AFLAC INC 10-Q

Item 1. Financial Statements. Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Earnings Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (In millions, except for share and per-share amounts - Unaudited) 2025 2024 2025 2024 Revenues: Net earned premiums, principally supplemental health insurance (1) $ 3,372 $ 3,328 $ 10,223 $ 10,109 Net investment income 1,067 1,006 3,103 3,100 Net investment gains (losses) 275 ( 1,408 ) ( 1,109 ) 239 Other income (loss) 26 23 81 76 Total revenues 4,740 2,949 12,298 13,524 Benefits and expenses: Benefits and claims, excluding reserve remeasurement 2,016 2,003 6,049 6,042 Reserve remeasurement (gains) losses ( 580 ) ( 408 ) ( 658 ) ( 515 ) Total benefits and claims, net 1,436 1,595 5,391 5,527 Acquisition and operating expenses: Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs 218 214 655 638 Insurance commissions 254 251 745 751 Insurance and other expenses 781 747 2,387 2,179 Interest expense 57 50 159 147 Total acquisition and operating expenses 1,310 1,262 3,946 3,715 Total benefits and expenses 2,746 2,857 9,337 9,242 Earnings before income taxes 1,994 92 2,961 4,282 Income taxes 355 185 694 741 Net earnings $ 1,639 $ ( 93 ) $ 2,267 $ 3,541 Net earnings per share: Basic $ 3.09 $ ( .17 ) $ 4.22 $ 6.26 Diluted 3.08 ( .17 ) 4.21 6.23 Weighted-average outstanding common shares used in computing earnings per share (In thousands): Basic 530,050 557,899 537,095 565,757 Diluted 532,015 560,414 539,052 568,216 Cash dividends per share $ .58 $ .50 $ 1.74 $ 1.50 (1) Includes a gain (loss) of $( 55 ) and $( 75 ) for the three-month periods and $( 55 ) and $( 80 ) for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to remeasurement of the deferred profit liability for limited-payment contracts. See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 1 Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (In millions - Unaudited) 2025 2024 2025 2024 Net earnings $ 1,639 $ ( 93 ) $ 2,267 $ 3,541 Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes: Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) during period ( 110 ) 788 421 ( 52 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities: Unrealized holding gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities during period 188 268 ( 2,117 ) ( 457 ) Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses on fixed maturity securities included in net earnings ( 32 ) ( 53 ) ( 58 ) ( 271 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during period 1 2 4 3 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions during period 1,566 ( 1,889 ) 6,108 3,157 Pension liability adjustment during period 0 ( 3 ) 41 0 Total other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes 1,613 ( 887 ) 4,399 2,380 Income tax expense (benefit) related to items of other comprehensive income (loss) 469 ( 502 ) 768 537 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes 1,144 ( 385 ) 3,631 1,843 Total comprehensive income (loss) $ 2,783 $ ( 478 ) $ 5,898 $ 5,384 See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 2 Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheets (In millions, except for share and per-share amounts) September 30, 2025 (Unaudited) December 31, 2024 Assets: Investments and cash: Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value ( no allowance for credit losses in 2025 and 2024, amortized cost $ 65,305 in 2025 and $ 61,455 in 2024) $ 63,584 $ 61,841 Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale - consolidated variable interest entities, at fair value (amortized cost $ 2,966 in 2025 and $ 2,634 in 2024) 3,692 3,428 Fixed maturity securities held-to-maturity, at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses of $ 5 in 2025 and $ 5 in 2024 (fair value $ 16,770 in 2025 and $ 16,772 in 2024) 16,955 15,966 Equity securities, at fair value 885 796 Commercial mortgage and other loans, net of allowance for credit losses of $ 422 in 2025 and $ 355 in 2024 (includes $ 8,183 in 2025 and $ 8,693 in 2024 of consolidated variable interest entities) 10,137 10,869 Other investments (includes $ 2,305 in 2025 and $ 2,176 in 2024 of consolidated variable interest entities) 7,495 5,958 Cash and cash equivalents 6,768 6,229 Total investments and cash 109,516 105,087 Receivables 852 779 Accrued investment income 702 710 Deferred policy acquisition costs 9,216 8,758 Property and equipment, at cost less accumulated depreciation 367 387 Other 1,653 1,845 Total assets $ 122,306 $ 117,566 Liabilities and shareholders’ equity: Liabilities: Policy liabilities: Future policy benefits $ 67,143 $ 70,381 Unpaid policy claims 460 381 Unearned premiums 1,349 1,286 Other policyholders’ funds 5,785 5,460 Total policy liabilities 74,737 77,508 Income taxes 1,477 573 Payables for return of cash collateral on loaned securities 5,429 2,037 Notes payable and lease obligations 8,685 7,498 Other 3,290 3,852 Total liabilities 93,618 91,468 Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 13) Shareholders’ equity: Common stock of $ .10 par value. In thousands: authorized 1,900,000 shares in 2025 and 2024; issued 1,357,841 shares in 2025 and 1,356,763 shares in 2024 136 136 Additional paid-in capital 2,977 2,894 Retained earnings 53,923 52,277 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) ( 4,504 ) ( 4,998 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities ( 1,701 ) 24 Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives ( 16 ) ( 20 ) Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions 6,832 2,006 Pension liability adjustment 42 10 Treasury stock, at average cost ( 29,001 ) ( 26,231 ) Total shareholders’ equity 28,688 26,098 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 122,306 $ 117,566 See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 3 Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (In millions, except for per share amounts - Unaudited) Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Treasury Stock Total Shareholders' Equity Balance at December 31, 2024 $ 136 $ 2,894 $ 52,277 $ ( 2,978 ) $ ( 26,231 ) $ 26,098 Net earnings 0 0 29 0 0 29 Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 449 0 449 Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities during period, net of income taxes and reclassification adjustments 0 0 0 ( 1,257 ) 0 ( 1,257 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 2 0 2 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 1,893 0 1,893 Pension liability adjustment during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 32 0 32 Dividends to shareholders (1) ($ .00 per share) 0 0 2 0 0 2 Exercise of stock options 0 4 0 0 0 4 Share-based compensation 0 8 0 0 0 8 Purchases of treasury stock 0 0 0 0 ( 949 ) ( 949 ) Treasury stock reissued 0 13 0 0 14 27 Balance at March 31, 2025 $ 136 $ 2,919 $ 52,308 $ ( 1,859 ) $ ( 27,166 ) $ 26,338 Net earnings 0 0 599 0 0 599 Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 267 0 267 Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities during period, net of income taxes and reclassification adjustments 0 0 0 ( 595 ) 0 ( 595 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 1 0 1 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 1,695 0 1,695 Pension liability adjustment during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dividends to shareholders (1) ($ .58 per share) 0 0 ( 312 ) 0 0 ( 312 ) Exercise of stock options 0 0 0 0 0 0 Share-based compensation 0 30 0 0 0 30 Purchases of treasury stock 0 0 0 0 ( 839 ) ( 839 ) Treasury stock reissued 0 9 0 0 7 16 Balance at June 30, 2025 $ 136 $ 2,958 $ 52,595 $ ( 491 ) $ ( 27,998 ) $ 27,200 (1) Dividends to shareholders are recorded in the period in which they are declared. See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. (continued) 4 Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (continued) (In millions, except for per share amounts - Unaudited) Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Treasury Stock Total Shareholders' Equity Balance at June 30, 2025 $ 136 $ 2,958 $ 52,595 $ ( 491 ) $ ( 27,998 ) $ 27,200 Net earnings 0 0 1,639 0 0 1,639 Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 ( 222 ) 0 ( 222 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities during period, net of income taxes and reclassification adjustments 0 0 0 127 0 127 Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 1 0 1 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 1,238 0 1,238 Pension liability adjustment during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dividends to shareholders (1) ($ .58 per share) 0 0 ( 311 ) 0 0 ( 311 ) Exercise of stock options 0 1 0 0 0 1 Share-based compensation 0 5 0 0 0 5 Purchases of treasury stock 0 0 0 0 ( 1,009 ) ( 1,009 ) Treasury stock reissued 0 13 0 0 6 19 Balance at September 30, 2025 $ 136 $ 2,977 $ 53,923 $ 653 $ ( 29,001 ) $ 28,688 (1) Dividends to shareholders are recorded in the period in which they are declared. See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. (continued) 5 Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (continued) (In millions, except for per share amounts - Unaudited) Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Treasury Stock Total Shareholders' Equity Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 136 $ 2,771 $ 47,993 $ ( 5,520 ) $ ( 23,395 ) $ 21,985 Net earnings 0 0 1,879 0 0 1,879 Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 ( 597 ) 0 ( 597 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities during period, net of income taxes and reclassification adjustments 0 0 0 ( 47 ) 0 ( 47 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 ( 4 ) 0 ( 4 ) Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 1,065 0 1,065 Pension liability adjustment during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 1 0 1 Dividends to shareholders (1) ($ .00 per share) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Exercise of stock options 0 4 0 0 0 4 Share-based compensation 0 18 0 0 0 18 Purchases of treasury stock 0 0 0 0 ( 793 ) ( 793 ) Treasury stock reissued 0 13 0 0 13 26 Balance at March 31, 2024 $ 136 $ 2,806 $ 49,872 $ ( 5,102 ) $ ( 24,175 ) $ 23,537 Net earnings 0 0 1,755 0 0 1,755 Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 ( 425 ) 0 ( 425 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities during period, net of income taxes and reclassification adjustments 0 0 0 ( 691 ) 0 ( 691 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 4 0 4 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 2,920 0 2,920 Pension liability adjustment during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 2 0 2 Dividends to shareholders (1) ($ .50 per share) 0 0 ( 282 ) 0 0 ( 282 ) Exercise of stock options 0 2 0 0 0 2 Share-based compensation 0 12 0 0 0 12 Purchases of treasury stock 0 0 0 0 ( 810 ) ( 810 ) Treasury stock reissued 0 15 0 0 8 23 Balance at June 30, 2024 $ 136 $ 2,835 $ 51,345 $ ( 3,292 ) $ ( 24,977 ) $ 26,047 (1) Dividends to shareholders are recorded in the period in which they are declared. See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. (continued) 6 Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (continued) (In millions, except for per share amounts - Unaudited) Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Treasury Stock Total Shareholders' Equity Balance at June 30, 2024 $ 136 $ 2,835 $ 51,345 $ ( 3,292 ) $ ( 24,977 ) $ 26,047 Net earnings 0 0 ( 93 ) 0 0 ( 93 ) Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 952 0 952 Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities during period, net of income taxes and reclassification adjustments 0 0 0 156 0 156 Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 2 0 2 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 ( 1,492 ) 0 ( 1,492 ) Pension liability adjustment during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 ( 3 ) 0 ( 3 ) Dividends to shareholders (1) ($ .50 per share) 0 0 ( 280 ) 0 0 ( 280 ) Exercise of stock options 0 1 0 0 0 1 Share-based compensation 0 21 0 0 0 21 Purchases of treasury stock 0 0 0 0 ( 505 ) ( 505 ) Treasury stock reissued 0 19 0 0 5 24 Balance at September 30, 2024 $ 136 $ 2,876 $ 50,972 $ ( 3,677 ) $ ( 25,477 ) $ 24,830 (1) Dividends to shareholders are recorded in the period in which they are declared. See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 7 Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Nine Months Ended September 30, (In millions - Unaudited) 2025 2024 Cash flows from operating activities: Net earnings $ 2,267 $ 3,541 Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided (used) by operating activities: Change in receivables and advance premiums ( 28 ) 28 Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs ( 796 ) ( 767 ) Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs 655 638 Increase in policy liabilities ( 732 ) ( 259 ) Change in income tax liabilities 92 ( 64 ) Net investment (gains) losses 1,109 ( 239 ) Other, net ( 327 ) ( 504 ) Net cash provided (used) by operating activities 2,240 2,374 Cash flows from investing activities: Proceeds from investments sold or matured: Available-for-sale fixed maturity securities 9,566 4,832 Equity securities 355 702 Held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities 2 2 Commercial mortgage and other loans 1,421 1,482 Costs of investments acquired: Available-for-sale fixed maturity securities ( 10,760 ) ( 4,589 ) Equity securities ( 369 ) ( 333 ) Commercial mortgage and other loans ( 1,068 ) ( 937 ) Other investments, net ( 1,109 ) ( 2,682 ) Settlement of derivatives, net 13 ( 92 ) Cash received (pledged or returned) as collateral, net 3,375 2,781 Other, net ( 224 ) 98 Net cash provided (used) by investing activities 1,202 1,264 Cash flows from financing activities: Purchases of treasury stock ( 2,729 ) ( 2,050 ) Proceeds from borrowings 1,039 823 Principal payments under debt obligations ( 84 ) ( 194 ) Dividends paid to shareholders ( 906 ) ( 820 ) Change in investment-type contracts, net ( 198 ) ( 162 ) Treasury stock reissued 5 21 Other, net ( 12 ) ( 20 ) Net cash provided (used) by financing activities ( 2,885 ) ( 2,402 ) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents ( 18 ) 70 Net change in cash and cash equivalents 539 1,306 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 6,229 4,306 Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $ 6,768 $ 5,612 Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: Income taxes paid $ 602 $ 805 Interest paid 133 127 Noncash interest 25 21 Noncash real estate acquired in satisfaction of debt 247 380 Noncash financing activities: Lease obligations 25 25 Treasury stock issued for: Associate stock bonus 17 15 Shareholder dividend reinvestment 33 31 Share-based compensation grants 7 6 See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 8 Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Interim period data - Unaudited) 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Description of Business Aflac Incorporated (the Parent Company) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the Company) primarily sell supplemental health and life insurance in Japan and the United States (U.S.). The Company's insurance business is marketed and administered through Aflac Life Insurance Japan Ltd. (ALIJ) in Japan and through American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus (Aflac), American Family Life Assurance Company of New York (Aflac New York), Continental American Insurance Company (CAIC), Tier One Insurance Company (TOIC) and Aflac Benefits Solutions, Inc. (ABS) in the U.S. The Company’s operations consist of two reportable business segments: Aflac Japan, which includes ALIJ, and Aflac U.S., which includes Aflac, Aflac New York, CAIC, TOIC, and ABS. Aflac New York is a wholly owned subsidiary of Aflac. Most of the Aflac U.S. policies are individually underwritten and marketed through independent agents. With the exception of dental and vision products administered by ABS, and certain group life insurance products, Aflac U.S. markets and administers group products through CAIC, branded as Aflac Group Insurance. Additionally, Aflac U.S. markets its consumer markets products through TOIC. The Company's insurance operations in the U.S. and Japan service the two markets for the Company's insurance business. The Parent Company, other operating business units that are not individually reportable, reinsurance activities, including internal reinsurance activity with Aflac Re Bermuda Ltd.(Aflac Re), and other business activities not included in Aflac Japan or Aflac U.S., as well as intercompany eliminations, are included in Corporate and other. Basis of Presentation The Company prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP). These principles are established primarily by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). In these Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, references to U.S. GAAP issued by the FASB are derived from the FASB Accounting Standards Codification TM (ASC). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates based on currently available information when recording transactions resulting from business operations. The most significant items on the Company's balance sheet that involve a greater degree of accounting estimates and actuarial determinations subject to changes in the future are the valuation of investments and derivatives, deferred policy acquisition costs (DAC), liabilities for future policy benefits and income taxes. These accounting estimates and actuarial determinations are sensitive to market conditions, investment yields, interest rates, mortality, morbidity, commission and other acquisition expenses and terminations by policyholders. As additional information becomes available, or actual amounts are determinable, the recorded estimates are revised and reflected in the consolidated financial statements. Although some variability is inherent in these estimates, the Company believes the amounts provided are reasonable and reflective of the best estimates of management. The unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Parent Company, its subsidiaries and those entities required to be consolidated under applicable accounting standards. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company contain all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, which are necessary to fairly present the consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the consolidated statements of earnings and comprehensive income (loss) for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the consolidated statements of shareholders' equity for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, June 30, 2025 and 2024, and September 30, 2025 and 2024, and the consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the entire year. As a result, these financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company's annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (2024 Annual Report). Reclassifications : Certain reclassifications have been made to prior-year amounts to conform to current-year reporting classifications. These reclassifications had no impact on net earnings or total shareholders' equity. 9 New Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280) - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures In November 2023, the FASB issued amendments that add certain segment disclosures related to significant segment expenses and require that a public entity disclose the title and position of the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The Company adopted this guidance for the annual period beginning January 1, 2024, and interim periods beginning January 1, 2025. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. See Note 2 for expanded disclosures required as a result of the amended guidance. Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption ASU 2024-03 Income Statement (Topic 220) - Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses In November 2024, the FASB issued amendments that require disaggregated disclosure, in the notes to the financial statements, of specified information about certain costs and expenses including (1) the amounts of employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization; (2) certain expense, gain, or loss amounts that are already required to be disclosed under current U.S. GAAP in the same disclosure as the other disaggregation requirements; (3) qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively, and (4) the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, the Company’s definition of selling expenses. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance has no impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. The Company is evaluating the impact of adoption on its disclosures. ASU 2023-09 Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures In December 2023, the FASB issued amendments that require enhanced income tax disclosures including (1) disclosure of specific categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance has no impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. The Company has developed the required disclosures in accordance with the new guidance, which will be reflected in the notes contained in the Company's 2025 Form 10-K.. Recent accounting guidance not discussed above is not applicable, did not have, or is not expected to have a material impact to the Company's business. For additional information on new accounting pronouncements and recent accounting guidance and their impact, if any, on the Company's financial position, results of operations or disclosures, see Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2024 Annual Report. 10 2. BUSINESS SEGMENT INFORMATION The Company consists of two reportable insurance business segments: Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S., both of which sell supplemental health and life insurance. In addition, the Parent Company, other operating business units that are not individually reportable, reinsurance activities, including internal reinsurance activity with Aflac Re, and other business activities not included in Aflac Japan or Aflac U.S., as well as intercompany eliminations, are included in Corporate and other. The Company does not allocate corporate overhead expenses to business segments. The Company’s reportable segments are regularly reviewed by the Company's CODM, Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company's CODM reviews and approves the annual budget and operating forecast, which allocates resources to segments and serves as a key benchmark for tracking performance and accountability of each segment's operating results. The Company’s CODM evaluates the performance of the segments using, in comparison to the annual budget, operating forecast and historical results, a financial performance measure called pretax adjusted earnings and believes this financial performance measure to be vitally important for understanding the underlying profitability drivers and trends of the Company’s insurance business. • Pretax adjusted earnings are adjusted revenues less benefits and adjusted expenses. The adjustments to both revenues and expenses account for certain items that are outside management’s control because they tend to be driven by general economic conditions and events or are related to infrequent activities not directly associated with insurance operations. The Company excludes income taxes related to operations to arrive at pretax adjusted earnings. ◦ Adjusted revenues are U.S. GAAP total revenues excluding net investment gains and losses, except for amortized hedge costs/income related to foreign currency exposure management strategies and net interest income/expense from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies, which are reclassified from net investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings as a component of adjusted net investment income when analyzing operations. ◦ Adjusted expenses are U.S. GAAP total acquisition and operating expenses including the impact of interest from derivatives associated with notes payable but excluding any non-recurring or other items not associated with the normal course of the Company’s insurance operations and that do not reflect the Company’s underlying business performance. Aflac Japan's adjusted revenues as a percentage of the Company's total adjusted revenues were 53 % and 55 % in the three-month periods and 53 % and 56 % in the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The percentage of the Company's total assets attributable to Aflac Japan was 77 % at both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. 11 Information regarding operations by reportable segment and Corporate and other is presented in the following tables. Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (In millions) 2025 2024 2025 2024 Revenues: Aflac Japan: Net earned premiums (1) $ 1,663 $ 1,709 $ 5,105 $ 5,241 Adjusted net investment income 665 662 1,950 2,036 Other income 7 7 24 20 Total adjusted revenue Aflac Japan 2,335 2,378 7,079 7,297 Aflac U.S.: Net earned premiums 1,495 1,459 4,501 4,388 Adjusted net investment income 214 210 623 634 Other income 19 15 53 46 Total adjusted revenue Aflac U.S. 1,728 1,684 5,177 5,068 Corporate and other (2) 343 225 1,005 723 Total adjusted revenues 4,406 4,287 13,261 13,088 Net investment gains (losses) 275 ( 1,408 ) ( 1,109 ) 239 Reconciling items: Amortized hedge costs 13 7 31 19 Amortized hedge income ( 20 ) ( 25 ) ( 80 ) ( 87 ) Net interest (income) expense from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies 66 88 195 265 Total revenues $ 4,740 $ 2,949 $ 12,298 $ 13,524 (1) Includes a gain (loss) of $( 55 ) and $( 75 ) for the three-month periods and $( 55 ) and $( 80 ) for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to remeasurement of the deferred profit liability for limited-payment contracts. (2) The change in value of federal historic rehabilitation and solar investments in partnerships of $ 6 and $ 57 for the three-month periods and $ 22 and $ 119 for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively, is included as a reduction to net investment income. Tax credits on these investments of $ 7 and $ 78 for the three-month periods and $ 24 and $ 142 for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively, have been recorded as an income tax benefit in the consolidated statements of earnings. See Note 3 for additional information on these investments. 12 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (In millions) 2025 2024 2025 2024 Adjusted revenues: Aflac Japan (1) $ 2,335 $ 2,378 $ 7,079 $ 7,297 Aflac U.S. 1,728 1,684 5,177 5,068 Corporate and other (2) 343 225 1,005 723 Total adjusted revenues 4,406 4,287 13,261 13,088 Benefits and adjusted expenses: Aflac Japan: Benefits and claims, excluding reserve remeasurement 1,130 1,197 3,446 3,614 Reserve remeasurement (gains) losses ( 474 ) ( 369 ) ( 513 ) ( 421 ) Total benefits and claims, net 656 828 2,933 3,193 Adjusted expenses: Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs 81 82 245 242 Insurance commissions 111 110 328 330 Insurance and other expenses 271 285 845 785 Total benefits and adjusted expenses Aflac Japan 1,119 1,305 4,351 4,550 Aflac U.S.: Benefits and claims, excluding reserve remeasurement 752 711 2,219 2,130 Reserve remeasurement (gains) losses ( 71 ) ( 17 ) ( 110 ) ( 71 ) Total benefits and claims, net 681 694 2,109 2,059 Adjusted expenses: Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs 137 132 410 396 Insurance commissions 143 141 417 422 Insurance and other expenses 392 367 1,120 1,102 Total benefits and adjusted expenses Aflac U.S. 1,353 1,334 4,056 3,979 Corporate and other 274 210 873 687 Total adjusted expenses $ 2,746 $ 2,849 $ 9,280 $ 9,216 Pretax earnings: Aflac Japan (1) $ 1,216 $ 1,073 $ 2,728 $ 2,747 Aflac U.S. 375 350 1,121 1,089 Corporate and other (2) 69 15 132 36 Pretax adjusted earnings 1,660 1,438 3,981 3,872 Other income (loss) ( 1 ) 0 ( 54 ) ( 1 ) Net investment gains (losses) 275 ( 1,408 ) ( 1,109 ) 239 Reconciling items: Amortized hedge costs 13 7 31 19 Amortized hedge income ( 20 ) ( 25 ) ( 80 ) ( 87 ) Net interest (income) expense from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies 66 88 195 265 Impact of interest from derivatives associated with notes payable 1 ( 8 ) ( 3 ) ( 25 ) Total earnings before income taxes $ 1,994 $ 92 $ 2,961 $ 4,282 Income taxes applicable to pretax adjusted earnings $ 333 $ 227 $ 791 $ 665 Effect of foreign currency translation on after-tax adjusted earnings 1 ( 16 ) 16 ( 97 ) (1) Includes a gain (loss) of $( 55 ) and $( 75 ) for the three-month periods and $( 55 ) and $( 80 ) for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to remeasurement of the deferred profit liability for limited-payment contracts. (2) The change in value of federal historic rehabilitation and solar investments in partnerships of $ 6 and $ 57 for the three-month periods and $ 22 and $ 119 for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively, is included as a reduction to net investment income. Tax credits on these investments of $ 7 and $ 78 for the three-month periods and $ 24 and $ 142 for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively, have been recorded as an income tax benefit in the consolidated statements of earnings. See Note 3 for additional information on these investments. 13 Internal Reinsurance: Aflac Re is a Bermuda domiciled insurer that reinsures certain policies issued by Aflac Japan and is reported as a part of Corporate and other. Under these internal reinsurance transactions, Aflac Japan's net earned premiums are reduced by the amount of premiums ceded to Aflac Re. Aflac Re recorded net earned premiums of $ 173 million and $ 132 million for the three-month periods and $ 529 million and $ 396 million for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to these reinsurance transactions with Aflac Japan. These internal reinsurance transactions have no financial statement impact on a consolidated basis, except for the effect of foreign currency accounting. For additional information on these internal reinsurance transactions, see the accompanying Note 8 and Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2024 Annual Report. Total Assets: The Company's total assets were as follows: (In millions) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Assets: Aflac Japan $ 94,131 $ 90,210 Aflac U.S. 22,569 21,930 Corporate and other 5,606 5,426 Total assets $ 122,306 $ 117,566 14 3. INVESTMENTS Investment Holdings The amortized cost and allowance for credit losses for the Company's investments in fixed maturity securities and the fair values of these investments as well as the fair value of the Company's investments in equity securities are shown in the following tables. September 30, 2025 (In millions) Amortized Cost Allowance for Credit Losses Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Securities available-for-sale, carried at fair value through other comprehensive income: Fixed maturity securities: Yen-denominated: Japan government and agencies $ 19,541 $ 0 $ 83 $ 3,260 $ 16,364 Municipalities 900 0 13 130 783 Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 322 0 2 34 290 Public utilities 2,783 0 138 199 2,722 Sovereign and supranational 349 0 9 12 346 Banks/financial institutions 5,715 0 201 441 5,475 Other corporate 5,733 0 383 486 5,630 Total yen-denominated 35,343 0 829 4,562 31,610 U.S. dollar-denominated: U.S. government and agencies 230 0 1 12 219 Municipalities 1,187 0 76 60 1,203 Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 3,903 0 166 45 4,024 Public utilities 4,333 0 428 111 4,650 Sovereign and supranational 58 0 21 0 79 Banks/financial institutions 3,814 0 450 20 4,244 Other corporate 19,275 0 2,415 575 21,115 Total U.S. dollar-denominated 32,800 0 3,557 823 35,534 Other currencies: Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 46 0 2 0 48 Public utilities 56 0 2 0 58 Other corporate 26 0 0 0 26 Total other currencies 128 0 4 0 132 Total securities available-for-sale $ 68,271 $ 0 $ 4,390 $ 5,385 $ 67,276 15 December 31, 2024 (In millions) Amortized Cost Allowance for Credit Losses Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Securities available-for-sale, carried at fair value through other comprehensive income: Fixed maturity securities: Yen-denominated: Japan government and agencies $ 19,409 $ 0 $ 465 $ 2,234 $ 17,640 Municipalities 869 0 65 79 855 Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 327 0 4 23 308 Public utilities 2,746 0 202 108 2,840 Sovereign and supranational 330 0 16 8 338 Banks/financial institutions 5,376 0 267 342 5,301 Other corporate 5,329 0 568 305 5,592 Total yen-denominated 34,386 0 1,587 3,099 32,874 U.S. dollar-denominated: U.S. government and agencies 208 0 1 3 206 Municipalities 1,167 0 65 53 1,179 Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 2,987 0 302 34 3,255 Public utilities 3,938 0 418 151 4,205 Sovereign and supranational 57 0 21 0 78 Banks/financial institutions 3,271 0 420 36 3,655 Other corporate 18,050 0 2,493 752 19,791 Total U.S. dollar-denominated 29,678 0 3,720 1,029 32,369 Other currencies: Other corporate 25 0 1 0 26 Total other currencies 25 0 1 0 26 Total securities available-for-sale $ 64,089 $ 0 $ 5,308 $ 4,128 $ 65,269 September 30, 2025 (In millions) Amortized Cost Allowance for Credit Losses Net Carrying Amount Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Securities held-to-maturity, carried at amortized cost: Fixed maturity securities: Yen-denominated: Japan government and agencies $ 16,260 $ 2 $ 16,258 $ 248 $ 438 $ 16,068 Municipalities 248 0 248 5 1 252 Public utilities 34 0 34 0 2 32 Sovereign and supranational 401 3 398 6 4 400 Other corporate 17 0 17 1 0 18 Total yen-denominated 16,960 5 16,955 260 445 16,770 Total securities held-to-maturity $ 16,960 $ 5 $ 16,955 $ 260 $ 445 $ 16,770 16 December 31, 2024 (In millions) Amortized Cost Allowance for Credit Losses Net Carrying Amount Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Securities held-to-maturity, carried at amortized cost: Fixed maturity securities: Yen-denominated: Japan government and agencies $ 15,311 $ 2 $ 15,309 $ 759 $ 9 $ 16,059 Municipalities 235 0 235 22 0 257 Public utilities 32 0 32 1 0 33 Sovereign and supranational 377 3 374 31 0 405 Other corporate 16 0 16 2 0 18 Total yen-denominated 15,971 5 15,966 815 9 16,772 Total securities held-to-maturity $ 15,971 $ 5 $ 15,966 $ 815 $ 9 $ 16,772 September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 (In millions) Fair Value Fair Value Equity securities, carried at fair value through net earnings: Equity securities: Yen-denominated $ 584 $ 484 U.S. dollar-denominated 301 312 Total equity securities $ 885 $ 796 The methods of determining the fair values of the Company's investments in fixed maturity securities and equity securities are described in Note 5. During the first nine months of 2025 and 2024, respectively, the Company did not reclassify any investments from the held-to-maturity category to the available-for-sale category. Contractual and Economic Maturities The contractual and economic maturities of the Company's investments in fixed maturity securities at September 30, 2025, were as follows: (In millions) Amortized Cost (1) Fair Value Available-for-sale: Due in one year or less $ 1,596 $ 1,702 Due after one year through five years 8,083 8,902 Due after five years through 10 years 16,873 17,769 Due after 10 years 37,448 34,541 Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 4,271 4,362 Total fixed maturity securities available-for-sale $ 68,271 $ 67,276 Held-to-maturity: Due in one year or less $ 34 $ 34 Due after one year through five years 144 148 Due after five years through 10 years 8,901 9,133 Due after 10 years 7,876 7,455 Total fixed maturity securities held-to-maturity $ 16,955 $ 16,770 (1) Net of allowance for credit losses 17 Economic maturities are used for certain debt instruments with no stated maturity where the expected maturity date is based on the combination of features in the financial instrument such as the right to call or prepay obligations or changes in coupon rates. Investment Concentrations The Company's process for investing in credit-related investments begins with an independent approach to underwriting each issuer's fundamental credit quality. The Company evaluates independently those factors that it believes could influence an issuer's ability to make payments under the contractual terms of the Company's instruments. This includes a thorough analysis of a variety of items including the issuer's country of domicile (including political, legal, and financial considerations); the industry in which the issuer competes (with an analysis of industry structure, end-market dynamics, and regulation); company specific issues (such as management, assets, earnings, cash generation, and capital needs); and contractual provisions of the instrument (such as financial covenants and position in the capital structure). The Company further evaluates the investment considering broad business and portfolio management objectives, including asset/liability needs, portfolio diversification, and expected income. Investment exposures that individually exceeded 10% of shareholders' equity were as follows: September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 (In millions) Credit Rating Amortized Cost Fair Value Credit Rating Amortized Cost Fair Value Japan National Government (1) A+ $ 34,849 $ 31,596 A+ $ 33,822 $ 32,844 (1) Japan Government Bonds (JGBs) or JGB-backed securities 18 Net Investment Gains and Losses Information regarding pretax net gains and losses from investments is as follows: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (In millions) 2025 2024 2025 2024 Net investment gains (losses): Sales and redemptions: Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale: Gross gains from sales $ 29 $ 1 $ 148 $ 41 Gross losses from sales ( 96 ) ( 66 ) ( 429 ) ( 375 ) Foreign currency gains (losses) 99 173 339 660 Other investments: Gross gains (losses) from sales and redemptions 1 ( 3 ) 13 7 Total sales and redemptions 33 105 71 333 Equity securities 10 13 47 100 Real estate owned impairments 0 0 ( 6 ) 0 Credit losses: Commercial mortgage and other loans ( 51 ) ( 85 ) ( 165 ) ( 113 ) Impairment losses 0 ( 55 ) 0 ( 55 ) Loan commitments ( 2 ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) 2 Reinsurance recoverables and other 0 0 1 5 Total credit losses ( 53 ) ( 141 ) ( 166 ) ( 161 ) Derivatives and other: Derivative gains (losses) ( 123 ) 436 ( 145 ) ( 54 ) Foreign currency gains (losses) 408 ( 1,821 ) ( 910 ) 21 Total derivatives and other 285 ( 1,385 ) ( 1,055 ) ( 33 ) Total net investment gains (losses) $ 275 $ ( 1,408 ) $ ( 1,109 ) $ 239 For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized an impairment loss of $ 6 million on an office-type real estate owned (REO) property classified as held-and-used for the production of income. The impairment was based on the Company's evaluation of a material adverse change in occupancy and resulted in an estimated fair value of the REO property of $ 12 million. The fair value was based on expected future cash flows utilizing inputs classified as Level 3 under the fair value guidance in ASC 820. The unrealized holding gains, net of losses, recorded as a component of net investment gains and losses for the three-month period ended September 30, 2025 that relate to equity securities held at the September 30, 2025 reporting date were $ 11 million. The unrealized holding gains, net of losses, recorded as a component of net investment gains and losses for the three-month period ended September 30, 2024 that relate to equity securities held at the September 30, 2024 reporting date were $ 34 million. The unrealized holding gains, net of losses, recorded as a component of net investment gains and losses for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 that relate to equity securities held at the September 30, 2025 reporting date were $ 46 million. The unrealized holding gains, net of losses, recorded as a component of net investment gains and losses for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024 that relate to equity securities held at the September 30, 2024 reporting date were $ 79 million. 19 Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses Effect on Shareholders’ Equity The net effect on shareholders’ equity of unrealized gains and losses from fixed maturity securities was as follows: (In millions) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Unrealized gains (losses) on securities available-for-sale $ ( 995 ) $ 1,180 Deferred income taxes ( 706 ) ( 1,156 ) Shareholders’ equity, unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities $ ( 1,701 ) $ 24 Gross Unrealized Loss Aging The following tables show the fair values and gross unrealized losses of the Company's available-for-sale investments for the periods ended September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position. September 30, 2025 Total Less than 12 months 12 months or longer (In millions) Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fixed maturity securities available- for-sale: U.S. government and agencies: U.S. dollar-denominated $ 65 $ 12 $ 20 $ 6 $ 45 $ 6 Japan government and agencies: Yen-denominated 12,544 3,260 7,003 447 5,541 2,813 Municipalities: U.S. dollar-denominated 632 60 22 2 610 58 Yen-denominated 418 130 118 3 300 127 Mortgage- and asset- backed securities: U.S. dollar-denominated 1,028 45 659 19 369 26 Yen-denominated 199 34 22 1 177 33 Public utilities: U.S. dollar-denominated 1,195 111 231 4 964 107 Yen-denominated 999 199 76 4 923 195 Sovereign and supranational: Yen-denominated 45 12 0 0 45 12 Banks/financial institutions: U.S. dollar-denominated 229 20 27 0 202 20 Yen-denominated 3,419 441 585 18 2,834 423 Other corporate: U.S. dollar-denominated 4,843 575 614 12 4,229 563 Yen-denominated 2,455 486 778 41 1,677 445 Total $ 28,071 $ 5,385 $ 10,155 $ 557 $ 17,916 $ 4,828 20 December 31, 2024 Total Less than 12 months 12 months or longer (In millions) Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fixed maturity securities available- for-sale: U.S. government and agencies: U.S. dollar-denominated $ 106 $ 3 $ 59 $ 1 $ 47 $ 2 Japan government and agencies: Yen-denominated 8,136 2,234 2,070 57 6,066 2,177 Municipalities: U.S. dollar-denominated 666 53 67 3 599 50 Yen-denominated 341 79 96 2 245 77 Mortgage- and asset- backed securities: U.S. dollar-denominated 567 34 173 2 394 32 Yen-denominated 196 23 12 0 184 23 Public utilities: U.S. dollar-denominated 1,570 151 699 19 871 132 Yen-denominated 1,020 108 368 11 652 97 Sovereign and supranational: Yen-denominated 47 8 0 0 47 8 Banks/financial institutions: U.S. dollar-denominated 625 36 376 7 249 29 Yen-denominated 3,197 342 471 22 2,726 320 Other corporate: U.S. dollar-denominated 6,097 752 2,036 59 4,061 693 Yen-denominated 1,733 305 289 14 1,444 291 Total $ 24,301 $ 4,128 $ 6,716 $ 197 $ 17,585 $ 3,931 Analysis of Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions The unrealized losses on the Company's available-for-sale securities have been primarily related to general market factors such as changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and/or the levels of credit spreads rather than specific concerns with the issuer's ability to pay interest and repay principal. For available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company performs detailed analyses to identify whether the drivers of the decline in fair value are due to general market factors, such as the recent rise in interest rates, or due to credit-related factors. Identifying the drivers of the declines in fair value helps to align and allocate the Company‘s resources to the review and monitoring of securities with real credit-related concerns that could impact ultimate collection of principal and interest. For any significant declines in fair value determined to be non-interest rate or market-related, the Company performs a more focused review of the related issuers' specific credit profile. For corporate issuers, the Company evaluates their assets and business profile, including industry dynamics and competitive positioning, financial statements and other available financial data. For non-corporate issuers, the Company analyzes all sources of credit support, including issuer-specific factors. The Company utilizes information available in the public domain and, for certain private placement issuers, from consultations with the issuers directly. The Company also considers ratings from Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (NRSROs), as well as the specific characteristics of the security it owns including seniority in the issuer's capital structure, covenant protections, or other relevant features. From these reviews, the Company evaluates the issuers' continued ability to service the Company's investment through payment of interest and principal. 21 Assuming no credit-related factors develop, unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are expected to diminish as investments near maturity. Based on its credit analysis, the Company believes that the issuers of its available-for-sale investments in the sectors shown in the table above have the ability to service their obligations to the Company. Further, the Company does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be at maturity. However, if the Company identifies certain available-for-sale securities where the amortized cost basis exceeds the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected due to credit-related factors, an allowance for credit losses is recognized. Based on an evaluation of its securities currently in an unrealized loss position, the Company has determined that those securities should not have an allowance for credit losses as of September 30, 2025 . Refer to the Allowance for Credit Losses section below for additional information. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had an immaterial amount of fixed maturity securities on nonaccrual status. Commercial Mortgage and Other Loans The Company classifies its transitional real estate loans (TREs), commercial mortgage loans (CMLs), middle market loans (MMLs), and other loans as held-for-investment and includes them in the commercial mortgage and other loans line on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company carries them on the balance sheet at amortized cost less an estimated allowance for credit losses. The following table reflects the composition of the carrying value for commercial mortgage and other loans by property type as of the periods presented. September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 (In millions) Amortized Cost % of Total Amortized Cost % of Total Commercial Mortgage and other loans: Transitional real estate loans: Office $ 1,226 11.6 % $ 1,361 12.1 % Retail 314 3.0 349 3.1 Apartments/Multi-Family 1,861 17.6 2,201 19.6 Industrial 101 1.0 117 1.1 Hospitality 523 5.0 556 5.0 Other 292 2.8 318 2.8 Total transitional real estate loans 4,317 41.0 4,902 43.7 Commercial mortgage loans: Office 266 2.5 300 2.7 Retail 208 2.0 214 1.9 Apartments/Multi-Family 544 5.1 572 5.1 Industrial 410 3.9 436 3.9 Other 14 .1 15 .1 Total commercial mortgage loans 1,442 13.6 1,537 13.7 Middle market loans 4,387 41.5 4,423 39.4 Other loans 413 3.9 362 3.2 Total commercial mortgage and other loans $ 10,559 100.0 % $ 11,224 100.0 % Allowance for credit losses ( 422 ) ( 355 ) Total net commercial mortgage and other loans $ 10,137 $ 10,869 CMLs and TREs are secured by properties entirely within the U.S. (with the largest concentrations in California ( 22 %), Texas ( 13 %) and Florida ( 8 %)). MMLs are issued only to companies domiciled within the U.S. and Canada. 22 Transitional Real Estate Loans TREs are relatively short-term floating rate commercial mortgage loans that are secured by a first lien on the property. These loans provide funding for properties undergoing a change in their physical characteristics and/or economic profile and do not typically require any principal repayment prior to the maturity date. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $ 165 million in outstanding commitments to fund TREs. These commitments are contingent on the final underwriting and due diligence to be performed. Commercial Mortgage Loans CMLs are typically fixed rate loans on commercial real estate with partial repayment of principal over the life of the loan with the remaining outstanding principal being repaid upon maturity. This loan portfolio is generally considered higher quality investment grade loans. Middle Market Loans MMLs are typically first lien senior secured cash flow loans to small to mid-size companies for working capital, refinancing, acquisition, and recapitalization. These loans are generally considered to be below investment grade. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had commitments of approximately $ 732 million to fund future MMLs. These commitments are contingent upon the availability of MMLs that meet the Company's underwriting criteria. Other Loans Other loans are primarily infrastructure loans. Infrastructure loans are typically senior secured, financing operating portfolios of renewable and conventional energy generation assets characterized by predictable, often contractual cash flows for loan repayment. The infrastructure loan portfolio weighted average rating is investment grade. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had commitments of approximately $ 1 million to fund future other loans. These commitments are contingent upon the availability of other loans that meet the Company's underwriting criteria. Credit Quality Indicators For TREs, the Company’s key credit quality indicators include performance of the loan and loan-to-value (LTV), which is calculated by dividing the current outstanding loan balance by the estimated property value, primarily using values at origination. Given that TREs involve properties undergoing a repositioning of their commercial profile, LTV provides the most insight into the credit risk of the loan. The Company monitors the performance of the loans periodically, but not less frequently than quarterly. The monitoring process also focuses on higher risk loans, which include those that are delinquent or for which foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure is anticipated. For CMLs, the Company’s key credit quality indicators include LTV and debt service coverage ratios (DSCR). DSCR is the most recently available net operating income of the underlying property compared to the required debt service of the loan. For MMLs and held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities, the Company’s key credit quality indicator is credit ratings. The Company’s held-to-maturity portfolio is composed of investment grade securities that are senior unsecured instruments, while its MMLs generally have below-investment-grade ratings but are typically senior secured instruments. The Company monitors the credit ratings periodically, but not less frequently than quarterly. For other loans, the Company’s key credit quality indicator is credit ratings. The Company monitors these credit ratings periodically, but not less frequently than quarterly. 