ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC. 10-Q

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion and analysis should be read together with our financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements reflecting our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Industry Data” for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those discussed in our forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. Overview From its inception, the Company has not generated substantial revenue from its medical device and new drug development. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company generated $393,509 in revenue, contributed by $389,843 from the sale of Contract Development & Manufacturing Organization (“CDMO”) services, and $3,747 from consulting services provided to a related party. Business Overview The Company operates through American BriVision Corporation (“BriVision”), which was incorporated in July 2015 in the State of Delaware, is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on development of new drugs and medical devices, all of which are derived from plants. Medicines derived from plants have a long history of relieving or preventing many diseases and, typically, have exhibited fewer side effects than drugs developed from animals or chemical ingredients. Perhaps the most famous example is aspirin, which evolved from a compound found in the bark and leaves of the willow tree and was later marketed by Bayer starting in 1899. Aspirin has very few serious side effects and has proven to be one of the most successful drugs in medical history. Some 50 years later, scientists identified anticancer compounds in the rosy periwinkle, which Eli Lilly subsequently produced for the treatment of leukemia and Hodgkins disease. Other well-known examples of successful botanical drugs include the cancer-fighting Taxol, isolated from the Pacific yew tree. The Company develops its pipeline by carefully tracking new medical discoveries or medical device technologies in research institutions in the Asia-Pacific region. Pre-clinical, disease animal model and Phase I safety studies are examined closely by the Company’s scientists and other specialists known to the Company to identify drugs that it believes demonstrate efficacy and safety based on the Company’s internal qualifications. Once a drug is shown to be a good candidate for further development and ultimately commercialization, BriVision licenses the drug or medical device from the original researchers and begins to introduce the drugs clinical plan to highly respected principal investigators in the United States, Australia and Taiwan. In almost all cases, we have found that research institutions in each of those countries are eager to work with the Company to move forward with Phase II clinical trials. Currently, institutions that have or are now conducting phase II clinical trials in partnership with ABVC include: ● Drug: ABV-1504, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Phase II completed. NCE drug Principal Investigators: Charles DeBattista M.D. and Alan F. Schatzberg, MD, Stanford University Medical Center, Cheng-Ta Li, MD, Ph.D – Taipei Veterans General Hospital ● Drug: ABV-1505, Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Phase II Part 1 completed. NCE drug Principal Investigators: Keith McBurnett, Ph.D. and Linda Pfiffner, Ph.D., University of California San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine ● Drug: ABV-1601, Major Depression in Cancer Patients, Phase I/II, NCE drug Principal Investigator: Scott Irwin, MD, Ph.D. – Cedars Sinai Medical Center (CSMC) ● Drug: ABV-1703, Advanced Inoperable or Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer, Phase II, NCE drug Principal Investigator: Andrew E. Hendifar, MD – Cedars Sinai Medical Center (CSMC) 41 The following trials are expected to begin in the fourth quarter of 2021 and first quarter of 2022: ● Medical Device: ABV-1701, Vitargus® in vitrectomy surgery, Pivotal Study in Australia, Principal Investigator: Andrew Chang, MD, Ph.D., Sydney Eye Hospital, Australia ● Drug: ABV-1501, A Phase I/II, Open Label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of BLEX 404 Oral Liquid Combined with Docetaxel Monotherapy in Patients with Stage IV or Recurrent Breast Cancer Patients Upon successful completion of the Phase II trial, the Company will seek a partner – a large pharmaceutical company – to complete a Phase III study, submit the New Drug Application (NDA), and commercialize the drug upon approval by the FDA and Taiwan FDAs. The Company expects to seek its first commercialization partner in 2021 for Vitargus, its vitreous substitute that helps to maintain a round shape and retinal location during vitrectomy surgery. Another part of the Company’s business is conducted by BioKey, a wholly owned subsidiary, that is engaged in a wide range of services, including, API characterization, pre-formulation studies, formulation development, analytical method development, stability studies, IND/NDA/ANDA/510K submissions, and manufacturing clinical trial materials (phase I through phase III) and commercial manufacturing. On February 8, 2019, the Company, BioLite Holding, Inc. (“BioLite”), BioKey, Inc. (“BioKey”), BioLite Acquisition Corp., a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and BioKey Acquisition Corp., a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company completed the business combination pursuant to that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger dated January 31, 2018, pursuant to which the Company acquired BioLite and BioKey via issuing shares of the Company’s Common Stock to the shareholders of BioLite and BioKey. As a result, BioLite and BioKey became two wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company on February 8, 2019. The Company issued an aggregate of 104,558,777 shares of Common Stock (prior to the reverse stock split in 2019) to the shareholders of both BioLite and BioKey under a registration statement on Form S-4 (file number 333-226285), which became effective by operation of law on or about February 5, 2019. BioLite was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on July 27, 2016, with 500,000,000 shares authorized, par value $0.0001. BioLite’s key subsidiaries include BioLite BVI, Inc. (“BioLite BVI”) that was incorporated in the British Virgin Islands on September 13, 2016 and BioLite, Inc. (“BioLite Taiwan”), a Taiwanese corporation that was founded in February 2006. BioLite Taiwan has been in the business of developing new drugs for over ten years. BioLite and BioLite BVI are holding companies and have not carried out substantive business operations of their own. In January 2017, BioLite, BioLite BVI, BioLite Taiwan, and certain shareholders of BioLite Taiwan entered into a share purchase / exchange agreement (the “BioLite Share Purchase / Exchange Agreement”). Pursuant to the BioLite Share Purchase / Exchange Agreement, the shareholder participants to the BioLite Share Purchase / Exchange Agreement sold their equity in BioLite Taiwan and used the proceeds from such sales to purchase shares of Common Stock of BioLite at the same price per share, resulting in their owning the same number of shares of Common Stock as they owned in BioLite Taiwan. Upon closing of the Share Purchase/ Exchange Agreement in August 2017, BioLite owns, via BioLite BVI, approximately 73% of BioLite Taiwan. The other shareholders who did not enter this Share Purchase/ Exchange Agreement retain their equity ownership in BioLite Taiwan. BioKey was incorporated on August 9, 2000 in the State of California. It is engaged primarily in research and development, manufacturing, and distribution of generic drugs and nutraceuticals with strategic partners. BioKey provides a wide range of services, including, API characterization, pre-formulation studies, formulation development, analytical method development, stability studies, IND/NDA/ANDA/510K submissions, and manufacturing clinical trial materials (phase 1 through phase 3) and commercial manufacturing. It also licenses out its technologies and initiates joint research and development processes with other biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical companies. 42 Common Stock Reverse Split On March 12, 2019, the Board by unanimous written consent in lieu of a meeting approved to i) effect a stock reverse split at the ratio of 1-for-18 (the “Reverse Split”) of both the authorized common stock of the Company and the issued and outstanding common stock and ii) to amend the articles of incorporation of the Company to reflect the Reverse Split. The Board approved and authorized the Reverse Split without obtaining approval of the Company’s shareholders pursuant to Section 78.207 of Nevada Revised Statutes. On May 3, 2019, the Company filed a certificate of amendment to the Company’s articles of incorporation (the “Amendment”) to effect the Reverse Split with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada. The Reverse Split took effect on May 8, 2019. Series A Convertible Preferred Stock On June 28, 2019, the Company filed a certificate of designation (the “Series A COD”) of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series A Stock”) with the Secretary of the State of Nevada. Pursuant to the Series A COD, the Company designated 3,500,000 shares of preferred stock as Series A Stock, par value of $0.001 per share. Subject to the laws of Nevada, the Company will pay cumulative dividends on the Series A Stock on each anniversary from the date of original issue for a period of four calendar years. The Series A Stock will rank senior to the outstanding common stock of the Company, par value $0.001 (the “Common Stock”) with respect to dividend rights, rights upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up in the amount of accrued but unpaid dividend. Holders of the Series A Stock will have the same voting rights as the Company’s Common Stock holders. Each share of Series A Stock is initially convertible at any time at the option of the holder into one share of Common Stock and automatically converts into one share of Common Stock on the four-year anniversary of its issuance. As of September 30, 2021, no Series A Convertible Preferred Stock has been issued by the Company. Increasing the Authorized Shares On March 12, 2020, our board of directors approved and adopted an amendment to the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, to increase the authorized shares of the common stock, par value $0.001 per share, from 20,000,000 to 100,000,000, such that, after including the previously authorized 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, the aggregate number of shares of stock that the Company has authority to issue is 120,000,000 shares. The amendment became effective on April 2, 2020. Financings Financing in November 2020 On November 11, 2020, we conducted a closing with regard to certain securities purchase agreements (the “ SPAs ”) dated October 23, 2020, separately with two non-U.S. investors (the “ Investors ”). Each of the Investors agreed to purchase and the Company agreed to sell to each of the Investors 1,111,112 shares of the Company’s Common Stock, and warrants (the “ November Warrants ”) to purchase 1,111,112 shares of Common Stock, for a purchase price of $2,500,000. The November Warrants are exercisable upon issuance and will expire three years from the date of issuance. The initial exercise price of the November Warrants is $6.00, subject to stock, splits, stock dividend and other similar events. In addition, when the closing price of the Common Stock equals or exceeds $9.00 per share for twenty Trading Days (as defined in the SPAs) during any thirty-day period, the Company shall have the right to require the Investors to exercise all or any portion of the November Warrants for a cash exercise. The aggregate net proceeds were $5,000,000. The Company and the Investors further agreed to amend the terms of the SPA to permit the closing of the offering to occur on a rolling basis. The Company paid the following fees to a FINRA member firm in connection with such offering: (i) a cash success fee of $175,000 and (ii) warrants to purchase a number of shares of Common Stock equal to 7% of the number of shares of Common Stock sold in the Offering, at an exercise price per share equal to $6.00 subject to adjustment (the “ Comp Warrants ”). The Comp Warrants are exercisable on a cashless basis, at the holder’s discretion. 