What changed in this filing

/stocks — the workspaceLOADING

Item 1A. Risk Factors

2022-03-30 compared with 2021-03-01 · 554 added, 557 removed, 393 unchanged (74% of the section changed)

An investment in our common stock is very risky.

In addition to the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K,

you should carefully consider the following risk factors in evaluating us and our business.

In addition to the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, you should carefully consider the following risk factors in evaluating us and our business.

If any of the events described in the following risk factors were to occur, our business, financial condition, results of operation and future growth prospects would likely be materially and adversely affected.

3 unchanged sentences

Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our business, financial condition, operating results or prospects.

The impact of COVID-19 may also exacerbate other risks discussed in this filing, any of which could have a material effect on us.

This situation is changing rapidly and additional impacts may arise.

Additional risks that we currently do not know about, or that we currently believe to be immaterial, may also impair our business.

Certain statements below are forward-looking statements.

See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”

in this Annual Report.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS

Our business, operations and clinical development plans and timelines could be adversely affected by the effects of health epidemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic,

on the manufacturing, clinical trial and other business activities performed by us or by third parties with whom we conduct business, including our contract manufacturers, clinical research organizations, or CROs, shippers and others.

Our business could be adversely affected by health epidemics wherever we have clinical trial sites or other business operations.

In addition, health epidemics could cause significant disruption in the operations of third-party manufacturers, CROs and other third parties upon whom we rely.

We have implemented work-from-home policies for many of our employees.

The effects of our work-from-home policies and travel restrictions may negatively impact productivity, disrupt our business and delay our clinical programs and timelines, the magnitude of which will depend, in part, on the length and severity of the restrictions and other limitations on our ability to conduct our business in the ordinary course.

These and similar, and perhaps more severe, disruptions in our operations could negatively impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

We depend on a worldwide supply chain to manufacture products used in our preclinical studies and clinical trials.

Quarantines, shelter-in-place and

similar government orders, or the expectation that such orders, shutdowns or other restrictions could occur, whether related to COVID-19 or

other infectious diseases, could impact personnel at our own manufacturing facilities or third-party manufacturing facilities in the United States and other countries, or the availability or cost of materials, which could disrupt our supply chain.

If our relationships with our suppliers or other vendors are terminated or scaled back as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic

or other health epidemics, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative suppliers or vendors or do so on commercially reasonable terms or in a timely manner.

Switching or adding additional suppliers or vendors involves substantial cost and requires management time and focus.

In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new supplier or vendor commences work.

As a result, delays may occur, which could adversely impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development and any future commercialization timelines.

Although we carefully manage our relationships with our suppliers and vendors, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not harm our business.

In addition, our preclinical studies and clinical trials have been and may continue to be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Clinical site initiation, patient enrollment and activities that require visits to clinical sites, including data monitoring, have been and may continue to be delayed due to prioritization of hospital resources toward the COVID-19 pandemic

or concerns among patients about participating in clinical trials during a pandemic.

Some patients may have difficulty following certain aspects of clinical trial protocols if quarantines impede patient movement or interrupt healthcare services.

Similarly, if we are unable to successfully recruit and retain patients and principal investigators and site staff who, as healthcare providers, may have heightened

exposure to COVID-19 or

experience additional restrictions by their institutions, city, or state our clinical trial operations could be adversely impacted.

The spread of COVID-19, which

has caused a broad impact globally, may materially affect us economically.

While the potential economic impact brought by, and the duration of, COVID-19 may

be difficult to assess or predict, a widespread pandemic could result in significant disruption of global financial markets, reducing our ability to access capital, which could in the future negatively affect our liquidity.

In addition, a recession or market correction resulting from the spread of COVID-19 could

materially affect our business and the value of our common stock.

The global COVID-19

pandemic continues to evolve rapidly.

The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

or a similar epidemic is highly uncertain and subject to change.

We may experience a material impact on our operations, and we continue to monitor the COVID-19 situation

We will require substantial additional financial resources to continue ongoing development of our product candidates and pursue our business objectives;

1 unchanged sentence

We have not generated significant revenue and have incurred significant net losses in each year since our inception.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, we had a net loss of $80.0 million, and, as of December 31, 2020, we have incurred approximately $764.1 million of accumulated deficit since our inception in 2003.

