Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. 10-Q

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. Balance Sheets (In thousands, except for share and per share amounts) As of As of December 31, June 30, 2023 2024 Assets (Unaudited) Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 9,701 $ 41,780 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 3,698 2,274 Total current assets 13,399 44,054 Right of use asset, net 766 604 Property, plant and equipment, net 26 43 Total assets $ 14,191 $ 44,701 Liabilities, mezzanine equity, and stockholders’ deficit Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 839 $ 1,472 Accrued liabilities 3,234 3,122 Dividends payable - 1 Warrant liability 13,134 8,131 Operating lease liability - current 327 360 Total current liabilities 17,534 13,086 Operating lease liability – long term 466 274 Total liabilities 18,000 13,360 Commitments and contingencies (Note 8) Mezzanine equity: Series B-1 preferred stock, $ 0.001 par value per share – zero shares authorized at December 31, 2023, and 50,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2024; zero shares outstanding at December 31, 2023, and 50,000 shares outstanding at June 30, 2024 - 46,187 Stockholders’ deficit: Series A-2 preferred stock, $ 0.001 par value per share – 43,649 Series A-2 shares authorized at December 31, 2023 and 21,388.01 Series A-2 Prime shares authorized at June 30, 2024; 43,649 Series A-2 shares outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 17,073.07 Series A-2 Prime shares outstanding at June 30, 2024 - - Preferred stock: $ 0.001 par value per share— 9,926,161 and 9,904,773 shares authorized at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, respectively; zero shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024 - - Common stock, $ 0.001 par value per share – 200,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2023 and 400,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2024; 34,756,049 and 43,573,212 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, respectively 35 43 Additional paid-in capital 60,697 60,760 Accumulated deficit ( 64,541 ) ( 75,649 ) Total stockholders’ deficit ( 3,809 ) ( 14,846 ) Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit $ 14,191 $ 44,701 See accompanying notes to the financial statements 1 Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. Statements of Operations (In thousands, except for share and per share amounts) (Unaudited) Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 2024 2023 2024 Licensing revenues $ - $ - $ 675 $ - Operating expenses: Research and development 2,267 4,868 5,297 11,681 General and administrative 2,055 2,533 3,902 4,925 Total operating expenses 4,322 7,401 9,199 16,606 Loss from operations ( 4,322 ) ( 7,401 ) ( 8,524 ) ( 16,606 ) Other income (expenses): Interest income 234 462 248 532 Interest expense ( 32 ) ( 16 ) ( 44 ) ( 36 ) Change in fair value of warrant liability 282 16,810 ( 10,093 ) 5,002 Total other income (expenses) 484 17,256 ( 9,889 ) 5,498 Net income (loss) ( 3,838 ) 9,855 ( 18,413 ) ( 11,108 ) Deemed dividend to Series A-1 preferred stockholders ( 603 ) - ( 795 ) - Dividend to Series B-1 preferred stockholders - ( 887 ) - ( 1,095 ) Net income attributable to participating securities - ( 5,925 ) - - Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders $ ( 4,441 ) $ 3,043 $ ( 19,208 ) $ ( 12,203 ) Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders, basic $ ( 0.29 ) $ 0.08 $ ( 1.26 ) $ ( 0.34 ) Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, diluted $ ( 0.29 ) $ ( 0.15 ) $ ( 1.26 ) $ ( 0.34 ) Weighted-average shares outstanding used in computing net income (loss) per share, basic 15,234,570 37,914,812 15,233,503 36,397,997 Weighted-average shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share, diluted 15,234,570 94,052,853 15,233,503 36,397,997 See accompanying notes to the financial statements 2 Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. Statements of Mezzanine Equity and Stockholders’ Deficit (In thousands, except share amounts) (Unaudited) Series A-1 Additional Preferred Stock Common Stock Paid-In Accumulated Stockholders’ Shares Amount Shares Amount Capital Deficit Deficit Balance at December 31, 2022 - $ - 15,231,655 $ 15 $ 33,516 $ ( 33,997 ) $ ( 466 ) Net loss - - - - - ( 14,575 ) ( 14,575 ) Issuance of Series A-1 preferred stock, net of issuance costs and allocated fair value of warrant liability 30,190 25,407 - - - - - Deemed dividends on Series A-1 preferred stock - 192 - - ( 192 ) - ( 192 ) Issuance of common stock for exercise of options - - 2,181 - 7 - 7 Stock-based compensation expense - - - - 144 - 144 Balance at March 31, 2023 30,190 $ 25,599 15,233,836 $ 15 $ 33,475 $ ( 48,572 ) $ ( 15,082 ) Net loss - - - - - ( 3,838 ) ( 3,838 ) Deemed dividends on Series A-1 preferred stock - 603 - - ( 603 ) - ( 603 ) Issuance of common stock for exercise of options - - 2,180 - 7 - 7 Stock-based compensation expense - - - - 144 - 144 Balance at June 30, 2023 30,190 $ 26,202 15,236,016 $ 15 $ 33,023 $ ( 52,410 ) $ ( 19,372 ) Series B-1 Series A-2 Series A-2 Prime Additional Preferred Stock Common Stock Preferred Stock Preferred Stock Paid-In Accumulated Stockholder’ Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Capital Deficit Deficit Balance at December 31, 2023 - $ - 34,756,049 $ 35 43,649 $ - - $ - $ 60,697 $ ( 64,541 ) $ ( 3,809 ) Net loss - - - - - - - - - ( 20,963 ) ( 20,963 ) Issuance of Series B-1 preferred stock, net of issuance costs 50,000 46,187 - - - - - - - - - Dividends on Series B-1 preferred stock - - - - - - - ( 208 ) - ( 208 ) Exchange of Series A-2 preferred stock for Series A-2 Prime preferred stock - - - - ( 43,649 ) - 21,388.01 - - - - Conversion of Series A-2 Prime preferred stock into common stock - - 2,850,000 2 - - ( 1,396.50 ) - ( 2 ) - - Issuance of common stock for exercise of options - - 581 - - - - - 2 - 2 Stock-based compensation expense - - - - - - - - 522 - 522 Balance at March 31, 2024 50,000 $ 46,187 37,606,630 $ 37 - $ - 19,991.51 $ - $ 61,011 $ ( 85,504 ) $ ( 24,456 ) Net income - - - - - - - - - 9,855 9,855 Dividends Paid on Series B-1 preferred stock - - - - - - - - ( 887 ) - ( 887 ) Conversion of Series A-2 Prime preferred stock into common stock - - 5,956,000 6 - - ( 2,918.44 ) - ( 6 ) - - Issuance of common stock for exercise of options - - 10,582 - - - - - 1 - 1 Stock-based compensation expense - - - - - - - - 641 - 641 Balance at June 30, 2024 50,000 $ 46,187 43,573,212 $ 43 - $ - 17,073.07 $ - $ 60,760 $ ( 75,649 ) $ ( 14,846 ) See accompanying notes to the financial statements 3 Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) (Unaudited) Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 2024 Cash flows from operating activities Net loss $ ( 18,413 ) $ ( 11,108 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation expense 4 9 Stock-based compensation expense 288 1,163 Change in fair value of warrant liability 10,093 ( 5,002 ) Amortization of operating lease right of use asset 119 162 Changes in assets and liabilities: Prepaid expense and other current assets ( 771 ) 1,709 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities ( 635 ) 450 Operating lease liability ( 107 ) ( 158 ) Net cash used in operating activities ( 9,422 ) ( 12,775 ) Cash flows from investing activities Purchases of property, plant, and equipment ( 12 ) ( 26 ) Net cash used in investing activities ( 12 ) ( 26 ) Cash flows from financing activities Payments on financed insurance policies ( 240 ) ( 212 ) Issuance costs related to issuance of Series B-1 preferred stock - ( 3,813 ) Proceeds from issuance of Series B-1 preferred stock - 50,000 Issuance costs related to issuance of Series A-1 preferred stock and warrants ( 2,153 ) - Proceeds from issuance of Series A-1 preferred stock and warrants 30,190 - Dividends on preferred stock - ( 1,095 ) Net cash provided by financing activities 27,797 44,880 Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 18,363 32,079 Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period 455 9,701 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period $ 18,818 $ 41,780 Supplemental cash flow information Accrued dividends on preferred stock $ 795 $ 1 Fair value of warrants issued in connection with the issuance of preferred stock $ 2,831 $ - Deferred insurance charges included in prepaid expenses and other current assets $ - $ 15 Deferred preclinical and other charges included in prepaid expenses and other current assets $ 151 $ 99 Cash paid for interest $ 44 $ 36 Cash paid for income taxes $ - $ - See accompanying notes to the financial statements 4 Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. Notes to the Financial Statements (Unaudited) 1. Organization and Description of Business Overview Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. (“the Company”) was incorporated in the State of Delaware on August 18, 2016 . The Company was dormant until July 2017 when it began evaluating a number of drug candidates for in-licensing. The Company in-licensed the drug candidate UNI 494 from Sphaera Pharma Pte. Ltd, a Singapore-based corporation, (“Sphaera”) (Note 3). UNI 494 is a pro-drug of Nicorandill that is being developed as a treatment for acute kidney injury. In September 2018, the Company purchased a second drug candidate, Renazorb RZB 012 and its trademark, RENALAN, and various patents from Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Spectrum”) (Note 3). Renazorb (“oxylanthanum carbonate”) is being developed for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (“CKD”). The Company continues to evaluate the licensing of additional technologies and drugs, targeting orphan diseases and other renal, liver and other metabolic diseases affecting fibrosis and inflammation. Liquidity The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties common to early-stage companies in the biotechnology industry including, but not limited to, development by competitors of new technological innovations, protection of proprietary technology, dependence on key personnel, compliance with governmental regulations and the need to obtain additional financing to fund operations. The Company’s product candidates currently under development will require significant additional research and development efforts prior to commercialization. Future revenue streams may consist of collaboration or licensing revenue as well as product sales. The Company has not generated any licensing revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The Company has incurred operating losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception and expects to continue to incur negative cash flows from operations in the future. As the Company increases its research and development activities, the operating losses are expected to increase. The Company has historically relied on private equity offerings, debt financing and loans from a stockholder to fund its operations. As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $ 64.5 million and $ 75.6 million, respectively. In connection with its initial public offering (“IPO”), on July 13, 2021, the Company began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “UNCY”, and on July 15, 2021, received approximately $ 22.3 million in net proceeds after deducting the underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses. The Company has used the net proceeds from the IPO to complete pre-clinical and clinical studies, prepare regulatory filings for the FDA, and for general and corporate purposes, including hiring additional management and conducting market research and other commercial planning. On March 3, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain healthcare-focused institutional investors that may provide up to $ 130.0 million in gross proceeds through a private placement and that included initial upfront funding of $ 28.0 million in net proceeds. On March 13, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain healthcare-focused institutional investors to provide $ 50 million in gross proceeds through a private placement. Pursuant to the securities purchase agreement, the Company issued institutional investors $ 50 million in shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. The Company received $ 46.2 million in net proceeds (net of issuance costs). The Company expects to continue incurring losses in the future and will be required to raise additional capital in the future to complete its planned clinical trials, pursue product development initiatives and penetrate markets for the sale of its products. Management believes that the Company will continue to have access to capital resources through possible equity offerings, debt financings, corporate collaborations or other means. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to the Company, on a timely basis or at all. If the Company is unable to secure additional capital, it may be required to curtail any clinical trials and development of new or existing products and take additional measures to reduce expenses in order to conserve its cash in amounts sufficient to sustain operations and meet its obligations. Based on the Company’s current level of expenditures, the Company believes that it has sufficient resources such that there is not substantial doubt about the ability to continue operations for at least one year after the date that these financial statements are available to be issued. 5 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The accompanying unaudited financial statements of the Company as of June 30, 2024 have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X and, accordingly, they do not include all information and footnote disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“GAAP”). The Company believes the footnotes and other disclosures made in the financial statements are adequate for a fair presentation of the results of the interim periods presented. The financial statements include all adjustments (solely of a normal recurring nature) which are, in the opinion of management, necessary to make the information presented not misleading. You should read these financial statements and the accompanying notes in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 28, 2024. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the periods presented. Management believes that these estimates and assumptions are reasonable; however, actual results may differ and could have a material effect on future results of operations and financial position. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include revenues, stock-based compensation, research contract progress estimates, and the fair value of warrant liabilities. Actual results may materially differ from those estimates. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). The Company applies the five-step model in ASC 606 and recognizes revenue from product sales or services rendered when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to a counterparty in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. To achieve this core principle, the Company applies the following five steps: identify the contract with the client, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract and recognize revenues when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligation. Warrant Liability In conjunction with the issuance of Series A-1 Preferred Stock (see Note 10), the Company established a warrant liability as of March 3, 2023, representing the fair value of warrants that may be issued (and have since been issued – see Note 12), subject to shareholder approval, upon conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock. The Company accounts for these warrants as liabilities (in accordance with ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity ) on the balance sheets as a result of certain redemption clauses that are not within the control of the Company. The warrant liability was initially measured at fair value and is remeasured at fair value each reporting period. Changes in the fair value of the warrant liability are recognized in earnings during each period. The warrant liability is measured using Level 3 fair value inputs. See Note 12 for a description of warrant liability and the related valuations. 6 Segment Information The Company operates and manages its business as one reportable operating segment. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who is the chief operating decision maker, reviews financial information on an aggregate basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. Risks and Uncertainties The Company operates in a dynamic and highly competitive industry and believes that changes in any of the following areas could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s future financial position, results of operations, or cash flows: ability to obtain future financing; advances and trends in new technologies and industry standards; results of clinical trials; regulatory approval and market acceptance of the Company’s products; development of sales channels; certain strategic relationships; litigation or claims against the Company related to intellectual property, product, regulatory, or other matters; and the Company’s ability to attract and retain employees necessary to support its growth. The Company’s general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic downturns (including the current downturn related to the COVID-19 pandemic), volatile business environments and continued unstable or unpredictable economic and market conditions. Any product candidates developed by the Company will require approvals from the FDA or other international regulatory agencies prior to commercial sales. There can be no assurance that the Company’s current product candidates or any future product candidates will receive the necessary approvals. If the Company is denied approval, approval is delayed or the Company is unable to maintain approval, it could have a materially adverse impact on the Company. The Company has expended and will continue to expend substantial funds to complete the research, development and clinical testing of its product candidates. The Company also will be required to expend additional funds to establish commercial-scale manufacturing arrangements and to provide for the marketing and distribution of products that receive regulatory approval. The Company will require additional funds to commercialize its products. The Company is unable to entirely fund these efforts with its current financial resources. If adequate funds are unavailable on a timely basis from operations or additional sources of financing, the Company may have to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of its research or development programs, which would materially and adversely affect its business, financial condition and operations. The Company is dependent upon the services of its employees, consultants and other third parties. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant, and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Additions, improvements, and major renewals or replacements that substantially extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized. Repairs and maintenance expenditures are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which range from three to seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the remaining lease term. Management assesses the carrying value of property and equipment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If there is indication of impairment, management prepares an estimate of future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. If these cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss is recognized to write down the asset to its estimated fair value at that time. At June 30, 2024, management determined there were no impairments of the Company’s property and equipment. 7 Leases The Company determines whether a contract is, or contains, a lease at inception. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset during the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at lease commencement based upon the estimated present value of unpaid lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement in determining the present value of unpaid lease payments. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments include the warrant liability, cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received for sale of an asset or paid for transfer of a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. U.S. GAAP establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. The fair value hierarchy contains the following levels: ● Level 1 — defined as observable inputs based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets; ● Level 2 — defined as inputs other than Level 1 that are either directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and ● Level 3 — defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists where valuations are derived from techniques in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable. The following table summarizes the fair value hierarchy of financial liabilities measured at fair value as of June 30, 2024 (in thousands): Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets Significant Other Observable Inputs Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3) Total Warrant liability $ - $ - $ 8,131 $ 8,131 Total liabilities at fair value $ - $ - $ 8,131 $ 8,131 The following table summarizes the fair value hierarchy of financial liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands): Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets Significant Other Observable Inputs Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3) Total Warrant liability $ - $ - $ 13,134 $ 13,134 Total liabilities at fair value $ - $ - $ 13,134 $ 13,134 8 The following table summarizes the changes in fair value of the warrant liability classified in Level 3. Gains and losses reported in this table include changes in fair value that are attributable to unobservable inputs (in thousands): Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 Fair value at January 1, 2023 $ - Issuance of Warrants (March 3, 2023) 2,831 Change in fair value of Warrants 10,375 Fair value at March 31, 2023 13,206 Change in fair value of warrants ( 282 ) Fair value at June 30, 2023 $ 12,924 Fair value at January 1, 2024 $ 13,134 Change in fair value of warrants 11,807 Fair value at March 31, 2024 24,941 Change in fair value of warrants ( 16,810 ) Fair value at June 30, 2024 $ 8,131 The expense relating to the change in fair value of the warrant liability of $ 0.3 million and $ 16.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2024 respectively is included in other income (expense) in the statements of operations. ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures requires all entities to disclose the fair value of financial instruments, both assets and liabilities, for which it is practicable to estimate fair value. As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, the recorded values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximated fair value due to the short-term nature of the instruments. Cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities are Level 1 financial instruments. Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents. The cash and cash equivalents the Company uses to satisfy working capital and operating expense needs are held in accounts at various financial institutions. Cash balances may at times exceed federally insured limits. Cash and cash equivalents could be adversely impacted, including the loss of uninsured deposits and other uninsured financial assets, if one or more of the financial institutions in which the Company holds its cash or cash equivalents fails or is subject to other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets. No such losses have been incurred through June 30, 2024. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets Prepaid expenses and other current assets represent costs incurred that benefit future periods. These costs are amortized over specific time periods based on the agreements. Research and Development Expenses Substantially all the Company’s research and development expenses consist of expenses incurred in connection with the development of the Company’s product candidates. These expenses include fees paid to third parties to conduct certain research and development activities on the Company’s behalf, consulting costs, costs for laboratory supplies, product acquisition and license costs, certain payroll and personnel-related expenses, including salaries and bonuses, employee benefit costs and stock-based compensation expenses for the Company’s research and product development employees. The Company expenses both internal and external research and development expenses as they are incurred. 9 General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses represent personnel costs for employees involved in general corporate functions, including finance, accounting, legal and human resources, among others. Additional costs included in general and administrative expenses consist of professional fees for legal (including patent costs), audit and other consulting services, stock-based compensation and other general corporate overhead expenses as well as costs from a service agreement with a related party (See Note 7). Patent Costs The Company expenses all costs as incurred in connection with patent licenses and applications (including direct application fees, and the legal and consulting expenses related to making such applications) and such costs are reflected in general and administrative expenses in the statements of operations. Stock-Based Compensation The Company accounts for stock-based compensation for all share-based payments made to employees and non-employees by estimating the fair value on the date of grant and recognizing compensation expense over the requisite service period on a straight-line basis. The Company recognizes forfeitures related to stock-based compensation as they occur. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes model requires the input of subjective assumptions, including expected common stock volatility, expected dividend yield, expected term, risk-free interest rate, and the estimated fair value (prior to the Company’s initial public offering) or the public market closing price of the Company’s underlying common stock on the date of grant. Income Taxes The Company accounts for corporate income taxes in accordance with GAAP as stipulated in ASC, Topic 740, Income Taxes, (“ASC 740”). This standard entails the use of the asset and liability method of computing the provision for income tax expense. Current tax expense results from corporate tax payable at the Federal and California jurisdictions for the Company, which relates to the current accounting period. Deferred tax expense results primarily from temporary differences between financial statement and tax return reporting, which result in additional tax payable in future periods. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement basis and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates and law. Net future tax benefits are subject to a valuation allowance when management expects that it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current and non-current tax assets and liabilities are based upon an estimate of taxes refundable or payable for each of the jurisdictions in which the Company is subject to tax. In the ordinary course of business there is inherent uncertainty in quantifying income tax positions. The Company assess income tax positions and record the largest amount of tax benefit with a greater than 50 % likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is not more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit is recognized in the financial statements. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated the option to immediately deduct research and development expenditures in the year incurred under Section 174, which became effective January 1, 2022. We are monitoring legislation for any further changes to Section 174 and the impact, if any, to the financial statements in 2024. Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss includes all changes in equity (net assets) during a period from non-owner sources. There were no elements of other comprehensive income (loss) in the periods presented, as a result comprehensive loss is the same as net loss for each period presented. 10 Net Income (Loss) per Share Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share is presented in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. Basic and diluted net income (loss) for common stock and for preferred stock is computed by dividing the sum of distributed earnings and undistributed earnings for each class of stock by the weighted average number of shares outstanding for each class of stock for the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share includes potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period. See Note 14 for reconciliations of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share. Recent Accounting Pronouncements From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or other standard setting bodies and adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations upon adoption. In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires an enhanced disclosure of significant segment expenses on an annual and interim basis. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, the guidance should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our financial statements. The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (“ASC 326”), as of October 1, 2023. This new standard adds to U.S. GAAP an impairment model, known as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model, that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. Under the new guidance, an entity recognizes as an allowance its estimate of expected credit losses, which is intended to result in the timelier recognition of losses. Under the CECL model, entities estimate credit losses over the entire contractual term from the date of initial recognition of the financial instrument. As the Company does not currently have any trade receivables, there was no cumulative effect adjustment, and the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. Income Taxes Disclosures – In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” ASU 2023-09 requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for public entities with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements. 3. Significant Agreements With regards to manufacturing, testing and potential commercial supply of oxylanthanum carbonate, on October 31, 2020, the Company entered into an agreement with Shilpa Medicare Ltd (“Shilpa”) based in India. P ursuant to the Agreement, Shilpa provides certain development, manufacturing, supply and other CMC-related services related to the development and commercialization of oxylanthanum carbonate (“OLC”). In June 2024, the Company entered into the First Amendment to Manufacturing and Supply Agreement with Shilpa (the “Amendment”). The Company has entered into the Amendment in anticipation of an increased manufacturing demand for OLC. Pursuant to the Amendment, the Company has agreed to make a binding purchase order for tablets of OLC and Shilpa has agreed to deliver such order by June 30, 2025. In addition, the Company has agreed to order additional tablets for delivery between December 31, 2025, and June 30, 2026. Further, the Company has agreed to make certain milestone payments and to provide certain funding to Shilpa for a new manufacturing line. The initial term of the Agreement shall continue until the eighth (8th) anniversary of the date of receipt by the Company of FDA approval of its NDA of OLC (the “Initial Term”). Following the Initial Term, the Agreement shall continue in effect for consecutive periods of four (4) years each unless earlier terminated pursuant to the terms of the Agreement. In October 2017, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with Sphaera, a stockholder, for the rights to further develop the drug candidate, UNI 494, for commercialization. No payments were made upon execution of the agreement but payments for $ 50,000 will be due commencing with the initiation by the Company of a second clinical trial and $ 50,000 on completion of such trial. If the FDA accepts a NDA application submitted by the Company for the product, the Company will pay Sphaera $ 1.65 million. Upon commercialization and sale of the drug product, royalty payments will also be payable quarterly to Sphaera equal to 2 % of net sales on the preceding quarter. 11 In September 2018, the Company entered into an Assignment and Asset Purchase Agreement with Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Spectrum Agreement”) pursuant to which the Company purchased certain assets from Spectrum, including Spectrum’s right, title, interest in and intellectual property related to Renazorb RZB 012, also known as RENALAN™ (“Renalan”) and RZB 014, also known as SPI 014 (“SPI” and together with Renalan, the “Compounds”), to further develop and commercialize oxylanthanum carbonate and related compounds. In partial consideration for the Spectrum Agreement, the Company issued 313,663 shares of common stock to Spectrum valued at approximately $ 4,000 which represented four percent of the Company on a fully-diluted basis at the date of the execution of the Spectrum Agreement. The Spectrum Agreement has an anti-dilution provision, which provides that Spectrum maintain its ownership interest in the Company at 4 % of the Company’s shares on a fully-diluted basis. Fully-diluted shares of common stock for purposes of the oxylanthanum carbonate Purchase Agreement assumes conversion of any security convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for common stock or any combination thereof, including any common stock reserved for issuance under a stock option plan, restricted stock plan, or other equity incentive plan approved by the Board of Directors of the Company immediately following the issuance of additional shares of the Company’s common stock (but prior to the issuance of any additional shares of common stock to Spectrum). Spectrum’s ownership shall not be subject to dilution until the earlier of thirty-six months from the first date the Company’s stock trades on a public market, or the date upon which the Company attains a public market capitalization of at least $ 50 million. On July 13, 2021, the Company’s initial public offering resulted in a public market capitalization of at least $ 50 million, and as a result the Company was required to issue 438,374 anti-dilution shares of common stock. This issuance represented the final anti-dilution calculation required under the Spectrum Agreement, and no further anti-dilution shares will be issued. The Company calculated the fair value of the shares and recognized $ 2.2 million to research and development expenses as cost to issue those shares during the third quarter of 2021. In the event an NDA filing for oxylanthanum carbonate is accepted by the FDA, the Company will be required to pay $ 0.2 million to Altair Nanomaterials, Inc., (“Altair”) in accordance with the Spectrum Agreement. In addition, in the event FDA approval for oxylanthanum carbonate is received, the Company will be required to pay $ 4.5 million to Altair. The Company is also required to pay Spectrum 40 % of all the Company’s sublicense income for any sublicense granted to certain sublicensees during the first 12 months after the Closing Date (as that term is defined in the Spectrum Agreement) and 20 % of all other sublicense income. The Company’s payment obligations to Spectrum will expire on the twentieth (20th) anniversary of the Closing Date of the Spectrum Agreement. In August 2022, the Company received an upfront payment of approximately $ 1.0 million resulting from a sublicense development agreement with Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Limited. In February 2023, the Company received an upfront payment of approximately $ 0.7 million resulting from a sublicense development agreement with Lotus International Pte Ltd. The payment represents sublicense income as described in the Spectrum Agreement, and 20 % of the amount received has been accrued as an R&D expense in the accompanying statements of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2023. On July 19, 2021, the Company entered into an agreement with Syneos Health LLC (“Syneos”) pursuant to which Syneos will provide preclinical research and analysis services related to the development of UNI-494. The initial budget for the study, which includes clinical pharmacology, translational sciences, and bioanalytical services, was approximately $ 2.3 million. Approximately $ 2.0 million has been paid to Syneos and the research was completed during 2023. On January 6, 2022, the Company entered into a Master Services Agreement with Quotient Sciences Limited (“Quotient”), a UK based company that provides drug development and analysis services, for the purpose of performing clinical research in support of UNI-494. The initial budget for the study is approximately $ 3.7 million, and subsequent revisions reduced the overall budget to $ 2.9 million. Related payments totaling approximately $ 2.8 million have been paid to Quotient as of June 30, 2024, approximately $ 2.7 million of related expense has been recorded, and approximately $ 0.6 million and $ 0.8 million has been recorded as prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, respectively. On February 9, 2022, the Company entered into a Master Services Agreement with CBCC Global Research Inc. (“CBCC”), a California based company that provides clinical trial and related services, for the purpose of performing clinical research in support of oxylanthanum carbonate. The budget for the initial study was approximately $ 1.4 million. Payments relating to the initial agreement totaling approximately $ 0.4 million have been paid to CBCC as of March 31, 2023, and approximately $ 0.4 million of related expense has been recorded. In September 2022, a statement of work revised the remaining services budget to approximately $ 0.1 million, and the research was completed as of March 31, 2023. On June 29, 2022, the Company entered into an Agreement with Inotiv, an Indiana based company that provides preclinical trial and related services, for the purpose of performing research in support of oxylanthanum carbonate. On April 10, 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with Inotiv that provides preclinical trial and related services, for the purpose of performing research in support of UNI-494. The budget for these services is approximately $ 2.9 million. Approximately $ 2.9 million has been paid to Inotiv as of June 30, 2024 and approximately $ 0.3 million and $ 0.1 million has been recorded as prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, respectively. 