43 Financing in October 2020 On October 23, 2020, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “ October SPA ”) with one accredited investor. Pursuant to the October SPA, the Company sold and issued a convertible promissory note (the “ October Note ”) in the principal amount of $2,500,000 to the investor and received the payment from such investor on October 30, 2020. The October Note was issued on October 23, 2020 and the maturity date of the October Note is the twenty-four (24) month anniversary from the issuance date (the “ Maturity Date ”). Upon the Maturity Date, the Company shall pay to the holder, in cash, an amount representing all outstanding principal amount and accrued and unpaid interest under the October Note. The October Note bears an interest rate of ten percent (10%) per annum and may be convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a fixed conversion price of $2.25 per share. The October Note was initially only convertible at the holder’s discretion. However, on May 17, 2021, the parties signed an amendment, pursuant to which the October Note shall now also automatically convert into shares of Common Stock immediately following the Company’s receipt of conditional approval to list its Common Stock on the NASDAQ stock market, if and when we receive such approval, which cannot be guaranteed, at a conversion price equal to the then current conversion price. The Company may prepay the outstanding amount at any time, in whole or in part, without any penalty. In connection with the October Note and pursuant to the terms of an agreement entered into between the Company and a FINRA member firm, such firm shall receive (i) a cash success fee of $78,750 and (ii) upon conversion of the October Note, warrants equal to 7.0% of the number of shares of Common Stock received by the investor at the time of conversion (“ Note Warrants ”). The warrants are exercisable on a cashless basis, at the holder’s discretion. The issuance and sale of the Common Stock, the Investor Warrants, Comp Warrants, Note Warrants and the shares of Common Stock underlying the Investor Warrants, the Comp Warrants and the October Note were made in reliance on an exemption from registration contained in either Regulation D or Regulation S of the Securities Act. Financing in May 2020 In May 2020, the Company received capital contributions of approximately $1,697,051 in cash from 42 investors through private placements with the term of $2.25 per share and a free warrant attaches with each Common stock that was purchased. The exercise price of the warrant will be at $6.00 with a mandatory exercise price of $9.00. Pursuant to the terms of an agreement entered into between the Company and a FINRA member firm, such firm shall receive (i) a cash success fee of $60,831.65 (ii) a warrant to purchase 37,852 shares of Common Stock with an exercise price of $2.25 per share, and (iii) a warrant to purchase 37,852 shares of Common Stock with an exercise price of $6.00 per share. Financing in April 2020 On January 21, 2020, the Company entered into three note agreements with existing note investors who executed the agreements in 2018. These three investors are Guoliang Yu and Yingfei Wei Family Trust, Keypoint Technology Ltd., and Yoshinobu Odaira. The new agreements bear the same term as other notes investors who executed the contract in 2019. On April 5, 2020, the Company entered into exchange agreements with such note holders. Pursuant to the exchange agreements, the Holders agreed to deliver the Notes to the Company for cancellation, of which the aggregate principal amount plus accrued interest expenses are $931,584, and the Company agreed to issue to the Holders an aggregate of 506,297 shares of the Company’s common stock and warrants to purchase 506,297 shares of the Company’s common stock. On August 28, 2019 and September 4, 2019, the Company issued convertible promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount plus accrued interest expenses are $515,196 to Kuo, Li Shen, Chang, Ping Shan, Lin, Shan Tyan, and Liu, Ching Hsuan. On April 20, 2020, the Company entered into separate exchange agreements with each note holder. Pursuant to the exchange agreements, the note holders agreed to cancel the notes and the Company agreed to issue to the holders an aggregate of 289,438 shares of the Company’s common stock and warrants to purchase 289,438 shares of the Company’s common stock. 44 Recent PPP Loan On April 14, 2020, the Company received a loan in the amount of $124,400 under the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) administered by the United States Small Business Administration (the “SBA”) from East West Bank. According to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “Cares Act”), PPP loan provides for forgiveness of up to the full principal amount and accrued interest if the funds are used for payroll costs, interest on mortgages, rent, and utilities. However, at least 60% of the forgiven amount must have been used for payroll. The loan was granted pursuant to a promissory note dated April 14, 2020 issued by the Company, which matures on April 13, 2022 and bears interest at a rate of 1.00% per annum. The Company will pay the principal in one payment of all outstanding principal plus all accrued unpaid interest on that date that is two years after the date of the promissory note. On October 23, ABVC BioPharma, Inc.(the “Company”) has started the application with the US Government regarding the loan forgiveness program. On January 29, 2021, BioKey received a loan in the amount of $132,331 under the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) administered by the United States Small Business Administration (the “SBA”) from East West Bank. According to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “Cares Act”), PPP loan provides for forgiveness of up to the full principal amount and accrued interest if the funds are used for payroll costs, interest on mortgages, rent, and utilities. However, at least 60% of the forgiven amount must have been used for payroll. The loan was granted pursuant to a promissory note dated January 27, 2021 issued by the Company, which matures on January 28, 2026 and bears interest at a rate of 1.00% per annum. The Company will pay the principal in one payment of all outstanding principal plus all accrued unpaid interest on that date that is five years after the date of the promissory note. In addition, the Company will start the application with the US Government regarding the loan forgiveness program as soon as the US Government allows. No collateral or personal guarantees are required. On September 28, 2021, the “SBA” accepted the loan forgiveness application in the amount of $132,331 under the PPP. On February 7, 2021, the Company received a loan in the amount of $104,167 under the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) administered by the United States Small Business Administration (the “SBA”) from Cathay Bank. According to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “Cares Act”), PPP loan provides for forgiveness of up to the full principal amount and accrued interest if the funds are used for payroll costs, interest on mortgages, rent, and utilities. However, at least 60% of the forgiven amount must have been used for payroll. The loan was granted pursuant to a promissory note dated February 7, 2021 issued by the Company, which matures on February 6, 2026 and bears interest at a rate of 1.00% per annum. The Company will pay the principal in one payment of all outstanding principal plus all accrued unpaid interest on that date that is five years after the date of the promissory note. In addition, the Company will start the application with the US Government regarding the loan forgiveness program as soon as the US Government allows. No collateral or personal guarantees are required. Recent Research Results On May 23, 2019, the Company announced its internal Phase II clinical study results of ABV-1504 for Major Depression Disorder (“MDD”). The clinical study results showed that PDC-1421, the active pharmaceutical ingredient of ABV-1504, met the pre-specified primary endpoint of the Phase II clinical trial and significantly improved the symptoms of MDD. The Phase II clinical study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center trial, in which 60 adult patients with confirmed moderate to severe MDD were treated with PDC-1421 in either low dose (380 mg) or high dose (2 x 380 mg) compared with placebo administration, three times a day for six weeks. PDC-1421 high dose (2 x 380 mg) met the pre-specified primary endpoint by demonstrating a highly significant 13.2-point reduction in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score by Intention-To-Treat (ITT) analysis, averaged over the 6-week treatment period (overall treatment effect) from baseline, as compared to 9.2-point reduction of the placebo group. By Per-Protocol (PP) analysis, PDC-1421 showed a dose dependent efficacy toward MDD in which high dose (2 x 380 mg) gave 13.4-point reduction in MADRS total score from baseline and low dose (380 mg) gave 10.4-point reduction as compared to a 8.6-point in the placebo group. The Company has decided to use the high dose formula in the Phase III clinical trial of ABV-1504. On September 9, 2020, the Company issued a full clinical study report (CSR) of Vitargus® First-in-Human Phase I Clinical Trial . The safety and preliminary efficacy findings from this study, combined with the unique properties of Vitargus® (BFC-1401), are supportive of further development for its use during vitrectomy surgery in patients requiring vitreous replacement. 