We expect to continue to incur significant operating expenditures and net losses.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, we had a net loss of $78.8 million, and, as of December 31, 2021, our accumulated deficit since inception in 2003 was $842.9 million.

We expect our operating expenditures and net losses to increase significantly in connection with our ongoing clinical trial and our internal research and development capabilities.

Further development of our product candidates will require substantial increases in our expenses as we:

continue to undertake clinical trials for product candidates;

the formulation and manufacturing of our product candidates;

scale-up and scale-out the manufacturing of our TCR-T product candidates;

seek regulatory approvals for product candidates;

1 unchanged sentence

implement additional internal systems and infrastructure;

hire additional personnel.

As of December 31, 2020, we have approximately $115.1 million of cash and cash equivalents.

Given our current development plans, we anticipate our cash resources will be sufficient to fund our operations into the second quarter of 2022 and we have no committed sources of additional capital at this time.

The forecast of cash resources is forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties, and the actual amount of our expenses could vary materially and adversely as a result of a number of factors.

We have based our estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and our expenses could prove to be significantly higher than we currently anticipate.

Management does not know whether additional financing will be on terms favorable or acceptable to us when needed, if at all.

Our actual cash requirements may vary materially from our current expectations for a number of other factors that may include, but are not limited to, changes in the focus and direction of our development programs, slower than expected progress of our research and development efforts, changes in governmental regulation, competitive and technical advances, costs associated with the development of our product candidates, our ability to secure partnering arrangements, and costs of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing our intellectual property rights.

pandemic continues to rapidly evolve and has already resulted in a significant disruption of global financial markets.

hire additional personnel, including highly-skilled and experienced scientific staff.

As of December 31, 2021, we have approximately $76.1 million of cash and cash equivalents. Given our current development plans and cash management efforts, we anticipate cash resources will be sufficient to fund operations into the second quarter of 2023, and we have no committed sources of additional capital at this time.

The forecast of cash resources is forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties, and our actual cash requirements may vary materially from our current expectations for a number of other factors that may include, but are not limited to, changes in the focus and direction of our development programs, slower and/or faster than expected progress of our research and development efforts, changes in governmental regulation, competitive and technical advances, rising costs associated with the development of our product candidates, our ability to secure partnering arrangements, and costs of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing our intellectual property rights.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve and has already resulted in a significant disruption of global financial markets.

If the disruption persists and deepens, we could experience an inability to access additional capital, which could in the future negatively affect our operations.

If we exhaust our capital reserves more quickly than anticipated, regardless of the reason, and we are unable to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to us or at all, we will be unable to proceed with development of some or all of our product candidates on expected timelines and will be forced to prioritize among them.

Further, we may elect to prioritize one or more of our programs and reduce or eliminate our activities on our other programs to preserve our capital resources.

Any decision to reduce or eliminate activities for a program may negatively impact the potential for the program, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

For instance, we expect to reduce the amount of resources and capital allocated to our Controlled IL-12

program in 2021 and to actively explore partnership opportunities for the Controlled IL-12 program to support its continued development.

In connection with this reduction in spend, we are evaluating potential changes to data collection of long term follow up and reducing other activities.

Some of these changes to our planned Controlled IL-12

program may impact the prospects and future development of this program, including our ability to pursue later stage development.

If we exhaust our capital reserves more quickly than anticipated, regardless of the reason, and we are unable to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to us or at all, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

We need to raise additional capital to fund our operations.

3 unchanged sentences

The unpredictability of the capital markets may severely hinder our ability to raise capital within the time periods needed or on terms we consider acceptable, if at all.

In addition, the ongoing COVID-19

pandemic continues to disrupt the global financial markets, negatively impacted U.S.

market conditions and may reduce opportunities for us to seek out additional funding in the future.

In particular, a decline in the market price of our common stock could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate.

Moreover, if we fail to advance one or more of our current product candidates into early or later-stage clinical trials, successfully commercialize one or more of our product candidates, or acquire new product candidates for development, we may have difficulty attracting investors that might otherwise be a source of additional financing.

In June 2019, we entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement with Jefferies LLC, as agent, or Jefferies, pursuant to which we may offer and sell, from time to time through Jefferies, shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $100.0 million.