12 On July 14, 2022, the Company entered into a license agreement with Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Limited (see Note 4). Under the terms of the agreement, Lee’s Pharmaceutical will be responsible for development, registration filing and approval for oxylanthanum carbonate in China, Hong Kong, and certain other Asian markets. In addition, Lee’s Pharmaceutical will have sole responsibility for the importation of the drug product from the Company and for the costs of commercialization of oxylanthanum carbonate in the licensed territories. The Company has received an upfront payment of $ 1.0 million, expects to receive up to $ 1.0 million in milestone payments upon product launch in China and will be eligible for tiered royalties of between 7 % and 10 % upon achievement of prespecified regulatory and commercial achievements. On July 27, 2022, the Company entered into an Agreement with Celerion, a Nebraska based company that provides clinical trial and related services, for the purpose of performing research in support of oxylanthanum carbonate. The budget for the services is approximately $ 2.7 million, and approximately $ 2.7 million has been paid to Celerion as of December 31, 2023, and the research was completed during 2023. On February 1, 2023, the Company entered into a license agreement with Lotus International Pte Ltd. (“Lotus”) (see Note 4). Under the terms of the agreement, Lotus will be responsible for development, registration filing and approval for oxylanthanum carbonate in the licensed territory of South Korea. In addition, Lotus will have sole responsibility for the importation of the drug product from the Company and for the costs of commercialization of oxylanthanum carbonate in the licensed territory. The Company has received an upfront payment of $ 0.7 million, may receive up to $ 3.7 million in future milestone payments and will be eligible for tiered royalties upon achievement of specified commercial achievements. On June 29, 2023 and October 26, 2023, the Company entered into services agreements with Shilpa Medicare Ltd related to NDA filing support for oxylanthanum carbonate. The agreements provide for total payments of up to $ 3.7 million, and the Company has made $ 3.0 million in payments pursuant to the agreements as of June 30, 2024. 4. Licensing Revenues On July 14, 2022, the Company entered into a license agreement (the “Lee’s Agreement”) with Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Limited (“Lee’s”). Under the terms of the agreement, Lee’s Pharmaceutical will be responsible for development, registration filing and approval for oxylanthanum carbonate in China, Hong Kong, and certain other Asian markets. In addition, Lee’s will have sole responsibility for the importation of the drug product from the Company and for the costs of commercialization of oxylanthanum carbonate in the licensed territories. Both parties agreed to enter into a separate manufacturing and supply agreement whereby Unicycive will supply Lee’s with oxylanthanum carbonate product. The Company has received an upfront payment of approximately $ 1.0 million, expects to receive up to $ 1.0 million in milestone payments upon product launch in China and will be eligible for tiered royalties of between 7 % and 10 % upon achievement of prespecified regulatory and commercial achievements. The Company has evaluated the Lee’s Agreement in accordance with ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”) and ASC 606. The Company first assessed whether the contractual arrangement is within the scope of ASC 808 which defines a collaborative arrangement as a contractual arrangement that involves a joint operating activity. Under ASC 606, the counterparty is considered a customer only if it is acquiring goods or services that are an output of the entity’s “ordinary activities”. The Lee’s Agreement is consistent with the Company’s current ongoing operations, which is an operating model adopted by many early-stage biotech companies. The license portion of the contract as well as the future potential transactions under a manufacturing and supply agreement both represent a vendor-customer relationship. The Company does not believe that its promise to provide goods under a future manufacturing and supply agreement represents a material right to Lee’s, and therefore the promise does not represent a current performance obligation. The Company has concluded the agreement contains one performance obligation – the IP license. ASC 606 indicates that constrained variable consideration should be included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Variable considerations consisting of milestone payments and sales-based royalties may be received based on the completion of certain clinical, regulatory, and commercial activities. The Company has concluded that the future milestone payments should be excluded from the transaction price due to the uncertainty of achievement as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024. The Company will reassess this conclusion at each reporting date until the uncertainties are resolved. 13 For the sales-based royalty payments, guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue for a sales-based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property only when the later of 1) the subsequent sale or usage occurs, or 2) the performance obligation to which some or all the sales-based or usage-based royalty has been allocated has been satisfied or partially satisfied. The Company has concluded that the future sales-based royalties should be excluded from the transaction price as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024. The Company will reassess this conclusion at each reporting date. The Company has concluded that at contract inception the total transaction price is the $ 1.0 million upfront fee. The Company has concluded that the license of the oxylanthanum carbonate IP is functional IP as it contains all the necessary information for Lee’s to develop for commercialization in the Territory. Unicycive’s ongoing activities do not significantly affect the standalone functionality of the IP. In addition, the functionality of the IP is not expected to substantially change during the license period based on Unicycive’s activities. The revenue should therefore be recognized at a point in time. This intellectual property was transferred to Lee’s in July 2022. On February 1, 2023, the Company entered into a license agreement (the “Lotus Agreement”) with Lotus International Pte Ltd. (“Lotus”). Under the terms of the agreement, Lotus will be responsible for development, registration filing and approval for oxylanthanum carbonate in the licensed territory of South Korea. In addition, Lotus will have sole responsibility for the importation of the drug product from the Company and for the costs of commercialization of oxylanthanum carbonate in the licensed territory. The Company has agreed to complete development of the drug product, at its own expense, as required for obtaining regulatory approval in the U.S. Both parties agreed to enter into a separate manufacturing and supply agreement whereby Unicycive will supply Lotus with oxylanthanum carbonate product. The Company has received an upfront payment of $ 0.7 million, may receive up to $ 3.7 million in future milestone payments and will be eligible for tiered royalties upon achievement of specified commercial achievements. The Company has evaluated the Lotus Agreement in accordance with ASC 808 and ASC 606. The Company first assessed whether the contractual arrangement is within the scope of ASC 808 which defines a collaborative arrangement as a contractual arrangement that involves a joint operating activity. Under ASC 606, the counterparty is considered a customer only if it is acquiring goods or services that are an output of the entity’s “ordinary activities”. The Lotus Agreement is consistent with the Company’s current ongoing operations, which is an operating model adopted by many early-stage biotech companies. The license portion of the contract as well as the future potential transactions under a manufacturing and supply agreement both represent a vendor-customer relationship. The Company does not believe that its promise to provide goods under a future manufacturing and supply agreement represents a material right to Lotus, and therefore the promise does not represent a current performance obligation. The Company evaluated the development services and concluded that although not material in cost, they are highly interrelated with the license grant. If a promised good or service is not distinct, an entity is required to combine that good or service with other promised goods or services until it identifies a bundle of goods or services that is distinct. The combination of the license grant and development services is distinct as Lotus plans to use the product of this bundled unit for developing its regulatory applications. The Company concluded that the Lotus agreement contains one performance obligation, the bundle of the license grant and development services. ASC 606 indicates that constrained variable consideration should be included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Variable considerations consisting of milestone payments and sales-based royalties may be received based on the completion of certain clinical, regulatory, and commercial activities. The Company has concluded that the future milestone payments should be excluded from the transaction price due to the uncertainty of achievement as of June 30, 2024. The Company will reassess this conclusion at each reporting date until the uncertainties are resolved. 14 For the sales-based royalty payments, guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue for a sales-based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property only when the later of 1) the subsequent sale or usage occurs, or 2) the performance obligation to which some or all the sales-based or usage-based royalty has been allocated has been satisfied or partially satisfied. The Company has concluded that the future sales-based royalties should be excluded from the transaction price as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024. The Company will reassess this conclusion at each reporting date. The Company has concluded that at contract inception the total transaction price is $ 675,000 amount of the upfront payment. ASC 606 generally requires an entity to allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in proportion to their standalone selling prices (i.e., on a relative standalone selling price basis). The Company identified the bundle of the license grant and development services as the single performance obligation in the agreement. The $ 675,000 initial transaction price will therefore be entirely allocated to this obligation. The Company has concluded that the license of the oxylanthanum carbonate IP is functional IP. However, since it is not distinct, revenue must be recognized based on the combination of the functional IP and the related development services. Lotus will not simultaneously receive and consume the benefits of the oxylanthanum carbonate IP or development services. Since the performance of the development services creates an asset that will also be used by the Company and can be licensed to other customers outside of the Territory, the Company is considered to control the asset as it is created, and it does create an asset with an alternative use. Therefore, the Company concluded that control is not deemed to be transferred over time and is instead transferred at a point in time. The intellectual property was transferred to Lotus in February 2023, and the development services were determined to be immaterial to the contract. The Company has recognized a total of $ 675,000 in the accompanying statements of operations as licensing revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023. 