23 The following tables present as of September 30, 2025 the amortized cost basis of TREs, CMLs, MMLs, and other loans by year of origination and credit quality indicator. Transitional Real Estate Loans (In millions) 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior Total Loan-to-Value Ratio: 0%-59.99% $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 371 $ 391 $ 10 $ 772 60%-69.99% 0 0 77 400 418 402 1,297 70%-79.99% 0 0 14 776 621 43 1,454 80% or greater 0 0 0 187 297 310 794 Total $ 0 $ 0 $ 91 $ 1,734 $ 1,727 $ 765 $ 4,317 Current-period gross writeoffs: $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 5 $ 0 $ 24 $ 29 Commercial Mortgage Loans (In millions) 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior Total Weighted-Average DSCR Loan-to-Value Ratio: 0%-59.99% $ 0 $ 0 $ 32 $ 0 $ 245 $ 949 $ 1,226 2.75 60%-69.99% 0 0 0 0 25 69 94 2.13 70%-79.99% 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 1.50 80% or greater 0 12 0 0 0 102 114 0.85 Total $ 0 $ 12 $ 32 $ 0 $ 270 $ 1,128 $ 1,442 2.55 Weighted Average DSCR 0.00 1.10 2.55 0.00 3.05 2.45 Current-period gross writeoffs: $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 Middle Market Loans (In millions) 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior Revolving Loans Total Credit Ratings: BBB $ 39 $ 47 $ 32 $ 0 $ 58 $ 107 $ 9 $ 292 BB 322 428 37 349 326 619 61 2,142 B 112 204 47 286 405 412 26 1,492 CCC 26 2 0 9 75 195 14 321 CC 0 0 0 14 0 16 5 35 C and lower 0 0 0 0 17 83 5 105 Total $ 499 $ 681 $ 116 $ 658 $ 881 $ 1,432 $ 120 $ 4,387 Current-period gross writeoffs: $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 2 $ 23 $ 44 $ 0 $ 69 Other Loans (In millions) 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior Revolving Loans Total Credit Ratings: A $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 70 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 70 AA 0 0 0 8 3 0 0 11 BBB 6 232 69 25 0 0 0 332 Total $ 6 $ 232 $ 69 $ 103 $ 3 $ 0 $ 0 $ 413 Current-period gross writeoffs: $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 24 Past Due and Nonaccrual Loans The following tables present an aging of past due and nonaccrual loans at amortized cost, before allowance for credit losses, as of the periods presented. September 30, 2025 (In millions) Current Less Than 90 Days Past Due 90 Days or More Past Due (1) Total Past Due Total Loans Nonaccrual Status Transitional real estate loans $ 3,883 $ 49 $ 385 $ 434 $ 4,317 $ 385 Commercial mortgage loans 1,442 0 0 0 1,442 0 Middle market loans 4,277 48 62 110 4,387 82 Other loans 413 0 0 0 413 0 Total $ 10,015 $ 97 $ 447 $ 544 $ 10,559 $ 467 (1) As of September 30, 2025, there were no loans that were 90 days or more past due that continued to accrue interest. December 31, 2024 (In millions) Current Less Than 90 Days Past Due 90 Days or More Past Due (1) Total Past Due Total Loans Nonaccrual Status Transitional real estate loans $ 4,364 $ 195 $ 343 $ 538 $ 4,902 $ 378 Commercial mortgage loans 1,537 0 0 0 1,537 0 Middle market loans 4,295 63 65 128 4,423 108 Other loans 362 0 0 0 362 0 Total $ 10,558 $ 258 $ 408 $ 666 $ 11,224 $ 486 (1) As of December 31, 2024, there were no loans that were 90 days or more past due that continued to accrue interest. For the three-month period ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized no interest income for TREs, CMLs, MMLs, or other loans on nonaccrual status. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized $ 1 million of interest income for TREs, CMLs, MMLs, or other loans on nonaccrual status. For the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024, the Company recognized no interest income for TREs, CMLs, MMLs, or other loans on nonaccrual status. Of these loans, TREs with an amortized cost of $ 45 million and $ 140 million had no credit loss allowance as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, because these loans are collateral dependent assets for which the estimated fair values of the collateral were in excess of amortized cost. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, MMLs with an amortized cost of $ 21 million and $ 5 million, respectively, were on nonaccrual status without an allowance for credit loss. Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulties The Company granted certain loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the first nine months of 2025 and 2024. The types of modifications granted may include interest rate reductions, principal forgiveness, other-than-insignificant payment delays, term extensions or a combination of these types of modifications. The amount, timing, and extent of modifications granted are considered in determining any credit loss allowance recorded. Loans that have both been modified and are paid or written off during the period, resulting in an amortized cost balance of zero at the end of the period, are not included in the disclosures below. 25 The following tables present the amortized cost basis of modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and the financial effect of the modifications, disaggregated by loan classification and type of modification. Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 (In millions) Amortized Cost (1) % of Total Financial Effect Middle Market Loans: Term extension $ 13 .3 % Term extension of 17 months on average Principal forgiveness and term extension 9 .2 Reduction in the amortized cost basis of $ 6 million and term extension of 43 months on average Principal forgiveness, term extension and interest rate reduction 13 .3 Reduction in the amortized cost basis of $ 5 million, term extension of 45 months on average and reduction in the weighted-average contractual interest rate from 10.5 % to 9.5 %. (1) Net of allowance for credit losses Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 (In millions) Amortized Cost (1) % of Total Financial Effect Transitional Real Estate Loans: Other-than-insignificant payment delays $ 123 2.3 % Delay in payments of 24 months on average (1) Net of allowance for credit losses Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 (In millions) Amortized Cost (1) % of Total Financial Effect Transitional Real Estate Loans: Term extension $ 158 3.9 % Term extension of 20 months on average Term extension and interest rate reduction 155 3.8 Term extension of 26 months on average and reduction in the weighted-average contractual interest rate from 4.8 % to 4.3 % Middle Market Loans: Principal forgiveness $ 6 .1 % Reduction in the amortized cost basis of $ 4 million Term extension 46 1.1 Term extension of 9 months on average Other-than-insignificant payment delays 28 .7 Delay in principal and interest payments of 36 months on average Principal forgiveness and term extension 35 .8 Reduction in the amortized cost basis of $ 40 million and term extension of 33 months on average Principal forgiveness, term extension and interest rate reduction 13 .3 Reduction in the amortized cost basis of $ 5 million, term extension of 45 months on average and reduction in the weighted-average contractual interest rate from 10.5 % to 9.5 %. (1) Net of allowance for credit losses Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 (In millions) Amortized Cost (1) % of Total Financial Effect Transitional Real Estate Loans: Other-than-insignificant payment delays $ 198 3.8 % Delay in payments of 29 months on average Other-than-insignificant payment delays and interest rate reduction 216 4.1 Delay in payments of 47 months on average and reduction in the weighted-average contractual interest rate from 7.9 % to 6.6 % (1) Net of allowance for credit losses 26 The following tables present an aging of loans that received modifications in the 12 months preceding the period presented, at amortized cost. September 30, 2025 (In millions) Current Less Than 90 Days Past Due 90 Days or More Past Due Nonaccrual Status Transitional real estate loans $ 501 $ 0 $ 61 $ 61 Middle market loans 131 11 0 0 Total $ 632 $ 11 $ 61 $ 61 September 30, 2024 (In millions) Current Less Than 90 Days Past Due 90 Days or More Past Due Nonaccrual Status Transitional real estate loans $ 414 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 Total $ 414 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 The Company closely monitors the performance of the loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. Loans that were granted a modification in the past 12 months, as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, and subsequently defaulted in the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, were immaterial. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had $ 14 million of outstanding commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were granted a loan modification. 27 Allowance for Credit Losses The Company calculates its allowance for credit losses for held-to-maturity securities, loan receivables and loan commitments by grouping assets with similar risk characteristics when there is not a specific expectation of a loss for an individual asset. For held-to-maturity securities, MMLs, and MML commitments, the Company groups assets by credit ratings, industry, and country. The Company groups CMLs and TREs and respective loan commitments by property type, property location and the property’s LTV and DSCR. On a quarterly basis, CMLs and TREs within a portfolio segment that share similar risk characteristics are pooled for calculation of credit loss allowance. On an ongoing basis, TREs, CMLs and other loans with dissimilar risk characteristics (i.e., loans with significant declines in credit quality), such as collateral dependent mortgage loans (i.e., when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, including when foreclosure is probable), are evaluated individually for credit loss. For example, the credit loss allowance for a collateral dependent loan is established as the excess of amortized cost over the estimated fair value of the loan’s underlying collateral, less selling cost when foreclosure is probable. Accordingly, the change in the estimated fair value of the collateral dependent loans, which are evaluated individually for credit loss, is recorded as a change in the credit loss allowance as a component of net investment gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of earnings. The credit allowance for held-to-maturity securities and loan receivables is estimated using a probability-of-default (PD) / loss-given-default (LGD) method, discounted for the time value of money. For held-to-maturity securities, available-for-sale securities and loan receivables, the Company includes the change in present value due to the passage of time in the change in the allowance for credit losses. The Company’s methodology for estimating credit losses utilizes the contractual maturity date of the financial asset, adjusted when necessary to reflect the expected timing of repayment (such as prepayment options, renewal options, call options, or extension options). The Company applies reasonable and supportable forecasts of macroeconomic variables that impact the determination of PD / LGD over a two-year period for held-to-maturity securities and MMLs. The Company reverts to historical loss information over one year, following the two-year forecast period. For the CML and TRE portfolio, the Company applies reasonable and supportable forecasts of macroeconomic variables as well as national and local real-estate market factors to estimate future credit losses where the market factors revert back to historical levels over time with the period being dependent on current market conditions, projected market conditions and difference in the current and historical market levels for each factor. The Company continuously monitors the estimation methodology, due to changes in portfolio composition, changes in underwriting practices and significant events or conditions and makes adjustments as necessary. The Company’s held-to-maturity portfolio includes Japan Government and Agency securities of $ 16.1 billion amortized cost as of September 30, 2025 that meet the requirements for zero-credit-loss expectation and therefore these asset classes have been excluded from the current expected credit loss measurement. An investment in an available-for-sale security may be impaired if the fair value falls below amortized cost. The Company regularly reviews its available-for-sale portfolio for declines in fair value. The Company's available-for-sale impairment model focuses on the ultimate collection of the cash flows from its investments and whether the Company has the intent to sell or if it is more likely than not the Company would be required to sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost. The determination of the amount of impairments under this model is based upon the Company's periodic evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective securities. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. When determining the Company's intention to sell a security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, the Company evaluates facts and circumstances such as, but not limited to, future cash flow needs, decisions to reposition its security portfolio, and risk profile of individual investment holdings. The Company performs ongoing analyses of its liquidity needs, which includes cash flow testing of its policy liabilities, debt maturities, projected dividend payments, and other cash flow and liquidity needs. The Company’s methodology for estimating credit losses for available-for-sale securities utilizes the discounted cash flow model, based on past events, current market conditions and future economic conditions, as well as industry analysis and credit ratings of the securities. In addition, the Company evaluates the specific issuer’s probability of default and expected recovery of its position in the event of default based on the underlying financial condition and assets of the borrower as well as seniority and/or security of other debt holders in the issuer when developing management’s best estimate of expected cash flows. 28 The following table presents the roll forward of the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment for loans and by accounting classification for securities. (In millions) Transitional Real Estate Loans Commercial Mortgage Loans Middle Market Loans Other Loans and Loan Commitments Held-to- Maturity Securities Available- for-Sale Securities Total Three Months Ended September 30, 2025: Balance at June 30, 2025 $ ( 243 ) $ ( 12 ) $ ( 127 ) $ ( 17 ) $ ( 5 ) $ 0 $ ( 404 ) (Addition to) release of allowance for credit losses ( 28 ) 2 ( 25 ) ( 2 ) 0 0 ( 53 ) Writeoffs, net of recoveries 0 0 13 0 0 0 13 Change in foreign exchange 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Balance at September 30, 2025 $ ( 271 ) $ ( 10 ) $ ( 139 ) $ ( 19 ) $ ( 5 ) $ 0 $ ( 444 ) Three Months Ended September 30, 2024: Balance at June 30, 2024 $ ( 123 ) $ ( 17 ) $ ( 98 ) $ ( 13 ) $ ( 5 ) $ 0 $ ( 256 ) (Addition to) release of allowance for credit losses ( 67 ) ( 16 ) ( 5 ) ( 1 ) 0 0 ( 89 ) Writeoffs, net of recoveries 39 3 0 0 0 0 42 Change in foreign exchange 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Balance at September 30, 2024 $ ( 151 ) $ ( 30 ) $ ( 103 ) $ ( 14 ) $ ( 5 ) $ 0 $ ( 303 ) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025: Balance at December 31, 2024 $ ( 199 ) $ ( 14 ) $ ( 140 ) $ ( 17 ) $ ( 5 ) $ 0 $ ( 375 ) (Addition to) release of allowance for credit losses ( 101 ) 4 ( 68 ) ( 2 ) 0 0 ( 167 ) Writeoffs, net of recoveries 29 0 69 0 0 0 98 Change in foreign exchange 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Balance at September 30, 2025 $ ( 271 ) $ ( 10 ) $ ( 139 ) $ ( 19 ) $ ( 5 ) $ 0 $ ( 444 ) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024: Balance at December 31, 2023 $ ( 112 ) $ ( 16 ) $ ( 146 ) $ ( 16 ) $ ( 5 ) $ 0 $ ( 295 ) (Addition to) release of allowance for credit losses ( 93 ) ( 17 ) ( 7 ) 2 0 0 ( 115 ) Writeoffs, net of recoveries 54 3 50 0 0 0 107 Change in foreign exchange 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Balance at September 30, 2024 $ ( 151 ) $ ( 30 ) $ ( 103 ) $ ( 14 ) $ ( 5 ) $ 0 $ ( 303 ) As of September 30, 2025, the Company identified TREs with an amortized cost of $ 136 million in anticipation of potential foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure transactions. As of September 30, 2025, the Company established a credit allowance of $ 42 million related to these loans. Other Investments The table below reflects the composition of the carrying value for other investments as of the periods presented. (In millions) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Other investments: Policy loans $ 217 $ 203 Short-term investments (1) 2,346 1,599 Limited partnerships (2) 3,961 3,435 Real estate owned 940 682 Other 31 39 Total other investments $ 7,495 $ 5,958 (1) Includes securities lending collateral (2) Includes tax credit investments and asset classes such as private equity and real estate funds 29 The Parent Company invests in partnerships that specialize in rehabilitating historic structures or the installation of solar equipment in order to receive federal historic rehabilitation and solar tax credits. These investments are classified as limited partnerships and included in other investments in the consolidated balance sheets. The change in value of each investment is recorded as a reduction to net investment income. Tax credits generated by these investments are recorded as an income tax benefit in the consolidated statements of earnings. REO consists of office buildings or other commercial properties obtained through foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure of certain of the Company’s TREs. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, all REO was classified as held-and-used for the production of income, which is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense was $ 8 million and $ 4 million for the three-month periods and $ 21 million and $ 8 million for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Additionally, as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, accumulated depreciation was $ 35 million and $ 14 million, respectively. The Company had $ 3.1 billion and $ 2.8 billion in outstanding commitments to fund investments in limited partnerships, which included $ 2.0 billion and $ 2.1 billion of unfunded commitments related to VIEs that are non-consolidated as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Variable Interest Entities (VIEs) In the normal course of its activities, the Company invests in legal entities that are VIEs. The Company's variable interests in VIEs are limited to the debt and equity instruments issued by them. With the exception of commitments to limited partnerships and to certain loan investments made in the normal course of business, the Company has not provided any direct or contingent obligations to fund the limited activities of these VIEs, or support related to the limited activities of these VIEs, and does not have any intention to do so in the future, nor has it provided any direct or indirect financial guarantees. The Company's risk of loss related to its interests in any of its VIEs is limited to the carrying value of the related investments, and in certain cases, to any unfunded commitments held in the VIE. For those VIEs other than certain unit trust structures, the Company's involvement is passive in nature. VIEs - Consolidated If the Company determines that it is the VIE’s primary beneficiary, it consolidates the VIE. Creditors or beneficial interest holders of VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary have no recourse to the general credit of the Company except to the extent of the unfunded commitments referenced above, as the Company’s obligation to each VIE is limited to the amount of its committed investment. The following table presents the carrying value and balance sheet caption in which the assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs are reported. Investments in Consolidated Variable Interest Entities (In millions) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Assets: Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale $ 3,692 $ 3,428 Commercial mortgage and other loans 8,183 8,693 Other investments (1) 2,305 2,176 Other assets (2) 44 53 Total assets of consolidated VIEs $ 14,224 $ 14,350 Liabilities: Other liabilities (2) $ 685 $ 604 Total liabilities of consolidated VIEs $ 685 $ 604 (1) Consists entirely of alternative investments in limited partnerships, which represent VIEs where the Company is not the primary beneficiary and, therefore, are not consolidated (2) Consists entirely of derivatives 30 The Company is the sole investor in the consolidated VIEs listed in the table above. The Company invests in fixed maturity securities issued by VIEs that in turn hold U.S. dollar-denominated fixed maturity securities coupled with foreign currency swap agreements. The weighted-average lives of the Company's investments in these VIEs are very similar to the underlying collateral held by these VIEs. The activities of these VIEs are limited to holding invested assets and foreign currency swaps and utilizing the cash flows from these securities to service the VIEs' debt. Neither the Company nor any of its creditors are able to obtain the underlying collateral of these VIEs unless there is an event of default or other specified event. The Company is not a direct counterparty to the foreign currency swap contracts and has no control over them. The Company's loss exposure to these VIEs is limited to its original investment. These consolidated VIEs do not rely on outside or ongoing sources of funding to support their activities beyond the underlying collateral and foreign currency swap contracts, if applicable. The underlying collateral assets and funding of these consolidated VIEs are generally static in nature. Investments in Unit Trust Structures The Company also utilizes unit trust structures in its Aflac Japan segment to invest in various asset classes, which include CMLs, MMLs, TREs, other loans and limited partnerships. As the sole investor of these VIEs, the Company is required to consolidate these trusts under U.S. GAAP. The limited partnership investments are comprised of private equity and real estate funds. The Company's loss exposure to these VIEs is limited to its original investments, together with any unfunded portion of the Company's commitments made in the normal course of business to fund certain loan investments and limited partnership investments, as described in the Commercial Mortgage and Other Loans and Other Investments sections of this note. Excluding these commitments, the Company does not provide financial or other support to consolidated VIEs. VIEs - Not Consolidated The table below reflects the carrying value and balance sheet caption in which the Company's investments in VIEs that are not consolidated are reported. Investments in Variable Interest Entities Not Consolidated (In millions) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Assets: Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale $ 6,891 $ 6,243 Other investments (1) 1,473 1,124 Total investments in VIEs not consolidated $ 8,364 $ 7,367 (1) Consists entirely of alternative investments in limited partnerships Certain investments in VIEs that the Company is not required to consolidate are investments that are in the form of debt obligations issued by the VIEs. These fixed maturity securities include structured securities, primarily asset-backed securities. The Company's involvement in the related VIEs is limited to that of a passive investor in asset-backed securities issued by the VIEs. The Company also invests in fixed maturity debt securities issued by VIEs that are the primary financing vehicles used by their corporate sponsors to raise financing in the capital markets. The variable interests created by these VIEs are principally or solely a result of the debt instruments issued by them. The Company does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance, nor does it have the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could be significant to the entity. As such, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs and therefore is not required to consolidate them. The Company also holds equity investments in limited partnerships that have been determined to be VIEs. These partnerships primarily invest in private equity and real estate funds. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss on these investments is limited to the amount of its investment and any unfunded commitments. As described in the Other Investments section of this note, the Company makes commitments to fund partnership investments in the normal course of business. Excluding these commitments, the Company did not provide financial or other support to unconsolidated VIEs. The Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs and is therefore not required to consolidate them. The Company classifies these investments as other investments in the consolidated balance sheets. 31 Securities Lending and Pledged Securities The Company lends fixed maturity securities and, from time to time, public equity securities to financial institutions in short-term securities lending transactions. These short-term securities lending arrangements increase investment income with minimal risk. The Company receives cash or other securities as collateral for such loans. The Company's securities lending policy requires that the fair value of the securities received as collateral be 102 % or more of the fair value of the loaned securities and that unrestricted cash received as collateral be 100 % or more of the fair value of the loaned securities. The securities loaned continue to be carried as investment assets on the Company's balance sheet during the terms of the loans and are not reported as sales. For loans involving unrestricted cash or securities as collateral, the collateral is reported as an asset with a corresponding liability for the return of the collateral. For loans where the Company receives as collateral securities that the Company is not permitted to sell or repledge, the collateral is not reflected in the consolidated financial statements. Details of collateral by loaned security type and remaining maturity of the agreements were as follows: Securities Lending Transactions Accounted for as Secured Borrowings Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 (In millions) Overnight and Continuous (1) Up to 30 days 30-90 days Total Overnight and Continuous (1) Up to 30 days Total Securities lending transactions: Fixed maturity securities: Japan government and agencies $ 0 $ 1,946 $ 2,361 $ 4,307 $ 0 $ 1,027 $ 1,027 Public utilities 39 0 0 39 34 0 34 Banks/financial institutions 186 0 0 186 193 0 193 Other corporate 897 0 0 897 783 0 783 Total borrowings $ 1,122 $ 1,946 $ 2,361 $ 5,429 $ 1,010 $ 1,027 $ 2,037 Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending transactions $ 5,429 $ 2,037 (1) The related loaned security, under the Company's U.S. securities lending program, can be returned to the Company at the transferee's discretion; therefore, they are classified as Overnight and Continuous. In connection with securities lending, in addition to cash collateral received, the Company received from counterparties securities collateral of $ 1.6 billion and $ 3.0 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which may not be sold or re-pledged, unless the counterparty is in default. Such securities collateral is not reflected on the consolidated financial statements. The Company did not have any repurchase agreements or repurchase-to-maturity transactions outstanding as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Certain fixed maturity securities can be pledged as collateral as part of derivative transactions, or pledged to support state deposit requirements on certain investment programs. For additional information regarding pledged securities related to derivative transactions, see Note 4. 32 4. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS The Company's freestanding derivative financial instruments include: • foreign currency forwards and options used in hedging foreign exchange risk on U.S. dollar-denominated investments in Aflac Japan's portfolio, with options used on a standalone basis and/or in a collar strategy; • foreign currency forwards and options used to economically hedge certain portions of forecasted cash flows denominated in yen and hedge the Company's long term exposure to a weakening yen; • foreign currency swaps used to hedge the foreign currency exchange risk associated with certain investments denominated in other foreign currencies in Aflac Japan's portfolio; • cross-currency swaps, also referred to as foreign currency swaps, associated with certain senior notes and subordinated debentures; • foreign currency swaps that are associated with VIE bond purchase commitments, and investments in special-purpose entities, including VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary; • interest rate swaps used to economically hedge interest rate fluctuations in certain variable-rate investments; • interest rate swaptions used to hedge changes in the fair value associated with interest rate fluctuations for certain U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities; and • bond purchase commitments at the inception of investments in consolidated VIEs. Some of the Company's derivatives are designated as cash flow hedges, fair value hedges or net investment hedges; however, other derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting or the Company elects not to designate them as accounting hedges. Derivative Types Foreign currency forwards and options are executed for the Aflac Japan segment in order to hedge the currency risk on the carrying value of certain U.S. dollar-denominated investments. The average maturity of these forwards and options can change depending on factors such as market conditions and types of investments being held. In situations where the maturity of the forwards and options is shorter than the underlying investment being hedged, the Company may enter into new forwards and options near maturity of the existing derivative in order to continue hedging the underlying investment. In forward transactions, Aflac Japan agrees with another party to buy a fixed amount of yen and sell a corresponding amount of U.S. dollars at a specified future date. The Company also uses one-sided foreign currency put options to mitigate the settlement risk on U.S. dollar-denominated assets related to extreme foreign currency rate changes. From time to time, Aflac Japan also executes foreign currency option transactions in a collar strategy, where Aflac Japan agrees with another party to simultaneously purchase put options and sell call options. In the purchased put transactions, Aflac Japan obtains the option to buy a fixed amount of yen and sell a corresponding amount of U.S. dollars at a specified future date. In the sold call transactions, Aflac Japan agrees to sell a fixed amount of yen and buy a corresponding amount of U.S. dollars at a specified future date. The combination of purchasing the put option and selling the call option results in no net premium being paid (i.e. a costless or zero-cost collar). From time to time, the Company may also enter into foreign currency forwards and options to hedge the currency risk associated with the net investment in Aflac Japan. In these forward transactions, the Company agrees with another party to buy a fixed amount of U.S. dollars and sell a corresponding amount of yen at a specified price at a specified future date. In the option transactions, the Company may use a combination of foreign currency options to protect expected future cash flows by simultaneously purchasing yen put options (options that protect against a weakening yen) and selling yen call options (options that limit participation in a strengthening yen). The combination of these two actions create a zero-cost collar. Additionally, the Company enters into purchased options to hedge cash flows from the net investment in Aflac Japan. The Company enters into foreign currency swaps pursuant to which it exchanges an initial principal amount in one currency for an initial principal amount of another currency, with an agreement to re-exchange the principal amounts at a future date. There may also be periodic exchanges of payments at specified intervals based on the agreed upon rates and notional amounts. Foreign currency swaps are used primarily in the consolidated VIEs in the Company's Aflac Japan portfolio to convert foreign-denominated cash flows to yen, the functional currency of Aflac Japan, in order to minimize cash flow fluctuations. The Company also uses foreign currency swaps to economically hedge the foreign exchange rate risk on certain investments denominated in other foreign currencies in Aflac Japan's portfolio, as well as to economically 33 convert certain of its U.S. dollar-denominated senior note and subordinated debenture principal and interest obligations into yen-denominated obligations. In order to reduce investment income volatility from its variable-rate investments, the Company enters into receive–fixed, pay–floating interest rate swaps. These derivatives are cleared and settled through a central clearinghouse. Swaptions are used to mitigate the adverse impact resulting from significant changes in the fair value of U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale securities due to fluctuation in interest rates. In a payer swaption, the Company pays a premium to obtain the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a swap contract where it will pay a fixed rate and receive a floating rate. Interest rate swaption collars are combinations of two swaption positions. In order to maximize the efficiency of the collars while minimizing cost, a collar strategy is used whereby the Company purchases a long payer swaption (the Company purchases an option that allows it to enter into a swap where the Company will pay the fixed rate and receive the floating rate of the swap) and sells a short receiver swaption (the Company sells an option that provides the counterparty with the right to enter into a swap where the Company will receive the fixed rate and pay the floating rate of the swap). The combination of purchasing the long payer swaption and selling the short receiver swaption results in no net premium being paid (i.e. a costless or zero-cost collar). Bond purchase commitments result from repackaged bond structures that are consolidated VIEs whereby there is a delay in the trade date and settlement date of the bond within the structure to ensure completion of all necessary legal agreements to support the consolidated VIE that issues the repackaged bond. Since the Company has a commitment to purchase the underlying bond at a specified price, the agreement meets the definition of a derivative where the value is derived based on the current market value of the bond compared to the fixed purchase price to be paid on the settlement date. Derivative Balance Sheet Classification The table below summarizes the balance sheet classification of the Company's derivative fair value amounts, as well as the gross asset and liability fair value amounts. The fair value amounts presented do not include income accruals. Derivative assets are included in other assets, while derivative liabilities are included in other liabilities within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The notional amount of derivative contracts represents the basis upon which pay or receive amounts are calculated and are not reflective of exposure or credit risk. September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 (In millions) Asset Derivatives Liability Derivatives Asset Derivatives Liability Derivatives Hedge Designation/ Derivative Type Notional Amount Fair Value Fair Value Notional Amount Fair Value Fair Value Cash flow hedges: Foreign currency swaps - VIE $ 18 $ 0 $ 5 $ 18 $ 0 $ 6 Total cash flow hedges 18 0 5 18 0 6 Net investment hedge: Foreign currency forwards 1,847 45 9 1,809 185 0 Total net investment hedge 1,847 45 9 1,809 185 0 Non-qualifying strategies: Foreign currency swaps 49 0 0 450 2 0 Foreign currency swaps - VIE 3,041 44 680 3,042 53 598 Foreign currency forwards 693 1 9 0 0 0 Foreign currency options 25,000 1 0 24,195 0 0 Interest rate swaps 28,600 16 231 17,230 0 329 Total non-qualifying strategies 57,383 62 920 44,917 55 927 Total derivatives $ 59,248 $ 107 $ 934 $ 46,744 $ 240 $ 933 34 Cash Flow Hedges From time to time, for certain variable-rate available-for-sale securities held by Aflac Japan via consolidated VIEs, foreign currency swaps are used to swap the variable rate interest to fixed rate interest as well as interest cash flows between Japanese yen and U.S. dollar. The Company has designated foreign currency swaps as a hedge of the variability in cash flows of a forecasted transaction or of amounts to be received or paid related to a recognized asset (“cash flow” hedge). The remaining maximum length of time for which these cash flows are hedged is approximately one year . The derivatives in the Company's consolidated VIEs that are not designated as accounting hedges are discussed in the Non-qualifying Strategies section of this note. Fair Value Hedges The Company designates and accounts for certain foreign currency forwards, options, and interest rate swaptions as fair value hedges when they meet the requirements for hedge accounting. The Company recognizes gains and losses on these derivatives as well as the offsetting gain or loss on the related hedged items in current earnings. Foreign currency forwards and options hedge the foreign currency exposure of certain U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale fixed-maturity investments held in Aflac Japan. The change in the fair value of the foreign currency forwards related to the changes in the difference between the spot rate and the forward price is excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. The change in fair value of the foreign currency option related to the time value of the option is recognized in current earnings and is excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. Interest rate swaptions hedge the interest rate exposure of certain U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale securities held in Aflac Japan. For these hedging relationships, the Company excludes time value from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and recognizes changes in the intrinsic value of the swaptions in current earnings within net investment income. The change in the time value of the swaptions is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) and amortized into earnings (net investment income) over its legal term. The following table shows the carrying amounts of assets designated and qualifying as hedged items in fair value hedges of interest rate risk and the related cumulative hedge adjustment included in the carrying amount. The Company had no fair value hedges of interest rate risk as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024; therefore, the amounts presented in the table below are related to previous fair value hedges of interest rate risk that were discontinued. (In millions) Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) (1) Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Fixed maturity securities $ 1,305 $ 1,294 $ 123 $ 137 (1) The balance includes hedging adjustment on discontinued hedging relationships of $ 123 in 2025 and $ 137 in 2024. Net Investment Hedge The Company's investment in Aflac Japan is affected by changes in the yen/dollar exchange rate. To mitigate this exposure, the Parent Company's yen-denominated liabilities (see Note 9) have been designated as non-derivative hedges and certain foreign currency forwards and options have been designated as derivative hedges of the foreign currency exposure of the Company's net investment in Aflac Japan. The Company's net investment hedge was effective during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Non-qualifying Strategies For the Company's derivative instruments in consolidated VIEs that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, all changes in their fair value are reported in current period earnings in n et i nvestment gains (losses). The amount of gain or loss recognized in earnings for the Company's VIEs is attributable to the derivatives in those investment structures. While the change in value of the swaps is recorded in current period earnings, the change in value of the available-for-sale fixed maturity securities associated with these swaps is recorded in other comprehensive income. 35 The Company uses foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency exchange risk associated with certain investments denominated in other foreign currencies in the Aflac Japan segment. The Parent Company had cross-currency swap agreements related to certain of its U.S. dollar-denominated senior notes to effectively convert interest and principal on the notes from U.S. dollar to Japanese yen. These swaps matured in March 2025. Changes in the values of these swaps were recorded in earnings in the period where they occurred. The Company uses foreign currency forwards and options to economically mitigate the currency risk of some of its U.S. dollar-denominated loan receivables and U.S. government fixed maturity securities held in the Aflac Japan segment. These arrangements are not designated as accounting hedges, as the foreign currency remeasurement of the loan receivables impacts current period earnings, and substantially offsets gains and losses from foreign currency forwards within net investment gains (losses). The Company also has certain foreign currency forwards on U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale securities where hedge accounting is not being applied. The Company uses interest rate swaps to economically convert the variable rate investment income to a fixed rate on certain variable-rate investments. Impact of Derivatives and Hedging Instruments The following table summarizes the impact to earnings and other comprehensive income (loss) from all derivatives and hedging instruments. Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 (In millions) Net Investment Income Net Investment Gains (Losses) Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Net Investment Income Net Investment Gains (Losses) Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Qualifying hedges: Cash flow hedges: Foreign currency swaps - VIE $ ( 1 ) $ ( 1 ) $ 1 $ ( 1 ) $ ( 1 ) $ 2 Total cash flow hedges ( 1 ) ( 1 ) (1) 1 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) (1) 2 Net investment hedge: Non-derivative hedging instruments 0 151 0 ( 522 ) Foreign currency forwards 23 54 43 ( 225 ) Total net investment hedge 23 205 43 ( 747 ) Non-qualifying strategies: Foreign currency swaps - VIE ( 115 ) 44 Foreign currency forwards ( 16 ) 0 Foreign currency options ( 10 ) 191 Interest rate swaps ( 4 ) 159 Total non-qualifying strategies ( 145 ) 394 Total $ ( 1 ) $ ( 123 ) $ 206 $ ( 1 ) $ 436 $ ( 745 ) (1) Impact of cash flow hedges reported as net investment gains (losses) includes $ 1 of losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings during the three-month period ended September 30, 2025, and $ 1 of losses during the three-month period ended September 30, 2024. 36 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 (In millions) Net Investment Income Net Investment Gains (Losses) Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Net Investment Income Net Investment Gains (Losses) Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Qualifying hedges: Cash flow hedges: Foreign currency swaps - VIE $ ( 1 ) $ ( 3 ) $ 4 $ ( 1 ) $ ( 3 ) $ 3 Total cash flow hedges ( 1 ) ( 3 ) (1) 4 ( 1 ) ( 3 ) (1) 3 Net investment hedge: Non-derivative hedging instruments 0 ( 228 ) 0 ( 21 ) Foreign currency forwards 85 ( 171 ) 119 74 Total net investment hedge 85 ( 399 ) 119 53 Non-qualifying strategies: Foreign currency swaps 0 2 Foreign currency swaps - VIE ( 142 ) ( 172 ) Foreign currency forwards ( 23 ) 17 Foreign currency options ( 29 ) 9 Interest rate swaps ( 33 ) ( 26 ) Total non-qualifying strategies ( 227 ) ( 170 ) Total $ ( 1 ) $ ( 145 ) $ ( 395 ) $ ( 1 ) $ ( 54 ) $ 56 (1) Impact of cash flow hedges reported as net investment gains (losses) includes $ 3 of losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025, and $ 3 of losses during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024. Interest expense/income on cash flow hedges are recorded in net investment income. For interest rate swaptions classified as fair value hedges, the change in the time value of the swaptions is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) and amortized into net investment income over its legal term. If the swaption is early terminated but the hedged item is still outstanding, the amortization of disposal amount of the swaptions is recorded in net investment income over the remaining life of the hedged items. Gains and losses on cash flow hedges and the change in the fair value of interest rate swaptions related to the time value of the swaptions in fair value hedges are recorded as unrealized gains (losses). Gains and losses on net investment hedges related to changes in foreign currency spot rates are recorded in the unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) line in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). As of September 30, 2025, $ 1 million of deferred losses on derivative instruments recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income are expected to be reclassified into earnings during the next 12 months. Credit Risk Assumed through Derivatives For the foreign currency swaps associated with the Company's VIE investments for which it is the primary beneficiary, the Company bears the risk of loss due to counterparty default even though it is not a direct counterparty to those contracts. The Company is a direct counterparty to the foreign currency swaps that it has entered into in connection with certain of its senior notes and subordinated debentures; foreign currency forwards; and foreign currency options, and therefore the Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties in those contracts. The risk of counterparty default for the Company's foreign currency swaps, certain foreign currency forwards, and foreign currency options is mitigated by collateral posting requirements that counterparties to those transactions must meet. As of September 30, 2025, all of the Company's derivative agreement counterparties were investment grade. 37 The Company engages in over-the-counter (OTC) bilateral derivative transactions directly with unaffiliated third parties under International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) agreements and other documentation. Most of the ISDA agreements also include Credit Support Annexes (CSAs) provisions, which generally provide for two-way collateral postings at the first dollar of exposure. The Company mitigates the risk that counterparties to transactions might be unable to fulfill their contractual obligations by monitoring counterparty credit exposure and collateral value while generally requiring that collateral be posted at the outset of the transaction. In addition, a significant portion of the derivative transactions have provisions that give the counterparty the right to terminate the transaction upon a downgrade of the Company's financial strength rating. The actual amount of payments that the Company could be required to make depends on market conditions, the fair value of outstanding affected transactions, and other factors prevailing at and after the time of the downgrade. The Company also engages in OTC cleared derivative transactions through regulated central clearing counterparties. These positions are marked to market and margined on a daily basis (both initial margin and variation margin), and the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to these derivatives. Collateral posted by the Company to third parties for derivative transactions can generally be repledged or resold by the counterparties. The aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a net liability position by counterparty was approximately $ 851 million and $ 804 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. If the credit-risk-related contingent features underlying these agreements had been triggered on September 30, 2025, the Company estimates that it would be required to post a maximum of $ 629 million of additional collateral to these derivative counterparties. The Company is generally allowed to sell or repledge collateral obtained from its derivative counterparties, although it does not typically exercise such rights. See the Offsetting tables below for collateral posted or received as of the reported balance sheet dates. Offsetting of Financial Instruments and Derivatives Most of the Company's derivative instruments are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements that provide for the net settlement of all derivative contracts between the Parent Company or its subsidiaries and the respective counterparty in the event of default or upon the occurrence of certain termination events. Collateral support agreements with the master netting arrangements generally provide that the Company will receive or pledge financial collateral at the first dollar of exposure. The Company has securities lending agreements with unaffiliated financial institutions that post collateral to the Company in return for the use of its fixed maturity and public equity securities (see Note 3). When the Company has entered into securities lending agreements with the same counterparty, the agreements generally provide for net settlement in the event of default by the counterparty. This right of set-off allows the Company to keep and apply collateral received if the counterparty failed to return the securities borrowed from the Company as contractually agreed. 