annually to our shareholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and any net capital gains) and to pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we annually distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and including any net capital gains). The Operating Partnership funds the payment of distributions. AH4R had a net F-21 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements operating loss (“NOL”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes of an estimated $ 60.2 million as of December 31, 2020 and approximately $ 189.1 million as of December 31, 2019. We intend to use our NOL (to the extent available) to reduce our REIT taxable income and will distribute approximately all of our remaining REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and including any net capital gains). Investments in Real Estate Purchases of single-family properties are treated as asset acquisitions and, as such, are recorded at their purchase price, including acquisition costs, which is allocated to land and building based upon their relative fair values at the date of acquisition. Fair value is determined in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures , and is primarily based on unobservable data inputs. In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating the purchase price of individually acquired properties subject to an existing lease, the Company utilizes its own market knowledge obtained from historical transactions, its internal construction program (the “AMH Development Program”) and published market data. In this regard, the Company also utilizes information obtained from county tax assessment records to assist in the determination of the fair value of the land and building. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company purchased 1,019 single-family properties treated as asset acquisitions for accounting purposes for a total purchase price of $ 266.4 million, which was included in cash paid for single-family properties within the consolidated statement of cash flows. The nature of our business requires that in certain circumstances we acquire single-family properties subject to existing liens. Liens that we expect to be extinguished in cash are estimated and accrued for on the date of acquisition and recorded as a cost of the property. We incur costs to prepare properties acquired through our traditional acquisition channels for rental. These costs, along with related holding costs, are capitalized to the cost of the property during the period the property is undergoing activities to prepare it for its intended use. We capitalize interest costs as a cost of the property only during the period for which activities necessary to prepare an asset for its intended use are ongoing, provided that expenditures for the asset have been made and interest costs have been incurred. Upon completion of the renovation of our properties, all costs of operations, including repairs and maintenance, are expensed as incurred. Single-Family Properties Under Development and Development Land Land and construction in progress for our AMH Development Program are presented separately in single-family properties under development and development land within the consolidated balance sheets. Our capitalization policy on development properties follows the guidance in ASC 835-20, Capitalization of Interest , and ASC 970, Real Estate-General . Costs directly related to the development of properties are capitalized and the costs of land and buildings under development include specifically identifiable costs. We also capitalize interest, real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, and payroll costs for land and construction in progress under active development once the applicable GAAP criteria have been met. Single-family Properties Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations Single-family properties are classified as held for sale when they meet the applicable GAAP criteria in accordance with ASC 360-10, Property, Plant, and Equipment—Overall , including, but not limited to, the availability of the home for immediate sale in its present condition, the existence of an active program to locate a buyer and the probable sale of the home within one year. Single-family properties classified as held for sale are reported at the lower of their carrying value or estimated fair value less costs to sell, and are presented separately in single-family properties held for sale, net within the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had 711 and 1,187 single-family properties, respectively, classified as held for sale, and recorded $ 2.0 million, $ 3.7 million and $ 5.9 million of impairment on single-family properties held for sale for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, which was included in other expenses within the consolidated statements of operations. The results of operations of properties that have either been sold or classified as held for sale, if due to a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on our operations or financial results, are reported in the consolidated statements of operations as discontinued operations for both current and prior periods presented through the date of the applicable disposition in accordance with ASC 205-20, Presentation of Financial Statements—Discontinued Operations . During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, none of the properties classified as held for sale met the criteria to be reported as a discontinued operation. F-22 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Impairment of Long-lived Assets We evaluate our long-lived assets for impairment periodically or whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. Significant indicators of impairment may include, but are not limited to, declines in home values, rental rates and occupancy percentages, as well as significant changes in the economy. If an impairment indicator exists, we compare the expected future undiscounted cash flows against the net carrying amount. If the sum of the estimated undiscounted cash flows is less than the net carrying amount, we record an impairment loss for the difference between the estimated fair value of the individual property and the carrying amount of the property at that date. No significant impairments on operating properties were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. Commercial Office Leases We lease commercial office space from third parties for use in our corporate and property management operations. Commercial office leases are accounted for as operating leases in accordance with ASC 842 which requires us to recognize right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities within the consolidated balance sheets for the rights and obligations created from these leases. Operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of future minimum lease payments over the expected lease term at commencement date. As the implicit rate is generally not determinable, the ROU assets and lease liabilities are measured using our incremental borrowing rate based on the estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowing over a similar term of the lease payments at commencement date. The expected lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise such options. Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term in general and administrative expense within the consolidated statements of operations. We elected the short-term lease measurement and recognition exemption and do not establish ROU assets or lease liabilities for operating leases with terms of twelve months or less. We also elected the practical expedient allowing us to avoid separating non-lease components from the associated lease component for our commercial office leases. The ROU assets and lease liabilities are presented in escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets and accounts payable and accrued expenses, respectively, within the consolidated balance sheets. Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of buildings, improvements and other assets. Buildings are depreciated over thirty years and improvements and other assets are depreciated over their estimated economic useful lives, generally three to thirty years . Intangible Assets Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated economic lives, and the estimated economic life of our database intangible asset is seven years . The Company reviews finite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If the sum of the estimated future cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of an asset is less than its net book value, an impairment loss is recognized. Measurement of an impairment loss is based on the fair value of an asset. No impairment was recorded during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. Goodwill Goodwill represents the fair value in excess of the tangible and separately identifiable intangible assets that were acquired in connection with the internalization of the Company’s management function in June 2013, including all administrative, financial, property management, marketing and leasing personnel, including executive management. Goodwill has an indefinite life and is therefore not amortized. The Company analyzes goodwill for impairment on an annual basis pursuant to ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other , which permits us to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying amount as a basis to determine whether an impairment test is necessary. This qualitative assessment requires judgment to be applied in evaluating the effects of multiple factors, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, overall financial performance, other relevant entity-specific events, events affecting the reporting unit, and whether or not there has been a sustained decrease in the Company’s stock price. We also have the option to bypass the qualitative assessment for any reporting unit in any period and proceed directly to performing the goodwill impairment test. The F-23 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements impairment test compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, the impairment loss is determined as the excess of the carrying amount of the goodwill reporting unit over the fair value of that goodwill, not to exceed the carrying amount. Impairment charges, if any, are recognized in operating results. Based on our assessment of qualitative factors on December 31, 2020, we concluded it was more likely than not that the Company’s recorded goodwill balance of $ 120.3 million was not impaired and did not perform the quantitative test. No goodwill impairment was recorded during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. Deferred Financing Costs Financing costs related to the origination of the Company’s debt instruments are deferred and amortized as interest expense under the effective interest method over the contractual term of the applicable financing. Financing costs related to the origination of the Company’s revolving credit facility are presented net of accumulated amortization and are included in escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets within the consolidated balance sheets. Financing costs related to the origination of the Company’s unsecured senior notes and asset-backed securitizations are presented net of accumulated amortization and are netted against the related debt instrument under liabilities within the consolidated balance sheets. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash We consider all demand deposits, cashier’s checks, money market accounts and certificates of deposit with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. We maintain our cash and cash equivalents and escrow deposits at financial institutions. The combined account balances typically exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance coverage, and, as a result, there is a concentration of credit risk related to amounts on deposit. We believe that the risk is not significant. Restricted cash primarily consists of funds held related to resident security deposits, cash reserves in accordance with certain loan agreements and funds held in the custody of our transfer agent for the payment of distributions. Funds held related to resident security deposits are restricted during the term of the related lease agreement, which is generally one year. Cash reserved in connection with lender requirements is restricted during the term of the related debt instrument. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash per the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s consolidated statements of cash flows to the corresponding financial statement line items in the consolidated balance sheets (in thousands): December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Cash and cash equivalents $ 137,060 $ 37,575 $ 30,284 Restricted cash 128,017 126,544 144,930 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 265,077 $ 164,119 $ 175,214 Escrow Deposits Escrow deposits include refundable and non-refundable cash earnest money deposits for the purchase of properties. In addition, escrow deposits include amounts paid for single-family properties in certain states which require a judicial order when the risks and rewards of ownership of the property are transferred and the purchase is finalized. Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures are recorded initially at cost, and subsequently adjusted for equity in earnings and cash contributions and distributions. Under the equity method of accounting, our net equity investment is included in investments in unconsolidated joint ventures within the consolidated balance sheets, and our share of net income or loss from the joint ventures is included within other revenues in the consolidated statements of operations. Our recognition of joint venture income or loss is generally based on ownership percentages, which may change upon the achievement of certain investment return thresholds. The ultimate realization of the investment in unconsolidated joint ventures is dependent on a number of factors, including the performance of each investment and market conditions. Our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures are reviewed for impairment periodically and we will record an impairment charge when events or circumstances change indicating that a decline in the fair values below the carrying values has occurred and such decline is other-than-temporary. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company F-24 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements recognized a $ 4.9 million impairment charge in other expenses within the consolidated statements of operations associated with the liquidation of legacy joint ventures, which were acquired as part of the American Residential Properties, Inc. (“ARPI”) merger in February 2016. Notes Receivable, Net The Company obtained promissory notes in connection with two bulk dispositions of our single-family properties. The promissory note obtained during the second quarter of 2019 matures in the second quarter of 2025 and the promissory note obtained during the first quarter of 2017 matures in the first quarter of 2022. The promissory notes are secured by first priority mortgages on the disposed homes, contain certain covenants and require monthly or quarterly interest payments with the full principal due at maturity. Notes receivable are presented net of discounts in escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets within the consolidated balance sheets. Interest income from the notes, including amortization of discounts, is presented in other revenues within the consolidated statements of operations. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020, we are required to estimate and recognize lifetime expected losses, rather than incurred losses, on these notes receivable, which results in the earlier recognition of credit losses even if the expected risk of credit loss is remote. Beginning January 1, 2020, notes receivable are also presented net of the allowance for expected credit losses, which the Company estimates on a quarterly basis based on (i) credit quality indicators such as the borrower’s historical performance, including the borrower’s financial results and satisfaction of scheduled payments, (ii) current conditions, including macroeconomic conditions and other conditions affecting the borrower, and (iii) other reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future. As part of the monitoring process, we may meet with a borrower’s management to better understand such borrower’s financial performance and its future plans on an as-needed basis. A note receivable will be categorized as non-performing if a borrower experiences financial difficulty and has failed to make scheduled payments. Changes to the allowance for expected credit losses are recognized in other expenses within the consolidated statements of operations. Revenue and Expense Recognition We lease single-family properties that we own directly to tenants who occupy the properties under operating leases, generally, with a term of one year . As a result of the adoption of ASC 842 on January 1, 2019, the Company classifies our single-family property leases as operating leases and elects to not separate the lease component, comprised of rents from single-family properties, from the associated non-lease component, comprised of fees from single-family properties and tenant charge-backs. The combined component is accounted for under the new lease accounting standard while certain tenant charge-backs are accounted for as variable payments under the revenue accounting guidance. Rental revenue, net of any concessions, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, which is not materially different than if it were recorded when due from tenants and recognized monthly as it is earned. Tenant charge-backs, which are primarily related to cost recoveries on utilities, are recognized as revenue on a gross basis in the period during which the expenses are incurred. Upon adoption of ASC 842, we no longer have an allowance for doubtful accounts. When collectability is not deemed probable, we write-off the tenant’s receivables and limit lease income to cash received. Prior to January 1, 2019, we maintained an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses that may have resulted from the inability of tenants to make required rent or other payments. This allowance was estimated based on, among other considerations, payment histories, overall delinquencies and available security deposits. We accrue for property taxes and homeowners’ association (“HOA”) assessments based on amounts billed, and, in some circumstances, estimates and historical trends when bills or assessments are not available. The actual assessment may differ from the estimates, resulting in a change in estimate in a subsequent period. Gains or losses on sales of properties and upon contributions to our unconsolidated joint ventures are recognized pursuant to the provisions included in ASC 610-20, Other Income . Under ASC 610-20, we must first determine whether the transaction is a sale to a customer or non-customer. We typically sell properties on a selective basis and not within the ordinary course of our operating business and therefore expect that our sale transactions will not be contracts with customers. We next determine whether we have a controlling financial interest in the property after the sale, consistent with the consolidation model in ASC 810, Consolidation . If we determine that we do not have a controlling financial interest in the real estate, we evaluate whether a contract exists under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , and whether the buyer has obtained control of the asset that was sold. We recognize a full gain or loss on sale, which is presented in gain on sale of single-family properties and other, net within the consolidated statements of operations, when the derecognition criteria under ASC 610-20 have been met. F-25 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Leasing Costs As a result of the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) , (“ASC 842”) on January 1, 2019, only direct costs incurred due to the execution of a lease are capitalized and amortized over the term of the leases, which generally have a term of one year . Prior to January 1, 2019, both direct and indirect incremental costs incurred to lease properties were capitalized and amortized over the term of the leases. Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses Accounts payable and accrued expenses consists primarily of trade payables, accrued interest, distribution payables, resident security deposits, prepaid rent, construction and maintenance liabilities, HOA fees and property tax accruals as of the end of the respective period presented. It also consists of contingent loss accruals, if any. Such losses are accrued when they are both probable and estimable. When it is reasonably possible that a significant contingent loss has occurred, we disclose the nature of the potential loss and, if estimable, a range of exposure. Share-Based Compensation Our 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) is accounted for under the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation . Noncash share-based compensation costs related to options to purchase our Class A common shares and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) issued to members of the Company’s board of trustees and employees is based on the fair value of the options and RSUs on the grant date and generally amortized over the service period. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. In February 2020, the Plan was modified to allow for continued release of awards based on the original vesting schedule, rather than forfeiture, of unvested share-based grants issued in 2020 upon termination of service for employees who meet certain retirement eligibility criteria, including age and years of service. For the 2020 share-based grants, retirement eligible employees on the date of grant became fully vested and employees who will become retirement eligible prior to the end of their grant’s contractual life will become fully vested on the date they meet the criteria for retirement. Full compensation cost is recognized immediately at the date of grant to the extent a participant is retirement eligible and compensation cost is accelerated to the extent that a participant will become retirement eligible prior to the end of the contractual life of their 2020 share-based grants. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The fair value of a financial instrument is the amount at which the instrument could be exchanged in an orderly transaction between two willing parties. Fair value is a market-based measurement, and should be determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The GAAP valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels are defined as follows: • Level 1 —Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets; • Level 2 —Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument; and • Level 3 —Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. See Note 12. Fair Value for our consideration of the fair value of our financial instruments. Derivatives From time to time, we may use interest rate cap agreements or other derivative instruments for interest rate risk management purposes. We assess these derivatives at inception and on an ongoing basis for the effectiveness of qualifying cash flow hedges. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is reported as F-26 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements a component of other comprehensive income and reclassified into earnings as interest expense during the period in which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Segment Reporting Under the provision of ASC 280, Segment Reporting , the Company has determined that it has one reportable segment with activities related to acquiring, renovating, developing, leasing and operating single-family homes as rental properties. The Company’s properties are geographically dispersed and management evaluates operating performance at the market level. The Company did not have any geographic market concentrations representing 10% or more of the total gross book value of single-family properties in operations as of December 31, 2020. Accounting Pronouncements Adopted January 1, 2020 In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments , to amend the accounting for credit losses for certain financial instruments by requiring companies to recognize an estimate of expected credit losses as an allowance in order to recognize such losses more timely than under previous guidance that had allowed companies to wait until it was probable such losses had been incurred. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses , which clarifies that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of Topic 326. Instead, impairment of receivables arising from operating leases should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 842, Leases . In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments , which provides further clarification around some of the amendments in ASU 2016-13. In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-05, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) Targeted Transition Relief , which provides entities that have certain instruments within the scope of Topic 326 with an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option for certain financial assets previously measured at amortized cost basis upon adoption of Topic 326. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-11, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses , which provides further clarification around some of the amendments in ASU 2016-13. The guidance is effective for the Company for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and for interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods. An entity will apply the amendments in these ASUs through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective (that is, a modified-retrospective approach). A prospective transition approach is required for debt securities for which an other-than-temporary impairment had been recognized before the effective date. The effect of a prospective transition approach is to maintain the same amortized cost basis before and after the effective date of the guidance. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2020. An allowance for expected credit losses of $ 1.5 million was established with a cumulative-effect adjustment to accumulated deficit in the consolidated statements of equity. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement , which eliminates, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. Companies will no longer be required to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Companies will also be required to disclose the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and for interim periods within those annual periods with early adoption permitted. The amendments on the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract , which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal use software license). Capitalized implementation costs related to a hosting arrangement that is a service contract will be amortized over the term of the hosting arrangement, beginning when the module or component of the hosting arrangement is ready for its intended use. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and for interim F-27 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements periods within those annual periods with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this ASU should be applied either retrospectively or prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements. In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting , which provides optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The amendments in this ASU apply only to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform but do not apply to contract modifications made or hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022. The amendments in this ASU allow companies to (i) account for modifications to contracts within the scope of ASC 310, Receivables , and ASC 470, Debt , prospectively by adjusting the effective interest rate and (ii) account for modifications to contracts within the scope of ASC 842, Leases , as a continuation of existing lease agreements. The guidance also provides optional expedients for modifications to contracts within the scope of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging . The guidance is effective immediately, and entities may elect to apply the guidance as of January 1, 2020 or the beginning of a subsequent interim period, or prospectively from a date beginning January 1, 2020 or in a subsequent interim period up to the date the financial statements are available to be issued. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements. In April 2020, the FASB issued staff question and answer (“Q&A”) document Topic 842 and Topic 840: Accounting for Lease Concessions Related to the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic . Under ASC No. 842, Leases, lease concessions granted by lessors beyond the enforceable rights and obligations contained in the existing lease agreement would generally be accounted for as a lease modification. The staff Q&A document permits lessors to make an election, if certain criteria are met, to account for a lease concession related to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic as though it were part of the enforceable rights and obligations of the existing lease agreement rather than account for the concession as a lease modification. The Company elects to not evaluate whether a COVID-19-related concession is a lease modification and elects to not apply the lease modification guidance in those circumstances. The effect of these elections did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. Accounting Pronouncements Adopted July 1, 2020 In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-01, Investments—Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) , which clarifies the interaction between ASC Topics 321, 323 and 815. ASC 321, Investments—Equity Securities , provides a company with a measurement alternative to measure certain equity securities without a readily determinable fair value at cost, minus impairment, if any. If the company then identifies observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer, it should measure the equity security at fair value as of the date that the observable transaction occurred. The amendments in this ASU clarify that a company should consider observable transactions that require it to either apply or discontinue the equity method of accounting for the purposes of applying the measurement alternative in accordance with ASC 321 immediately before applying or upon discontinuing the equity method. The amendments in this ASU also clarify the accounting treatment of forward contracts and purchased options for securities that will be accounted for under the equity method of accounting upon settlement or exercise. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and for interim periods within those annual periods with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this ASU should be applied prospectively by applying the amendments at the beginning of the interim period that includes the adoption date. The Company adopted this guidance effective July 1, 2020. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements. F-28 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 3. Real Estate Assets, Net The net book values of real estate assets consisted of the following as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands): December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Occupied single-family properties $ 7,957,513 $ 7,534,627 Single-family properties recently acquired or developed 66,857 88,181 Single-family properties in turnover process 149,684 308,008 Single-family properties leased, not yet occupied 71,334 55,460 Single-family properties in operation, net 8,245,388 7,986,276 Development land 270,767 224,041 Single-family properties under development 239,598 131,386 Single-family properties held for sale, net 129,026 209,828 Total real estate assets, net $ 8,884,779 $ 8,551,531 Depreciation expense related to single-family properties was $ 330.2 million, $ 313.7 million and $ 300.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The following table summarizes the Company’s dispositions of single-family properties and land for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands, except property data): For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Single-family properties: Properties sold 1,047 1,330 691 Net proceeds (1)(2) $ 228,495 $ 248,199 $ 105,394 Net gain on sale (3) $ 47,187 $ 43,507 $ 16,313 Land: Net proceeds $ 71 $ 3,205 $ 763 Net gain on sale $ 7 $ 366 $ 220 (1) Total net proceeds for the year ended December 31, 2019 included a $ 30.7 million note receivable, before a $ 1.2 million discount, which is presented in escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets (see Note 5. Escrow Deposits, Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets). (2) Net proceeds are net of deductions for working capital prorations. (3) Includes gain or loss on transfers to unconsolidated joint ventures. Note 4. Rent and Other Receivables Rents and other single-family property revenues consisted of the following for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands): For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Rents from single-family properties (1) $ 1,172,514 $ 1,132,137 $ 908,936 Fees from single-family properties — — 10,946 Tenant charge-backs — — 146,793 Rents and other single-family property revenues $ 1,172,514 $ 1,132,137 $ 1,066,675 (1) For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, rents from single-family properties included $ 160.8 million and $ 159.9 million, respectively, of variable lease payments for tenant charge-backs, which are primarily related to cost recoveries on utilities, and $ 16.4 million and $ 13.8 million of variable lease payments for fees from single-family properties. F-29 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The Company generally rents its single-family properties under non-cancelable lease agreements with a term of one year . The following table summarizes our future minimum rental revenues under existing leases on our properties as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands): December 31, 2020 2021 $ 550,012 2022 32,238 2023 130 Total $ 582,380 As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, rent and other receivables included $ 0.8 million and $ 2.7 million, respectively, of insurance claims receivables. During the year ended December 31, 2020, proceeds collected from insurance claims included $ 4.0 million related to legal recoveries and $ 3.7 million related to hurricane-related insurance claims. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we collected $ 3.5 million in proceeds from hurricane-related insurance claims, of which approximately $ 1.3 million related to business interruption recoveries, and during the year ended December 31, 2018, we collected $ 4.5 million in proceeds from hurricane-related insurance claims. Note 5. Escrow Deposits, Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets The following table summarizes the components of escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands): December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other $ 51,886 $ 50,709 Deferred costs and other intangibles, net 4,864 6,840 Notes receivable, net 35,519 36,834 Operating lease ROU assets 18,772 3,836 Commercial real estate, software, vehicles and FF&E, net 52,130 42,742 Total $ 163,171 $ 140,961 Depreciation expense related to commercial real estate, software, vehicles and furniture, fixtures and equipment (“FF&E”), net was $ 8.9 million, $ 7.6 million and $ 7.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Deferred Costs and Other Intangibles, Net Deferred costs and other intangibles, net, consisted of the following as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands): December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Deferred leasing costs $ 3,782 $ 3,738 Deferred financing costs 11,244 11,244 Database intangible asset — 2,100 15,026 17,082 Less: accumulated amortization ( 10,162 ) ( 10,242 ) Total $ 4,864 $ 6,840 Amortization expense related to deferred leasing costs, the value of in-place leases, and database intangibles was $ 4.1 million, $ 8.0 million and $ 11.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and was included in depreciation and amortization within the consolidated statements of operations. Amortization of deferred financing costs that relate to our revolving credit facility was $ 2.0 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 and was included in gross interest, prior to interest capitalization (see Note 7. Debt). F-30 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The following table sets forth the estimated annual amortization expense related to deferred costs and other intangibles, net as of December 31, 2020 for future periods (in thousands): Deferred Leasing Costs Deferred Financing Costs Total 2021 $ 1,932 $ 1,964 $ 3,896 2022 — 968 968 Total $ 1,932 $ 2,932 $ 4,864 Note 6. Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures As of December 31, 2020, the Company held 20 % ownership interests in three unconsolidated joint ventures. In evaluating the Company’s 20 % ownership interests in these joint ventures, we concluded that the joint ventures are not VIEs after applying the variable interest model and, therefore, we account for our interests in the joint ventures as investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries after applying the voting interest model using the equity method of accounting. During the second quarter of 2014, the Company entered into a joint venture with the Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation (the “Alaska JV”) to invest in homes acquired through traditional acquisition channels. During the third quarter of 2018, the Company entered into a joint venture with another leading institutional investor (the “Institutional Investor JV”) to invest in newly constructed single-family rental homes, which was subsequently amended and upsized to $ 312.5 million during the third quarter of 2019. The initial term of the joint venture with Institutional Investor JV is five years from the effective date of the amended agreement, during which neither member may unilaterally market properties for sale. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company entered into a $ 253.1 million strategic joint venture, which has an evergreen term, with institutional investors advised by J.P. Morgan Asset Management (the “J.P. Morgan JV”) focused on constructing and operating newly built rental homes, which was subsequently upsized to $ 625.0 million during the second quarter of 2020. The following table summarizes our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures (in thousands, except percentages and property data): Joint Venture Description % Ownership at December 31, 2020 Completed Homes at December 31, 2020 Balances at December 31, 2020 Balances at December 31, 2019 Alaska JV 20 % 363 $ 26,020 $ 29,326 Institutional Investor JV 20 % 743 34,112 33,757 J.P. Morgan JV 20 % 187 32,977 — Other (1) N/A N/A — 4,852 1,293 $ 93,109 $ 67,935 (1) Includes legacy joint ventures, which the Company acquired as part of the American Residential Properties, Inc. merger in February 2016, that were liquidated during the first quarter of 2020. F-31 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The Company provides various services to these joint ventures, which are considered to be related parties, including property management and development services and has opportunities to earn promoted interests. Management fee and development fee income from unconsolidated joint ventures was $ 5.8 million, $ 3.6 million and $ 1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and was included in other revenues within the consolidated statements of operations. As a result of the Company’s management of these joint ventures, certain related party receivables and payables arise in the ordinary course of business and are included in escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets or amounts payable to affiliates in the consolidated balance sheets. During the third quarter of 2020, Institutional Investor JV entered into a loan agreement to borrow up to a $ 201.0 million aggregate commitment. During the initial two -year term, the loan bears interest at LIBOR plus a 3.50 % margin and matures on August 11, 2022. The loan agreement provides for three one-year extension options that include additional fees and interest. As of December 31, 2020, the joint venture’s loan had an $ 85.2 million outstanding principal balance. The Company provided a customary non-recourse guarantee that may become a liability for us upon a voluntary bankruptcy filing by the joint venture or occurrence of other actions such as fraud or a material misrepresentation by us or the joint venture. To date, the guarantee has not been invoked and we believe that the actions that would trigger a guarantee would generally be disadvantageous to the joint venture and us, and therefore are unlikely to occur. However, there can be no assurances that actions that could trigger the guarantee will not occur. Note 7. Debt All of the Company’s indebtedness is debt of the Operating Partnership. AH4R is not directly obligated under any indebtedness, but guarantees some of the debt of the Operating Partnership. The following table presents the Company’s debt as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands): Outstanding Principal Balance Interest Rate (1) Maturity Date December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 AH4R 2014-SFR2 securitization 4.42 % October 9, 2024 $ 479,981 $ 485,828 AH4R 2014-SFR3 securitization 4.40 % December 9, 2024 495,392 501,393 AH4R 2015-SFR1 securitization (2) 4.14 % April 9, 2045 520,957 526,560 AH4R 2015-SFR2 securitization (3) 4.36 % October 9, 2045 452,162 457,212 Total asset-backed securitizations 1,948,492 1,970,993 2028 unsecured senior notes (4) 4.08 % February 15, 2028 500,000 500,000 2029 unsecured senior notes 4.90 % February 15, 2029 400,000 400,000 Revolving credit facility (5) 1.34 % June 30, 2022 — — Total debt 2,848,492 2,870,993 Unamortized discount on unsecured senior notes ( 3,658 ) ( 4,143 ) Deferred financing costs, net (6) ( 27,422 ) ( 33,353 ) Total debt per balance sheet $ 2,817,412 $ 2,833,497 (1) Interest rates are as of December 31, 2020. Unless otherwise stated, interest rates are fixed percentages. (2) The AH4R 2015-SFR1 securitization has an anticipated repayment date of April 9, 2025. (3) The AH4R 2015-SFR2 securitization has an anticipated repayment date of October 9, 2025. (4) The stated interest rate on the 2028 unsecured senior notes is 4.25 %, which was effectively hedged to yield an interest rate of 4.08 %. (5) The revolving credit facility provides for a borrowing capacity of up to $ 800.0 million, and the Company had approximately $ 1.5 million and $ 6.2 million committed to outstanding letters of credit that reduced our borrowing capacity as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The revolving credit facility bears interest at the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus 1.20 % as of December 31, 2020. (6) Deferred financing costs relate to our asset-backed securitizations and unsecured senior notes. Amortization of these deferred financing costs related to our asset-backed securitizations, term loan facility and unsecured senior notes was $ 5.9 million, $ 5.9 million and $ 5.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and is included in gross interest, prior to interest capitalization. Early Extinguishment of Debt During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company paid off the $ 100.0 million remaining outstanding principal on our term loan facility, which resulted in $ 0.7 million of charges related to the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company paid off the outstanding principal on the secured note payable of approximately $ 48.4 million, which resulted in $ 0.5 million of charges related to the early extinguishment of debt. The payoff of the secured note payable also resulted in the release of the 572 homes pledged as collateral and $ 2.1 million of restricted cash for lender requirements. Also during the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company paid down $ 100.0 million on our term loan facility, which resulted in F-32 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements $ 0.9 million of charges related to the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs. The charges resulting from the early extinguishment of debt and write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs were included in loss on early extinguishment of debt within the consolidated statements of operations. Debt Maturities The following table summarizes the contractual maturities of the Company’s principal debt balances on a fully extended basis as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands): Debt Maturities 2021 $ 20,714 2022 20,714 2023 20,714 2024 954,439 2025 10,302 Thereafter 1,821,609 Total debt $ 2,848,492 Encumbered Properties The following table displays the number of properties pledged as collateral for the Company’s asset-backed securitization loans and the aggregate net book values as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands, except property data): December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Number of Properties Net Book Value Number of Properties Net Book Value AH4R 2014-SFR2 securitization 4,537 $ 575,634 4,543 $ 592,203 AH4R 2014-SFR3 securitization 4,581 624,279 4,587 642,189 AH4R 2015-SFR1 securitization 4,695 624,269 4,696 641,595 AH4R 2015-SFR2 securitization 4,172 576,999 4,175 592,900 Total encumbered properties 17,985 $ 2,401,181 18,001 $ 2,468,887 Asset-backed Securitizations General Terms As of December 31, 2020, the Company has completed multiple asset-backed securitizations, all of which have certain general characteristics in common. The asset-backed securitization transactions resulted in newly-formed special purpose entities (the “Borrowers”), which entered into loans with third-party lenders. The Borrowers are each wholly owned by respective special purpose entities (the “Equity Owners”), which are wholly owned by the Operating Partnership. The loans were represented by promissory notes that were immediately transferred by the third-party lenders to subsidiaries of the Company and then to Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit (“REMIC”) trusts in exchange for single-family rental pass-through certificates representing all the beneficial ownership interests in the respective loans and trusts. Upon receipt of the certificates, the subsidiaries sold the certificates to investors. The principal amount of each class of certificates corresponds to the corresponding principal amount of the loan components with an additional class to hold the residual REMIC interest. The loans require monthly payments of interest together with principal payments representing one-twelfth of one percent of the original principal amount of the loans. The loans are secured by first priority mortgages on pools of single-family residential properties transferred to the Borrowers from the Company’s portfolio of properties. The Borrowers’ homes were substantially similar to the other properties owned by the Company and were leased to tenants underwritten on substantially the same basis as the tenants in the Company’s other properties. During the duration of the loans, the Borrowers’ properties may not generally be transferred, sold or otherwise securitized and the Company can substitute properties if a property owned by the Borrowers becomes a disqualified property under the terms of the loan or voluntarily with properties eligible for substitution, in limited circumstances, subject to the terms, conditions and limitations provided in the loan agreements. The loans are also secured by a security interest in all of the Borrowers’ personal property and a pledge of all of the assets of the Equity Owners, including a security interest in their membership interests in the Borrowers. The F-33 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Company provides a limited guaranty (i) for certain losses arising out of designated acts of intentional misconduct and (ii) for the principal amount of the loans and all other obligations under the loan agreements in the event of insolvency or bankruptcy proceedings. The Company has accounted for the transfers of the notes from its subsidiaries to the trusts as sales under ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing , with no resulting gain or loss as the notes were both originated by the third-party lenders and immediately transferred at the same fair market value. The Company has also evaluated and not identified any variable interests in the trusts. Accordingly, the Company consolidates, at historical cost basis, the homes placed as collateral for the notes, and the principal balances outstanding on the notes are included in asset-backed securitizations, net within the consolidated balance sheets. The loan agreements provide that the Borrowers maintain covenants typical for securitization transactions including maintaining certain reserve accounts and a debt service coverage ratio of at least 1.20 to 1.00. The loan agreements define the debt service coverage ratio as of any determination date as a ratio in which the numerator is the net cash flow divided by the aggregate debt service for the 12-month period following the date of determination. AH4R 2014-SFR2 Securitization The AH4R 2014-SFR2 securitization, which was completed during the third quarter of 2014, is a fixed-rate loan for $ 513.3 million with a 10 -year term, maturity date of October 9, 2024, and a duration-adjusted weighted-average interest rate of 4.42 %. The loan was originally secured by first priority mortgages on a portfolio of 4,487 single-family residential properties. Also, in addition to the single-family rental pass-through certificates sold to third parties, the Company acquired all of the Class F certificates, which bear no interest, for $ 25.7 million. The Company has evaluated the purchased Class F certificates as a variable interest in the trust and has concluded that the Class F certificates will not absorb a majority of the trust’s expected losses or receive a majority of the trust’s expected residual returns. Additionally, the Company has concluded that the Class F certificates do not provide the Company with any ability to direct activities that could impact the trust’s economic performance. The Company does not consolidate the trust and the $ 25.7 million of purchased Class F certificates have been reflected as asset-backed securitization certificates in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and as amounts due from affiliates in the Operating Partnership’s consolidated balance sheets. Gross proceeds to the Company from the transaction, after purchase of the Class F certificates, were $ 487.7 million, before issuance costs of $ 12.9 million, and were used to pay down the outstanding balance on the credit facility and for general corporate purposes. AH4R 2014-SFR3 Securitization The AH4R 2014-SFR3 securitization, which was completed during the fourth quarter of 2014, is a fixed-rate loan for $ 528.4 million with a 10 -year term, maturity date of December 9, 2024, and a duration-adjusted weighted-average interest rate of 4.40 %. The loan was originally secured by first priority mortgages on a portfolio of 4,503 single-family residential properties owned by the Borrower. Gross proceeds from the transaction were $ 528.4 million, before issuance costs of $ 12.9 million, and were used to pay down the outstanding balance on the credit facility and for general corporate purposes. AH4R 2015-SFR1 Securitization The AH4R 2015-SFR1 securitization, which was completed during the first quarter of 2015, is a fixed-rate loan for $ 552.8 million with a 30 -year term, maturity date of April 9, 2045, and a duration-adjusted weighted-average interest rate of 4.14 %. The loan was originally