5. Balance Sheet Components Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands): As of As of December 31, June 30, 2023 2024 Prepaid directors’ and officers’ liability insurance premiums $ 270 15 Prepaid preclinical services 3,103 1,665 Other 325 594 Total $ 3,698 2,274 Property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands): As of As of December 31, June 30, 2023 2024 Leasehold improvements $ 21 21 Furniture and fixtures 21 21 Lab Equipment - 26 Subtotal 42 68 Less accumulated depreciation ( 16 ) ( 25 ) Net $ 26 43 15 Accounts payable as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands): As of As of December 31, June 30, 2023 2024 Trade accounts payable $ 821 1,376 Credit card liability 18 96 Total $ 839 1,472 Accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands): As of As of December 31, June 30, 2023 2024 Accrued labor costs $ 1,917 $ 978 Accrued drug development costs 1,034 2,023 Other 283 121 Total $ 3,234 $ 3,122 6. Operating Lease The Company leases office space under an operating lease. In December 2021, the Company entered into a lease agreement for 2,367 square feet of office space commencing December 1, 2021. The initial lease term was for two years , and there was an option to extend the lease for an additional year. On March 3, 2023, the Company expanded its leased space through a lease amendment by an additional 2,456 square feet commencing March 15, 2023. The term of the amended lease is for three years with an option to extend the lease for three additional years . The lease amendment represents a modification of the original lease, and the Company evaluated the new agreement under ASC 842, Leases. The Company classified the lease as an operating lease and, on March 15, 2023, determined that the present value of the lease was approximately $ 1.0 million using an estimated incremental borrowing rate of 10 %. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company reflected amortization of right-of-use asset of approximately $ 162,000 , resulting in a right of use asset balance of approximately $ 0.6 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company made cash payments on the lease of $ 194,000 towards the lease liabilities. As of June 30, 2024, the total lease liability was approximately $ 0.6 million. As of June 30, 2024, maturities of the Company’s lease liabilities are as follows (in thousands, unaudited): Operating Lease Year ending December 31, 2024 197 Year ending December 31, 2025 424 Year ending December 31, 2026 72 Total lease payments 693 Less imputed interest rate / present value discount ( 59 ) Present value of lease liability 634 Less current portion ( 360 ) Long term portion $ 274 7. Related Party Transactions Loan from Chief Executive Officer and Stockholder The Company received advances from the stockholder of $ 210,000 during February 2023. The Company repaid amounts owed to the stockholder of $ 210,000 plus accrued interest during March 2023. 16 8. Commitments and Contingencies Contingencies The Company is subject to claims and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. Such matters are inherently uncertain, and there can be no guarantee that the outcome of any such matter will be decided favorably to the Company or that the resolution of any such matter will not have a material adverse effect upon the Company’s financial statements. The Company currently has no pending claims or legal proceedings. In December 2022, the Company signed an advisory services agreement with Maxim Group LLC (“Maxim”) pursuant to which the Company will pay Maxim $ 100,000 upon the closing of a private placement of the Company’s equity or equity-linked securities. Maxim provided advisory services with respect to a private placement securities purchase agreement with certain healthcare-focused institutional investors, which closed in March of 2023. The Company paid the $ 100,000 advisory fee in March 2023. Indemnification In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnifications, including for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, in connection with any trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to its technology. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual any time after the execution of the agreement. The Company’s exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future, but that have not yet been made. To date, the Company has not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to its indemnification obligations. The Company believes that the likelihood of conditions arising that would trigger these indemnities is remote and, historically, the Company had not made any significant payment under such indemnification provisions. Accordingly, the Company has not recorded any liabilities relating to these agreements. However, the Company may record charges in the future as a result of these indemnification obligations. Additionally, the Company has agreed to indemnify its directors and officers for certain events or occurrences while the director or officer is, or was serving, at the Company’s request in such capacity. The indemnification period covers all pertinent events and occurrences during the director’s or officer’s service. Employee Benefit Plan In December 2021, the Company implemented a 401(k) Plan which covers all eligible employees of the Company (the “401(k) Plan”). Employer matching contributions are immediately 100 % vested. The Company’s 401(k) Plan provides that the Company match each participant’s contribution at 100 % up to 4 % of the employee’s eligible compensation. Company contributions to the 401(k) Plan totaled approximately $ 107,000 and $ 72,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and for the six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. 9. Stockholders’ Deficit Authorized Common Stock The Company is authorized to issue up to 400,000,000 shares of common stock at par value of $ 0.001 per share. Issuance of Common Stock and Warrants from Initial Public Offering During July 2021, as a result of its initial public offering, the Company issued 5,000,000 shares of common stock and 4,000,000 warrants to investors in exchange for cash at $ 5.00 per unit, consisting of $ 4.99 per share of common stock and $ .0125 per four fifths of a warrant. The warrants have a 5 -year term and an exercise price of $ 6.00 per warrant. The underwriters exercised their option to purchase an additional 600,000 warrants, and the Company received $ 7,500 in proceeds. 17 As a result of the initial public offering, the Company’s outstanding convertible notes and unpaid accrued interest were converted into 736,773 shares of common stock. Additionally, in accordance with the original terms of the warrant agreements convertible noteholders were granted a total of 184,193 common stock warrants with a 5 -year term and with an exercise price of $ 6.00 per warrant. The warrants from the initial public offering are equity classified. The following table summarizes activity for the Company’s IPO warrants for the six months ended June 30, 2024: Weighted- Number of Average Shares Weighted- Remaining Aggregate Underlying Average Contractual Intrinsic Outstanding Exercise Term Value Warrants Price (in Years) (in thousands) Outstanding, December 31, 2023 4,784,193 6.00 2.54 - Warrants granted - - - - Warrants exercised - - - - Outstanding, June 30, 2024 4,784,193 6.00 2.04 - See Note 12 for information on preferred stock warrants associated with our sale in March of Series A-1 Preferred Stock. Issuance of Common Stock Upon Conversion of Series A-1 Preferred Stock On June 26, 2023, the Company held its annual shareholder meeting and, as a result, shareholder approval for the issuance of common shares upon the conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock was obtained (see Notes 10 and 11). On July 11, 2023, pursuant to the Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series A Convertible Voting Preferred Stock (the “Series A Certificate of Designation”), the Company issued a total of 19,516,205 shares of common stock and 43,649 Series A-2 Preferred Stock in settlement of the auto-conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock. Voting Rights of Common Stock Each holder of shares of common stock shall be entitled to one vote for each share thereof held. Note 10. Issuance of Series A-1 Preferred Stock As of December 31, 2022, the Company had 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized, par value of $ 0.001 per share, and no shares of preferred stock were issued or outstanding. As of March 31, 2023, as a result of the Company’s private placement financing, there were 30,190 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock issued and outstanding. On March 3, 2023, the Company issued and sold, in a private placement, 30,190 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock for an aggregate net proceeds of $ 28.0 million (the “Preferred Stock Offering”), net of placement agent fees and offering expenses of $ 2.2 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the Preferred Stock Offering to support the Company’s New Drug Application (NDA) submission for approval of oxylanthanum carbonate for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia and, if approved, for the commercial launch of oxylanthanum carbonate in the U.S. Pursuant to the Series A Certificate of Designation, as of March 3, 2023, each share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock was, subject to approval of the Company’s stockholders, convertible into a unit (“Unit”) consisting of: (i) shares of common stock of the Company and, if applicable, shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, in lieu of common stock, (ii) a tranche A warrant to acquire approximately 46,675,940 shares (excluding deemed dividends) of Series A-3 Preferred Stock (the “Tranche A Warrant”), (iii) a tranche B warrant to acquire approximately 42,432,672 shares (excluding deemed dividends) of Series A-4 Preferred Stock (the “Tranche B Warrant”), and (iv) a tranche C warrant to acquire approximately 67,892,276 shares (excluding deemed dividends) of Series A-5 Preferred Stock (the “Tranche C Warrant”, together with the Tranche A Warrant and the Tranche B Warrant, the “Warrants”). The Tranche A Warrant, for an aggregate exercise price of approximately $ 25 million, is exercisable until 21 days following the Company’s announcement of receipt of FDA approval for oxylanthanum carbonate, the Tranche B Warrant, for an aggregate exercise price of approximately $ 25 million, is exercisable until 21 days following the Company’s announcement of receipt of Transitional Drug Add-On Payment Adjustment (“TDAPA”) approval for oxylanthanum carbonate, and the Tranche C Warrant for an aggregate exercise price of approximately $ 50 million is exercisable until 21 days following four quarters of commercial sales of oxylanthanum carbonate following receipt of TDAPA approval. 18 The Company has designated 30,190 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, 1,800,000 shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, 1,800,000 shares of Series A-3 Preferred Stock, 1,800,000 shares of Series A-4 Preferred Stock, and 3,600,000 shares of Series A-5 Preferred Stock, together the “Series A Preferred Stock”. The Series A Preferred Stock has a par value of $ 0.001 per share. The Series A Certificate of Designation states that, to the extent that the conversion of the Series A-1 preferred stock as well as the exercise of the Warrants into Series A-2, Series A-3, Series A-4, and Series A-5 preferred stock results in a beneficial ownership interest in excess of the maximum percentage of common stock upon conversion, the holders will receive the as converted equivalent for the remaining shares in preferred stock. The Company determined that the Warrants are freestanding from the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, because the stock will automatically convert into shares of common stock, and the holders will be able to sell those shares while retaining the Warrants. The Company noted that at contract inception, the Warrants were contingently issuable upon the occurrence of a specified event (shareholder approval). In connection with the Series A-1 Preferred Stock issuance, the Company recognized liabilities for the associated Warrants, which had an aggregate fair value of $ 2.8 million at the time of issuance. Offering costs of $ 0.2 million were allocated to the Warrants and expensed during March 2023. The fair value of the Warrants was accounted for as a reduction to the net proceeds of the Preferred Stock Offering, which resulted in an initial carrying value of $ 25.4 million for the Series A-1 Preferred Stock (net of $ 2.0 million of placement agent fees and offering costs allocated to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock). Refer to Note 12 for disclosures related to the Warrants. On June 26, 2023, the Company held its annual shareholder meeting and, as a result, shareholder approval for the conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock was obtained. On July 11, 2023, pursuant to the Series A Certificate of Designation, the Company issued 19,516,205 shares of common stock (see Note 9) and 43,649 shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock in partial settlement of the auto-conversion of the Series A-1 preferred shares. As of December 31, 2023, there were zero shares of Series A-1 preferred stock issued and outstanding and there were 43,649 shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock issued and outstanding. The Series A-2, A-3, A-4, and A-5 Preferred Stock have the following rights: Dividends: While shares of Series A Preferred Stock are issued and outstanding, holders of Series A Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, and the Corporation shall pay, dividends on shares of Series A Preferred Stock equal (on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock basis) and in the same form as dividends(other than dividends in the form of Common Stock) actually paid on shares of the Common Stock when, as and if such dividends are paid on shares of the Common Stock. Voting: Holders of the Series A-2, A-3, A-4, and A-5 Preferred Stock are entitled to vote together with the common stock on an as-if-converted-to-common-stock basis as determined by dividing the liquidation preference with respect to such shares of Preferred Stock by the conversion price. Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. Accordingly, holders of Series A Preferred Stock will be entitled to one vote for each whole share of Common Stock into which their Series A Preferred Stock is then-convertible on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. At the option of the holder thereof, each share of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, Series A-3 Preferred Stock, Series A-4 Preferred Stock, or Series A-5 Preferred Stock shall be convertible into one share of common stock. 19 Exchange Agreement On March 13, 2024, the Company entered into an exchange agreement (the “Exchange Agreement”) with certain accredited investors (the “Investors”), pursuant to which the Investors surrendered all shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock held by them in exchange for an aggregate of 21,388.01 shares of new preferred stock to be known as “Series A-2 Prime Preferred” (the “Exchanged Preferred”) having rights set forth the Amended and Restated Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series A Convertible Voting Preferred Stock (the “Amended Series A Certificate of Designation”). Concurrent with execution of the Exchange Agreement, but prior to filing of the Amended Series A Certificate of Designation with the Delaware Secretary of State, the Company filed Certificates of Elimination for each of its Series A-1 Preferred Stock, Series A-2 Preferred Stock, Series A-3 Preferred Stock, Series A-4 Preferred Stock and Series A-5 Preferred Stock (collectively, the “Certificates of Elimination”) with the Delaware Secretary of State. Concurrent with the execution of the Exchange Agreement, the Company and each Investor have amended and restated the following warrants: (i) tranche A warrants to acquire an aggregate of 47,852,430 shares of Series A-3 Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company that were issued on July 11 2023 (the “Original Tranche A Warrants”) have been amended and restated to acquire an aggregate of 25,840.3122 shares of Series A-3 Convertible Preferred Stock (as amended, the “Amended Tranche A Warrants”); (ii) tranche B warrants to acquire an aggregate of 43,502,206 shares of Series A-4 Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company that were issued on July 11, 2023 (the “Original Tranche B Warrants”) have been amended and restated to acquire an aggregate of 25,666.30154 shares of Series A-4 Convertible Preferred Stock (as amended, the “Amended Tranche B Warrants”) and (iii) tranche C warrants to acquire an aggregate of 69,603,531 shares of Series A-5 Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company that were issued on July 11, 2023(the “Original Tranche C Warrants”, and together with the Original Tranche A Warrants and Tranche B Warrants, the “Original Warrants”) have been amended and restated to acquire 51,506.61294 shares of Series A-5 Convertible Preferred Stock (as amended, the “Amended Tranche C Warrants,” together with the Amended Tranche A Warrants and the Amended Tranche B Warrants, the “Amended Warrants”). The Amended Warrants have the same terms and conditions as the original warrants except that such Amended Warrants: (i) reduced the amount of shares of Series A-3 Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A-4 Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A-5 Convertible Preferred Stock into which such Amended Warrants are convertible as described above; (ii) allow for the issuance of fractional shares of Series A-3 Preferred Stock, Series A-4 Preferred Stock and Series A-5 Preferred Stock, as applicable upon exercise of such Amended Warrants and (ii) revised the exercise price to be $ 1,000 per share of Series A-3 Preferred Stock, Series A-4 Preferred Stock and Series A-5 Preferred Stock, as applicable in such Amended Warrants. The aggregate exercise price, the amount of shares of Common Stock upon conversion of the Series A-3 Preferred Stock, the Series A-4 Preferred Stock and the Series A-5 Preferred Stock and exercise period in the Amended Warrants did not change from the Original Warrants. Subject to the terms and limitations contained in the Amended Series A Certificate of Designation, each share of Series A-2 Prime Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A-3 Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A-4 Convertible Preferred Stock or Series A-5 Convertible Preferred Stock are convertible into a number shares of Common Stock obtained by dividing the Original Per Share Price ($ 1,000 ) of each such share of Series A-2 Prime Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A-3 Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A-4 Convertible Preferred Stock or Series A-5 Convertible Preferred Stock by the applicable conversion price of $ 0.49 , $ 0.54 , $ 0.59 and $ 0.74 of each such share of Series A-2 Prime Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A-3 Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A-4 Convertible Preferred Stock or Series A-5 Convertible Preferred Stock, respectively. Pursuant to the terms of the Exchange Agreement, effective March 13, 2024, the Company filed the Amended Certificate of Designation with the Delaware Secretary of State designating, 21,400 shares as Series A-2 Prime Preferred Stock, 25,900 shares as Series A-3 Convertible Preferred Stock, 25,700 shares as Series A-4 Convertible Preferred Stock, and 51,600 shares as Series A-5 Convertible Preferred Stock (all such series of preferred stock referred to herein collectively as “Series A Preferred Stock”), each with a stated value of $ 1,000 per share (the “Original Per Share Price”). The Amended Certificate of Designation sets forth the rights, preferences and limitations of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock. Terms not otherwise defined in this item shall have the meanings given in the Amended Certificate of Designation. The Amended Certificate of Designation was filed with an effective date of March 14, 2024. 20 The following is a summary of terms of the Series A Preferred Stock under the Amended Series A Certificate of Designation: Dividends. At all times following the Issuance Date, while shares of Series A Preferred Stock are issued and outstanding, holders of Series A Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, and the Company shall pay, dividends on shares of Series A Preferred Stock equal (on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock basis and without regard to any limitations on conversion set forth herein or otherwise) to and in the same form as dividends (other than dividends in the form of Common Stock, which shall be made in accordance with the terms of the Amended Certificate of Designation) actually paid on shares of the Common Stock when, as and if such dividends (other than dividends in the form of Common Stock, which shall be made in accordance with the terms of the Amended Certificate of Designation) are paid on shares of the Common Stock. Voting Rights. Subject to certain limitations described in the Amended Certificate of Designation, the Series A Preferred Stock is voting stock. Holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to vote together with the Common Stock on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock basis. Holders of Common Stock are entitled to one vote for each share of Common Stock held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. Accordingly, holders of Series A Preferred Stock will be entitled to one vote for each whole share of Common Stock into which their Series A Preferred Stock is then-convertible on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. Liquidation. Upon any Liquidation, the assets of the Company available for distribution to its stockholders shall be distributed among the holders of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock and Common Stock, pro rata based on the number of shares held by each such holder, treating for this purpose all shares of Series A Preferred Stock as if they had been converted to Common Stock pursuant to the terms of the Amended Certificate of Designation immediately prior to such Liquidation, without regard to any limitations on conversion set forth in the Amended Certificate of Designation or otherwise. Conversion. Subject to the limitations set forth in the Amended Certificate of Designation, at the option of the holder, each share of Series A-2 Prime Preferred Stock, Series A-3 Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A-4 Convertible Preferred Stock or Series A-5 Convertible Preferred Stock shall be convertible into a number shares of Common Stock obtained by dividing the Original Per Share Price ($ 1,000 ) of each such share of Series A-2 Prime Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A-3 Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A-4 Convertible Preferred Stock or Series A-5 Convertible Preferred Stock by the applicable conversion price of $ 0.49 , $ 0.54 , $ 0.59 and $ 0.74 for the Series A-2 Prime Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A-3 Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A-4 Convertible Preferred Stock or Series A-5 Convertible Preferred Stock, respectively. Note 11. Issuance of Series B-1 Preferred Stock On March 13, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain accredited investors (the “Investors”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement (the “Offering”), 50,000 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $ 0.001 per share (the “Series B-1 Preferred Stock”), at a purchase price of $ 1,000 per share with an initial conversion price of $ 1.00 per share, subject to adjustment (the “Conversion Price”), for an aggregate gross offering price of $ 50 million. The Company received net proceeds of $ 46.2 million (net of issuance costs). Pursuant to the Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series B Certificate of Designation”), each share of Series B-1 Preferred Stock is, subject to the Stockholder Approval (as defined below), convertible into shares of common stock of the Company (the “Common Stock”) and, if applicable, shares of Series B-2 Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company (“Series B-2 Preferred Stock”) in an amount of shares equal to the Liquidation Preference (as defined below) divided by the Conversion Price. Dividends will accrue, on all issued and outstanding shares of Series B-1 Preferred Stock, prior to and in preference to all other shares of capital stock of the Company, at an annual rate of eight percent ( 8 %) compounded annually on the Original Per Share Price (plus any such accreted compounded amounts); provided that such annual dividend rate shall increase to fourteen percent ( 14 %) if the Stockholder Approval is not obtained at the first meeting of stockholders following the Issuance Date (collectively, the “Accruing Dividends”). Such Accruing Dividends are to be paid monthly (including for any partial months) on the last day of each month beginning in the month of the Issuance Date according to the wiring instructions provided by the Holder. 