38 The tables below summarize the Company's derivatives and securities lending transactions, and as reflected in the tables, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, the Company's policy is to not offset these financial instruments in the consolidated balance sheets. Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets September 30, 2025 Gross Amounts Not Offset in Balance Sheet (In millions) Gross Amount of Recognized Assets Gross Amount Offset in Balance Sheet Net Amount of Assets Presented in Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Securities Collateral Cash Collateral Received Net Amount Derivative assets: Derivative assets subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement OTC - bilateral $ 47 $ 0 $ 47 $ ( 10 ) $ 0 $ ( 30 ) $ 7 OTC - cleared 16 0 16 ( 16 ) 0 0 0 Total derivative assets subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement 63 0 63 ( 26 ) 0 ( 30 ) 7 Derivative assets not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement OTC - bilateral 44 44 44 Total derivative assets not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement 44 44 44 Total derivative assets 107 0 107 ( 26 ) 0 ( 30 ) 51 Securities lending and similar arrangements 5,377 0 5,377 0 0 ( 5,377 ) 0 Total $ 5,484 $ 0 $ 5,484 $ ( 26 ) $ 0 $ ( 5,407 ) $ 51 39 December 31, 2024 Gross Amounts Not Offset in Balance Sheet (In millions) Gross Amount of Recognized Assets Gross Amount Offset in Balance Sheet Net Amount of Assets Presented in Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Securities Collateral Cash Collateral Received Net Amount Derivative assets: Derivative assets subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement OTC - bilateral $ 187 $ 0 $ 187 $ 0 $ ( 45 ) $ ( 135 ) $ 7 Total derivative assets subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement 187 0 187 0 ( 45 ) ( 135 ) 7 Derivative assets not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement OTC - bilateral 53 53 53 Total derivative assets not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement 53 53 53 Total derivative assets 240 0 240 0 ( 45 ) ( 135 ) 60 Securities lending and similar arrangements 2,001 0 2,001 0 0 ( 2,001 ) 0 Total $ 2,241 $ 0 $ 2,241 $ 0 $ ( 45 ) $ ( 2,136 ) $ 60 40 Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities September 30, 2025 Gross Amounts Not Offset in Balance Sheet (In millions) Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amount Offset in Balance Sheet Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Securities Collateral Cash Collateral Pledged Net Amount Derivative liabilities: Derivative liabilities subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement OTC - bilateral $ 18 $ 0 $ 18 $ ( 10 ) $ ( 7 ) $ 0 $ 1 OTC - cleared 231 0 231 ( 16 ) ( 19 ) ( 196 ) 0 Total derivative liabilities subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement 249 0 249 ( 26 ) ( 26 ) ( 196 ) 1 Derivative liabilities not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement OTC - bilateral 685 685 685 Total derivative liabilities not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement 685 685 685 Total derivative liabilities 934 0 934 ( 26 ) ( 26 ) ( 196 ) 686 Securities lending and similar arrangements 5,429 0 5,429 ( 5,377 ) 0 0 52 Total $ 6,363 $ 0 $ 6,363 $ ( 5,403 ) $ ( 26 ) $ ( 196 ) $ 738 41 December 31, 2024 Gross Amounts Not Offset in Balance Sheet (In millions) Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amount Offset in Balance Sheet Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Securities Collateral Cash Collateral Pledged Net Amount Derivative liabilities: Derivative liabilities subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement OTC - cleared $ 329 $ 0 $ 329 $ 0 $ 0 $ ( 329 ) $ 0 Total derivative liabilities subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement 329 0 329 0 0 ( 329 ) 0 Derivative liabilities not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement OTC - bilateral 604 604 604 Total derivative liabilities not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement 604 604 604 Total derivative liabilities 933 0 933 0 0 ( 329 ) 604 Securities lending and similar arrangements 2,037 0 2,037 ( 2,001 ) 0 0 36 Total $ 2,970 $ 0 $ 2,970 $ ( 2,001 ) $ 0 $ ( 329 ) $ 640 For additional information on the Company's financial instruments, see the accompanying Notes 3 and 5 and Notes 1, 3 and 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2024 Annual Report. 42 5. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS Fair Value Hierarchy U.S. GAAP specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. These two types of inputs create three valuation hierarchy levels, as follows: • Level 1 valuations reflect quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. • Level 2 valuations reflect quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities in an active market, quoted market prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in non-active markets or model-derived valuations in which all significant valuation inputs are observable in active markets. • Level 3 valuations reflect valuations in which one or more of the significant inputs are not observable in an active market. The following tables present the fair value hierarchy levels of the Company's assets and liabilities that are measured and carried at fair value on a recurring basis. September 30, 2025 (In millions) Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value Assets: Securities available-for-sale, carried at fair value: Fixed maturity securities: Government and agencies $ 15,854 $ 729 $ 0 $ 16,583 Municipalities 0 1,986 0 1,986 Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 0 2,116 2,246 4,362 Public utilities 0 6,624 806 7,430 Sovereign and supranational 0 403 22 425 Banks/financial institutions 0 9,710 9 9,719 Other corporate 0 26,608 163 26,771 Total fixed maturity securities 15,854 48,176 3,246 67,276 Equity securities 722 0 163 885 Other investments 2,346 0 0 2,346 Cash and cash equivalents 6,768 0 0 6,768 Other assets: Foreign currency swaps 0 44 0 44 Foreign currency forwards 0 46 0 46 Foreign currency options 0 1 0 1 Interest rate swaps 0 16 0 16 Total other assets 0 107 0 107 Total assets $ 25,690 $ 48,283 $ 3,409 $ 77,382 Liabilities: Other liabilities: Foreign currency swaps $ 0 $ 685 $ 0 $ 685 Foreign currency forwards 0 18 0 18 Interest rate swaps 0 231 0 231 Total liabilities $ 0 $ 934 $ 0 $ 934 43 December 31, 2024 (In millions) Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value Assets: Securities available-for-sale, carried at fair value: Fixed maturity securities: Government and agencies $ 17,088 $ 758 $ 0 $ 17,846 Municipalities 0 2,034 0 2,034 Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 0 2,407 1,156 3,563 Public utilities 0 6,398 647 7,045 Sovereign and supranational 0 393 23 416 Banks/financial institutions 0 8,946 10 8,956 Other corporate 0 25,178 231 25,409 Total fixed maturity securities 17,088 46,114 2,067 65,269 Equity securities 639 0 157 796 Other investments 1,599 0 0 1,599 Cash and cash equivalents 6,229 0 0 6,229 Other assets: Foreign currency swaps 0 55 0 55 Foreign currency forwards 0 185 0 185 Total other assets 0 240 0 240 Total assets $ 25,555 $ 46,354 $ 2,224 $ 74,133 Liabilities: Other liabilities: Foreign currency swaps $ 0 $ 604 $ 0 $ 604 Interest rate swaps 0 329 0 329 Total liabilities $ 0 $ 933 $ 0 $ 933 44 The following tables present the carrying amount and fair value categorized by fair value hierarchy level for the Company's financial instruments that are not carried at fair value. September 30, 2025 (In millions) Carrying Value Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value Assets: Securities held-to-maturity, carried at amortized cost: Fixed maturity securities: Government and agencies $ 16,258 $ 15,925 $ 143 $ 0 $ 16,068 Municipalities 248 0 252 0 252 Public utilities 34 0 32 0 32 Sovereign and supranational 398 0 400 0 400 Other corporate 17 0 18 0 18 Commercial mortgage and other loans 10,137 0 0 10,013 10,013 Other investments (1) 31 0 31 0 31 Total assets $ 27,123 $ 15,925 $ 876 $ 10,013 $ 26,814 Liabilities: Other policyholders’ funds $ 5,785 $ 0 $ 0 $ 5,711 $ 5,711 Notes payable (excluding leases) 8,598 0 7,451 717 8,168 Total liabilities $ 14,383 $ 0 $ 7,451 $ 6,428 $ 13,879 (1) Excludes policy loans of $ 217 , equity method investments of $ 3,961 , and REO of $ 940 , at carrying valu e December 31, 2024 (In millions) Carrying Value Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value Assets: Securities held-to-maturity, carried at amortized cost: Fixed maturity securities: Government and agencies $ 15,309 $ 15,916 $ 143 $ 0 $ 16,059 Municipalities 235 0 257 0 257 Public utilities 32 0 33 0 33 Sovereign and supranational 374 0 405 0 405 Other corporate 16 0 18 0 18 Commercial mortgage and other loans 10,869 0 0 10,653 10,653 Other investments (1) 39 0 39 0 39 Total assets $ 26,874 $ 15,916 $ 895 $ 10,653 $ 27,464 Liabilities: Other policyholders’ funds $ 5,460 $ 0 $ 0 $ 5,389 $ 5,389 Notes payable (excluding leases) 7,402 0 6,352 675 7,027 Total liabilities $ 12,862 $ 0 $ 6,352 $ 6,064 $ 12,416 (1) Excludes policy loans of $ 203 , equity method investments of $ 3,435 , and REO of $ 682 , at carrying value 45 Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fixed maturity and equity securities The fair values of the Company's public fixed maturity securities are generally based on prices provided by third-party pricing vendors. The Company utilizes internally generated valuations or broker quotes for privately issued fixed maturity securities or fixed maturity securities where there is no price available from a third-party pricing vendor. The fair values of the Company's public equity securities are generally based on price quotes, including quoted market prices readily available from independent public exchange markets or established security dealer associations. The Company determines the fair values of privately issued equity securities using the following approaches or techniques: • price quotes and valuations from third-party pricing vendors, • in-house valuations, and • non-binding price quotes the Company obtains from outside brokers. The pricing data and market quotes the Company obtains from outside sources, including third-party pricing services, are reviewed internally for reasonableness. If a fair value appears unreasonable, the Company will re-examine the inputs and assess the reasonableness of the pricing data with the provider. Additionally, the Company may compare the inputs to relevant market indices and other performance measurements. Based on management's analysis, the valuation is confirmed or may be revised if there is evidence of a more appropriate estimate of fair value based on available market data. The Company has performed verification of the inputs and calculations in any valuation models, including independent validations and back testing, to confirm that the valuations represent reasonable estimates of fair value. For the periods presented, the Company has not adjusted the quotes or prices it obtains from the pricing services and brokers it uses. For internally generated valuations, the Company utilizes valuation models developed by a third-party pricing vendor. The models and associated processes and controls are executed by Company personnel. These models are discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation models but also use information from related markets, specifically public bond markets and the credit default swap (CDS) market, to estimate expected cash flows. The models take into consideration any unique characteristics of the securities and make various adjustments to arrive at an appropriate issuer-specific loss adjusted credit curve using the most appropriate comparable security(ies) of the issuer and issuer-specific CDS spreads. This credit curve is then used with the relevant recovery rates to estimate expected cash flows and modeling of additional features, including illiquidity adjustments, if necessary, to price the security by discounting those loss adjusted cash flows. In cases where a credit curve cannot be developed from market information for the specific issuer, the valuation methodology takes into consideration other market observable inputs, including: • the most appropriate comparable security(ies) of a guarantor and/or parent • CDS spreads of a guarantor and/or parent • bonds of comparable issuers with similar characteristics such as rating, geography, or sector • CDS spreads of an appropriate index or of comparable issuers with similar characteristics such as rating, geography, or sector • bond indices that are comparative in rating, industry, maturity, and region. 46 The following tables present the pricing sources for the fair values of the Company's fixed maturity and equity securities. September 30, 2025 (In millions) Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value Securities available-for-sale, carried at fair value: Fixed maturity securities: Government and agencies: Third-party pricing vendor $ 15,854 $ 409 $ 0 $ 16,263 Internal 0 320 0 320 Total government and agencies 15,854 729 0 16,583 Municipalities: Third-party pricing vendor 0 1,749 0 1,749 Internal 0 237 0 237 Total municipalities 0 1,986 0 1,986 Mortgage- and asset-backed securities: Third-party pricing vendor 0 2,069 0 2,069 Internal 0 47 38 85 Broker/other 0 0 2,208 2,208 Total mortgage- and asset-backed securities 0 2,116 2,246 4,362 Public utilities: Third-party pricing vendor 0 3,774 0 3,774 Internal 0 2,850 0 2,850 Broker/other 0 0 806 806 Total public utilities 0 6,624 806 7,430 Sovereign and supranational: Third-party pricing vendor 0 80 0 80 Internal 0 323 0 323 Broker/other 0 0 22 22 Total sovereign and supranational 0 403 22 425 Banks/financial institutions: Third-party pricing vendor 0 5,580 0 5,580 Internal 0 4,130 5 4,135 Broker/other 0 0 4 4 Total banks/financial institutions 0 9,710 9 9,719 Other corporate: Third-party pricing vendor 0 21,376 0 21,376 Internal 0 5,232 20 5,252 Broker/other 0 0 143 143 Total other corporate 0 26,608 163 26,771 Total securities available-for-sale $ 15,854 $ 48,176 $ 3,246 $ 67,276 Equity securities, carried at fair value: Third-party pricing vendor $ 722 $ 0 $ 0 $ 722 Internal 0 0 25 25 Broker/other 0 0 138 138 Total equity securities $ 722 $ 0 $ 163 $ 885 47 September 30, 2025 (In millions) Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value Securities held-to-maturity, carried at amortized cost: Fixed maturity securities: Government and agencies: Third-party pricing vendor $ 15,925 $ 143 $ 0 $ 16,068 Total government and agencies 15,925 143 0 16,068 Municipalities: Third-party pricing vendor 0 252 0 252 Total municipalities 0 252 0 252 Public utilities: Third-party pricing vendor 0 32 0 32 Total public utilities 0 32 0 32 Sovereign and supranational: Third-party pricing vendor 0 202 0 202 Internal 0 198 0 198 Total sovereign and supranational 0 400 0 400 Other corporate: Third-party pricing vendor 0 18 0 18 Total other corporate 0 18 0 18 Total securities held-to-maturity $ 15,925 $ 845 $ 0 $ 16,770 48 December 31, 2024 (In millions) Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value Securities available-for-sale, carried at fair value: Fixed maturity securities: Government and agencies: Third-party pricing vendor $ 17,088 $ 446 $ 0 $ 17,534 Internal 0 312 0 312 Total government and agencies 17,088 758 0 17,846 Municipalities: Third-party pricing vendor 0 1,791 0 1,791 Internal 0 243 0 243 Total municipalities 0 2,034 0 2,034 Mortgage- and asset-backed securities: Third-party pricing vendor 0 2,352 0 2,352 Internal 0 55 37 92 Broker/other 0 0 1,119 1,119 Total mortgage- and asset-backed securities 0 2,407 1,156 3,563 Public utilities: Third-party pricing vendor 0 3,628 0 3,628 Internal 0 2,770 0 2,770 Broker/other 0 0 647 647 Total public utilities 0 6,398 647 7,045 Sovereign and supranational: Third-party pricing vendor 0 78 0 78 Internal 0 315 0 315 Broker/other 0 0 23 23 Total sovereign and supranational 0 393 23 416 Banks/financial institutions: Third-party pricing vendor 0 4,975 0 4,975 Internal 0 3,971 5 3,976 Broker/other 0 0 5 5 Total banks/financial institutions 0 8,946 10 8,956 Other corporate: Third-party pricing vendor 0 20,051 0 20,051 Internal 0 5,127 116 5,243 Broker/other 0 0 115 115 Total other corporate 0 25,178 231 25,409 Total securities available-for-sale $ 17,088 $ 46,114 $ 2,067 $ 65,269 Equity securities, carried at fair value: Third-party pricing vendor $ 639 $ 0 $ 0 $ 639 Internal 0 0 26 26 Broker/other 0 0 131 131 Total equity securities $ 639 $ 0 $ 157 $ 796 49 December 31, 2024 (In millions) Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value Securities held-to-maturity, carried at amortized cost: Fixed maturity securities: Government and agencies: Third-party pricing vendor $ 15,916 $ 143 $ 0 $ 16,059 Total government and agencies 15,916 143 0 16,059 Municipalities: Third-party pricing vendor 0 257 0 257 Total municipalities 0 257 0 257 Public utilities: Third-party pricing vendor 0 33 0 33 Total public utilities 0 33 0 33 Sovereign and supranational: Third-party pricing vendor 0 198 0 198 Internal 0 207 0 207 Total sovereign and supranational 0 405 0 405 Other corporate: Third-party pricing vendor 0 18 0 18 Total other corporate 0 18 0 18 Total securities held-to-maturity $ 15,916 $ 856 $ 0 $ 16,772 The following is a discussion of the determination of fair value of the Company's remaining financial instruments. Derivatives The Company uses derivative instruments to manage the risk associated with certain assets. However, the derivative instrument may not be classified in the same fair value hierarchy level as the associated asset. The significant inputs to pricing derivatives are generally observable in the market or can be derived by observable market data. When these inputs are observable, the derivatives are classified as Level 2. The Company uses present value techniques to value non-option based derivatives. It also uses option pricing models to value option based derivatives. Key inputs are as follows: Instrument Type Level 2 Interest rate derivatives Swap yield curves Basis curves Interest rate volatility (1) Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives - Non-VIEs (forwards, swaps and options) Foreign currency forward rates Swap yield curves Basis curves Foreign currency spot rates Foreign cross-currency basis curves Foreign currency volatility (1) Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives - VIEs (swaps) Foreign currency spot rates Swap yield curves Credit default swap curves Basis curves Recovery rates Foreign currency forward rates Foreign cross-currency basis curves (1) Option-based only The fair values of the foreign currency forwards and options are based on observable market inputs, therefore they are classified as Level 2. 50 The Parent Company had cross-currency swap agreements related to certain of its U.S. dollar-denominated senior notes to effectively convert a portion of the interest on the notes from U.S. dollar to Japanese yen. These swaps matured in March 2025. Their fair values were based on observable market inputs; therefore, they were classified as Level 2. To determine the fair value of its interest rate derivatives, the Company uses inputs that are generally observable in the market or can be derived from observable market data. Interest rate swaps are cleared trades. In a cleared swap contract, the clearinghouse provides benefits to the counterparties similar to contracts listed for investment traded on an exchange since it maintains a daily margin to mitigate counterparties' credit risk. These derivatives are priced using observable inputs, accordingly, they are classified as Level 2. For derivatives associated with VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary, the Company is not the direct counterparty to the swap contracts. Nevertheless, the Company has full transparency into the contracts to properly value the swaps for reporting purposes. For these derivatives, the Company utilizes valuation models developed by independent valuation analytics providers. The models are market standard DCF models and all associated processes and controls are executed by Company personnel. These models take into consideration any unique characteristics of the derivatives in determining the appropriate valuation methodology to estimate expected cash flows. The fair values of these swaps are based on observable market inputs and are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. For forward bond purchase commitments with VIEs, the fair value of the derivative is based on the difference in the fixed purchase price and the current market value of the related bond prior to the settlement date. Since the bond is typically a public bond with readily available pricing, the derivatives associated with the forward purchase commitment are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. Commercial mortgage and other loans Commercial mortgage and other loans include TREs, CMLs, MMLs and other loans. The Company's loan receivables do not have readily determinable market prices and generally lack market liquidity. Fair values for loan receivables are determined based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the applicable U.S. Treasury or floating-rate benchmark yield plus an appropriate spread that considers other risk factors, such as credit and liquidity risk. The spreads are a significant component of the pricing inputs and are generally considered unobservable. Therefore, these investments are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. Other investments Other investments includes short-term investments that are measured at fair value where amortized cost approximates fair value. Other policyholders' funds The largest component of the other policyholders' funds liability is the Company's annuity line of business in Aflac Japan. The Company's annuities have fixed benefits and premiums. For this product, the Company estimates the fair value to be equal to the cash surrender value. This is analogous to the value paid to policyholders on the valuation date if they were to surrender their policy. The Company periodically checks the cash value against discounted cash flow projections for reasonableness. The Company considers its inputs for this valuation to be unobservable and have accordingly classified this valuation as Level 3. Notes payable The fair values of the Company's publicly issued notes payable are determined by utilizing available sources of observable inputs from third-party pricing vendors and are classified as Level 2. The Company's private placement notes payable are valued using the same internal models that the Company uses for its yen-denominated and U.S. dollar-denominated private placement investment portfolio. The fair values for these private placements are deemed Level 2 valuations, as they are model-derived valuations that are generated internally with all significant valuation inputs being observed in active markets. The fair values of the Company's yen-denominated loans approximate their carrying values and are classified as Level 3. 51 Transfers between Hierarchy Levels and Level 3 Rollforward Assets and liabilities are transferred into Level 3 when a significant input cannot be corroborated with market observable data. This occurs when market activity decreases significantly and underlying inputs cannot be observed, current prices are not available, and/or when there are significant variances in quoted prices, thereby affecting transparency. Assets and liabilities are transferred out of Level 3 when circumstances change such that a significant input can be corroborated with market observable data. This may be due to a significant increase in market activity, a specific event, or one or more significant input(s) becoming observable. The following tables present the changes in fair value of the Company's investments carried at fair value classified as Level 3. Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 Fixed Maturity Securities Equity Securities (In millions) Mortgage- and Asset- Backed Securities Public Utilities Sovereign and Supranational Banks/ Financial Institutions Other Corporate Total Balance, beginning of period $ 1,922 $ 792 $ 23 $ 9 $ 163 $ 167 $ 3,076 Net investment gains (losses) included in earnings 0 0 0 0 0 ( 4 ) ( 4 ) Unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income (loss) 6 9 ( 1 ) 0 0 0 14 Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements: Purchases 208 9 0 0 0 1 218 Issuances 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sales 0 0 0 0 0 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) Settlements ( 65 ) ( 4 ) 0 0 0 0 ( 69 ) Transfers into Level 3 175 0 0 0 0 0 175 Transfers out of Level 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Balance, end of period $ 2,246 $ 806 $ 22 $ 9 $ 163 $ 163 $ 3,409 Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating to Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the end of the period included in earnings $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Fixed Maturity Securities Equity Securities (In millions) Mortgage- and Asset- Backed Securities Public Utilities Sovereign and Supranational Banks/ Financial Institutions Other Corporate Total Balance, beginning of period $ 1,213 $ 365 $ 25 $ 69 $ 384 $ 157 $ 2,213 Net investment gains (losses) included in earnings 1 0 0 0 0 2 3 Unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income (loss) 57 19 3 0 20 0 99 Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements: Purchases 31 48 0 4 98 3 184 Issuances 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sales 0 0 0 0 0 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) Settlements ( 18 ) ( 1 ) 0 ( 4 ) ( 1 ) 0 ( 24 ) Transfers into Level 3 15 139 0 0 5 0 159 Transfers out of Level 3 ( 90 ) 0 0 ( 59 ) ( 132 ) 0 ( 281 ) Balance, end of period $ 1,209 $ 570 $ 28 $ 10 $ 374 $ 161 $ 2,352 Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating to Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the end of the period included in earnings $ 1 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 6 $ 7 52 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Fixed Maturity Securities Equity Securities (In millions) Mortgage- and Asset- Backed Securities Public Utilities Sovereign and Supranational Banks/ Financial Institutions Other Corporate Total Balance, beginning of period $ 1,156 $ 647 $ 23 $ 10 $ 231 $ 157 $ 2,224 Net investment gains (losses) included in earnings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income (loss) 36 29 1 ( 1 ) 4 0 69 Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements: Purchases 817 167 0 0 24 8 1,016 Issuances 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sales 0 0 0 0 0 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Settlements ( 121 ) ( 37 ) ( 2 ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 161 ) Transfers into Level 3 358 0 0 0 0 0 358 Transfers out of Level 3 0 0 0 0 ( 95 ) 0 ( 95 ) Balance, end of period $ 2,246 $ 806 $ 22 $ 9 $ 163 $ 163 $ 3,409 Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating to Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the end of the period included in earnings $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 4 $ 4 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Fixed Maturity Securities Equity Securities (In millions) Mortgage- and Asset- Backed Securities Public Utilities Sovereign and Supranational Banks/ Financial Institutions Other Corporate Total Balance, beginning of period $ 772 $ 253 $ 30 $ 78 $ 648 $ 248 $ 2,029 Net investment gains (losses) included in earnings 3 0 0 0 0 ( 5 ) ( 2 ) Unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income (loss) 48 8 0 ( 9 ) 16 0 63 Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements: Purchases 338 147 0 9 193 3 690 Issuances 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sales 0 0 0 0 0 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) Settlements ( 67 ) ( 26 ) ( 2 ) ( 9 ) ( 4 ) ( 84 ) ( 192 ) Transfers into Level 3 205 421 0 0 5 0 631 Transfers out of Level 3 ( 90 ) ( 233 ) 0 ( 59 ) ( 484 ) 0 ( 866 ) Balance, end of period $ 1,209 $ 570 $ 28 $ 10 $ 374 $ 161 $ 2,352 Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating to Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the end of the period included in earnings $ 3 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 3 53 Fair Value Sensitivity Level 3 Significant Unobservable Input Sensitivity The following tables summarize the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of the Company's Level 3 investments carried at fair value. Included in the tables are the inputs or range of possible inputs that have an effect on the overall valuation of the financial instruments. September 30, 2025 (In millions) Fair Value Valuation Technique(s) Unobservable Input Range Weighted Average Assets: Securities available-for-sale, carried at fair value: Fixed maturity securities: Mortgage- and asset-backed securities $ 2,246 Consensus pricing Offered quotes 89.64 - 106.78 (a) 100.52 Public utilities 806 Discounted cash flow Credit spreads 100 bps - 394 bps (c) 166 bps Sovereign and supranational 22 Consensus pricing Offered quotes N/A (b) N/A Banks/financial institutions 9 Adjusted cost Private financials N/A (d) N/A Other corporate 163 Discounted cash flow Credit spreads 75 bps - 384 bps (c) 217 bps Equity securities 163 Adjusted cost Private financials N/A (d) N/A Total assets $ 3,409 (a) Represents prices for securities where the Company receives unadjusted broker quotes and for which there is no transparency into the providers' valuation techniques (b) Category represents a single security; range not applicable (c) Actual or equivalent credit spreads in basis points (d) Prices do not utilize credit spreads; therefore, range is not applicable December 31, 2024 (In millions) Fair Value Valuation Technique(s) Unobservable Input Range Weighted Average Assets: Securities available-for-sale, carried at fair value: Fixed maturity securities: Mortgage- and asset-backed securities $ 1,156 Consensus pricing Offered quotes 84.08 - 104.60 (a) 99.07 Public utilities 647 Discounted cash flow Credit spreads 100 bps - 375 bps (c) 162 bps Sovereign and supranational 23 Consensus pricing Offered quotes N/A (b) N/A Banks/financial institutions 10 Adjusted cost Private financials N/A (d) N/A Other corporate 231 Discounted cash flow Credit spreads 91 bps - 294 bps (c) 173 bps Equity securities 157 Adjusted cost Private financials N/A (d) N/A Total assets $ 2,224 (a) Represents prices for securities where the Company receives unadjusted broker quotes and for which there is no transparency into the providers' valuation techniques (b) Category represents a single security; range not applicable (c) Actual or equivalent credit spreads in basis points (d) Prices do not utilize credit spreads; therefore, range is not applicable 54 The following is a discussion of the significant unobservable inputs or valuation techniques used in determining the fair value of securities classified as Level 3. Credit Spreads The Company holds certain assets that are of a unique, specialized, and/or securitized nature that do not trade on a regular basis in an active market, which makes their fair values difficult to estimate. Most of these assets are managed by external asset managers and the Company utilizes these managers for their expertise when evaluating various inputs used to determine the fair values for these assets, including identifying the appropriate credit or risk spread over risk-free interest rates that incorporates the unique nature or structure of the asset in the valuations. For those assets of a similar nature but not managed by external asset managers, the Company internally estimates the spreads and risk adjustments over risk-free interest rates that reflect the unique nature or structure of the asset as well as the current pricing environment and market conditions for comparable or related investments. Credit or risk spreads are an important input needed to complete the discounted cash flow analyses used to estimate an investment’s fair value. Credit or risk spreads underlying these fair values are a significant, unobservable input whose derivation is based on the Company’s evaluation of a combination of the external manager’s expertise and knowledge, the current pricing environment, and market conditions for the specific asset. Offered Quotes In circumstances where the Company's valuation model price is overridden because it implies a value that is not consistent with current market conditions, the Company will solicit bids from a limited number of brokers. The Company also receives unadjusted prices from brokers for certain of its mortgage and asset-backed securities. These quotes are non-binding but are reflective of valuation best estimates at that particular point in time. Offered quotes are an unobservable input in the determination of fair value of mortgage- and asset-backed securities, certain banks/financial institutions, certain other corporate, and equity securities investments. Private Financials The Company invests in the debt and equity securities of private companies operating in the cancer, healthtech, insurtech, finance, internet of things, big data and analytics sectors. Due to their private and often small, startup nature, these companies rely on capital provided by institutional and private equity investors for their ongoing operations. They do not have public securities that trade on a regular basis in an active market, which makes their fair values difficult to estimate. The Company values these investments on a cost basis with appropriate adjustments made based on monitoring private financial information provided by these companies. Adjustments to valuations are generally made as new funding tranches are executed or if the financial information provided significantly changes indicating the need for impairment. This private financial information is unobservable and is a significant determinant in the fair value of these corporate venture investments. For additional information on the Company's investments and financial instruments, see the accompanying Notes 3 and 4 and Notes 1, 3 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2024 Annual Report. 55 6. DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS The following tables present a rollforward of deferred policy acquisition costs by reporting segment and disaggregated by product type. September 30, 2025 Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. (In millions) Cancer Medical and Other Health Life Insurance Other Accident Disability Critical Care Hospital Indemnity Dental/ Vision Life Insurance Other Total Deferred policy acquisition costs: Balance at December 31, 2024 $ 2,776 $ 1,833 $ 441 $ 52 $ 915 $ 636 $ 1,348 $ 452 $ 86 $ 219 $ 0 $ 8,758 Capitalization 256 67 24 2 98 91 116 63 9 70 0 796 Amortization expense ( 143 ) ( 75 ) ( 25 ) ( 2 ) ( 107 ) ( 91 ) ( 116 ) ( 58 ) ( 9 ) ( 29 ) 0 ( 655 ) Foreign currency translation and other 172 115 28 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 317 Balance at September 30, 2025 $ 3,061 $ 1,940 $ 468 $ 54 $ 906 $ 636 $ 1,348 $ 457 $ 86 $ 260 $ 0 $ 9,216 December 31, 2024 Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. (In millions) Cancer Medical and Other Health Life Insurance Other Accident Disability Critical Care Hospital Indemnity Dental/ Vision Life Insurance Other Total Deferred policy acquisition costs: Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 2,971 $ 2,041 $ 491 $ 56 $ 917 $ 625 $ 1,336 $ 436 $ 86 $ 172 $ 1 $ 9,132 Capitalization 300 103 36 4 141 129 165 89 12 77 0 1,056 Amortization expense ( 184 ) ( 100 ) ( 34 ) ( 3 ) ( 143 ) ( 118 ) ( 153 ) ( 73 ) ( 12 ) ( 30 ) ( 1 ) ( 851 ) Foreign currency translation and other ( 311 ) ( 211 ) ( 52 ) ( 5 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 579 ) Balance at December 31, 2024 $ 2,776 $ 1,833 $ 441 $ 52 $ 915 $ 636 $ 1,348 $ 452 $ 86 $ 219 $ 0 $ 8,758 The Company uses the following constant level bases to amortize deferred policy acquisition costs: Policy Type Constant-level Basis Life Products (U.S.) Face Amount Health Products (U.S.) Number of Policies in Force Health & Life Products (Japan) Units in Force 56 Face amount is the stated dollar amount that the policy’s beneficiaries receive upon the death of the insured. For life and health products issued in Japan, the constant-level basis used is units in force, which is a proxy for face amount and insurance in force, respectively. Future DAC amortization is impacted by persistency. There were no changes to the inputs, judgments or methods used to determine amortization amounts during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The Company updated the assumptions used to determine amortization using the same assumptions as those used for measuring the liability for future policy benefits during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The Company recognizes the effects of changes in assumptions prospectively over the remaining contract term as a revision of the future amortization pattern. For additional information on deferred policy acquisition costs, see Notes 1 and 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2024 Annual Report. 7. POLICY LIABILITIES Future Policy Benefits The liability for future policy benefits is determined as the present value of expected future policy benefits to be paid to or on the behalf of policyholders and certain related expenses less the present value of expected future net premiums receivable under the Company's insurance contracts. Future net premiums receivable are future gross premiums receivable under the contract multiplied by the net premium ratio (NPR). The following tables present the changes in the present value of expected future net premiums and the present value of expected future policy benefits by reporting segment and disaggregated by product type. The present value of expected future net premiums and the present value of expected future policy benefits are presented gross of internal and external ceded reinsurance. 57 September 30, 2025 Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. (In millions) Cancer Medical and Other Health Life Insurance Other Accident Disability Critical Care Hospital Indemnity Dental/ Vision Life Insurance Other Present value of expected future net premiums: Balance at December 31, 2024 $ 14,184 $ 11,817 $ 5,156 $ 846 $ 2,497 $ 1,635 $ 3,901 $ 1,122 $ 196 $ 909 $ 826 Beginning balance at original discount rate 14,008 11,845 5,084 864 2,687 1,726 4,340 1,221 209 976 824 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ( 661 ) 136 ( 40 ) 5 18 ( 22 ) ( 163 ) ( 8 ) ( 10 ) ( 5 ) 386 Effect of actual variances from expected experience ( 277 ) ( 83 ) ( 40 ) ( 7 ) 24 1 8 17 ( 8 ) ( 27 ) 70 Adjusted beginning of period balance 13,070 11,898 5,004 862 2,729 1,705 4,185 1,230 191 944 1,280 Issuances 836 204 277 7 235 273 404 171 38 182 402 Interest accrual 276 221 84 12 83 51 133 37 7 31 48 Net premiums collected (1) ( 1,054 ) ( 818 ) ( 608 ) ( 72 ) ( 365 ) ( 301 ) ( 442 ) ( 190 ) ( 29 ) ( 128 ) ( 93 ) Foreign currency translation 879 744 318 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other ( 2 ) ( 1 ) 0 0 ( 5 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 3 ) 0 ( 3 ) ( 25 ) Ending balance at original discount rate 14,005 12,248 5,075 863 2,677 1,724 4,275 1,245 207 1,026 1,612 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions ( 716 ) ( 903 ) ( 156 ) ( 61 ) ( 113 ) ( 44 ) ( 293 ) ( 61 ) ( 6 ) ( 32 ) 116 Balance at September 30, 2025 $ 13,289 $ 11,345 $ 4,919 $ 802 $ 2,564 $ 1,680 $ 3,982 $ 1,184 $ 201 $ 994 $ 1,728 Present value of expected future policy benefits: Balance at December 31, 2024 $ 40,781 $ 20,606 $ 24,265 $ 4,225 $ 3,127 $ 2,330 $ 10,701 $ 1,897 $ 441 $ 1,847 $ 1,288 Beginning balance at original discount rate 37,856 21,957 26,330 4,765 3,386 2,466 12,013 2,073 477 2,126 1,293 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ( 1,130 ) 108 ( 102 ) 75 47 ( 46 ) ( 219 ) ( 4 ) ( 15 ) ( 17 ) 399 Effect of actual variances from expected experience ( 311 ) ( 101 ) ( 40 ) ( 14 ) 22 ( 13 ) ( 3 ) 12 ( 10 ) ( 41 ) 69 Adjusted beginning of period balance 36,415 21,964 26,188 4,826 3,455 2,407 11,791 2,081 452 2,068 1,761 Issuances 849 209 282 11 240 284 418 176 39 188 405 Interest accrual 986 425 431 69 103 74 387 65 15 65 66 Benefit payments ( 2,046 ) ( 781 ) ( 1,366 ) ( 165 ) ( 398 ) ( 356 ) ( 736 ) ( 236 ) ( 45 ) ( 82 ) ( 148 ) Foreign currency translation 2,370 1,372 1,648 296 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ending balance at original discount rate 38,574 23,189 27,183 5,037 3,400 2,409 11,860 2,086 461 2,239 2,084 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions ( 313 ) ( 3,798 ) ( 4,425 ) ( 1,012 ) ( 165 ) ( 68 ) ( 929 ) ( 114 ) ( 20 ) ( 207 ) 125 Balance at September 30, 2025 38,261 19,391 22,758 4,025 3,235 2,341 10,931 1,972 441 2,032 2,209 Net liability for future policy benefits 24,972 8,046 17,839 3,223 671 661 6,949 788 240 1,038 481 Less: reinsurance recoverable 4,840 1,165 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 14 Net liability for future policy benefits after reinsurance recoverable $ 20,132 $ 6,881 $ 17,839 $ 3,223 $ 671 $ 661 $ 6,949 $ 788 $ 240 $ 1,015 $ 467 (1) Net premiums collected represent the portion of gross premiums collected from policyholders that is used to fund expected future benefit payments. 58 December 31, 2024 Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. (In millions) Cancer Medical and Other Health Life Insurance Other Accident Disability Critical Care Hospital Indemnity Dental/ Vision Life Insurance Other Present value of expected future net premiums: Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 17,509 $ 14,697 $ 6,488 $ 1,088 $ 2,488 $ 1,652 $ 4,074 $ 1,107 $ 206 $ 853 $ 277 Beginning balance at original discount rate 16,452 14,040 6,258 1,069 2,630 1,738 4,416 1,193 217 909 272 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ( 625 ) ( 154 ) ( 190 ) ( 19 ) 65 ( 47 ) ( 106 ) ( 21 ) ( 17 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ) Effect of actual variances from expected experience ( 71 ) ( 164 ) ( 97 ) ( 14 ) 66 12 ( 100 ) 21 ( 12 ) ( 29 ) 13 Adjusted beginning of period balance 15,756 13,722 5,971 1,036 2,761 1,703 4,210 1,193 188 875 277 Issuances 983 361 478 16 307 364 543 231 52 226 592 Interest accrual 378 302 110 17 106 66 173 46 9 37 25 Net premiums collected (1) ( 1,453 ) ( 1,135 ) ( 862 ) ( 101 ) ( 479 ) ( 401 ) ( 578 ) ( 244 ) ( 39 ) ( 157 ) ( 53 ) Foreign currency translation ( 1,655 ) ( 1,405 ) ( 613 ) ( 104 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other ( 1 ) 0 0 0 ( 8 ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ) ( 5 ) ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ( 17 ) Ending balance at original discount rate 14,008 11,845 5,084 864 2,687 1,726 4,340 1,221 209 976 824 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions 176 ( 28 ) 72 ( 18 ) ( 190 ) ( 91 ) ( 439 ) ( 99 ) ( 13 ) ( 67 ) 2 Balance at December 31, 2024 $ 14,184 $ 11,817 $ 5,156 $ 846 $ 2,497 $ 1,635 $ 3,901 $ 1,122 $ 196 $ 909 $ 826 Present value of expected future policy benefits: Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 50,161 $ 25,257 $ 29,731 $ 5,178 $ 3,109 $ 2,422 $ 11,290 $ 1,943 $ 478 $ 1,764 $ 798 Beginning balance at original discount rate 43,626 25,023 30,256 5,444 3,302 2,541 12,120 2,076 506 1,971 769 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ( 815 ) ( 228 ) ( 302 ) ( 7 ) 109 ( 73 ) ( 112 ) ( 31 ) ( 28 ) ( 3 ) ( 12 ) Effect of actual variances from expected experience ( 117 ) ( 193 ) ( 110 ) ( 24 ) 91 ( 16 ) ( 144 ) 21 ( 16 ) ( 43 ) ( 7 ) Adjusted beginning of period balance 42,694 24,602 29,844 5,413 3,502 2,452 11,864 2,066 462 1,925 750 Issuances 1,004 373 488 22 311 381 559 237 55 231 597 Interest accrual 1,356 570 582 93 133 98 515 84 20 78 50 Benefit payments ( 2,773 ) ( 1,033 ) ( 1,510 ) ( 208 ) ( 560 ) ( 465 ) ( 925 ) ( 314 ) ( 60 ) ( 108 ) ( 104 ) Foreign currency translation ( 4,425 ) ( 2,555 ) ( 3,074 ) ( 555 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ending balance at original discount rate 37,856 21,957 26,330 4,765 3,386 2,466 12,013 2,073 477 2,126 1,293 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions 2,925 ( 1,351 ) ( 2,065 ) ( 540 ) ( 259 ) ( 136 ) ( 1,312 ) ( 176 ) ( 36 ) ( 279 ) ( 5 ) Balance at December 31, 2024 40,781 20,606 24,265 4,225 3,127 2,330 10,701 1,897 441 1,847 1,288 Net liability for future policy benefits 26,597 8,789 19,109 3,379 630 695 6,800 775 245 938 462 Less: reinsurance recoverable 5,085 1,245 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 Net liability for future policy benefits after reinsurance recoverable $ 21,512 $ 7,544 $ 19,109 $ 3,379 $ 630 $ 695 $ 6,800 $ 775 $ 245 $ 920 $ 462 (1) Net premiums collected represent the portion of gross premiums collected from policyholders that is used to fund expected future benefit payments. 59 The following tables present the weighted-average interest rates and weighted-average liability duration (calculated using the original discount rate) by reporting segment and disaggregated by product type. September 30, 2025 Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. Cancer Medical and Other Health Life Insurance Other Accident Disability Critical Care Hospital Indemnity Dental/ Vision Life Insurance Other Weighted-average interest, original discount rate (1) 3.8 % 2.5 % 2.1 % 1.8 % 4.1 % 4.3 % 4.5 % 4.5 % 4.3 % 3.9 % 5.5 % Weighted-average interest, current discount rate (1) 2.9 % 3.5 % 2.7 % 3.2 % 5.2 % 5.0 % 5.4 % 5.3 % 5.2 % 5.3 % 5.4 % Weighted-average liability duration (years) 12.4 23.1 16.3 16.3 7.8 5.6 10.9 9.0 7.6 13.5 8.8 (1) The weighted-average interest rates are calculated using the reserve balances as the weights. No adjustments were made to observable market information. December 31, 2024 Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. Cancer Medical and Other Health Life Insurance Other Accident Disability Critical Care Hospital Indemnity Dental/ Vision Life Insurance Other Weighted-average interest, original discount rate (1) 3.9 % 2.5 % 2.1 % 1.8 % 4.0 % 4.3 % 4.6 % 4.5 % 4.3 % 3.8 % 5.4 % Weighted-average interest, current discount rate (1) 2.2 % 2.8 % 2.1 % 2.5 % 5.3 % 5.2 % 5.3 % 5.3 % 5.3 % 5.3 % 5.3 % Weighted-average liability duration (years) 12.6 23.5 16.1 16.7 7.7 5.6 11.1 9.0 7.6 13.5 9.1 (1) The weighted-average interest rates are calculated using the reserve balances as the weights. No adjustments were made to observable market information. 60 The following table presents a reconciliation of the disaggregated rollforwards above to the ending future policy benefits presented in the consolidated balance sheets. The deferred profit liability for limited-payment contracts and the deferred reinsurance gain liability are presented together with the liability for future policy benefits in the consolidated balance sheets and have been included as reconciling items in the table below. (In millions) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Balances included in future policy benefits rollforward: Aflac Japan Cancer $ 24,972 $ 26,597 Medical and other health 8,046 8,789 Life insurance 17,839 19,109 Other 3,223 3,379 Aflac U.S. Accident 671 630 Disability 661 695 Critical care 6,949 6,800 Hospital indemnity 788 775 Dental/vision 240 245 Life insurance 1,038 938 Other 481 462 Corporate and other 4,751 5,072 Deferred profit liability 2,135 1,844 Deferred reinsurance gain liability 834 806 Intercompany eliminations (1) ( 5,485 ) ( 5,760 ) Total $ 67,143 $ 70,381 (1) Elimination entry necessary due to the internal reinsurance transactions with Aflac Re and to recapture a portion of policy liabilities ceded externally as a result of the reinsurance retrocession transaction. See Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2024 Annual Report. Discount rates are determined using upper-medium grade (low credit risk) fixed-income instrument yields that reflect the duration characteristics of the liability. Locked-in discount rates are determined separately for each issue-year cohort as a single discount rate, calculated as the weighted-average of monthly upper-medium grade (low credit risk) fixed-income instrument forward curves in the calendar year, where the weights are the annualized premiums issued for each month of the cohort. The single discount rate for each issue-year cohort is determined by solving for a rate that produces an equivalent NPR to the forward curve and will remain unchanged after the calendar year of issue. Discount rates are updated each reporting period and require estimation techniques (e.g., interpolation, extrapolation) for determination of points on the curve for which there is limited or no observable market data. The Company constructs a current discount rate curve separately for discounting cash flows used to calculate each of the Japan and U.S. liabilities for future policy benefits, reflective of the characteristics of the corresponding insurance liabilities, such as currency and tenor. In the Aflac Japan segment, all long-duration insurance policies are denominated in yen. A significant portion of policies are characterized by tenors exceeding the availability of liquid market data in Japan for single-A rated (as a proxy for upper-medium grade) corporate yen-denominated debt. The discount rate curve is designed to prioritize the observable inputs where available, while past the last liquid point, the data is derived based on estimation techniques consistent with the fair value guidance in ASC 820. The Aflac Japan segment curve utilizes liquid market indices tracking publicly traded yen-denominated single-A corporate debt for the initial 10-year tenor. For the bonds within these market indices where only local ratings are available, the Company prioritizes the bonds with local ratings that are equivalent to a single-A rating based on international rating standards. 