secured by first priority mortgages on a pool of 4,661 single-family residential properties owned by the Borrower and has an anticipated repayment date of April 9, 2025. Gross proceeds from the transaction were $ 552.8 million, before issuance costs of $ 13.3 million, and were used to pay down the outstanding balance on the credit facility and for general corporate purposes. AH4R 2015-SFR2 Securitization The AH4R 2015-SFR2 securitization, which was completed during the third quarter of 2015, is a fixed-rate loan for $ 477.7 million with a 30 -year term, maturity date of October 9, 2045, and a duration-adjusted weighted-average interest rate of 4.36 %. The loan was originally secured by first priority mortgages on a portfolio of 4,125 single-family residential properties owned by the Borrower and has an anticipated repayment date of October 9, 2025. Gross proceeds from the transaction were $ 477.7 million, before issuance costs of $ 11.3 million, and were used to pay down the outstanding balance on the credit facility and for general corporate purposes. F-34 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Unsecured Senior Notes During the first quarter of 2019, the Operating Partnership issued $ 400.0 million of 4.90 % unsecured senior notes with a maturity date of February 15, 2029 (the “2029 Notes”). Interest on the 2029 Notes, which commenced on August 15, 2019, is payable semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 of each year. The Operating Partnership received net proceeds of $ 395.3 million from this issuance, after underwriting fees of approximately $ 2.6 million and a $ 2.1 million discount, and before offering costs of $ 1.0 million. The Operating Partnership used the net proceeds from this issuance to repay amounts outstanding on our revolving credit facility and for general corporate purposes. The 2029 Notes are the Operating Partnership’s unsecured and unsubordinated obligation and rank equally in right of payment with all of the Operating Partnership’s existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. The indenture requires that we maintain certain financial covenants. The Operating Partnership may redeem the 2029 Notes at any time, in whole or in part, at the applicable redemption price specified in the indenture with respect to the 2029 Notes. If the 2029 Notes are redeemed on or after November 15, 2028 (three months prior to the maturity date), the redemption price will be equal to 100 % of the principal amount of the 2029 Notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to, but not including, the redemption date. During the first quarter of 2018, the Operating Partnership issued $ 500.0 million of 4.25 % unsecured senior notes with a maturity date of February 15, 2028 (the “2028 Notes”). Interest on the 2028 Notes, which commenced on August 15, 2018, is payable semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 of each year. The Operating Partnership received net proceeds of $ 494.0 million from this issuance, after underwriting fees of approximately $ 3.2 million and a $ 2.8 million discount, and before offering costs of $ 1.9 million. The net proceeds from this issuance were used for general corporate purposes, including, without limitation, acquisitions of additional properties, the repayment of outstanding indebtedness, capital expenditures, the expansion, redevelopment and/or improvement of our properties, working capital and other general purposes, including repurchases of securities. The 2028 Notes are the Operating Partnership’s unsecured and unsubordinated obligation and rank equally in right of payment with all of the Operating Partnership’s existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. The indenture requires that we maintain certain financial covenants. The Operating Partnership may redeem the 2028 Notes at any time, in whole or in part, at the applicable redemption price specified in the indenture with respect to the 2028 Notes. If the 2028 Notes are redeemed on or after November 15, 2027 (three months prior to the maturity date), the redemption price will be equal to 100 % of the principal amount of the 2028 Notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to, but not including, the redemption date. Including the effect of a cash flow hedging instrument settled during the first quarter of 2018 (see Note 12. Fair Value), the 2028 Notes yield an effective interest rate of 4.08 %. Credit Facilities During the second quarter of 2017, the Company amended our $ 1.0 billion credit agreement to expand our borrowing capacity on the revolving credit facility to $ 800.0 million and reduce the term loan facility to $ 200.0 million. The Company subsequently paid off the term loan facility during the second quarter of 2019. The interest rate on the revolving credit facility is, at the Company’s election, LIBOR plus a margin ranging from 0.825 % to 1.55 % or a base rate (generally determined according to a prime rate or federal funds rate) plus a margin ranging from 0.00 % to 0.55 %. The actual margin is determined based on the Company’s credit ratings in effect from time to time. Based on current corporate ratings for LIBOR-based borrowings as of December 31, 2020, the revolving credit facility bears interest at 1-month LIBOR plus 1.20 %. In addition, the Company is required to pay a commitment fee in the amount of 0.25 % of the principal amount of the commitments, which is also based on the Company’s credit rating. The credit agreement includes an accordion feature allowing the revolving credit facility or the term loan facility to be increased to an aggregate amount not to exceed $ 1.75 billion, subject to certain conditions. The revolving credit facility matures on June 30, 2021, with two six -month extension options at the Company’s election upon payment of an extension fee. The credit agreement requires that we maintain certain financial covenants. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had no outstanding borrowings against the revolving credit facility. F-35 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Interest Expense The following table summarizes our (i) gross interest cost, which includes fees on our credit facilities and amortization of deferred financing costs, the discounts on unsecured senior notes and the fair value of the exchange settlement feature of the exchangeable senior notes, and (ii) capitalized interest for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands): For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Gross interest cost $ 137,034 $ 138,211 $ 129,571 Capitalized interest ( 19,996 ) ( 11,097 ) ( 6,671 ) Interest expense $ 117,038 $ 127,114 $ 122,900 Note 8. Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses The following table summarizes accounts payable and accrued expenses as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands): December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Resident security deposits $ 90,621 $ 84,832 Accrued property taxes 48,689 44,280 Accrued construction and maintenance liabilities 42,483 20,435 Prepaid rent 24,421 19,970 Accrued interest 23,018 23,090 Operating lease liabilities 19,166 3,916 Accrued distribution payable 13,612 13,024 Accounts payable 432 5,037 Other accrued liabilities 36,507 28,609 Total $ 298,949 $ 243,193 Note 9. Shareholders’ Equity / Partners’ Capital When the Company issues common or preferred shares, the Operating Partnership issues an equivalent number of units of partnership interest of a corresponding class to AH4R, with the Operating Partnership receiving the net proceeds from the share issuances. Class A Common Shares / Units Class A units represent voting equity interests in the Operating Partnership. Holders of Class A units in the Operating Partnership have the right to redeem the units for cash or, at the election of the Company, exchange the units for AH4R’s Class A common shares on a one -for-one basis. AH4R owned 85.9 % and 85.2 % of the total 368,383,440 and 352,769,654 Class A units outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. During the third quarter of 2020, the Company issued 14,950,000 Class A common shares of beneficial interest, $ 0.01 par value per share, in an underwritten public offering, raising net proceeds of $ 411.7 million after deducting underwriting discounts and before offering costs of approximately $ 0.2 million. The Company used the net proceeds from this offering (i) to repay indebtedness the Company had incurred under its revolving credit facility (ii) to develop new single-family properties and communities, (iii) to acquire and renovate single-family properties and for related activities in accordance with its business strategy and (iv) for general corporate purposes. The Operating Partnership issued an equivalent number of corresponding Class A units to AH4R in exchange for the net proceeds from the issuance. At-the-Market Common Share Offering Program During the second quarter of 2020, the Company extended its at-the-market common share offering program under which we can issue Class A common shares from time to time through various sales agents up to an aggregate gross sales offering price of $ 500.0 million (the “At-the-Market Program”). The At-the-Market Program also provides that we may enter into forward contracts for our Class A common shares with forward sellers and forward purchasers. The Company intends to use any net proceeds from the At- F-36 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements the-Market Program (i) to repay indebtedness the Company has incurred or expects to incur under its revolving credit facility, (ii) to develop new single-family properties and communities, (iii) to acquire and renovate single-family properties and for related activities in accordance with the Company’s business strategy and (iv) for working capital and general corporate purposes, including repurchases of the Company’s securities, acquisitions of additional properties, capital expenditures and the expansion, redevelopment and/or improvement of properties in the Company’s portfolio. The Company may suspend or terminate the At-the-Market Program at any time. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company issued 86,130 Class A common shares under the At-the-Market Program, raising $ 2.4 million in gross proceeds before commissions and other expenses of approximately $ 0.4 million. As of December 31, 2020, 86,130 shares have been issued under the At-the-Market Program and $ 497.6 million remained available for future share issuances. Share Repurchase Program During the first quarter of 2018, the Company’s board of trustees re-authorized our existing share repurchase program, authorizing the repurchase of up to $ 300.0 million of our outstanding Class A common shares and up to $ 250.0 million of our outstanding preferred shares from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The program does not have an expiration date, but may be suspended or discontinued at any time without notice. All repurchased shares are constructively retired and returned to an authorized and unissued status. The Operating Partnership funds the repurchases and constructively retires an equivalent number of corresponding Class A units. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we did no t repurchase and retire any of our shares. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased and retired 1.8 million of our Class A common shares on a settlement date basis, in accordance with the program, at a weighted-average price of $ 19.36 per share and a total price of $ 34.9 million. As of December 31, 2020, we had a remaining repurchase authorization of up to $ 265.1 million of our outstanding Class A common shares and up to $ 250.0 million of our outstanding preferred shares under the program. Class B Common Shares Former American Homes 4 Rent, LLC (“AH LLC”) members received 635,075 Class B common shares in connection with their contributions of properties and funds to the Company. The Operating Partnership issued an equivalent number of corresponding Class A units to AH4R in exchange for the proceeds and properties contributed in the transaction. Each Class B common share generally entitles the holder to 50 votes on all matters that the holders of Class A common shares are entitled to vote. The issuance of Class B common shares to former AH LLC members allows former AH LLC members a voting right associated with their investment in the Company no greater than if they had solely received Class A common shares. Additionally, when the voting interest from Class A common shares and Class B common shares are added together, a shareholder is limited to a 30 % total voting interest. Each Class B common share has the same economic interest as a Class A common share. Perpetual Preferred Shares / Units As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had the following series of perpetual preferred shares outstanding (in thousands, except share data): December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Series Issuance Date Earliest Redemption Date Dividend Rate Outstanding Shares Current Liquidation Value Outstanding Shares Current Liquidation Value Series D perpetual preferred shares 5/24/2016 5/24/2021 6.500 % 10,750,000 $ 268,750 10,750,000 $ 268,750 Series E perpetual preferred shares 6/29/2016 6/29/2021 6.350 % 9,200,000 230,000 9,200,000 230,000 Series F perpetual preferred shares 4/24/2017 4/24/2022 5.875 % 6,200,000 155,000 6,200,000 155,000 Series G perpetual preferred shares 7/17/2017 7/17/2022 5.875 % 4,600,000 115,000 4,600,000 115,000 Series H perpetual preferred shares 9/19/2018 9/19/2023 6.250 % 4,600,000 115,000 4,600,000 115,000 Total preferred shares 35,350,000 $ 883,750 35,350,000 $ 883,750 Perpetual preferred shares represent non-voting preferred equity interests in the Company and entitle holders to a cumulative annual cash dividend, based on the respective dividend rate in the table above, which is applied to the liquidation preference at issuance of $ 25.00 per share. The Operating Partnership issues an equivalent number of corresponding perpetual preferred units for the given class to AH4R in exchange for the net proceeds from the share issuances. The Company may, at its option, redeem the perpetual preferred shares for cash, in whole or in part, from time to time, at any time on or after the earliest redemption date shown in F-37 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements the table above or within 120 days after the occurrence of a change in control at a redemption price equal to the $ 25.00 per share liquidation preference, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends. During the third quarter of 2018, the Company issued 4,600,000 6.25 % Series H cumulative redeemable perpetual preferred shares in an underwritten public offering, raising gross proceeds of $ 115.0 million before offering costs of approximately $ 4.4 million, with a liquidation preference of $ 25.00 per share. The Operating Partnership issued an equivalent number of the same class of perpetual preferred units to AH4R in exchange for the net proceeds from the share issuance. Participating Preferred Shares / Units The Series C participating preferred shares represented non-voting preferred equity interests in the Company and entitled holders to a cumulative annual cash dividend equal to 5.5 % of an initial liquidation preference of $ 25.00 per share. The Operating Partnership issued an equivalent number of corresponding participating preferred units to AH4R in exchange for the net proceeds from the share issuance. On April 5, 2018, the Company redeemed all 7,600,000 shares of the outstanding 5.5 % Series C participating preferred shares through a conversion of those participating preferred shares into Class A common shares of beneficial interest, $ 0.01 par value, in accordance with the conversion terms in the Articles Supplementary. This resulted in 10,848,827 Class A common shares issued from the conversion, based on a conversion ratio of 1.4275 Class A common shares issued per Series C participating preferred share. The Operating Partnership also redeemed its corresponding Series C participating preferred units through a conversion into Class A units on April 5, 2018. The conversion ratio was calculated by dividing (i) the initial liquidation preference on the Series C participating preferred shares, as adjusted by an amount equal to 50 % of the cumulative change in value of an index based on the purchase prices of single-family properties located in our top 20 markets (adjusted for a maximum 9.0 % internal rate of return), plus unaccrued dividends by (ii) the one-day volume weighted-average price (“VWAP”) of the Company’s Class A common shares on March 29, 2018, the date the Company delivered the required notice of redemption. As a result of the redemption, the Company recorded a $ 32.2 million allocation of income to the Series C participating preferred shareholders in the second quarter of 2018, which represents the initial liquidation value of the Series C participating preferred shares in excess of the original equity carrying value of the Series C participating preferred shares as of the redemption date. The original equity carrying value of the Series C participating preferred shares was net of the initial bifurcated home price appreciation derivative liability and offering costs. Exchangeable Senior Notes In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Operating Partnership elected the cash settlement option for settlement of the previously held exchangeable senior notes, which resulted in an aggregate payment of $ 135.1 million to the holders of the notes at maturity on November 15, 2018. $ 115.0 million of the total $ 135.1 million settlement consideration was allocated to the extinguishment of the liability component based on the fair value of the liability component immediately prior to extinguishment, which was equal to the carrying amount of the liability component. The remaining $ 20.1 million of settlement consideration was allocated to the reacquisition of the equity component and recognized as a reduction to additional paid-in capital within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and a reduction to general partner’s common capital within the Operating Partnership’s consolidated balance sheets. Distributions As a REIT, we generally are required to distribute annually to our shareholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and any net capital gains) and to pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we annually distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and including any net capital gains). The Operating Partnership funds the payment of distributions. AH4R had an NOL for U.S. federal income tax purposes of an estimated $ 60.2 million as of December 31, 2020 and approximately $ 189.1 million as of December 31, 2019. We intend to use our NOL (to the extent available) to reduce our REIT taxable income and will distribute approximately all of our remaining REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and including any net capital gains). No distributions can be paid on our Class A and Class B common shares unless we have first paid all cumulative distributions on our Series D, Series E, Series F, Series G and Series H perpetual preferred shares. The distribution preference of our Series D, Series E, Series F, Series G and Series H perpetual preferred shares could limit our ability to make distributions to the holders of our Class A and Class B common shares. F-38 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The Company’s board of trustees declared the following distributions during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. The Operating Partnership funds the payment of distributions, and the board of trustees declared an equivalent amount of distributions on the corresponding Operating Partnership units. For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Class A and Class B common shares $ 0.20 $ 0.20 $ 0.20 5.500 % Series C participating preferred shares — — 0.34 6.500 % Series D perpetual preferred shares 1.63 1.63 1.63 6.350 % Series E perpetual preferred shares 1.59 1.59 1.59 5.875 % Series F perpetual preferred shares 1.47 1.47 1.47 5.875 % Series G perpetual preferred shares 1.47 1.47 1.47 6.250 % Series H perpetual preferred shares 1.56 1.56 0.44 Noncontrolling Interest Noncontrolling interest as reflected in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets primarily consists of the interests held by former AH LLC members in units in the Operating Partnership. Former AH LLC members owned 51,129,990 and 51,429,990 , or approximately 13.9 % and 14.6 %, of the total 368,383,440 and 352,769,654 Class A units in the Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Noncontrolling interest also includes interests held by non-affiliates in Class A units in the Operating Partnership. Non-affiliate Class A unitholders owned 596,990 , or approximately 0.2 % of the total 368,383,440 and 352,769,654 Class A units in the Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The following table summarizes the income or loss allocated to noncontrolling interests as reflected in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands): For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Net income allocated to Class A units $ 14,455 $ 15,221 $ 4,424 Net loss allocated to noncontrolling interest in a consolidated subsidiary — — ( 259 ) Total noncontrolling interest $ 14,455 $ 15,221 $ 4,165 Noncontrolling interest as reflected in the Operating Partnership’s consolidated statements of capital consisted solely of the outside ownership interest in a consolidated subsidiary of the Operating Partnership, which was liquidated during the second quarter of 2018. Income and loss allocated to the Operating Partnership’s noncontrolling interest is reflected in noncontrolling interest within the Operating Partnership’s consolidated statements of operations. The Operating Partnership units owned by former AH LLC members and non-affiliates that are reflected as noncontrolling interest in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets are reflected as limited partner capital in the Operating Partnership’s consolidated balance sheets. Note 10. Share-Based Compensation 2012 Equity Incentive Plan In 2012, the Company adopted the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan to provide persons with an incentive to contribute to the success of the Company and to operate and manage our business in a manner that will provide for the Company’s long-term growth and profitability. The Plan provides for the issuance of up to 6,000,000 Class A common shares through the grant of a variety of awards including stock options, stock appreciation rights, RSUs, unrestricted shares, dividend equivalent rights and performance-based awards. The Plan terminates in November 2022, unless terminated earlier by the Company’s board of trustees. When the Company issues Class A common shares under the Plan, the Operating Partnership issues an equivalent number of Class A units to AH4R. RSUs granted to employees during the year ended December 31, 2020 generally vest over a three-year service period, and stock options and RSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 generally vest over a four-year service period. F-39 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements RSUs granted to non-management trustees during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 vest over a one -year service period. Options expire 10 years from the date of grant. In February 2020, the Plan was modified to allow for continued release of awards based on the original vesting schedule, rather than forfeiture, of unvested share-based grants issued in 2020 upon termination of service for employees who meet certain retirement eligibility criteria, including age and years of service. For the 2020 share-based grants, retirement eligible employees on the date of grant became fully vested and employees who will become retirement eligible prior to the end of their grant’s contractual life will become fully vested on the date they meet the criteria for retirement. The following table summarizes stock option activity under the Plan for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018: Shares Weighted- Average Exercise Price Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) (in thousands) Options outstanding at December 31, 2017 3,052,450 $ 16.65 6.9 $ 16,421 Granted 140,000 19.40 Exercised ( 769,875 ) 16.07 4,754 Forfeited ( 170,300 ) 17.93 Options outstanding at December 31, 2018 2,252,275 $ 16.92 6.1 $ 7,713 Granted 20,000 20.48 Exercised ( 730,125 ) 15.94 6,088 Forfeited ( 12,350 ) 20.80 Options outstanding at December 31, 2019 1,529,800 $ 17.40 5.3 $ 13,479 Granted — — Exercised ( 426,150 ) 16.55 4,911 Forfeited ( 13,350 ) 21.89 Options outstanding at December 31, 2020 1,090,300 $ 17.68 4.5 $ 13,436 Options exercisable at December 31, 2020 956,700 $ 17.15 4.2 $ 12,289 (1) Intrinsic value for activities other than exercises is defined as the difference between the grant price and the market value on the last trading day of the period for those stock options where the market value is greater than the grant price. For exercises, intrinsic value is defined as the difference between the grant price and the market value on the date of exercise. The Company uses the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model to calculate the fair value of stock options granted for Class A common shares. Because the Company’s stock has a limited trading history, the volatility assumption used in the model is based on the historical volatility of similar entities in our industry and the expected term assumption is based on the simplified method by using the average of the contractual term and vesting period. There were no stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2020. The weighted-average fair value of stock options for Class A common shares granted during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were $ 2.85 and 3.03 , respectively, based on the following inputs used in the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model: 2019 2018 Expected term (years) 7.0 7.0 Dividend yield 3.0 % 3.0 % Volatility 17.3 % 18.9 % Risk-free interest rate 2.6 % 2.8 % F-40 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The following