21 At all times following the Issuance Date, while shares of Series B Preferred Stock are issued and outstanding, holders of Series B Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, and the Company shall pay, dividends on shares of Series B Preferred Stock equal (on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock basis and without regard to any limitations on conversion set forth herein or otherwise) to and in the same form as dividends (other than dividends in the form of Common Stock, which shall be made in accordance with the terms of the Series B Certificate of Designation) actually paid on shares of the Common Stock when, as and if such dividends (other than dividends in the form of Common Stock, which shall be made in accordance with the terms of the Series B Certificate of Designation) are paid on shares of the Common Stock. Subject to certain limitations described in the Series B Certificate of Designation, the Series B Preferred Stock is voting stock. Holders of the Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to vote together with the Common Stock on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock basis. Holders of Common Stock are entitled to one vote for each share of Common Stock held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. Accordingly, holders of Series B Preferred Stock will be entitled to one vote for each whole share of Common Stock into which their Series B Preferred Stock is then-convertible on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. Unless and until the Company has obtained the Stockholder Approval, the number of shares of Common Stock that shall be deemed issued upon conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock (for purposes of calculating the number of aggregate votes that the holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to on an as-converted basis) will be equal to that number of shares equal to 19.9 % of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock as of the Signing Date (excluding for purposes of the calculation, any securities issued on the Signing Date) (the “Cap”), which each such holder being able to vote the number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock held by it relative to the total number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock then outstanding multiplied by the Cap. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock are not entitled to vote together with the Common Stock on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock-basis with regard to the approval of the issuance of Common Stock upon conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock. In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, including a change of control transaction, or Deemed Liquidation Event (any such event, a “Liquidation”) the holders of shares of Series B Preferred Stock then outstanding shall be entitled to be paid out of the assets of the Company available for distribution to its stockholders, and in the event of a Deemed Liquidation Event, the holders of shares of Series B Preferred Stock then outstanding shall be entitled to be paid out of the consideration payable to stockholders in such Deemed Liquidation Event or the other proceeds available for distribution to stockholders, before any payment shall be made to the holders of any other shares of capital stock of the Company by reason of their ownership thereof, an amount per share equal to the greater of (i) one times (1x) the Original Per Share Price, plus any Accruing Dividends accrued but unpaid thereon, whether or not declared, together with any other dividends declared but unpaid thereon (the “Liquidation Preference”) or (ii) such amount per share as would have been payable had all shares of Series B Preferred Stock been converted into Common Stock (without regard to any limitations on conversion set forth in the Series B Certificate of Designation or otherwise) immediately prior to such Liquidation (the amount payable pursuant to this sentence is hereinafter referred to as the “Series B Liquidation Amount”). If upon any such Liquidation, the assets of the Company available for distribution to its stockholders shall be insufficient to pay the holders of shares of Series B Preferred Stock the full Liquidation Preference, the holders of shares of Series B Preferred Stock shall share ratably in any distribution of the assets available for distribution in proportion to the respective amounts which would otherwise be payable in respect of the shares held by them upon such distribution if all amounts payable on or with respect to such shares were paid in full. After the payment in full of all Series B Liquidation Amount, the remaining assets of the Company available for distribution to its stockholders or, in the case of a Deemed Liquidation Event, the consideration not payable to the holders of shares of Series B Preferred Stock pursuant to the Series B Certificate of Designation shall be distributed among the holders of shares of Common Stock, pro rata based on the number of shares held by each such holder. Following the Stockholder Approval, upon any Liquidation, the assets of the Company available for distribution to its stockholders shall be distributed among the holders of the shares of Series B Preferred Stock and Common Stock, pro rata based on the number of shares held by each such holder, treating for this purpose all shares of Series B Preferred Stock as if they had been converted to Common Stock pursuant to the terms of the Series B Certificate of Designation immediately prior to such Liquidation, without regard to any limitations on conversion set forth in the Series B Certificate of Designation or otherwise. 22 Subject to the terms and limitations contained in the Series B Certificate of Designation, the Series B-1 Preferred Stock issued in the Private Placement will not become convertible until the Company’s stockholders approve the issuance of Common Stock upon conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock (as defined below) in excess of 19.99 % of the Common Stock outstanding on the closing date (the “Stockholder Approval”). On the tenth (10th) Trading Day (as defined in the Series B Certificate of Designation) following the announcement of the Stockholder Approval, each share of Series B-1 Preferred Stock shall automatically convert into Common Stock and if applicable, Series B-2 Preferred Stock. Subject to the limitations set forth in the Series B Certificate of Designation, at the option of the holder, each share of Series B-2 Preferred Stock shall be convertible into shares of Common Stock in an amount of shares equal to the Liquidation Preference (as defined below) divided by the Conversion Price. The Corporation shall, as soon as practicable following the Issuance Date, but not more than sixty (60) days thereafter, file a preliminary proxy statement for a vote of its stockholders to approve the issuance of Common Stock upon conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock in excess of the Cap (the “Proposal”). Issuance of Common Stock Upon Conversion of Series B-1 Preferred Stock On June 20, 2024, the Company held its annual shareholder meeting and, as a result, shareholder approval for the conversion of the Series B-1 Preferred Stock was obtained. On July 5, 2024, pursuant to the Series B Certificate of Designation, the Company issued 42,118,000 shares of common stock and 7,882 shares of Series B-2 Preferred Stock in settlement of the auto-conversion of the Series B-1 preferred shares. As of June 30, 2024, there were 50,000 shares of Series B-1 Preferred Stock issued and outstanding and there were zero shares of Series B-2 Preferred Stock issued and outstanding. 12. Warrant Liability In connection with the Series A Preferred Stock Offering (see Note 10), the Company issued the Warrants. After the Warrants were legally issued as a result of the automatic conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock upon shareholder approval, they became immediately exercisable at the option of the holder. The Company determined that the Warrants, while initially contingently issuable, qualified as derivative instruments pursuant to ASC 815-40, Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity and that the Warrants were considered issued for accounting purposes concurrently with the Series A-1 Preferred Stock. On June 26, 2023, the Company held its annual shareholder meeting, and as a result, shareholder approval for the conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock was obtained. On July 11, 2023, pursuant to the Series A Certificate of Designation, the Company issued, in addition to common stock and Series A-2 Preferred Stock, (i) a Tranche A Warrant to acquire 47,852,430 shares of Series A-3 Preferred Stock, (ii) a Tranche B Warrant to acquire 43,502,206 shares of Series A-4 Preferred Stock, and (iii) a Tranche C Warrant to acquire 69,603,531 shares of Series A-5 Preferred Stock. See Note 10 for discussion of exchange agreement related to Series A-2 Preferred Stock and warrants. The Warrants are recognized as liabilities in the balance sheets and were initially recognized at fair value at the time of issuance. The Warrants are also subject to remeasurement at each balance sheet date after issuance. Any change in fair value is recognized as a component of other income (expense) in the statements of operations in the period of change. The valuation of the Warrants contains unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions for which there is little market data. Accordingly, the Warrants are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using unobservable inputs and are classified as Level 3 inputs. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s Warrants include, but are not limited to, probability of obtaining certain shareholder approvals, probability of reaching certain technical milestones related to the development of oxylanthanum carbonate, and the estimated term of the Warrants. Significant increases (decreases) in any of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. Generally, a change in the assumption used for the probability of obtaining certain shareholder approvals is not correlated to a change in the probability of reaching certain technical milestones. However, a change to the assumption used for the probability of obtaining certain shareholder approvals or a change in the probability of reaching certain technical milestones would have been accompanied by a directionally opposite change and a directionally similar change, respectively, in the assumption used for the estimated term. 23 The fair value of the Warrants associated with the Company’s March 2023 private placement transaction was determined as of March 3, 2023, and March 31, 2023, by using a Monte Carlo simulation technique (“MCS”) to value the embedded derivatives associated with the Warrants. The MCS methodology calculates the theoretical value of a warrant based on certain parameters, including: (i) the threshold of exercising the warrant, (ii) the price of the underlying security, (iii) the time to expiration, or expected term, (iv) the expected volatility of the underlying security, (v) the risk-free rate, (vi) the number of paths, (vii) estimated probability assumptions surrounding shareholder approval as well as the achievement by the Company of technical milestones associated with regulatory and commercial progress, and (viii) an estimated discount for lack of marketability. The MCS valuation model was used for the valuation performed as of the transaction inception on March 3, 2023, and on March 31, 2023, due to uncertainty in the timing of shareholder approval and the potential variability in the Warrant exercise price. On June 26, 2023, the Company held its annual shareholder meeting, and as a result, shareholder approval for the issuance of common shares upon the conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock was obtained and the exercise price for the Warrants became fixed. Therefore, as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, the fair value of the Warrants was determined using a Black Scholes model using parameters including (i) the exercise price of the warrant, (ii) the price of the underlying security, (iii) the time to expiration, or expected term, (iv) the expected volatility of the underlying security, (v) the risk-free rate, and (vi) estimated probability assumptions surrounding the achievement by the Company of technical milestones associated with regulatory and commercial progress. These valuation techniques involve management’s estimates and judgment based on unobservable inputs and are classified in Level 3. The fair value estimates may not be indicative of the amounts that would be realized in a market exchange. Additionally, there may be inherent uncertainties or changes in the underlying assumptions used, which could significantly affect the current or future fair value estimates. Generally, a significant increase (decrease) in the probabilities of shareholder approval and the achievement of technical milestones would have resulted