45 The study was an open label, Phase I study undertaken at a single study center in Sydney, Australia. A total of 11 participants were enrolled for the study in which each participant had been diagnosed with either (1) a complex or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment or chronic retinal detachment with failure of gas or silicone oil treatment or (2) a vitreous hemorrhage that requires vitrectomy surgery. The study found that Vitargus® was well-tolerated as a vitreous substitute without any apparent toxicity to ocular tissues. Further, there was no indication of an increased overall safety risk with Vitargus®. On November 9, 2020 the Company issued a full clinical study report (CSR) of its ABV-1505 Phase II Part I clinical trial conducted at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) for the treatment of Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The Phase II Part I clinical study for treating ADHD found that the active ingredient of ABV-1505, PDC-1421, was safe, well tolerated and efficacious during its treatment and the follow-up period with six adult patients. For the primary endpoints, the percentages of improvement in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-Investigator Rated-IV (ADHD-RS-IV) score from baseline to 8 weeks treatment were 83.3% (N=5) in the Intention-To-Treat (ITT) population and 80.0% (N=4) in the Per-Protocol (PP) population. Both low and high doses of PDC-1421 Capsule met the primary end points by passing the required 40% population in ADHD-RS-IV test scores. Overall, the results from this study, which demonstrate the therapeutic value of PDC-1421, support further clinical development of ABV-1505 for the treatment of adult ADHD. On November 4, 2020, the Company executed an amendment to its collaboration agreement with BioFirst to add BFC-1403 Intraocular Irrigation Solution and BFC-1404 Corneal Storage Solution to our agreement. BFC-1404 is utilized during a corneal transplant procedure to replace a damaged or diseased cornea while BFC-1403 has broader utilization during a variety of ocular procedures. Initially the Company will focus on BFC-1404, a solution utilized to store a donor cornea prior to either penetrating keratoplasty (full thickness cornea transplant) or endothelial keratoplasty (back layer cornea transplant). Designated ABV-2002 under the Company’s product identification system, the solution is comprised of a specific poly amino acid that protects ocular tissue from damage caused by external osmolarity exposure during pre-surgery storage. The specific polymer in ABV 2002 can adjust osmolarity to maintain a range of 330 to 390 mOsM thereby permitting hydration within the corneal stroma during the storage period. Stromal hydration results in (a) maintaining acceptable corneal transparency and (b) prevents donor cornea swelling. ABV-2002 also contains an abundant phenolic phytochemical found in plant cell walls that provides antioxidant antibacterial properties and neuroprotection. Early testing by BioFirst indicates that ABV-2002 may be more effective for protecting the cornea and retina during long-term storage than other storage media available today and can be manufactured at lower cost. Categorized as a Class I Medical Device which has the lowest risk to patients, the Company intends to submit a Premarket Notification 510(K) submission to the FDA before the end of 2021 to demonstrate the device is at least as safe and effective as current products on the market. 46 Strategy Key elements of our business strategy include: ● Advancing to the pivotal trial phase of ABV-1701 Vitargus for the treatments of Retinal Detachment or Vitreous Hemorrhage, which we expect to generate revenues in the future. ● Focusing on licensing ABV-1504 for the treatment of major depressive disorder, MDD, after the successful completion of its Phase II clinical trials. ● Completing Phase II, Part 2 clinical trial for ABV-1505 for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD. ● Out licensing drug candidates and medical device candidates to major pharmaceutical companies for phase III and pivotal clinical trials, as applicable, and further marketing if approved by the FDA. We plan to augment our core research and development capability and assets by conducting Phase I and II clinical trials for investigational new drugs and medical devices in the fields of CNS, Hematology/Oncology and Ophthalmology. Our management team has extensive experiences across a wide range of new drug and medical device development and we have in-licensed new drug and medical device candidates from large research institutes and universities in both the U.S. and Taiwan. Through an assertive product development approach, we expect that we will build a substantial portfolio of Oncology/ Hematology, CNS and Ophthalmology products. We primarily focus on Phase I and II research of new drug candidates and out license the post-Phase-II products to pharmaceutical companies; we do not expect to devote substantial efforts and resources to building the disease-specific distribution channels. 47 Business Objectives The Company is operating its core business based on collaborative activities that can generate current and future revenues through research, development and/or commercialization joint venture agreements. The terms of these agreements typically include payment to the Company related to one or more of the following: ● nonrefundable upfront license fees, ● development and commercial milestones, ● partial or complete reimbursement of research and development costs and ● royalties on net sales of licensed products. Each type of payments results in revenue except for revenue from royalties on net sales of licensed products, which are classified as royalty revenues. To date, we have not received any royalty revenues. Revenue is recognized upon satisfaction of a performance obligation by transferring control of a good or service to the joint venture partner. As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company applies judgment to determine whether the performance obligations are distinct and develop assumptions in determining the stand-alone selling price for each distinct performance obligation identified in the collaboration agreements. To determine the stand-alone selling price, the Company relies on assumptions which may include forecasted revenues, development timelines, reimbursement rates for R&D personnel costs, discount rates and probabilities of technical and regulatory success. The Company had multiple deliverables under the collaborative agreements, including deliverables relating to grants of technology licenses, regulatory and clinical development, and marketing activities. Estimation of the performance periods of the Company’s deliverables requires the use of management’s judgment. Significant factors considered in management’s evaluation of the estimated performance periods include, but are not limited to, the Company’s experience in conducting clinical development, regulatory and manufacturing activities. The Company reviews the estimated duration of its performance periods under its collaborative agreements on an annually basis, and makes any appropriate adjustments on a prospective basis. Future changes in estimates of the performance period under its collaborative agreements could impact the timing of future revenue recognition. (i) Nonrefundable upfront payments If a license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in an arrangement, the Company recognizes revenue from the related nonrefundable upfront payments based on the relative standalone selling price prescribed to the license compared to the total selling price of the arrangement. The revenue is recognized when the license is transferred to the collaboration partners and the collaboration partners are able to use and benefit from the license. To date, the receipt of nonrefundable upfront fees was solely for the compensation of past research efforts and contributions made by the Company before the collaborative agreements entered into and it does not relate to any future obligations and commitments made between the Company and the collaboration partners in the collaborative agreements. 48 (ii) Milestone payments The Company is eligible to receive milestone payments under the collaborative agreement with collaboration partners based on achievement of specified development, regulatory and commercial events. Management evaluated the nature of the events triggering these contingent payments, and concluded that these events fall into two categories: (a) events which involve the performance of the Company’s obligations under the collaborative agreement with collaboration partners, and (b) events which do not involve the performance of the Company’s obligations under the collaborative agreement with collaboration partners. The former category of milestone payments consists of those triggered by development and regulatory activities in the territories specified in the collaborative agreements. Management concluded that each of these payments constitute substantive milestone payments. This conclusion was based primarily on the facts that (i) each triggering event represents a specific outcome that can be achieved only through successful performance by the Company of one or more of its deliverables, (ii) achievement of each triggering event was subject to inherent risk and uncertainty and would result in additional payments becoming due to the Company, (iii) each of the milestone payments is nonrefundable, (iv) substantial effort is required to complete each milestone, (v) the amount of each milestone payment is reasonable in relation to the value created in achieving the milestone, (vi) a substantial amount of time is expected to pass between the upfront payment and the potential milestone payments, and (vii) the milestone payments relate solely to past performance. Based on the foregoing, the Company recognizes any revenue from these milestone payments in the period in which the underlying triggering event occurs. (iii) Multiple Element Arrangements The Company evaluates multiple element arrangements to determine (1) the deliverables included in the arrangement and (2) whether the individual deliverables represent separate units of accounting or whether they must be accounted for as a combined unit of accounting. This evaluation involves subjective determinations and requires management to make judgments about the individual deliverables and whether such deliverables are separate from other aspects of the contractual relationship. Deliverables are considered separate units of accounting provided that: (i) the delivered item(s) has value to the customer on a standalone basis and (ii) if the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item(s), delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially within its control. In assessing whether an item under a collaboration has standalone value, the Company considers factors such as the research, manufacturing, and commercialization capabilities of the collaboration partner and the availability of the associated expertise in the general marketplace. The Company also considers whether its collaboration partners can use the other deliverable(s) for their intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining element(s), whether the value of the deliverable is dependent on the undelivered item(s), and whether there are other vendors that can provide the undelivered element(s). The Company recognizes arrangement consideration allocated to each unit of accounting when all of the revenue recognition criteria in ASC 606 are satisfied for that particular unit of accounting. In the event that a deliverable does not represent a separate unit of accounting, the Company recognizes revenue from the combined unit of accounting over the Company’s contractual or estimated performance period for the undelivered elements, which is typically the term of the Company’s research and development obligations. If there is no discernible pattern of performance or objectively measurable performance measures do not exist, then the Company recognizes revenue under the arrangement on a straight-line basis over the period the Company is expected to complete its performance obligations. Conversely, if the pattern of performance in which the service is provided to the customer can be determined and objectively measurable performance measures exist, then the Company recognizes revenue under the arrangement using the proportional performance method. Revenue recognized is limited to the lesser of the cumulative amount of payments received or the cumulative amount of revenue earned, as determined using the straight-line method or proportional performance method, as applicable, as of the period ending date. At the inception of an arrangement that includes milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether each milestone is substantive and at risk to both parties on the basis of the contingent nature of the milestone. This evaluation includes an assessment of whether: (1) the consideration is commensurate with either the Company’s performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement of the value of the delivered item(s) as a result of a specific outcome resulting from its performance to achieve the milestone, (2) the consideration relates solely to past performance and (3) the consideration is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms within the arrangement. The Company evaluates factors such as the scientific, clinical, regulatory, commercial, and other risks that must be overcome to achieve the particular milestone and the level of effort and investment required to achieve the particular milestone in making this assessment. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether a milestone satisfies all of the criteria required to conclude that a milestone is substantive. Milestones that are not considered substantive are recognized as earned if there are no remaining performance obligations or over the remaining period of performance, assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met. 49 (iv) Royalties and Profit Sharing Payments Under the collaborative agreement with the collaboration partners, the Company is entitled to receive royalties on sales of products, which is at certain percentage of the net sales. The Company recognizes revenue from these events based on the revenue recognition criteria set forth in ASC 606. Based on those criteria, the Company considers these payments to be contingent revenues, and recognizes them as revenue in the period in which the applicable contingency is resolved. Revenues Derived from Research and Development Activities Services — Revenues related to research and development and regulatory activities are recognized when the related services or activities are performed, in accordance with the contract terms. The Company typically has only one performance obligation at the inception of a contract, which is to perform research and development services. The Company may also provide its customers with an option to request that the Company provides additional goods or services in the future, such as active pharmaceutical ingredient, API, or IND/NDA/ANDA/510K submissions. The Company evaluates whether these options are material rights at the inception of the contract. If the Company determines an option is a material right, the Company will consider the option a separate performance obligation. If the Company is entitled to reimbursement from its customers for specified research and development expenses, the Company accounts for the related services that it provides as separate performance obligations if it determines that these services represent a material right. The Company also determines whether the reimbursement of research and development expenses should be accounted for as revenues or an offset to research and development expenses in accordance with provisions of gross or net revenue presentation. The Company recognizes the corresponding revenues or records the corresponding offset to research and development expenses as it satisfies the related performance obligations. The Company then determines the transaction price by reviewing the amount of consideration the Company is eligible to earn under the contracts, including any variable consideration. Under the outstanding contracts, consideration typically includes fixed consideration and variable consideration in the form of potential milestone payments. At the start of an agreement, the Company’s transaction price usually consists of the payments made to or by the Company based on the number of full-time equivalent researchers assigned to the project and the related research and development expenses incurred. The Company does not typically include any payments that the Company may receive in the future in its initial transaction price because the payments are not probable. The Company would reassess the total transaction price at each reporting period to determine if the Company should include additional payments in the transaction price. The Company receives payments from its customers based on billing schedules established in each contract. Upfront payments and fees may be recorded as advance from customers upon receipt or when due, and may require deferral of revenue recognition to a future period until the Company performs its obligations under these arrangements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when the right of the Company to consideration is unconditional. The Company does not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the customers and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the customers will be one year or less. Examples of collaborative agreements the Company has entered into are as follows: Collaborative agreements with BHK (i) In February and December of 2015, BioLite, Inc. entered into a total of three joint venture agreements with BioHopeKing to jointly develop ABV-1501 for Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), ABV-1504 for MDD and ABV-1505 for ADHD. The agreements granted marketing rights to BioHopeKing for certain Asian countries in return for a series of milestone payments totaling $10 million in cash and equity of BioHopeKing or equity securities owned by BioHopeKing. 50 The milestone payments are determined by a schedule of BioLite development achievements as shown below: Milestone Payment Execution of BHK Co-Development Agreement $ 1,000,000 Investigational New Drug (IND) Submission $ 1,000,000 Phase II Clinical Trial Complete $ 1,000,000 Initiation of Phase III Clinical Trial $ 3,000,000 New Drug Application (NDA) Submission $ 4,000,000 Total $ 10,000,000 (ii) In December of 2015, BHK paid the initial cash payment of $1 million upon the execution of the BHK Agreement. The Company concluded that certain deliverables are considered separate units of accounting as the delivered items have value to the customer on a standalone basis and recognized this cash payment as collaboration revenue when all research, technical, and development data was delivered to BHK in 2015. The payment included compensation for past research efforts and contributions made by BioLite Taiwan before the BHK agreement was signed and does not relate to any future commitments made by BioLite Taiwan and BHK in the BHK Agreement. (iii) In August 2016, the Company received the second milestone payment of $1 million, and recognized collaboration revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016. As of September 30, 2021, the Company had not completed the first phase II clinical trial. (iv) In addition to the milestone payments, BioLite Taiwan is entitled to receive a royalty equal to 12% of BHK’s net sales related to ABV-1501, ABV-1504 and ABV-1505 Products. As of September 30, 2021, the Company has not earned royalties under the BHK Co-Development Agreement. (v) The BHK Co-Development Agreement will remain in effect for fifteen years from the date of first commercial sale of the Product in in Asia excluding Japan. Co-Development agreement with Rgene Corporation, a related party On May 26, 2017, BriVision entered into a co-development agreement (the “Rgene Agreement”) with Rgene Corporation (the “Rgene”), a related party under common control by the controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene Corporation and the Company (See Note 12). Pursuant to the Rgene Agreement, BriVision and Rgene agreed to co-develop and commercialize ABV-1507 HER2/neu Positive Breast Cancer Combination Therapy, ABV-1703 Pancreatic Cancer Combination Therapy and ABV-1527 Ovary Cancer Combination Therapy. Under the terms of the Rgene Agreement, Rgene is required to pay the Company $3,000,000 in cash or stock of Rgene with equivalent value by August 15, 2017 as compensation of BriVision’s past research efforts and contributions made by BriVision before the Rgene Agreement was executed. The payment does not relate to any future milestones attained by BriVision. In addition to $3,000,000, the Company is entitled to receive 50% of the future net licensing income or net sales profit earned by Rgene. All development costs shall be equally shared by both BriVision and Rgene. On June 1, 2017, the Company delivered all research, technical data and development data to Rgene pursuant to the Rgene Agreement in return for a cash payment of $450,000 and 1,530,000 common shares of Rgene stock valued at $2,550,000, which in 2018 was accounted for using the equity method long-term investment. On December 31, 2018, the Company determined to fully write off this investment based on the Company’s assessment of the severity and duration of the impairment, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of the operating performance of the investee, adverse changes in market conditions, the regulatory or economic environment, changes in operating structure of Rgene, additional funding requirements and Rgene’s ability to remain in business. All research projects that were initiated will be managed and funded equally by the Company and Rgene. The Company and Rgene signed an amendment to the Rgene Agreement on November 10, 2020, pursuant to which both parties agreed to delete AB-1507 HER2/neu Positive Breast Cancer Combination Therapy and AB-1527 Ovary Cancer Combination Therapy and add ABV-1519 EGFR Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Combination Therapy and ABV-1526 Large Intestine / Colon / Rectal Cancer Combination Therapy to the products to be co-developed and commercialized. Other provisions of the Rgene Agreement remain in full force and effect. 