61 For the discount rates applicable to tenors for which the Japan single-A debt market is not liquid but there is sufficient observable market data and/or the observable market data is available for similar instruments (between 10 and 30 years), the Company estimates tenor-specific single-A credit spreads and applies them to risk-free government rates. Lastly, for the tenors where there is limited or no observable single-A or similar market data or risk-free government rates (beyond 30 years), the discount curve is derived by extrapolation of risk free rates beyond their last liquid point following the Smith-Wilson method and grading of the estimated forward credit spread anchored by the ultimate forward rate. The ultimate forward rate is based on the economic value-based solvency regime, which is consistent with the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS) Insurance Capital Standards (ICS) (effective for Aflac Japan's 2025 fiscal year-end), and is adjusted for credit and inflation components. For the Aflac U.S. segment where all long-duration insurance policies are denominated in U.S. dollars and substantially all have cash flow duration within 30 years, for which the U.S. upper-medium grade fixed-income market is liquid and observable, the Company uses data from a liquid fixed-income market index tracking single-A U.S. corporate debt. For the insignificant portion of the policies with cash flow tenors exceeding 30 years, the discount curve beyond that tenor is extrapolated following the Smith-Wilson method from year 30 to the same ultimate forward rate calculated for the Japan discount curve at year 60 and held constant thereafter. The use of the same ultimate rate for U.S. and Japan segments is based on the assumption of long-term global economic convergence. There were no changes to the methods used to determine the discount rates during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Mortality rate assumptions are based on industry tables and adjusted for the Company's actual or expected experience where credible or appropriate. These assumptions typically vary by age, gender, and other demographic characteristics such as smoking status. Morbidity assumptions are based on the Company's internal data and consider emerging experience. These assumptions are reflective of the coverage and benefits provided and generally vary by age, gender, duration, and any other material policyholder characteristics. In cases where a calendar-year trend is significant, future cash flow projections may include a trend adjustment. In Japan, separate lapse assumptions are set based on actual or expected experience. These lapse and total termination rate assumptions vary by line of business and with policyholder characteristics such as duration. In the U.S., the majority of the future cash flows are modeled using total termination rates (which include both lapse and mortality) and are adjusted for actual experience. Policy provisions, such as reaching premium paid-up status, are taken into account when setting assumptions. For the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the variance of actual experience from expected experience was primarily due to favorable variances in morbidity assumptions as compared to actual experience. There were no changes to the inputs, judgments or methods used in measuring the liability for future policy benefits during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The Company performs an annual review of its assumptions during the third quarter. In 2025, the Company's annual assumption review process resulted in favorable changes largely due to favorable morbidity assumptions in Japan and favorable morbidity and termination assumptions in the U.S. In 2024, the Company's annual assumption review process resulted in favorable changes largely due to reflecting more favorable Japan morbidity experience. 62 The following table summarizes the amount of net earned premiums recognized in the consolidated statements of earnings by reporting segment and disaggregated by product type. Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (In millions) 2025 2024 2025 2024 Net earned premiums: Aflac Japan Cancer $ 850 $ 885 $ 2,574 $ 2,595 Medical and other health 535 577 1,621 1,752 Life insurance 281 251 925 906 Other 34 35 99 104 Aflac U.S. Accident 305 314 925 955 Disability 349 333 1,055 998 Critical care 439 439 1,323 1,324 Hospital indemnity 181 181 548 548 Dental/vision 52 54 153 159 Life insurance 171 141 510 420 Other 53 29 143 75 Corporate and other 214 160 618 479 Reinsurance ceded ( 92 ) ( 71 ) ( 271 ) ( 206 ) Total $ 3,372 $ 3,328 $ 10,223 $ 10,109 The following table summarizes the amount of interest expense related to insurance contracts recognized in benefits and claims, excluding reserve remeasurement in the consolidated statements of earnings by reporting segment and disaggregated by product type. Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (In millions) 2025 2024 2025 2024 Interest expense: Aflac Japan Cancer $ 236 $ 257 $ 710 $ 740 Medical and other health 69 71 204 202 Life insurance 117 123 347 355 Other 19 20 57 57 Aflac U.S. Accident 7 7 20 20 Disability 8 9 23 25 Critical care 84 85 254 256 Hospital indemnity 9 10 28 29 Dental/vision 2 3 8 9 Life insurance 11 11 34 31 Other 6 7 18 20 Total $ 568 $ 603 $ 1,703 $ 1,744 63 The following tables summarize the amount of undiscounted expected future gross premiums and expected future policy benefits and expenses and discounted (discounted at the current period discount rate) expected future gross premiums and expected future policy benefits and expenses by reporting segment and disaggregated by product type. These tables are presented gross of internal and external ceded reinsurance. Future gross premiums represent the expected amount of future premiums to be received. For limited-payment policies, the premiums are collected over a shorter period than the policy term over which benefits are provided. As a result, once the policy reaches premium paid-up status, the future gross premiums can be significantly less than the future benefit payments. Further, benefits and expenses are generally greater in the later years of a policy. These are the primary factors that result in future gross premiums lower than future benefit and expense payments for certain lines of business of the Company. September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 (In millions) Gross Premiums Benefits and Expenses Gross Premiums Benefits and Expenses Undiscounted expected future gross premiums and expected future policy benefits and expenses: Aflac Japan Cancer $ 55,514 $ 58,013 $ 51,712 $ 56,881 Medical and other health 34,838 36,969 33,250 34,864 Life insurance 11,332 39,259 10,915 37,520 Other 1,451 6,809 1,477 6,479 Aflac U.S. Accident 8,682 4,727 8,862 4,687 Disability 5,720 3,039 5,727 3,094 Critical care 19,350 20,051 19,624 20,340 Hospital indemnity 4,819 3,043 4,859 3,017 Dental/vision 1,091 660 1,118 679 Life insurance 3,239 3,840 2,966 3,559 Other 3,066 3,713 2,143 2,273 Total $ 149,102 $ 180,123 $ 142,653 $ 173,393 September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 (In millions) Gross Premiums Benefits and Expenses Gross Premiums Benefits and Expenses Discounted expected future gross premiums and expected future policy benefits and expenses: Aflac Japan Cancer $ 40,078 $ 38,261 $ 40,170 $ 40,781 Medical and other health 24,387 19,391 25,171 20,606 Life insurance 9,268 22,758 9,367 24,265 Other 1,122 4,025 1,204 4,225 Aflac U.S. Accident 6,097 3,235 6,057 3,127 Disability 4,495 2,341 4,404 2,330 Critical care 12,138 10,931 11,900 10,701 Hospital indemnity 3,390 1,972 3,312 1,897 Dental/vision 762 441 761 441 Life insurance 2,298 2,032 2,050 1,847 Other 1,867 2,209 1,290 1,288 Total $ 105,902 $ 107,596 $ 105,686 $ 111,508 64 Loss expense as a result of NPR capping for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was immaterial. Other Policyholders' Funds As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the largest component of the other policyholders' funds liability was the Company's annuity line of business in Aflac Japan. The Company's annuities have fixed benefits and premiums. The following table presents the changes in other policyholders’ funds. (In millions) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Other policyholders' funds: Fixed annuities account balance, beginning of period (1) $ 5,221 $ 5,939 Premiums received 78 104 Transfers from WAYS conversions 243 249 Surrenders and withdrawals ( 50 ) ( 58 ) Benefit payments ( 404 ) ( 446 ) Interest credited 39 49 Foreign currency translation and other 328 ( 616 ) Fixed annuities account balance, end of period 5,455 5,221 Other deposit type reserves 330 239 Total $ 5,785 $ 5,460 (1) Aflac Japan fixed annuities The following table presents other policyholders’ funds balances by range of guaranteed crediting rates. September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 (In millions) Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rates (2) At Guaranteed Minimum Cash Surrender Value Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rates (2) At Guaranteed Minimum Cash Surrender Value Fixed annuities (1) 0.5 % - 2.2 % $ 5,455 $ 5,381 0.5 % - 2.2 % $ 5,221 $ 5,150 (1) Aflac Japan fixed annuities (2) Weighted-average crediting rate of 1.5 % at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Aflac Japan’s fixed annuities have guaranteed fixed crediting rates which results in the policyholders' funds balances being sufficient to cover all guaranteed benefit amounts. The reserves are adequate to fully fund future benefits at any given time. For additional information on policy liabilities, see Notes 1 and 7 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2024 Annual Report. 8. REINSURANCE The Company periodically enters into fixed quota-share coinsurance agreements in the normal course of business, primarily to provide additional capacity for future growth, optimize capital, limit losses, and minimize exposure to significant risks. For each of its reinsurance agreements, the Company determines whether the agreement provides indemnification against loss or liability relating to insurance risk in accordance with applicable accounting standards. These reinsurance transactions are indemnity reinsurance agreements that do not relieve the Company from its obligations to policyholders. In the event that the reinsurer is unable to meet their obligations, the Company remains liable for the reinsured claims. 65 The following table reconciles direct earned premiums, direct benefits and claims, excluding reserve remeasurement gains and losses, and reserve remeasurement gains and losses to net amounts after the effect of reinsurance. Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (In millions) 2025 2024 2025 2024 Earned premiums: Direct $ 3,413 $ 3,360 $ 10,371 $ 10,194 Ceded ( 92 ) ( 71 ) ( 271 ) ( 206 ) Assumed 51 39 123 121 Net earned premiums $ 3,372 $ 3,328 $ 10,223 $ 10,109 Benefits and claims, excluding reserve remeasurement: Direct $ 2,051 $ 2,024 $ 6,179 $ 6,101 Ceded ( 57 ) ( 36 ) ( 177 ) ( 104 ) Assumed 22 15 47 45 Benefits and claims, excluding reserve remeasurement 2,016 2,003 6,049 6,042 Reserve remeasurement (gains) losses: Direct ( 570 ) ( 407 ) ( 648 ) ( 515 ) Ceded ( 10 ) ( 1 ) ( 10 ) 0 Reserve remeasurement (gains) losses ( 580 ) ( 408 ) ( 658 ) ( 515 ) Total benefits and claims, net $ 1,436 $ 1,595 $ 5,391 $ 5,527 The Company has recorded a deferred reinsurance gain liability related to reinsurance transactions which represents ceded reserves in excess of consideration paid, or consideration received in excess of assumed reserves. The remaining consolidated deferred reinsurance gain liability of $ 148 million and $ 146 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, is included in future policy benefits in the consolidated balance sheets and is being amortized into income over the expected lives of the policies. The Company has also recorded a reinsurance recoverable for reinsurance transactions. The reinsurance recoverable, which is included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets, is reported net of allowance for credit losses and had a remaining balance of $ 172 million and $ 163 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses related to the Company's reinsurance recoverable balance was $ 4 million. The credit allowance for the reinsurance recoverable balance is estimated using a PD / LGD method and the key credit quality indicator is the credit rating of the Company’s significant reinsurance counterparties. The Company uses external credit ratings focused on these reinsurers' financial strength and credit worthiness. As of September 30, 2025, the Company's significant reinsurance counterparties were rated A+. The Company monitors the credit ratings periodically, but not less frequently than quarterly. Aflac Re is a Bermuda domiciled insurer that reinsures certain policies issued by ALIJ. The inter-segment amounts associated with these internal reinsurance transactions are eliminated in consolidation. For additional information on reinsurance, see Notes 1 and 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2024 Annual Report. 9. NOTES PAYABLE AND LEASE OBLIGATIONS A summary of notes payable and lease obligations follows: 66 (In millions) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 1.125 % senior sustainability notes due March 2026 $ 399 $ 399 2.875 % senior notes due October 2026 299 299 3.60 % senior notes due April 2030 995 994 6.90 % senior notes due December 2039 221 221 6.45 % senior notes due August 2040 255 255 4.00 % senior notes due October 2046 394 394 4.750 % senior notes due January 2049 542 542 Yen-denominated senior notes and subordinated debentures: .300 % senior notes paid September 2025 (principal amount ¥ 12.4 billion) 0 79 .932 % senior notes due January 2027 (principal amount ¥ 60.0 billion) 402 378 1.048 % senior notes due March 2029 (principal amount ¥ 13.0 billion) 87 81 1.075 % senior notes due September 2029 (principal amount ¥ 33.4 billion) 224 211 .500 % senior notes due December 2029 (principal amount ¥ 12.6 billion) 84 79 .550 % senior notes due March 2030 (principal amount ¥ 13.3 billion) 89 84 1.159 % senior notes due October 2030 (principal amount ¥ 29.3 billion) 196 184 1.726 % senior notes due October 2030 (principal amount ¥ 35.0 billion) 234 0 1.412 % senior notes due March 2031 (principal amount ¥ 27.9 billion) 187 176 .633 % senior notes due April 2031 (principal amount ¥ 30.0 billion) 201 189 .843 % senior notes due December 2031 (principal amount ¥ 9.3 billion) 62 58 .750 % senior notes due March 2032 (principal amount ¥ 20.7 billion) 138 130 1.990 % senior notes due May 2032 (principal amount ¥ 18.2 billion) 122 0 1.320 % senior notes due December 2032 (principal amount ¥ 21.1 billion) 141 133 2.003 % senior notes due December 2032 (principal amount ¥ 23.4 billion) 157 0 .844 % senior notes due April 2033 (principal amount ¥ 12.0 billion) 80 76 1.488 % senior notes due October 2033 (principal amount ¥ 15.2 billion) 101 95 1.682 % senior notes due March 2034 (principal amount ¥ 7.7 billion) 52 48 1.600 % senior notes due March 2034 (principal amount ¥ 18.3 billion) 122 115 .934 % senior notes due December 2034 (principal amount ¥ 9.8 billion) 65 62 .830 % senior notes due March 2035 (principal amount ¥ 10.6 billion) 71 66 2.320 % senior notes due May 2035 (principal amount ¥ 38.3 billion) 257 0 2.369 % senior notes due June 2035 (principal amount ¥ 9.5 billion) 64 0 1.740 % senior notes due March 2036 (principal amount ¥ 15.0 billion) 99 94 1.039 % senior notes due April 2036 (principal amount ¥ 10.0 billion) 67 63 1.594 % senior notes due September 2037 (principal amount ¥ 6.5 billion) 43 41 1.750 % senior notes due October 2038 (principal amount ¥ 8.9 billion) 59 56 1.920 % senior notes due March 2039 (principal amount ¥ 16.5 billion) 110 103 1.122 % senior notes due December 2039 (principal amount ¥ 6.3 billion) 42 39 2.650 % senior notes due May 2040 (principal amount ¥ 11.6 billion) 78 0 2.779 % senior notes due June 2040 (principal amount ¥ 7.0 billion) 47 0 1.264 % senior notes due April 2041 (principal amount ¥ 10.0 billion) 67 63 2.160 % senior notes due March 2044 (principal amount ¥ 5.7 billion) 38 35 3.040 % senior notes due May 2045 (principal amount ¥ 7.0 billion) 47 0 2.108 % subordinated debentures due October 2047 (principal amount ¥ 60.0 billion) 399 375 1.560 % senior notes due April 2051 (principal amount ¥ 20.0 billion) 133 125 2.144 % senior notes due September 2052 (principal amount ¥ 12.0 billion) 80 75 1.958 % subordinated bonds due December 2053 (principal amount ¥ 30.0 billion) 201 188 2.400 % senior notes due March 2054 (principal amount ¥ 19.5 billion) 130 122 Yen-denominated loans: Variable interest rate loan due August 2027 ( 1.05 % in 2025 and .84 % in 2024, principal amount ¥ 11.7 billion) 78 74 Variable interest rate loan due August 2029 ( 1.15 % in 2025 and .94 % in 2024, principal amount ¥ 25.3 billion) 170 160 Variable interest rate loan due August 2032 ( 1.30 % in 2025 and 1.09 % in 2024, principal amount ¥ 70.0 billion) 469 441 Finance lease obligations payable through 2030 4 5 Operating lease obligations payable through 2049 83 91 Total notes payable and lease obligations $ 8,685 $ 7,498 Amounts in the table above are reported net of debt issuance costs and issuance premiums or discounts, if applicable, that are being amortized over the life of the notes. 67 In September 2025, the Parent Company extinguished ¥ 12.4 billion of .300 % senior notes upon their maturity. In June 2025, the Parent Company issued four series of senior notes totaling ¥ 74.9 billion through a public debt offering under its U.S. shelf registration statement. The first series, which totaled ¥ 35.0 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.726 % per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in October 2030. The second series, which totaled ¥ 23.4 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of 2.003 % per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in December 2032. The third series, which totaled ¥ 9.5 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of 2.369 % per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in June 2035. The fourth series, which totaled ¥ 7.0 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of 2.779 % per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in June 2040. These notes are redeemable at the Parent Company’s option at any time, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence of certain changes affecting U.S. taxation, as specified in the indenture governing the terms of the issuance. In addition, the notes maturing in October 2030, December 2032, June 2035 and June 2040 are redeemable at the Parent Company's option, in whole or in part from time to time, on or after July 18, 2030, September 14, 2032, December 5, 2034, and December 5, 2039, respectively, at a redemption price equal to the aggregate principal amount of the applicable series to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount to be redeemed to, but excluding, the date of redemption. In May 2025, the Parent Company issued four series of senior notes totaling ¥ 75.1 billion through a private placement. The first series, which totaled ¥ 18.2 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.990 % per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in May 2032. The second series, which totaled ¥ 38.3 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of 2.320 % per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in May 2035. The third series, which totaled ¥ 11.6 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of 2.650 % per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in May 2040. The fourth series, which totaled ¥ 7.0 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.040 % per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in May 2045. These notes are redeemable at the Parent Company's option (i) in whole at any time or (ii) in part from time to time in an amount not less than 5% of the aggregate principal amount then outstanding of the notes to be redeemed. Interest expense related to the Company's notes payable, which is included in interest expense in the consolidated statements of earnings, was $ 56 million and $ 49 million for the three-month periods and $ 157 million and $ 145 million for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Senior Note Facility Agreements In August 2025, the Parent Company entered into two separate facility agreements: a 10 -year facility agreement (2035 Facility Agreement) with a Delaware trust (2035 Trust) and a 30 -year facility agreement (2055 Facility Agreement) with a Delaware trust (2055 Trust). In connection with these transactions, the trusts issued and sold pre-capitalized trust securities in private placements and invested the proceeds in a portfolio of principal and/or interest strips of U.S. Treasury securities (the Strips). These trusts are an off-balance sheet funding arrangement. The 2035 Facility Agreement provides the Parent Company the right to issue and sell to the 2035 Trust from time to time up to $ 1.0 billion of 5.251 % senior notes due August 2035 in exchange for a corresponding amount of the Strips held by the 2035 Trust. In return, the Parent Company agreed to pay a semi-annual facility fee to the 2035 Trust at a rate of 0.9875 % per annum applied to the unexercised amount of senior notes that the Parent Company could issue and sell to the 2035 Trust. The 2055 Facility Agreement provides the Parent Company the right to issue and sell to the 2055 Trust from time to time up to $ 1.0 billion of 5.991 % senior notes due August 2055 in exchange for a corresponding amount of the Strips held by the 2055 Trust. In return, the Parent Company agreed to pay a semi-annual facility fee to the 2055 Trust at a rate of 1.1218 % per annum applied to the unexercised amount of senior notes that the Parent Company could issue and sell to the 2055 Trust. The Parent Company can redeem the senior notes at any time, in whole or in part, by returning the Strips to the trusts or by delivering cash at a redemption price equal to the greater of the principal amount or a make-whole redemption price, in each case plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption. As of September 30, 2025, the Parent Company had no senior note issuances under these facility agreements. 