table summarizes RSU activity under the Plan for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018: Restricted Stock Units Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) (in thousands) RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2017 243,875 $ 20.65 $ 5,326 Awarded 304,400 19.40 Vested ( 80,125 ) 19.51 1,552 Forfeited ( 95,775 ) 20.15 RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2018 372,375 $ 20.00 $ 7,392 Awarded 350,334 22.90 Vested ( 111,000 ) 19.75 2,431 Forfeited ( 12,600 ) 21.34 RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2019 599,109 $ 21.71 $ 15,703 Awarded 470,147 27.38 Vested ( 316,186 ) 23.61 8,835 Forfeited ( 101,533 ) 23.93 RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2020 651,537 $ 24.53 $ 19,546 (1) Intrinsic value for outstanding RSUs is defined as the market value of the underlying Class A common shares on the last trading day of the period. Intrinsic value for vested RSUs is defined as the market value of the underlying shares on the day the awards vested. The Company’s noncash share-based compensation expense relating to corporate administrative employees is included in general and administrative expense and the noncash share-based compensation relating to centralized and field property management employees is included in property management expenses. Noncash share-based compensation expense relating to employees involved in the purchases of single-family properties, including newly constructed properties from third-party builders, or the disposal of certain properties is included in acquisition and other transaction costs. The following table summarizes the activity that relates to the Company’s noncash share-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands): For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 General and administrative expense $ 6,573 $ 3,466 $ 2,075 Property management expenses 1,745 1,342 1,358 Acquisition and other transaction costs 1,516 — — Total noncash share-based compensation expense $ 9,834 $ 4,808 $ 3,433 As of December 31, 2020, the unrecognized compensation expense for unvested stock options and unvested RSUs were $ 0.2 million and $ 10.3 million, respectively. The unrecognized compensation expense for unvested stock options and RSUs is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.8 years and 1.8 years, respectively. F-41 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 11. Earnings per Share / Unit American Homes 4 Rent The following table reflects the Company’s computation of net income per common share on a basic and diluted basis for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands, except share and per share data): For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Numerator: Net income $ 154,829 $ 156,260 $ 112,438 Less: Noncontrolling interest 14,455 15,221 4,165 Dividends on preferred shares 55,128 55,128 52,586 Redemption of participating preferred shares — — 32,215 Allocation to participating securities (1) 217 166 85 Numerator for income per common share–basic and diluted $ 85,029 $ 85,745 $ 23,387 Denominator: Weighted-average common shares outstanding–basic 306,613,197 299,415,397 293,640,500 Effect of dilutive securities: Share-based compensation plan (2) 461,550 503,569 627,830 Weighted-average common shares outstanding–diluted (3) 307,074,747 299,918,966 294,268,330 Net income per common share: Basic $ 0.28 $ 0.29 $ 0.08 Diluted $ 0.28 $ 0.29 $ 0.08 (1) Unvested RSUs that have nonforfeitable rights to participate in dividends declared on common stock are accounted for as participating securities and reflected in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share using the two-class method. (2) Reflects the effect of potentially dilutive securities issuable upon the assumed exercise of stock options. (3) The effect of the potential conversion of OP units is not reflected in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share, as they are exchangeable for Class A common shares on a one -for-one basis. The income allocable to the OP units is allocated on this same basis and reflected as noncontrolling interest in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. As such, the assumed conversion of the OP units would have no net impact on the determination of diluted earnings per share. F-42 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. The following table reflects the Operating Partnership’s computation of net income per common unit on a basic and diluted basis for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands, except unit and per unit data): For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Numerator: Net income $ 154,829 $ 156,260 $ 112,438 Less: Noncontrolling interest — — ( 259 ) Preferred distributions 55,128 55,128 52,586 Redemption of participating preferred units — — 32,215 Allocation to participating securities (1) 217 166 85 Numerator for income per common unit–basic and diluted $ 99,484 $ 100,966 $ 27,811 Denominator: Weighted-average common units outstanding–basic 358,603,291 352,460,401 348,990,561 Effect of dilutive securities: Share-based compensation plan (2) 461,550 503,569 627,830 Weighted-average common units outstanding–diluted 359,064,841 352,963,970 349,618,391 Net income per common unit: Basic $ 0.28 $ 0.29 $ 0.08 Diluted $ 0.28 $ 0.29 $ 0.08 (1) Unvested RSUs that have nonforfeitable rights to participate in dividends declared on common stock are accounted for as participating securities and reflected in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per unit using the two-class method. (2) Reflects the effect of potentially dilutive securities issuable upon the assumed exercise of stock options. Note 12. Fair Value The carrying amount of rents and other receivables, restricted cash, escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets, and accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these amounts. The Company’s participating preferred shares derivative liability and treasury lock were the only financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the consolidated financial statements. Our notes receivable are financial instruments classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy as their fair values were estimated using unobservable inputs. We estimated the fair values of the notes receivable by modeling the expected contractual cash flows required under the instruments and discounting them back to their present values using estimates of current market rates. As the estimated current market rates were not substantially different from the discount rates originally applied, the carrying amount of notes receivable, net approximates fair value. Our asset-backed securitizations and revolving credit facility are financial instruments classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy as their fair values were estimated using unobservable inputs. We estimated the fair values of the asset-backed securitizations by modeling the contractual cash flows required under the instruments and discounting them back to their present values using estimates of current market rates. As our revolving credit facility bears interest at a floating rate based on an index plus a spread (see Note 7. Debt), management believes that the carrying value (excluding deferred financing costs) of the revolving credit facility reasonably approximates fair value. Our unsecured senior notes are financial instruments classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy as their fair values were estimated using observable inputs based on the market value of the last trade at the end of the period. F-43 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The following table displays the carrying values and fair values of our debt instruments as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands): December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value AH4R 2014-SFR2 securitization $ 475,144 $ 488,140 $ 479,706 $ 491,302 AH4R 2014-SFR3 securitization 490,319 504,364 495,029 510,486 AH4R 2015-SFR1 securitization 515,326 529,542 519,576 534,531 AH4R 2015-SFR2 securitization 446,818 461,037 450,733 466,558 Total asset-backed securitizations 1,927,607 1,983,083 1,945,044 2,002,877 2028 unsecured senior notes, net 494,378 575,220 493,589 531,870 2029 unsecured senior notes, net 395,427 482,276 394,864 446,728 Total unsecured senior notes, net 889,805 1,057,496 888,453 978,598 Revolving credit facility — — — — Total debt $ 2,817,412 $ 3,040,579 $ 2,833,497 $ 2,981,475 During the fourth quarter of 2017, in anticipation of the issuance of the 2028 Notes and in order to hedge interest rate risk, the Operating Partnership entered into a treasury lock agreement on a notional amount of $ 350.0 million, based on the 10-year treasury note rate at the time. The treasury lock was designated as a cash flow hedging instrument and was settled upon the issuance of the 2028 Notes during the first quarter of 2018, which resulted in a $ 9.6 million gain that was recorded in other comprehensive income and is being reclassified into earnings as a reduction of interest expense over the term of the 2028 Notes. The estimated amount of existing gains that are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income at the reporting date that are expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months is approximately $ 1.0 million. The treasury lock was classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy as its fair value was estimated using observable inputs based on the 10-year treasury note rate. Valuation of the Series C participating preferred shares derivative liability was classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy and considered scenarios in which the participating preferred shares would be redeemed or converted into Class A common shares by the Company and the subsequent payoffs under those scenarios. The valuation also considered certain variables such as the risk-free rate matching the assumed timing of either redemption or conversion, volatility of the underlying home price appreciation index, dividend payments, conversion rates, the assumed timing of either redemption or conversion and an assumed drift factor in home price appreciation across certain metropolitan statistical areas, or MSAs, as outlined in the agreement. The Series C participating preferred shares were redeemed through a conversion into Class A common shares on April 5, 2018 (see Note 9 Shareholders’ Equity / Partners’ Capital). The following tables present changes in the fair values of our Level 3 financial instruments that were measured on a recurring basis with changes in fair value recognized in remeasurement of participating preferred shares within the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands): Description January 1, 2018 Conversions Remeasurement Included in Earnings December 31, 2018 Liabilities: Participating preferred shares derivative liability $ 29,470 $ ( 28,258 ) $ ( 1,212 ) $ — Note 13. Related Party Transactions As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, affiliates owned approximately 14.3 % and 13.6 %, respectively, of the Company’s outstanding Class A common shares. On a fully-diluted basis, affiliates held (including consideration of 635,075 Class B common shares and 50,972,165 and 51,272,165 Class A units as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively) an approximate 26.3 % interest at December 31, 2020 and 2019. In November 2020, we entered into a settlement and release agreement with a former employee, pursuant to which the parties agreed to settle any and all claims arising out of the employee’s relationship with the company. We paid $ 2.9 million, net of insurance proceeds, related to this matter, which was included in other expenses within the consolidated statements of operations. F-44 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements American Homes 4 Rent As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had a $ 4.8 million and $ 4.6 million payable, respectively, related to accrued common distributions to affiliates, which were included in amounts payable to affiliates on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. As of December 31, 2020, the Operating Partnership had a receivable from affiliates of $ 25.7 million related to the asset-backed securitization certificates held by AH4R, which was included in amounts due from affiliates on the Operating Partnership’s consolidated balance sheets, and had a $ 4.8 million payable related to accrued common distributions to affiliates, which was included in amounts payable to affiliates in the Operating Partnership’s consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2019, the Operating Partnership had a receivable from affiliates of $ 25.7 million related to the asset-backed securitization certificates held by AH4R, which was included in amounts due from affiliates on the Operating Partnership’s consolidated balance sheets, and had a $ 4.6 million payable related to accrued common distributions to affiliates, which was included in amounts payable to affiliates on the Operating Partnership’s consolidated balance sheets. Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies The Company leases office space from third parties for our corporate and property management operations under non-cancelable operating lease agreements. Our operating leases have remaining lease terms of one to 11 years before any unexercised options to extend. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, operating lease costs were as follows (in thousands): For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Lease costs $ 3,447 $ 2,612 $ 2,829 Less: income from subleases — — ( 347 ) Net lease costs $ 3,447 $ 2,612 $ 2,482 Other information related to our operating lease terms and discount rates were as follows: December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Weighted-Average Remaining Lease Term 8.7 years 3.0 years Weighted-Average Discount Rate 2.9 % 3.3 % Future lease obligations under our operating leases as of December 31, 2020 were as follows (in thousands): Operating Lease Obligations 2021 $ 2,104 2022 2,862 2023 2,533 2024 2,452 2025 2,100 Thereafter 9,889 Total lease payments 21,940 Less: imputed interest ( 2,774 ) Operating lease liabilities $ 19,166 As of December 31, 2020, the Company had commitments to acquire 323 single-family properties for an aggregate purchase price of $ 81.7 million, as well as $ 72.3 million in purchase commitments that relate to both third-party developer agreements and land for our AMH Development Program. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had commitments to acquire 289 single-family properties for an aggregate purchase price of $ 75.1 million, as well as $ 44.3 million in purchase commitments that relate to both third-party developer agreements and land for our AMH Development Program. F-45 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had sales in escrow for approximately 97 and 305 , respectively, of our single-family properties for aggregate selling prices of $ 24.0 million and $ 57.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company, as a condition for entering into some of its development contracts, had outstanding surety bonds of approximately $ 36.7 million and $ 14.5 million, respectively. We have a retirement savings plan pursuant to Section 401(k) of the Code whereby our employees may contribute a portion of their compensation to their respective retirement accounts in an amount not to exceed the maximum allowed under the Code. In addition to employee contributions, we have elected to provide company contributions (subject to statutory limitations), which amounted to approximately $ 2.0 million, $ 1.6 million and $ 1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. During the third quarter of 2020, we received a notice from the Georgia Attorney General’s Office seeking certain information relevant to an investigation they are conducting about our customary landlord-tenant matters. We are cooperating with the Georgia Attorney General’s Office on this matter. We are involved in various other legal and administrative proceedings that are incidental to our business. We believe these matters will not have a materially adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations upon resolution. COVID-19 Pandemic The global economy has continued to be severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. We are actively monitoring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which we anticipate will negatively impact our business and results of operations for the first quarter of 2021 and likely beyond. The extent to which our operations will be impacted will depend largely on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the pandemic, the speed and effectiveness of vaccine distribution and actions by government authorities to contain the pandemic or treat its impact, among other things. Note 15. Subsequent Events Distributions On February 24, 2021, the Company’s board of trustees approved an increase in quarterly dividends to $ 0.10 per Class A and Class B common share for the first quarter of 2021. The quarterly dividends are payable on March 31, 2021 to shareholders of record on March 15, 2021. Subsequent Acquisitions From January 1, 2021 through February 19, 2021, the Company added 330 properties to its portfolio for a total cost of approximately $ 89.3 million, which included 175 newly constructed properties delivered through our AMH Development Program and 34 newly constructed homes acquired from third-party developers through our National Builder Program. Subsequent Dispositions From January 1, 2021 through February 19, 2021, the Company disposed of 102 properties for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $ 25.9 million. F-46 American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Schedule III—Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation as of December 31, 2020 (Amounts in thousands, except number of single-family homes) Initial Cost to Company Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition Total Cost as of December 31, 2020 (1) Market Number of Single-Family Homes Gross Book Value of Encumbered Assets Land Buildings and Improvements Land Buildings and Improvements Land Buildings and Improvements Total Accumulated Depreciation Net Cost Basis Date of Acquisition Single-family properties in operation Albuquerque 212 $ — $ 6,481 $ 24,088 $ — $ 4,196 $ 6,481 $ 28,285 $ 34,766 $ ( 7,918 ) $ 26,848 2013-2015 Atlanta 4,977 191,270 158,809 639,258 — 124,566 158,809 763,823 922,632 ( 148,028 ) 774,604 2012-2020 Austin 930 41,150 30,793 129,206 — 23,430 30,793 152,636 183,429 ( 27,318 ) 156,111 2012-2020 Boise 479 7,824 18,460 62,598 — 8,266 18,460 70,864 89,324 ( 12,427 ) 76,897 2013-2020 Charleston 1,238 82,876 51,243 177,451 — 24,313 51,243 201,764 253,007 ( 35,464 ) 217,543 2012-2020 Charlotte 3,811 286,061 146,554 540,729 — 69,679 146,554 610,408 756,962 ( 116,918 ) 640,044 2012-2020 Cincinnati 1,982 236,807 61,743 245,214 — 44,883 61,743 290,097 351,840 ( 77,002 ) 274,838 2012-2020 Colorado Springs 22 — 903 2,953 — 757 903 3,710 4,613 ( 1,087 ) 3,526 2013 Columbus 2,062 142,459 60,399 252,308 — 49,203 60,399 301,511 361,910 ( 65,312 ) 296,598 2012-2020 Dallas-Fort Worth 4,312 289,042 110,788 512,321 — 97,832 110,788 610,153 720,941 ( 149,253 ) 571,688 2012-2020 Denver 831 — 46,227 180,657 — 22,990 46,227 203,647 249,874 ( 41,595 ) 208,279 2012-2020 Greater Chicago area, IL and IN 1,730 184,002 54,307 214,382 — 50,045 54,307 264,427 318,734 ( 74,990 ) 243,744 2012-2015 Greensboro 701 53,289 20,044 90,681 — 11,811 20,044 102,492 122,536 ( 24,164 ) 98,372 2013-2020 Greenville 667 72,815 16,927 87,887 — 12,757 16,927 100,644 117,571 ( 24,617 ) 92,954 2013-2020 Houston 2,979 174,376 61,646 368,369 — 65,439 61,646 433,808 495,454 ( 103,197 ) 392,257 2012-2017 Indianapolis 2,813 297,698 74,865 300,845 — 62,217 74,865 363,062 437,927 ( 101,632 ) 336,295 2012-2020 Inland Empire 106 — 11,143 13,708 — 2,189 11,143 15,897 27,040 ( 3,340 ) 23,700 2012-2016 Jacksonville 2,424 61,410 75,437 309,965 — 60,338 75,437 370,303 445,740 ( 71,274 ) 374,466 2012-2020 Knoxville 386 17,551 12,667 61,009 — 7,104 12,667 68,113 80,780 ( 15,635 ) 65,145 2013-2017 Las Vegas 1,127 22,020 38,724 144,400 — 32,043 38,724 176,443 215,167 ( 42,118 ) 173,049 2011-2020 Memphis 652 17,178 21,016 75,392 — 14,003 21,016 89,395 110,411 ( 20,212 ) 90,199 2013-2018 Miami 185 3,602 2,210 21,363 — 5,075 2,210 26,438 28,648 ( 7,293 ) 21,355 2013-2015 Milwaukee 109 — 6,459 19,135 — 2,246 6,459 21,381 27,840 ( 6,053 ) 21,787 2013 Nashville 2,907 184,511 122,810 450,035 — 61,609 122,810 511,644 634,454 ( 100,818 ) 533,636 2012-2020 Orlando 1,743 46,901 63,440 222,416 — 38,828 63,440 261,244 324,684 ( 54,903 ) 269,781 2011-2020 Phoenix 3,147 56,370 135,953 370,814 — 59,616 135,953 430,430 566,383 ( 88,168 ) 478,215 2011-2020 Portland 298 24,537 22,403 47,039 — 3,394 22,403 50,433 72,836 ( 8,718 ) 64,118 2013-2020 Raleigh 2,118 213,127 74,154 285,713 — 36,979 74,154 322,692 396,846 ( 71,230 ) 325,616 2012-2020 Salt Lake City 1,595 158,899 94,546 270,926 — 50,916 94,546 321,842 416,388 ( 58,005 ) 358,383 2012-2020 San Antonio 938 54,450 29,018 103,868 — 20,572 29,018 124,440 153,458 ( 29,888 ) 123,570 2012-2020 Savannah/Hilton Head 917 42,191 30,658 122,130 — 15,981 30,658 138,111 168,769 ( 23,967 ) 144,802 2013-2019 Seattle 773 28,177 53,493 149,019 — 12,401 53,493 161,420 214,913 ( 24,524 ) 190,389 2012-2020 Tampa 2,464 46,234 93,944 353,805 — 54,255 93,944 408,060 502,004 ( 79,113 ) 422,891 2012-2020 Tucson 425 12,102 9,359 45,855 — 9,681 9,359 55,536 64,895 ( 14,157 ) 50,738 2011-2020 Winston Salem 813 43,181 19,175 96,073 — 11,797 19,175 107,870 127,045 ( 24,095 ) 102,950 2013-2020 Total Single-family properties in operation 52,873 3,092,110 1,836,798 6,991,612 — 1,171,411 1,836,798 8,163,023 9,999,821 ( 1,754,433 ) 8,245,388 2011-2020 Properties under development & development land — — 226,204 — 44,563 239,598 270,767 239,598 510,365 — 510,365 Total Single-family properties held for sale 711 — 34,457 95,541 — 18,501 34,457 114,042 148,499 ( 19,473 ) 129,026 2011-2018 Total real estate assets 53,584 $ 3,092,110 $ 2,097,459 $ 7,087,153 $ 44,563 $ 1,429,510 $ 2,142,022 $ 8,516,663 $ 10,658,685 $ ( 1,773,906 ) $ 8,884,779 2011-2020 (1) The unaudited aggregate cost of consolidated real estate in the table above for federal income tax purposes was $ 10.7 billion as of December 31, 2020. American Homes 4 Rent American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Schedule III—Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation as of December 31, 2020 (Continued) Change in Total Real Estate Assets for Single-Family Properties in Operation For the Years Ended December 31, (Amounts in thousands) 2020 2019 2018 Balance, beginning of period $ 9,448,381 $ 9,197,096 $ 8,968,901 Acquisitions and building improvements 689,566 379,466 628,118 Dispositions ( 208,540 ) ( 233,094 ) ( 59,308 ) Write-offs ( 20,843 ) ( 12,353 ) ( 9,572 ) Impairment ( 1,957 ) ( 3,663 ) ( 5,858 ) Reclassifications to single-family properties held for sale, net of dispositions 93,214 120,929 ( 325,185 ) Balance, end of period $ 9,999,821 $ 9,448,381 $ 9,197,096 Change in Accumulated Depreciation for Single-Family Properties in Operation For the Years Ended December 31, (Amounts in thousands) 2020 2019 2018 Balance, beginning of period $ ( 1,462,105 ) $ ( 1,176,499 ) $ ( 939,724 ) Depreciation (1) ( 330,192 ) ( 313,683 ) ( 300,746 ) Dispositions 29,433 28,154 11,738 Write-offs 20,843 12,353 9,572 Reclassifications to single-family properties held for sale, net of dispositions ( 12,412 ) ( 12,430 ) 42,661 Balance, end of period $ ( 1,754,433 ) $ ( 1,462,105 ) $ ( 1,176,499 ) (1) Depreciation of buildings and improvements is computed on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives ranging from three to thirty years . F-47 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on February 26, 2021. AMERICAN HOMES 4 RENT By: /s/ DAVID P. SINGELYN David P. Singelyn, Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below on February 26, 2021 by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated. By: /s/ DAVID P. SINGELYN David P. Singelyn Chief Executive Officer and Trustee (Principal Executive Officer) By: /s/ CHRISTOPHER C. LAU Christopher C. Lau Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) By: /s/ JACK CORRIGAN Jack Corrigan Chief Investment Officer and Trustee (Trustee) By: /s/ DOUGLAS N. BENHAM Douglas N. Benham (Trustee) By: /s/ DAVID GOLDBERG David Goldberg (Trustee) By: /s/ TAMARA HUGHES GUSTAVSON Tamara Hughes Gustavson (Trustee) By: /s/ MATTHEW J. HART Matthew J. Hart (Trustee) By: /s/ MICHELLE C. KERRICK Michelle C. Kerrick (Trustee) By: /s/ JAMES H. KROPP James H. Kropp (Trustee) By: /s/ LYNN C. SWANN Lynn C. Swann (Trustee) By: /s/ WINIFRED M. WEBB Winifred M. Webb (Trustee) By: /s/ JAY WILLOUGHBY Jay Willoughby (Trustee) By: /s/ KENNETH M. WOOLLEY Kenneth M. Woolley (Trustee) By: /s/ MATTHEW R. ZAIST Matthew R. Zaist (Trustee) SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on February 26, 2021. AMERICAN HOMES 4 RENT, L.P. By: American Homes 4 Rent, its General Partner By: /s/ DAVID P. SINGELYN David P. Singelyn, Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below on February 26, 2021, by the following persons on behalf of American Homes 4 Rent, as sole general partner of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P., the registrant, and in the capacities indicated. By: /s/ DAVID P. SINGELYN David P. Singelyn Chief Executive Officer and Trustee (Principal Executive Officer) By: /s/ CHRISTOPHER C. LAU Christopher C. Lau Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) By: /s/ JACK CORRIGAN Jack Corrigan Chief Investment Officer and Trustee (Trustee) By: /s/ DOUGLAS N. BENHAM Douglas N. Benham (Trustee) By: /s/ DAVID GOLDBERG David Goldberg (Trustee) By: /s/ TAMARA HUGHES GUSTAVSON Tamara Hughes Gustavson (Trustee) By: /s/ MATTHEW J. HART Matthew J. Hart (Trustee) By: /s/ MICHELLE C. KERRICK Michelle C. Kerrick (Trustee) By: /s/ JAMES H. KROPP James H. Kropp (Trustee) By: /s/ LYNN C. SWANN Lynn C. Swann (Trustee) By: /s/ WINIFRED M. WEBB Winifred M. Webb (Trustee) By: /s/ JAY WILLOUGHBY Jay Willoughby (Trustee) By: /s/ KENNETH M. WOOLLEY Kenneth M. Woolley (Trustee) By: /s/ MATTHEW R. ZAIST Matthew R. Zaist (Trustee)