51 Collaborative agreement with BioFirst Corporation, a related party On July 24, 2017, BriVision entered into a collaborative agreement (the “BioFirst Agreement”) with BioFirst Corporation, a corporation incorporated under the laws of Taiwan (“BioFirst”), pursuant to which BioFirst granted the Company global licensing rights to medical use of ABV-1701 Vitreous Substitute for Vitrectomy. BioFirst is a related party to the Company because a controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene Corporation and the Company is a Director and shareholders of BioFirst (See Note 12). Pursuant to the BioFirst Agreement, the Company and BioFirst will co-develop and commercialize BFC-1401. The Company will pay BioFirst a total amount of $3,000,000 in cash or stock of the Company before September 30, 2018 as payment in full for BioFirst’s past research efforts and contributions made by BioFirst before the BioFirst Agreement was executed. The Company is entitled to receive 50% of any future net licensing revenue or net profit associated with Vitargus. All development cost will be equally shared by both BriVision and BioFirst. On September 25, 2017, BioFirst delivered all research, technical, data and development data to BriVision. For the year ended September 30, 2017, the Company determined to fully expense the entire amount of $3,000,000 since the related licensing rights do not have alternative future uses. According to ASC 730-10-25-1, absent alternative future uses the acquisition of product rights to be used in research and development activities must be charged to research and development expenses immediately. Hence, the entire amount of $3,000,000 is fully expensed as research and development expense during the year ended September 30, 2017. On September 30, 2019, BriVision entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with BioFirst. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Company issued 428,571 shares of the Company’s common stock to BioFirst as payment for $3,000,000 owed by the Company to BioFirst in connection with the BioFirst Agreement. On August 5, 2019, BriVision entered into a second Stock Purchase Agreement with BioFirst whereby the Company issued 414,702 shares of the Company’s common stock to BioFirst as repayment in full for a loan in the amount of $2,902,911 provided to BriVision from BioFirst. On November 4, 2020, the Company executed an amendment to the BioFirst Agreement with BioFirst to add ABV-2001 Intraocular Irrigation Solution and ABV-2002 Corneal Storage Solution to the agreement. ABV-2002 is utilized during a corneal transplant procedure to replace a damaged or diseased cornea while ABV-2001 has broader utilization during a variety of ocular procedures. Initially the Company will focus on ABV-2002, a solution utilized to store a donor cornea prior to either penetrating keratoplasty (full thickness cornea transplant) or endothelial keratoplasty (back layer cornea transplant). ABV-2002 is a solution comprised of a specific poly amino acid that protects ocular tissue from damage caused by external osmolarity exposure during pre-surgery storage. The specific polymer in ABV-2002 can adjust osmolarity to maintain a range of 330 to 390 mOsM thereby permitting hydration within the corneal stroma during the storage period. Stromal hydration results in (a) maintaining acceptable corneal transparency and (b) prevents donor cornea swelling. ABV-2002 also contains an abundant phenolic phytochemical found in plant cell walls that provides antioxidant antibacterial properties and neuroprotection. Early testing by BioFirst indicates that ABV-2002 may be more effective for protecting the cornea and retina during long-term storage than other storage media available today and can be manufactured at lower cost. Categorized as a lower risk Class I Medical Device, the Company intends to submit a Premarket Notification 510(K) submission to the FDA before the end of 2021 to demonstrate the device is at least as safe and effective as current products on the market. 52 BioKey Revenues In addition to collaborative agreements, ABVC earns revenue through its wholly owned BioKey subsidiary which provides a wide range of Contract Development & Manufacturing Organization (“CDMO”) services including API characterization, pre-formulation studies, formulation development, analytical method development, stability studies, IND/NDA/ANDA/510K submissions, and manufacturing clinical trial materials (from Phase I through Phase III) and commercial manufacturing of pharmaceutical products. In addition, BioKey provides a variety of regulatory services tailored to the needs of its customers, which include proofreading and regulatory review of submission documents related to formulation development, clinical trials, marketed products, generics, nutraceuticals and OTC products and training presentations. In addition to supporting ABVC’s new drug development, BioKey submits INDs, NDAs, ANDAs, and DMFs to the FDA, on ABVC’s behalf in compliance with new electronic submission guidelines of the FDA. Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern” and on March 10, 2020, declared it to be a pandemic. Actions taken around the world to help mitigate the spread of the coronavirus include restrictions on travel, and quarantines in certain areas, and forced closures for certain types of public places and businesses. The coronavirus and actions taken to mitigate it have had and are expected to continue to have an adverse impact on the economies and financial markets of many countries, including the geographical area in which the Company operates. While the closures and limitations on movement, domestically and internationally, are expected to be temporary, if the outbreak continues on its current trajectory the duration of the supply chain disruption could reduce the availability, or result in delays, of materials or supplies to and from the Company, which in turn could materially interrupt the Company’s business operations. Given the speed and frequency of the continuously evolving developments with respect to this pandemic, the Company cannot reasonably estimate the magnitude of the impact to its consolidated results of operations. We have taken every precaution possible to ensure the safety of our employees. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, our revenue for the first half of fiscal 2020 and 2021 were significantly impacted. As we have not seen a stronger signal to indicate that overall global economies will be back to normal in the fourth quarter, our business’s overall revenue stream may be impacted further until the restrictions of COVID-19 can be released, then the company can start operating normally. The COVID-19 pandemic, including variants, has adversely affected, and is expected to continue to adversely affect, elements of our CDMO business sector. The COVID-19 pandemic controls constrained researcher access to labs globally. These constraints limited scientific discovery capacity and we observed that demand in those labs fell well below historic levels. As constraints on social distancing were gradually lifted around the world recently, labs were able to increase research activity. While we believe that underlying demand is still not yet at pre-COVID-19 levels as lab operations remain below their normal capacity, we are hopeful that the vaccination programs that are underway combined with policy changes planned for the summer will further increase research activity and support a return to pre-COVID-19 demand levels worldwide. The global pandemic of COVID-19 continues to evolve rapidly, and we will continue to monitor the situation closely, including its potential effect on our plans and timelines. Additionally, it is reasonably possible that estimates made in the financial statements have been, or will be, materially and adversely impacted in the near term as a result of these conditions, including losses on inventory; impairment losses related to goodwill and other long-lived assets and current obligations. Summary of Critical Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (the “U.S. GAAP”). All significant intercompany transactions and account balances have been eliminated. This basis of accounting involves the application of accrual accounting and consequently, revenues and gains are recognized when earned, and expenses and losses are recognized when incurred. The Company’s financial statements are expressed in U.S. dollars. Fiscal Year The Company changed its fiscal year from the period beginning on October 1st and ending on September 30th to the period beginning on January 1st and ending on December 31st, beginning January 1, 2018. All references herein to a fiscal year prior to December 31, 2017 refer to the twelve months ended September 30th of such year. 53 Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ materially from those results. Inventory Inventory consists of raw materials, work-in-process, finished goods, and merchandise. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market and valued on a moving weighted average cost basis. Market is determined based on net realizable value. The Company periodically reviews the age and turnover of its inventory to determine whether any inventory has become obsolete or has declined in value, and incurs a charge to operations for known and anticipated inventory obsolescence. Reclassifications Certain classifications have been made to the prior year financial statements to conform to the current year presentation. The reclassification had no impact on previously reported net loss or accumulated deficit. Forward Stock Split On March 21, 2016, the Board of Directors of the Company approved an amendment to Articles of Incorporation to effect a forward split at a ratio of 1 to 3.141 and increase the number of our authorized shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share, to 360,000,000, which was effective on April 8, 2016. Stock Reverse Split On March 12, 2019, the Board of Directors of the Company by unanimous written consent in lieu of a meeting approved to i) effect a stock reverse split at the ratio of 1-for-18 (the “Reverse Split”) of both the authorized common stock of the Company (the “Common Stock”) and the issued and outstanding Common Stock and ii) to amend the articles of incorporation of the Company to reflect the Reverse Split. The Board approved and authorized the Reverse Split without obtaining approval of the Company’s shareholders pursuant to Section 78.207 of Nevada Revised Statutes. On May 3, 2019, the Company filed a certificate of amendment to the Company’s articles of incorporation (the “Amendment”) to effect the Reverse Split with the Secretary of State of Nevada. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) informed the Company that the Reverse Split was effective on May 8, 2019. All shares and related financial information in this Form 10-Q reflect this 1-for-18 reverse stock split. Fair Value Measurements FASB ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements” defines fair value for certain financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are recorded at fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. It requires that an entity measure its financial instruments to base fair value on exit price, maximize the use of observable units and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to determine the exit price. It establishes a hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. This hierarchy increases the consistency and comparability of fair value measurements and related disclosures by maximizing the use of observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels based on the reliability of the inputs as follows: ● Level 1 - Inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. Valuation of these instruments does not require a high degree of judgment as the valuations are based on quoted prices in active markets that are readily and regularly available. ● Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the measurement date, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. ● Level 3 - Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and not corroborated by market data. The fair value for such assets and liabilities is generally determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques that incorporate the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability. 