68 A summary of the Company's lines of credit as of September 30, 2025 follows: Borrower(s) Type Term Expiration Date Capacity Amount Outstanding Interest Rate on Borrowed Amount Maturity Period Commitment Fee Business Purpose Aflac Incorporated and Aflac uncommitted bilateral 364 days December 5, 2025 $ 100 million $ 0 million The rate quoted by the bank and agreed upon at the time of borrowing Up to 3 months None General corporate purposes Aflac Incorporated unsecured revolving 5 years May 13, 2030, or the date commitments are terminated pursuant to an event of default ¥ 100.0 billion ¥ 0.0 billion A rate per annum equal to, at the Company's option, either (a) Tokyo Interbank Market Rate (TIBOR) plus an applicable margin or (b) an alternative TIBOR based on the rate offered by the agent to major banks in yen for the applicable period plus an applicable margin No later than May 14, 2030 .28 % to .45 %, depending on the Parent Company's debt ratings as of the date of determination General corporate purposes, including a capital contingency plan for the operations of the Parent Company Aflac Incorporated and Aflac unsecured revolving 5 years November 15, 2027, or the date commitments are terminated pursuant to an event of default $ 1.0 billion $ 0.0 billion A rate per annum equal to, at the Company's option, either, (a) Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) for U.S. dollar-denominated borrowings or TIBOR for Japanese yen-denominated borrowings, in either case adjusted for certain costs, or (b) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the federal funds rate plus 1/2 of 1%, (2) the rate of interest for such day announced by the agent as its prime rate, or (3) SOFR for an interest period of one month plus 1.00%, in each case plus an applicable margin No later than November 15, 2027 .08 % to .20 %, depending on the Parent Company's debt ratings as of the date of determination General corporate purposes, including a capital contingency plan for the operations of the Parent Company Aflac Incorporated and Aflac uncommitted bilateral None specified None specified $ 50 million $ 0 million A rate per annum equal to, at the Parent Company's option, either (a) a rate determined by reference to SOFR for the interest period relevant to such borrowing or (b) the base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the lender's USD short-term commercial loan rate and (2) the federal funds rate plus 1/2 of 1% Up to 3 months None General corporate purposes Aflac (1) uncommitted revolving 364 days December 1, 2025 $ 250 million $ 0 million Three-month term SOFR plus a 10 basis point SOFR adjustment and an additional 75 basis points per annum No later than December 2, 2025 None General corporate purposes Aflac Incorporated (1) (Tranche 1) uncommitted revolving 364 days November 25, 2025 ¥ 50.0 billion ¥ 0.0 billion Three-month yen TIBOR plus 75 basis points per annum No later than November 26, 2025 None General corporate purposes Aflac Incorporated (1) (Tranche 2) uncommitted revolving 364 days November 25, 2025 ¥ 50.0 billion ¥ 0.0 billion Three-month yen TIBOR plus 75 basis points per annum No later than November 26, 2025 None General corporate purposes Aflac New York (1) uncommitted revolving 364 days December 1, 2025 $ 25 million $ 0 million Three-month term SOFR plus a 10 basis point SOFR adjustment and an additional 75 basis points per annum No later than December 2, 2025 None General corporate purposes CAIC (1) uncommitted revolving 364 days December 1, 2025 $ 15 million $ 0 million Three-month term SOFR plus a 10 basis point SOFR adjustment and an additional 75 basis points per annum No later than December 2, 2025 None General corporate purposes (1) Intercompany credit agreement (continued) 69 Borrower(s) Type Term Expiration Date Capacity Amount Outstanding Interest Rate on Borrowed Amount Maturity Period Commitment Fee Business Purpose TOIC (1) uncommitted revolving 364 days December 1, 2025 $ 0.3 million $ 0 million Three-month term SOFR plus a 10 basis point SOFR adjustment and an additional 75 basis points per annum No later than December 2, 2025 None General corporate purposes Aflac GI Holdings LLC (1) uncommitted revolving 364 days December 1, 2025 $ 30 million $ 0 million Three-month term SOFR plus a 10 basis point SOFR adjustment and an additional 75 basis points per annum No later than December 2, 2025 None General corporate purposes Aflac Incorporated (1) uncommitted revolving 364 days December 1, 2025 $ 400 million $ 0 million Three-month term SOFR plus a 10 basis point SOFR adjustment and an additional 97 basis points per annum for U.S. dollar-denominated borrowings or three-month TIBOR plus 97 basis points per annum for Japanese yen-denominated borrowings No later than December 2, 2025 None General corporate purposes Aflac Re (1) uncommitted revolving 364 days December 1, 2025 $ 400 million $ 0 million Three-month term SOFR plus a 10 basis point SOFR adjustment and an additional 68 basis points per annum for U.S. dollar-denominated borrowings or three-month TIBOR plus 68 basis points per annum for Japanese yen-denominated borrowings No later than December 2, 2025 None General corporate purposes Aflac Asset Management LLC (1) uncommitted revolving 364 days December 1, 2025 $ 25 million $ 0 million Three-month term SOFR plus a 10 basis point SOFR adjustment and an additional 68 basis points per annum for U.S. dollar-denominated borrowings or three-month TIBOR plus 68 basis points per annum for Japanese yen-denominated borrowings No later than December 2, 2025 None General corporate purposes Aflac Global Ventures LLC (1) uncommitted revolving 364 days December 1, 2025 $ 2 million $ 0 million Three-month term SOFR plus a 10 basis point SOFR adjustment and an additional 68 basis points per annum for U.S. dollar-denominated borrowings or three-month TIBOR plus 68 basis points per annum for Japanese yen-denominated borrowings No later than December 2, 2025 None General corporate purposes (1) Intercompany credit agreement The Company was in compliance with all of the covenants of its notes payable and lines of credit at September 30, 2025. No events of default or defaults occurred during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025. For additional information, see Notes 4 and 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2024 Annual Report. 70 10. SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Share Data: The following table is a reconciliation of the number of shares of the Company's common stock for the nine-month periods ended September 30. (In thousands of shares) 2025 2024 Common stock - issued: Balance, beginning of period 1,356,763 1,355,398 Exercise of stock options and issuance of restricted shares 1,078 1,294 Balance, end of period 1,357,841 1,356,692 Treasury stock: Balance, beginning of period 806,799 776,919 Purchases of treasury stock: Share repurchase program 25,744 23,446 Other 407 491 Dispositions of treasury stock: Shares issued to AFL Stock Plan ( 537 ) ( 594 ) Exercise of stock options ( 57 ) ( 99 ) Other ( 225 ) ( 188 ) Balance, end of period 832,131 799,975 Shares outstanding, end of period 525,710 556,717 Share Repurchase Program: During the first nine months of 2025, the Company repurchased 25.7 million shares of its common stock for $ 2.7 billion as part of its share repurchase program. During the first nine months of 2024, the Company repurchased 23.4 million shares of its common stock for $ 2.1 billion as part of its share repurchase program. In August 2025, the Company's board of directors authorized the purchase of an additional 100 million shares of its common stock. As of September 30, 2025, a remaining balance of 121.6 million shares of the Company's common stock was available for purchase under share repurchase authorizations by its board of directors. EPS: Outstanding share-based awards are excluded from the calculation of weighted-average shares used in the computation of basic earnings per share (EPS), but are included in the calculation of weighted-average shares used in the computation of diluted EPS. Anti-dilutive share-based awards are excluded from the computation of diluted EPS. The following table presents the approximate number of share-based awards to purchase shares, on a weighted-average basis, that were considered to be anti-dilutive and were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS for the following periods. Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (In thousands) 2025 2024 2025 2024 Anti-dilutive share-based awards 1 0 1 23 71 Reclassifications from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income The tables below are reconciliations of accumulated other comprehensive income by component for the following periods. Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 (In millions) Unrealized Foreign Currency Translation Gains (Losses) Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Fixed Maturity Securities Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Effect of Changes in Discount Rate Assumptions Pension Liability Adjustment Total Balance at June 30, 2025 $ ( 4,282 ) $ ( 1,828 ) $ ( 17 ) $ 5,594 $ 42 $ ( 491 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification ( 222 ) 152 0 1,238 0 1,168 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) 0 ( 25 ) 1 0 0 ( 24 ) Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) ( 222 ) 127 1 1,238 0 1,144 Balance at September 30, 2025 $ ( 4,504 ) $ ( 1,701 ) $ ( 16 ) $ 6,832 $ 42 $ 653 All amounts in the table above are net of tax. Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 (In millions) Unrealized Foreign Currency Translation Gains (Losses) Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Fixed Maturity Securities Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Effect of Changes in Discount Rate Assumptions Pension Liability Adjustment Total Balance at June 30, 2024 $ ( 5,091 ) $ 401 $ ( 22 ) $ 1,425 $ ( 5 ) $ ( 3,292 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification 952 198 1 ( 1,492 ) ( 3 ) ( 344 ) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) 0 ( 42 ) 1 0 0 ( 41 ) Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) 952 156 2 ( 1,492 ) ( 3 ) ( 385 ) Balance at September 30, 2024 $ ( 4,139 ) $ 557 $ ( 20 ) $ ( 67 ) $ ( 8 ) $ ( 3,677 ) All amounts in the table above are net of tax. 72 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 (In millions) Unrealized Foreign Currency Translation Gains (Losses) Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Fixed Maturity Securities Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Effect of Changes in Discount Rate Assumptions Pension Liability Adjustment Total Balance at December 31, 2024 $ ( 4,998 ) $ 24 $ ( 20 ) $ 2,006 $ 10 $ ( 2,978 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification 494 ( 1,679 ) 2 4,826 32 3,675 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) 0 ( 46 ) 2 0 0 ( 44 ) Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) 494 ( 1,725 ) 4 4,826 32 3,631 Balance at September 30, 2025 $ ( 4,504 ) $ ( 1,701 ) $ ( 16 ) $ 6,832 $ 42 $ 653 All amounts in the table above are net of tax. Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 (In millions) Unrealized Foreign Currency Translation Gains (Losses) Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Fixed Maturity Securities Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Effect of Changes in Discount Rate Assumptions Pension Liability Adjustment Total Balance at December 31, 2023 $ ( 4,069 ) $ 1,139 $ ( 22 ) $ ( 2,560 ) $ ( 8 ) $ ( 5,520 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification ( 70 ) ( 368 ) 0 2,493 1 2,056 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) 0 ( 214 ) 2 0 ( 1 ) ( 213 ) Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) ( 70 ) ( 582 ) 2 2,493 0 1,843 Balance at September 30, 2024 $ ( 4,139 ) $ 557 $ ( 20 ) $ ( 67 ) $ ( 8 ) $ ( 3,677 ) All amounts in the table above are net of tax. 73 The tables below summarize the amounts reclassified from each component of accumulated other comprehensive income into net earnings for the following periods. Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (In millions) Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Affected Line Item in the Statements of Earnings Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities $ 32 Net investment gains (losses) ( 7 ) Tax (expense) or benefit (1) $ 25 Net of tax Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives $ ( 1 ) Net investment gains (losses) 0 Tax (expense) or benefit (1) $ ( 1 ) Net of tax Amortization of defined benefit pension items: Actuarial gains (losses) $ 0 Acquisition and operating expenses (2) Prior service (cost) credit 0 Acquisition and operating expenses (2) 0 Tax (expense) or benefit (1) $ 0 Net of tax Total reclassifications for the period $ 24 Net of tax (1) Based on 21 % tax rate (2) These accumulated other comprehensive income components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost (see Note 12 for additional details). (In millions) Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Affected Line Item in the Statements of Earnings Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities $ 53 Net investment gains (losses) ( 11 ) Tax (expense) or benefit (1) $ 42 Net of tax Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives $ ( 1 ) Net investment gains (losses) 0 Tax (expense) or benefit (1) $ ( 1 ) Net of tax Amortization of defined benefit pension items: Actuarial gains (losses) $ 0 Acquisition and operating expenses (2) Prior service (cost) credit 0 Acquisition and operating expenses (2) 0 Tax (expense) or benefit (1) $ 0 Net of tax Total reclassifications for the period $ 41 Net of tax (1) Based on 21 % tax rate (2) These accumulated other comprehensive income components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost (see Note 12 for additional details). 74 (In millions) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Affected Line Item in the Statements of Earnings Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities $ 58 Net investment gains (losses) ( 12 ) Tax (expense) or benefit (1) $ 46 Net of tax Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives $ ( 3 ) Net investment gains (losses) 1 Tax (expense) or benefit (1) $ ( 2 ) Net of tax Amortization of defined benefit pension items: Actuarial gains (losses) $ 0 Acquisition and operating expenses (2) Prior service (cost) credit 0 Acquisition and operating expenses (2) 0 Tax (expense) or benefit (1) $ 0 Net of tax Total reclassifications for the period $ 44 Net of tax (1) Based on 21 % tax rate (2) These accumulated other comprehensive income components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost (see Note 12 for additional details). (In millions) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Affected Line Item in the Statements of Earnings Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities $ 271 Net investment gains (losses) ( 57 ) Tax (expense) or benefit (1) $ 214 Net of tax Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives $ ( 3 ) Net investment gains (losses) 1 Tax (expense) or benefit (1) $ ( 2 ) Net of tax Amortization of defined benefit pension items: Actuarial gains (losses) $ 1 Acquisition and operating expenses (2) Prior service (cost) credit 0 Acquisition and operating expenses (2) 0 Tax (expense) or benefit (1) $ 1 Net of tax Total reclassifications for the period $ 213 Net of tax (1) Based on 21 % tax rate (2) These accumulated other comprehensive income components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost (see Note 12 for additional details). 11. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION As of September 30, 2025, the Company has outstanding share-based awards under the Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan (As Amended and Restated February 14, 2017), as further amended on August 9, 2022 (the Plan). Share-based awards are designed to reward employees for their long-term contributions to the Company and provide incentives for them to remain with the Company. The number and frequency of share-based awards are based on competitive practices, operating results of the Company, government regulations, and other factors. The Plan allows for a maximum number of shares issuable over its term of 75 million shares including 38 million shares that may be awarded in respect of awards other than options or stock appreciation rights. If any awards granted under the 75 Plan are forfeited or are terminated before being exercised or settled for any reason other than tax forfeiture, then the shares underlying the awards will again be available under the Plan. The Plan allows awards to Company employees for incentive stock options (ISOs), non-qualifying stock options (NQSOs), stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and restricted stock units. Non-employee directors are eligible for grants of NQSOs, restricted stock, and stock appreciation rights. As of September 30, 2025, approximately 32.6 million shares were available for future grants under this plan. The ISOs, NQSOs and stock appreciation rights granted under the amended Plan have an exercise price of at least the fair market value of the underlying stock on the grant date and have an expiration date no later than 10 years from the grant date. The share-based awards vest upon time-based conditions or time and performance-based conditions. Time-based vesting generally occurs after three years . Performance-based vesting conditions generally include the attainment of goals related to the Company's financial performance. As of September 30, 2025, the only performance-based awards issued and outstanding were restricted stock awards and units. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors has the discretion to determine vesting schedules. Share-based awards granted to U.S.-based grantees are settled with authorized but unissued Company stock, while those issued to Japan-based grantees are settled with treasury shares. The following table provides information on stock options outstanding and exercisable at September 30, 2025. Stock Option Shares (in thousands) Weighted-Average Remaining Term (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions) Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share Outstanding 392 1.4 $ 30 $ 35.61 Exercisable 392 1.4 30 35.61 The Company received cash from the exercise of stock options in the amount of $ 7 million and $ 11 million during the first nine months of 2025 and 2024, respectively. The tax benefit realized as a result of stock option exercises and restricted stock releases was $ 31 million in the first nine months of 2025, compared with $ 28 million in the first nine months of 2024. As of September 30, 2025, total compensation cost not yet recognized in the Company's consolidated financial statements related to restricted stock awards and units was $ 33 million, of which $ 15 million ( 1.6 million shares) was related to restricted stock awards and units with a performance-based vesting condition. The Company expects to recognize these amounts over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.7 years. There are no other contractual terms covering restricted stock awards once vested. The following table summarizes restricted stock activity during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025. (In thousands of shares) Shares Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value Per Share Restricted stock at December 31, 2024 2,099 $ 73.65 Granted in 2025 1,124 104.48 Canceled in 2025 ( 73 ) 78.12 Vested in 2025 ( 1,283 ) 68.67 Restricted stock at September 30, 2025 1,867 $ 86.09 In February 2025, the Company granted 284 thousand performance-based stock awards and units, which are contingent on the achievement of the Company's financial performance metrics and its market-based conditions. On the date of grant, the Company estimated the fair value of restricted stock awards and units with market-based conditions using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The model discounts the value of the stock at the assumed vesting date based on the risk-free interest rate. Based on estimates of actual performance versus the vesting thresholds, the calculated fair value percentage payout estimate will be updated each quarter. The Company uses third-party analyses to assist in developing the assumptions used in, as well as calibrating, a Monte Carlo simulation model. The Company is responsible for determining the assumptions used in estimating the fair value of its share-based payment awards. 76 For additional information on the Company's long-term share-based compensation plans and the types of share-based awards, see Note 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2024 Annual Report. 12. BENEFIT PLANS The Company has funded defined benefit plans in Japan and the U.S.; however, future benefits under the U.S. plan were frozen effective January 1, 2024. In January 2025, the Company purchased a nonparticipating single premium group annuity contract from an external insurer to settle its obligations under the U.S. defined pension plan and paid to the insurer the related annuity premium. As a result, the Company recognized a settlement charge of $ 55 million in the first quarter of 2025. Effective April 1, 2025, the external insurer began making annuity payments to plan participants. The Company also maintains non-qualified, unfunded supplemental retirement plans that provide defined pension benefits in excess of limits imposed by federal tax law for certain Japanese, U.S. and former employees. However, future benefits under the Company's Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan and Retirement Plan for Senior Officers were frozen effective January 1, 2024, provided that actively employed participants may continue to accrue service toward eligibility for early retirement benefits or delayed early retirement benefits. The Company provides certain health care benefits for eligible U.S. retired employees, their beneficiaries and covered dependents (other postretirement benefits). The health care plan is contributory and unfunded. For certain employees and former employees, additional coverage is provided for all medical expenses for life. Pension and other postretirement benefit expenses are included in acquisition and operating expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings, which includes other components of net periodic pension cost and postretirement costs (other than service costs) of $ 4 million and $ 3 million for the three-month periods and $ 64 million and $ 7 million for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Total net periodic benefit cost includes the following components: Three Months Ended September 30, Pension Benefits Other Japan U.S. Postretirement Benefits (In millions) 2025 2024 2025 2024 2025 2024 Components of net periodic benefit cost: Service cost $ 4 $ 3 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 Interest cost 2 2 3 9 1 1 Expected return on plan assets ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 0 ( 7 ) 0 0 Amortization of net actuarial (gain) loss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Settlement (gain) loss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Net periodic benefit cost (credit) $ 4 $ 3 $ 3 $ 2 $ 1 $ 1 Nine Months Ended September 30, Pension Benefits Other Japan U.S. Postretirement Benefits (In millions) 2025 2024 2025 2024 2025 2024 Components of net periodic benefit cost: Service cost $ 10 $ 10 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 Interest cost 6 6 13 28 1 1 Expected return on plan assets ( 6 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 22 ) 0 0 Amortization of net actuarial (gain) loss 0 0 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 1 0 Settlement (gain) loss 0 0 55 0 0 0 Net periodic benefit cost (credit) $ 10 $ 11 $ 62 $ 5 $ 2 $ 1 77 During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, Aflac Japan contributed approximately $ 19 million (using the weighted-average yen/dollar exchange rate for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025) to the Japanese funded defined benefit plan, and Aflac U.S. did not make a contribution to the U.S. funded defined benefit plan. For additional information regarding the Company's Japanese and U.S. benefit plans, see Note 14 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2024 Annual Report. 13. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES The Company is a defendant in various lawsuits and receives various regulatory inquiries considered to be in the normal course of business. Members of the Company's senior legal and financial management teams review litigation and regulatory inquiries on a quarterly and annual basis and the Company updates the related estimates, accruals, and disclosures, if any, based on such reviews. For litigation and regulatory matters where it is probable that a loss has been incurred, and the amount of that loss can be reasonably estimated, the Company establishes accruals for loss contingencies. Where a loss may be reasonably possible but not probable, or is probable but not reasonably estimable, no accrual is recorded. The final results of any litigation or regulatory inquiries cannot be predicted with certainty. Although some of this litigation is pending in states where large punitive damages, bearing little relation to the actual damages sustained by plaintiffs, have been awarded in recent years, the Company believes the outcome of pending litigation will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. Cyber Incident As previously disclosed, the Company identified an incident involving unauthorized access to its network in the U.S. on June 12, 2025. The Company promptly initiated its cybersecurity incident response protocols and continues to believe it contained the intrusion within hours. The Company is still in the process of validating the extent and nature of the files that were involved in the incident and the Company believes that the potential amount of loss cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. The Company's systems were not affected by ransomware, and the Company continues to serve its policyholders and underwrite policies, review claims, and otherwise service customers as usual. Outsourcing Agreements and Other Commitments In May 2025, the Company renewed an outsourcing agreement with an information technology and data services company to provide application maintenance and development services for Aflac Japan. The agreement has a remaining term of three years with an aggregate remaining cost of ¥ 10.1 billion ($ 68 million using the September 30, 2025 exchange rate). In February 2025, the Company renewed an outsourcing agreement with an information technology and data services company to provide application maintenance and development services for Aflac Japan. The agreement has a remaining term of three years with an aggregate remaining cost of ¥ 8.6 billion ($ 58 million using the September 30, 2025 exchange rate). See Note 3 for details on certain investment commitments. Guaranty Fund Assessments The U.S. insurance industry has a policyholder protection system that is monitored and regulated by state insurance departments. These life and health insurance guaranty associations are state entities (in all 50 states as well as Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia) created to protect policyholders of an insolvent insurance company. All insurance companies (with limited exceptions) licensed to sell life or health insurance in a state must be members of that state’s guaranty association. Under state guaranty association laws, certain insurance companies can be assessed (up to prescribed limits) for certain obligations to the policyholders and claimants of impaired or insolvent insurance companies that write the same line or similar lines of business. Guaranty fund assessments for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were immaterial. 78