in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement; however, changes in other inputs such as expected term and price of the underlying common stock will have a directionally opposite impact on fair value measurement. The Company uses a third-party valuation expert to assist in the determination of the fair value of the Warrants. The tables below summarize the valuation inputs into the Black Scholes model for the liability associated with the three tranches of Warrants at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024. Tranche A Warrant At December 31, 2023 At June 30, 2024 Fair value of underlying stock $ 0.87 $ 0.50 Exercise price $ 0.54 $ 0.54 Volatility 96.5 % – 139.2 % 104.7 % - 131.4 % Risk free rate 4.6 % – 5.3 % 4.8 % – 5.5 % Dividend yield 0 % 0 % Term (in years) 0.5 – 1.5 1.0 – 2.0 Discount for lack of marketability 12.5 % 12.5 % Probability for FDA approval 29.3 % 36.55 – 38.11 % Tranche B Warrant At December 31, 2023 At June 30, 2024 Fair value of underlying stock $ 0.87 $ 0.50 Exercise price $ 0.59 $ 0.59 Volatility 114.6 % - 139.2 % 114.7 % – 131.4 % Risk free rate 4.4 % – 4.8 % 4.7 % – 4.8 % Dividend yield 0 % 0 % Term (in years) 1.0 – 2.0 1.5 – 2.5 Discount for lack of marketability 12.5 % 12.5 % Probability for FDA approval 12.0 % 11.0 % 24 Tranche C Warrant At December 31, 2023 At June 30, 2024 Fair value of underlying stock $ 0.87 $ 0.50 Exercise price $ 0.74 $ 0.74 Volatility 107.8 % - 114.6 % 113.4 % - 120.8 % Risk free rate 4.0 %- 4.4 % 4.5 % – 4.8 % Dividend yield 0 % 0 % Term (in years) 2.0 - 3.0 2.0 – 3.0 Discount for lack of marketability 12.5 % 12.5 % Probability for FDA approval 4.3 % - 12.5 % 1.56 %- 21.6 % As of the issuance date (March 3, 2023), the Company estimated the fair value of the Warrants to be $ 2.8 million. As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, the Company estimated the fair value of the Warrants to be $ 13.1 million and $ 8.1 million, respectively. The following table summarizes activity for the Company’s preferred stock warrants for the six months ended June 30, 2024: Weighted- Number of Average Shares Weighted- Remaining Aggregate Underlying Average Contractual Intrinsic Outstanding Exercise Term Value Warrants Price (in Years) (in thousands) Outstanding, December 31, 2023 160,958,167 $ 0.64 2.34 $ 36,864 Warrants contingently issuable - - - - Warrants exercised - - - - Outstanding, June 30, 2024 160,958,167 $ 0.64 2.63 $ - 13. Stock-based Compensation On July 15, 2021, in connection with the completion of the Company’s IPO, the Company adopted a new comprehensive equity incentive plan, the 2021 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”). Following the effective date of the 2021 Plan, no further awards may be issued under the 2018 Plan or the 2019 Plan (collectively, the “Prior Plans”). However, all awards under the Prior Plans that are outstanding as of the effective date of the 2021 Plan will continue to be governed by the terms, conditions and procedures set forth in the Prior Plans and any applicable award agreements. A total of 1,302,326 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance pursuant to the 2021 Plan prior to our annual meeting on June 26, 2023. Shareholders approved an increase to the number of shares reserved on June 26, 2023, for a total of 12,775,996 shares. On June 20, 2024, shareholders approved a further increase of 8,000,000 shares, to the number of shares reserved, for a total of 20,775,996 shares. The 2021 Plan provides for the issuance of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and other stock-based awards. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 2,815,503 shares of common stock were available under the 2021 Plan. As of June 30, 2024, there are approximately 8,027,805 shares of common stock available under the 2021 Plan. 25 The following table summarizes activity for stock options under all plans for the six months ended June 30, 2024: Weighted- Number of Average Shares Weighted- Remaining Aggregate Underlying Average Contractual Intrinsic Outstanding Exercise Term Value Options Price (in Years) (in thousands) Outstanding, December 31, 2023 10,302,086 $ 1.00 9.34 $ 1,196 Options granted 2,787,698 $ 1.14 9.80 $ - Options forfeited - $ - - $ - Options exercised ( 1,163 ) $ 3.27 - $ - Outstanding, June 30, 2024 13,088,621 $ 1.03 9.05 $ 48 Options vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2024 3,877,191 $ 1.31 8.5 $ 48 As of June 30, 2024, the unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding stock options was $ 6.5 million, which is expected to be recognized as expense over approximately 3.0 years. During August 2023, the Company granted a consultant 10,000 restricted stock units with a grant date fair value of $ 7,500 , resulting in a fair value per share of $ 0.75 . Subject to the consultant’s continued service, the restricted stock units shall vest upon the two-year anniversary of the date of grant. As of June 30, 2024, the unrecognized compensation cost related to the grant was approximately $ 2,500 , which is expected to be recognized as expense over approximately 9 months. During the year ended December 31, 2021, employees and consultants exercised a total of 383,721 stock options and the Company received $ 119,000 in proceeds. A portion of these options were exercised early (prior to vesting), and as of June 30, 2024, 194 of the options remained unvested. Proceeds received related to the unvested options of approximately $ 631 at June 30, 2024 were included in accrued liabilities on the accompanying balance sheet and will be reclassified to equity as vesting occurs, provided the employees and consultants continue to provide services to the Company. Proceeds received related to the vested portion of options of $ 2,500 were reclassified to equity during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The vested portion of the exercises was 383,521 shares at June 30, 2024. During May 2022, the Company granted a consultant 10,000 restricted stock units with a grant date fair value of $ 7,200 , resulting in a fair value per share of $ 0.72 . The restricted stock units vested in May 2024. The Company has recorded stock-based compensation expense, which includes expense related to restricted stock units, allocated by functional cost as follows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024 (in thousands): Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2023 2024 2023 2024 Research and development $ 82 $ 282 $ 164 $ 510 General and administrative 62 359 124 653 Total stock-based compensation $ 144 $ 641 $ 288 $ 1,163 Fair Value of Stock Options The assumptions are based on the following for each of the periods presented: Expected Term - The expected term is calculated using the simplified method which is used when there is insufficient historical data about exercise patterns and post-vesting employment termination behavior. The simplified method is based on the vesting period and the contractual term for each grant, or for each vesting-tranche for awards with graded vesting. The mid-point between the vesting date and the maximum contractual expiration date is used as the expected term under this method. Common Stock Fair Value - The fair value of the common stock underlying the Company’s stock options prior to the initial public offering was estimated at each grant date and was determined on a periodic basis and based either on transactions with third parties in which common stock was sold for cash or with the assistance of an independent third-party valuation expert. Subsequent to our initial public offering, the fair value underlying the Company’s common stock is determined based on the public market closing price on each date of grant. The assumptions underlying these valuations represented management’s best estimates, which involved inherent uncertainties and the application of significant levels of management judgment. 26 Volatility - The expected volatility being used is derived from the historical stock volatilities of a representative industry peer group of comparable publicly listed companies over a period approximately equal to the expected term of the options. Risk-free Interest Rate - The risk-free interest rate is based on median U.S. Treasury zero coupon issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term on the options. Expected Dividend – Through June 30, 2024, the Company has never declared nor paid any cash dividends. The Company shall modify its dividend policy to state that the Company intends to pay dividends to all stockholders, including holders of Series A Preferred Stock on an as-if-converted-to-common-stock basis, on a quarterly basis in an amount of which the aggregate of all quarterly dividends shall equal at least seventy-five percent ( 75 %) of its annual net cash flow from operations following the approval of oxylanthanum carbonate by the FDA if obtained, and the commencement of commercial sales. There were no equity awards granted to employees, directors and non-employees for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The following averaged assumptions were used to calculate the fair value of awards granted to employees, directors and non-employees for the six months ended June 30, 2024: Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 2024 Expected volatility - 104 % Risk-free interest rate - 4.49 % - 4.65 % Dividend yield - - % Expected term - 6.25 years 14. Net Income (Loss) Per Share The Company computes net income (loss) per share using the two-class method. The two-class method uses an earnings allocation formula that determines net income (loss) per share for common stock and any participating securities according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Diluted net income (loss) per share includes the potential dilutive effect of common stock equivalents as if such securities were converted or exercised during the period, when the effect is dilutive. Common stock equivalents include: (i) outstanding stock options and restricted stock units; (ii) common stock to be issued upon the assumed exercise of the Company’s common stock warrants; (iii) convertible preferred stock; and (iv) prior to issuance, the issuable warrants related to the Company’s March private placement financing. 27 The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share of common and preferred stock (in thousands, except share and per share data): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 2024 2023 2024 Basic net income (loss) per share Numerator: Net income (loss) $ ( 3,838 ) $ 9,855 $ ( 18,413 ) $ ( 11,108 ) Net income (loss) attributable to participating securities - ( 5,925 ) - - Deemed dividends on preferred stock ( 603 ) ( 887 ) ( 795 ) ( 1,095 ) Net income (loss) attributable to common shares, basic ( 4,441 ) 3,043 ( 19,208 ) ( 12,203 ) Denominator: Weighted-average shares outstanding used in computing net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders, basic 15,234,570 37,914,812 15,233,503 36,397,997 Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders, basic $ ( 0.29 ) $ 0.08 $ ( 1.26 ) $ ( 0.34 ) Diluted net income (loss) per share Numerator: Net income (loss) attributable to common shares, basic $ ( 4,441 ) $ 3,043 $ ( 19,208 ) $ ( 12,203 ) Change in fair value of preferred stock warrant liability - ( 16,810 ) - - Net (loss) attributable to common shares, diluted ( 4,441 ) ( 13,767 ) ( 19,208 ) ( 12,203 ) Denominator: Weighted-average shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic 15,234,570 37,914,812 15,233,503 36,397,997 Weighted-average effect of diluted securities: Tranche warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock - 56,138,041 - - Weighted-average shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, diluted 15,234,570 94,052,853 15,233,503 36,397,997 Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, diluted $ ( 0.29 ) $ ( 0.15 ) $ ( 1.26 ) $ ( 0.34 ) The following outstanding shares of potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 2024 2023 2024 Options to purchase common stock 1,334,309 13,088,427 1,334,309 13,088,427 Warrants to purchase common stock 4,784,193 4,784,193 4,784,193 4,784,193 Restricted stock units - 10,000 - 10,000 Common stock issuable upon conversion of Series B-1 convertible preferred stock - 50,000,000 - 50,000,000 Common stock issuable upon conversion of Series A-2 Prime convertible preferred stock - 34,843,000 - 34,843,000 Warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock 160,958,167 - 160,958,167 160,958,167 Total 167,076,669 102,725,620 167,076,669 263,683,787 15. Subsequent Events On July 5, 2024, the Company completed the automatic conversion of the Series B-1 convertible preferred stock whereby each share of Series B-1 preferred stock converted into a combination of common stock and Series B-2 convertible preferred stock. 28