54 The carrying values of certain assets and liabilities of the Company, such as cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, due from related parties, inventory, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and due to related parties approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturities. The carrying value of the Company’s short-term bank loan, convertible notes payable, and accrued interest approximates their fair value as the terms of the borrowing are consistent with current market rates and the duration to maturity is short. The carrying value of the Company’s long-term bank loan approximates fair value because the interest rates approximate market rates that the Company could obtain for debt with similar terms and maturities. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less, when purchased, to be cash equivalents. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents amounted $3,715,609 and $4,273,208, respectively. Some of the Company’s cash deposits are held in financial institutions located in Taiwan where there is currently regulation mandated on obligatory insurance of bank accounts. The Company believes this financial institution is of high credit quality. Restricted Cash Equivalents Restricted cash equivalents primarily consist of cash held in a reserve bank account in Taiwan. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company’s restricted cash equivalents amounted $734,163 and $728,163, respectively. Concentration of Credit Risk The Company’s financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company places its cash and temporary cash investments in high quality credit institutions, but these investments may be in excess of Taiwan Central Deposit Insurance Corporation and the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s insurance limits. The Company does not enter into financial instruments for hedging, trading or speculative purposes. Revenue Recognition During the fiscal year 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), Topic 606 (ASC 606), Revenue from Contracts with Customers, using the modified retrospective method to all contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018, and applying the new revenue standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of accumulated deficit at the beginning of 2018 for the cumulative effect. The results for the Company’s reporting periods beginning on and after January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for the prior period. Based on the Company’s review of existing collaborative agreements as of January 1, 2018, the Company concluded that the adoption of the new guidance did not have a significant change on the Company’s revenue during all periods presented. 55 Pursuant to ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines is within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration the Company is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services the Company transfers to the customers. At inception of the contract, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract, determines those that are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. Property and Equipment Property and equipment is carried at cost net of accumulated depreciation. Repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Expenditures that improve the functionality of the related asset or extend the useful life are capitalized. When property and equipment is retired or otherwise disposed of, the related gain or loss is included in operating income. Leasehold improvements are depreciated on the straight-line method over the shorter of the remaining lease term or estimated useful life of the asset. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line method, including property and equipment under capital leases, generally based on the following useful lives: Estimated Life in Years Buildings and leasehold improvements 5 ~ 50 Machinery and equipment 5 ~ 10 Office equipment 3 ~ 6 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company has adopted Accounting Standards Codification subtopic 360-10, Property, Plant and Equipment (“ASC 360-10”). ASC 360-10 requires that long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles held and used by the Company be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company evaluates its long-lived assets for impairment annually or more often if events and circumstances warrant. Events relating to recoverability may include significant unfavorable changes in business conditions, recurring losses, or a forecasted inability to achieve break-even operating results over an extended period. Should impairment in value be indicated, the carrying value of intangible assets will be adjusted, based on estimates of future discounted cash flows resulting from the use and ultimate disposition of the asset. ASC 360-10 also requires assets to be disposed of be reported at the lower of the carrying amount or the fair value less costs to sell. Long-term Equity Investment The Company acquires the equity investments to promote business and strategic objectives. The Company accounts for non-marketable equity and other equity investments for which the Company does not have control over the investees as: ● Equity method investments when the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investee. Its proportionate share of the income or loss is recognized monthly and is recorded in gains (losses) on equity investments. ● Non-marketable cost method investments when the equity method does not apply. 56 Significant judgment is required to identify whether an impairment exists in the valuation of the Company’s non-marketable equity investments, and therefore the Company considers this a critical accounting estimate. Its yearly analysis considers both qualitative and quantitative factors that may have a significant impact on the investee’s fair value. Qualitative analysis of its investments involves understanding the financial performance and near-term prospects of the investee, changes in general market conditions in the investee’s industry or geographic area, and the management and governance structure of the investee. Quantitative assessments of the fair value of its investments are developed using the market and income approaches. The market approach includes the use of comparable financial metrics of private and public companies and recent financing rounds. The income approach includes the use of a discounted cash flow model, which requires significant estimates regarding the investees’ revenue, costs, and discount rates. The Company’s assessment of these factors in determining whether an impairment exists could change in the future due to new developments or changes in applied assumptions. Other-Than-Temporary Impairment The Company’s long-term equity investments are subject to a periodic impairment review. Impairments affect earnings as follows: ● Marketable equity securities include the consideration of general market conditions, the duration and extent to which the fair value is below cost, and our ability and intent to hold the investment for a sufficient period of time to allow for recovery of value in the foreseeable future. The Company also considers specific adverse conditions related to the financial health of, and the business outlook for, the investee, which may include industry and sector performance, changes in technology, operational and financing cash flow factors, and changes in the investee’s credit rating. The Company records other-than-temporary impairments on marketable equity securities and marketable equity method investments in gains (losses) on equity investments. ● Non-marketable equity investments based on the Company’s assessment of the severity and duration of the impairment, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of the operating performance of the investee; adverse changes in market conditions and the regulatory or economic environment; changes in operating structure or management of the investee; additional funding requirements; and the investee’s ability to remain in business. A series of operating losses of an investee or other factors may indicate that a decrease in value of the investment has occurred that is other than temporary and that shall be recognized even though the decrease in value is in excess of what would otherwise be recognized by application of the equity method. A loss in value of an investment that is other than a temporary decline shall be recognized. Evidence of a loss in value might include, but would not necessarily be limited to, absence of an ability to recover the carrying amount of the investment or inability of the investee to sustain an earnings capacity that would justify the carrying amount of the investment. The Company records other-than-temporary impairments for non-marketable cost method investments and equity method investments in gains (losses) on equity investments. Other-than-temporary impairments of equity investments were $0 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021. Other-than-temporary impairments of equity investments were $944,204 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. Goodwill The Company evaluates goodwill for impairment annually or more frequently when an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. In testing goodwill for impairment, the Company may elect to utilize a qualitative assessment to evaluate whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the qualitative assessment indicates that goodwill impairment is more likely than not, the Company performs a two-step impairment test. The Company tests goodwill for impairment under the two-step impairment test by first comparing the book value of net assets to the fair value of the reporting units. If the fair value is determined to be less than the book value or qualitative factors indicate that it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired, a second step is performed to compute the amount of impairment as the difference between the estimated fair value of goodwill and the carrying value. The Company estimates the fair value of the reporting units using discounted cash flows. Forecasts of future cash flows are based on our best estimate of future net sales and operating expenses, based primarily on expected category expansion, pricing, market segment share, and general economic conditions. The Company completed the required testing of goodwill for impairment as of September 30, 2021, and determined that goodwill was impaired because of the current financial condition of the Company and the Company’s inability to generate future operating income without substantial sales volume increases, which are highly uncertain. Furthermore, the Company anticipates future cash flows indicate that the recoverability of goodwill is not reasonably assured. 57 Research and Development Expenses The Company accounts for the cost of using licensing rights in research and development cost according to ASC Topic 730-10-25-1. This guidance provides that absent alternative future uses the acquisition of product rights to be used in research and development activities must be charged to research and development expenses when incurred. For CDMO business unit, the Company accounts for R&D costs in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 730, Research and Development (“ASC 730”). Research and development expenses are charged to expense as incurred unless there is an alternative future use in other research and development projects or otherwise. Research and development expenses are comprised of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including personnel-related costs, facilities-related overhead, and outside contracted services including clinical trial costs, manufacturing and process development costs for both clinical and preclinical materials, research costs, and other consulting services. Non-refundable advance payment for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made. In instances where the Company enters into agreements with third parties to provide research and development services, costs are expensed as services are performed. Post-retirement and post-employment benefits The Company’s subsidiaries in Taiwan adopted the government mandated defined contribution plan pursuant to the Labor Pension Act (the “Act”) in Taiwan. Such labor regulations require that the rate of contribution made by an employer to the Labor Pension Fund per month shall not be less than 6% of the worker’s monthly salaries. Pursuant to the Act, the Company makes monthly contribution equal to 6% of employees’ salaries to the employees’ pension fund. The Company has no legal obligation for the benefits beyond the contributions made. The total amounts for such employee benefits, which were expensed as incurred, were $2,906 and $3,759 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The total amounts for such employee benefits, which were expensed as incurred, were $8,268 and $7,357 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Other than the above, the Company does not provide any other post-retirement or post-employment benefits. Stock-based Compensation The Company measures expense associated with all employee stock-based compensation awards using a fair value method and recognizes such expense in the consolidated financial statements on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718 “Compensation-Stock Compensation”. Total employee stock-based compensation expenses were $0 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company accounted for stock-based compensation to non-employees in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718 “Compensation-Stock Compensation” and FASB ASC Topic 505-50 “Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees” which requires that the cost of services received from non-employees is measured at fair value at the earlier of the performance commitment date or the date service is completed and recognized over the period the service is provided. Total non-employee stock-based compensation expenses were $225,740 and $0 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Total non-employee stock-based compensation expenses were $927,220 and $999,820 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Beneficial Conversion Feature From time to time, the Company may issue convertible notes that may contain an imbedded beneficial conversion feature. A beneficial conversion feature exists on the date a convertible note is issued when the fair value of the underlying common stock to which the note is convertible into is in excess of the remaining unallocated proceeds of the note after first considering the allocation of a portion of the note proceeds to the fair value of the warrants, if related warrants have been granted. The intrinsic value of the beneficial conversion feature is recorded as a debt discount with a corresponding amount to additional paid in capital. The debt discount is amortized to interest expense over the life of the note using the effective interest method. 58 Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability approach which allows the recognition and measurement of deferred tax assets to be based upon the likelihood of realization of tax benefits in future years. Under the asset and liability approach, deferred taxes are provided for the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not these items will expire before the Company is able to realize their benefits, or future deductibility is uncertain. Under ASC 740, a tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The evaluation of a tax position is a two-step process. The first step is to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of any related appeals or litigations based on the technical merits of that position. The second step is to measure a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not threshold to determine the amount of benefits recognized in the financial statements. A tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Tax positions that previously failed to meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold should be recognized in the first subsequent period in which the threshold is met. Previously recognized tax positions that no longer meet the more-likely-than-not criteria should be de-recognized in the first subsequent financial reporting period in which the threshold is no longer satisfied. Penalties and interest incurred related to underpayment of income tax are classified as income tax expense in the year incurred. No significant penalty or interest relating to income taxes has been incurred for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020. GAAP also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosures and transition. On December 22, 2017, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB 118”), which provides guidance on accounting for tax effects of the Tax Act. SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the Tax Act enactment date for companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740. In accordance with SAB 118, a company must reflect the income tax effects of those aspects of the Act for which the accounting under ASC 740 is complete. To the extent that a company’s accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act is incomplete but it is able to determine a reasonable estimate, it must record a provisional estimate to be included in the financial statements. If a company cannot determine a provisional estimate to be included in the financial statements, it should continue to apply ASC 740 on the basis of the provision of the tax laws that were in effect immediately before the enactment of the Tax Act. While the Company is able to make reasonable estimates of the impact of the reduction in corporate rate and the deemed repatriation transition tax, the final impact of the Tax Act may differ from these estimates, due to, among other things, changes in our interpretations and assumptions, additional guidance that may be issued by the I.R.S., and actions the Company may take. The Company is continuing to gather additional information to determine the final impact. Valuation of Deferred Tax Assets A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the Company’s deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. In assessing the need for the valuation allowance, management considers, among other things, projections of future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. If the Company determines that sufficient negative evidence exists, then it will consider recording a valuation allowance against a portion or all of the deferred tax assets in that jurisdiction. If, after recording a valuation allowance, the Company’s projections of future taxable income and other positive evidence considered in evaluating the need for a valuation allowance prove, with the benefit of hindsight, to be inaccurate, it could prove to be more difficult to support the realization of its deferred tax assets. As a result, an additional valuation allowance could be required, which would have an adverse impact on its effective income tax rate and results. Conversely, if, after recording a valuation allowance, the Company determines that sufficient positive evidence exists in the jurisdiction in which the valuation allowance was recorded, it may reverse a portion or all of the valuation allowance in that jurisdiction. In such situations, the adjustment made to the deferred tax asset would have a favorable impact on its effective income tax rate and results in the period such determination was made. 59 Loss Per Share of Common Stock The Company calculates net loss per share in accordance with ASC Topic 260, “Earnings per Share”. Basic loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share is computed similar to basic loss per share except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potential common stock equivalents had been issued and if the additional common shares were dilutive. Diluted earnings per share excludes all dilutive potential shares if their effect is anti-dilutive. Commitments and Contingencies The Company has adopted ASC Topic 450 “Contingencies” subtopic 20, in determining its accruals and disclosures with respect to loss contingencies. Accordingly, estimated losses from loss contingencies are accrued by a charge to income when information available before financial statements are issued or are available to be issued indicates that it is probable that an assets had been impaired or a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Legal expenses associated with the contingency are expensed as incurred. If a loss contingency is not probable or reasonably estimable, disclosure of the loss contingency is made in the financial statements when it is at least reasonably possible that a material loss could be incurred. Foreign-currency Transactions For the Company’s subsidiaries in Taiwan, the foreign-currency transactions are recorded in New Taiwan dollars (“NTD”) at the rates of exchange in effect when the transactions occur. Gains or losses resulting from the application of different foreign exchange rates when cash in foreign currency is converted into New Taiwan dollars, or when foreign-currency receivables or payables are settled, are credited or charged to income in the year of conversion or settlement. On the balance sheet dates, the balances of foreign-currency assets and liabilities are restated at the prevailing exchange rates and the resulting differences are charged to current income except for those foreign currencies denominated investments in shares of stock where such differences are accounted for as translation adjustments under the Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit). Translation Adjustment The accounts of the Company’s subsidiaries in Taiwan were maintained, and their financial statements were expressed, in New Taiwan Dollar (“NT$”). Such financial statements were translated into U.S. Dollars (“$” or “USD”) in accordance ASC 830, “Foreign Currency Matters”, with the NT$ as the functional currency. According to the Statement, all assets and liabilities are translated at the current exchange rate, shareholder’s deficit are translated at the historical rates and income statement items are translated at an average exchange rate for the period. The resulting translation adjustments are reported under other comprehensive income (loss) as a component of shareholders’ equity (deficit). Recent Accounting Pronouncements In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging- Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40) , to reduce the complexity associated with applying U.S. GAAP principles for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity. The amendments in this ASU reduce the number of accounting models for convertible instruments and expand the existing disclosure requirements over earnings per share as it relates to convertible instruments. This ASU will be effective for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2022 and interim periods therein. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The amendments may be adopted through either a modified retrospective method, or a fully retrospective method. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2020-06. Estimates and Assumptions In preparing our consolidated financial statements, we use estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures. Our estimates are often based on complex judgments, probabilities and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable, but that are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. We are also subject to other risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ from estimated amounts. 60 Results of Operations — Three Months Ended September 30, 2021 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2020. The following table presents, for the three months indicated, our consolidated statements of operations information. September 30, 2021 September 30, 2020 Revenues $ 98,999 $ 115,553 Cost of revenues 393 8,619 Gross profit 98,606 106,934 Operating expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses 1,579,996 1,262,199 Research and development expenses 263,424 134,501 Stock-based compensation 225,740 Total operating expenses 2,069,160 1,396,700 Loss from operations (1,970,554 ) (1,289,766 ) Other income (expense) Interest income 9,333 19,571 Interest expense (38,677 ) (16,311 ) Rent income 2,624 4,774 Rent income – related parties 1,200 1,200 Impairment loss - (8,507 ) Investment loss - 665 Gain/Loss on foreign exchange changes (5,999 ) (90 ) Gain/Loss on investment in equity securities (91,765 ) (887,231 ) Other income (expense) (404 ) (171 ) Government grant income 132,331 Total other income (expenses) 8,643 (886,100 ) Loss before provision income tax (1,961,911 ) (2,175,866 ) Provision for income tax (75,667 ) (44,735 ) Net loss (1,886,244 ) (2,131,131 ) Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (79,756 ) (285,085 ) Net loss attributed to ABVC and subsidiaries (1,806,488 ) (1,846,046 ) Foreign currency translation adjustment 16,137 (25,384 ) Comprehensive Loss $ (1,790,351 ) $ (1,871,430 ) Net loss per share: Basic and diluted $ (0.07 ) $ (0.09 ) Weighted average number of common shares outstanding: Basic and diluted 26,882,181 19,488,168 61 Revenues. We generated $98,999 and $115,553 in revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively; and incurred $393 and $8,619 in cost of sales for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The decrease in revenues was mainly due to the impact of COVID-19 on our CDMO business sector. Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses have increased by $672,460, or 48%, to $2,069,160 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 from $1,396,700 for the three months ended September 30, 2020. Such increase in operating expenses was mainly due to the increase in selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses. Our selling, general and administrative expenses and stock-based compensation increased by $543,537, or 43%, mainly due to the increase in company’s marketing and up-list related expenses. Our research and development expenses increased by $128,923 or approximately 96% primarily because of new service agreements signed with vendors during the three months ended September 30, 2021. Other Income (Expense). Our other income (expense) was $8,643 and ($886,100) for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The change was principally caused by the decrease in interest income and rental income, as well as decreasing loss on investment in equity securities and the increase in government grant income. Interest income was $9,333 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to $19,571 for the three months ended September 30, 2020. The decrease of $10,238, or approximately 49%, was primarily due to the repayment of certain related-party loans. Loss on investment in equity securities was $0 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to $8,507 for the three months ended September 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily due to the loss on investment in BioFirst in 2020. Other income and government grant income totaled $131,927 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to other expense of $171 for the three months ended September 30, 2020. The increase of $132,098, or approximately 77,250%, was primarily due to the receipt of the second round of PPP loan forgiveness during the third quarter of 2021. Net Loss. As a result of the above factors, our net loss was $1,886,244 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 compared to $2,131,131 for the three months ended September 30, 2020, representing a decrease of $244,887, or 11%. 62 Results of Operations — Nine months Ended September 30, 2021 Compared to Nine months Ended September 30, 2020. The following table presents, for the nine months indicated, our consolidated statements of operations information. September 30, 2021 September 30, 2020 Revenues $ 393,590 $ 420,852 Cost of revenues 2,284 16,814 Gross profit 391,306 404,038 Operating expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses 3,979,283 2,693,001 Research and development expenses 743,617 366,374 Stock-based compensation 927,220 999,820 Total operating expenses 5,650,120 4,059,195 Loss from operations (5,258,814 ) (3,655,157 ) Other income (expense) Interest income 72,584 39,641 Interest expense (251,577 ) (288,353 ) Rent income 60,822 15,254 Rent income – related parties 3,600 3,600 Impairment loss - (952,711 ) Investment loss - (38,272 ) Gain/Loss on foreign exchange changes (10,806 ) 8,659 Gain/Loss on investment in equity securities (193,147 ) (1,067,298 ) Other income (expense) (171 ) 176,330 Government grant income 256,731 - Total other income (expenses) (61,964 ) (2,103,240 ) Loss before provision income tax (5,320,778 ) (5,758,397 ) Provision for income tax (186,255 ) (133,947 ) Net loss (5,134,523 ) (5,624,450 ) Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (227,964 ) (681,569 ) Net loss attributed to ABVC and subsidiaries (4,906,559 ) (4,942,881 ) Foreign currency translation adjustment 416,858 (42,403 ) Comprehensive Loss $ (4,489,701 ) $ (4,985,284 ) Net loss per share: Basic and diluted $ (0.20 ) $ (0.25 ) Weighted average number of common shares outstanding: Basic and diluted 25,053,522 19,486,959 63 Revenues. We generated $393,590 and $420,852 in revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively; and incurred $2,284 and $16,814 in cost of sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The decrease in revenues was mainly due to the impact of COVID-19 onto our CDMO business sector. Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses have increased by $1,590,925, or 39%, to $5,650,120 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 from $4,059,195 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Such increase in operating expenses was mainly due to the increase in selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses. Our selling, general and administrative expenses and stock-based compensation increased by $1,213,682, or 33%, mainly due to the increase in company’s marketing and up-list related expenses. Our research and development expenses increased by $377,243 or approximately 103% primarily because of new service agreements signed with vendors during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Other Income (Expense). Our other expense was $61,964 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to $2,103,240 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The change was principally caused by the decrease in the impairment loss and loss on investment in equity securities, and the increase in government grant income of $256,731 due to the forgiveness of PPP loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Interest income was $72,584 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to $39,641 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The increase of $32,943, or approximately 83%, was primarily due to the increase of certain related-party loans. Loss on investment in equity securities was $193,147 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to $1,067,298 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily due to the loss on investment in BioFirst in 2020. Other income and government grant income totaled $256,560 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to $176,330 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The increase of $80,230, or approximately 45%, was primarily due to the forgiveness of the PPP loans of $256,731, offsetting the decrease in other income of $176,501. Net Loss. As a result of the above factors, our net loss was $5,134,523 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 compared to $5,624,450 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, representing a decrease of $489,927, or 9%. 64 Liquidity and Capital Resources Working Capital As of September 30, 2021 As of December 31, 2020 (Unaudited) Current Assets $ 7,111,031 $ 6,172,966 Current Liabilities $ 3,438,880 $ 4,844,391 Working Capital (deficit) $ 3,672,151 $ 1,328,575 Cash Flow from Operating Activities During the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, the net cash used in operating activities were $5,541,538 and $2,375,873, respectively. The increase in the amount used in operating activities of $3,165,665 was primarily due to the increased accounts receivables, prepaid expenses and deposits, non-cash government grant income, and decreased accrued expenses and other current liabilities, non-cash investment loss, the decrease in amount due from related parties, decrease in non-cash stock based compensation for nonemployees and decrease in net loss during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Cash Flow from Investing Activities During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the net cash used in investing activities was $764,377, compared to the net cash used in investing activities was $332,539 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The increase was due to the prepayment for equity investment during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Cash Flow from Financing Activities During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the net cash used in financing activities was $5,742,737, while the net cash provided by the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $2,698,793, respectively. The increase in net cash provided by financing activities were primarily due to proceeds from issuance of common stock, partially offset by the repayment of convertible notes during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements As of September 30, 2021, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources that is material to investors. 65 ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK. As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this item.