Shares will be sold pursuant to our effective registration statement on Form S-3ASR (File No.

333-232283), as previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, we issued and sold an aggregate of 2,814,673 shares of our common stock under the sales agreement for aggregate net proceeds of $13.0 million after deducting commissions and offering expenses of $0.4 million and may sell and issue approximately $80.9 million in additional shares under the sales agreement.

To the extent that we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities such as under our at-the-market program, our existing stockholders’ ownership will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders.

Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends.

Any debt financing that we enter into may involve covenants that restrict our operations.

These restrictive covenants may include limitations on additional borrowing and specific restrictions on the use of our assets as well as prohibitions on our ability to create liens, pay dividends, redeem our stock or make investments.

Furthermore, the ongoing impact of COVID-19

on global financial markets could make the terms of any available financing less attractive to use and more dilutive to our existing shareholders.

If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

On August 6, 2021, we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, and affiliates of SVB, or the Loan and Security Agreement.

The Loan and Security Agreement provided for an initial term loan of $25.0 million funded at the closing, with an

additional tranche of $25.0 million available if certain funding and clinical milestones were met by August 31, 2022, or the SVB Facility.

In connection with the initial borrowing, we also issued warrants to SVB and certain of its affiliates for the purchase of up to 432,844 shares of our common stock, in the aggregate, at an exercise price of $2.22 per share.

The Loan and Security Agreement was subsequently amended, effective December 28, 2021, to, among other things, eliminate the additional tranche so that the $25.0 million we have drawn down is the full amount available under the SVB Facility.

As a result, we do not have any other borrowings available under the SVB Facility.

In connection with entering into the amendment to the Loan and Security Agreement we also amended and restated the warrants.

These amended and restated warrants provide for the purchase of up to 649,615 shares of our common stock, in the aggregate, at an exercise price of $1.16 per share.

To the extent that we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our existing stockholders’

ownership will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders.

Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, creating liens, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends.

Furthermore, the ongoing impact of COVID-19 and geopolitical instability, including the recent military conflict between Russian and Ukraine, on global financial markets could make the terms of any available financing less attractive to use and more dilutive to our existing shareholders.

If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us.

We have issued or reserved for future issuance shares nearing the maximum number of shares of common stock authorized by our certificate of incorporation.

If we are unable to increase the total number of authorized shares, we may be unable to effectively utilize our common stock to establish strategic relationships with other companies, expand our business through acquisitions, raise capital, or offer equity incentives to employees.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue 250,000,000 shares of common stock.

As of February 24, 2020, there were 214,667,023 shares of common stock outstanding and an additional 31,115,329 shares of common stock reserved for issuance pursuant to outstanding stock options and warrants.

Though we have no immediate plans to issue additional shares of common stock, other than in connection with our 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, we may need additional shares for business and financial purposes in the future.

For example, we will need additional shares of authorized common stock to raise capital to, among other things, fund our operations, conduct and/or complete clinical trials, continue our research and development activities, seek regulatory approval for our product candidates and commercialize our product candidates.

In addition, we may wish to issue additional shares in connection with entering into future strategic relationships, or acquiring other businesses, therapeutics or product candidates.

Furthermore, our success depends, in part, on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified management and clinical and scientific personnel, and the lack of available unissued shares may also have an adverse impact on our to provide appropriate equity incentives to employees, officers, directors, consultants and/or advisors.

If we are unable to increase the total number of authorized shares available to us, our business development and financing opportunities may be limited, and stockholder value may be harmed.

Our plans to develop and commercialize non-viral

and viral adoptive cellular therapies based on engineered cytokines and CAR T-cell

as well as TCR therapies can be considered as new approaches to cancer treatment, the successful development of which is subject to significant challenges.

We intend to employ technologies such as the technology licensed from MD Anderson pursuant to the MD Anderson License described above, and from PGEN, pursuant to the License Agreement, to pursue the development and commercialization of non-viral

and viral adoptive cellular therapies based on cytokines, T-cells,

CARs and TCRs, possibly under control of the RTS ®

and other switch technologies targeting both hematologic and solid tumor malignancies.

We have incurred indebtedness that could adversely affect our business and place restrictions on our operating and financial flexibility.

The amended Loan and Security Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants and events of default applicable to us and any subsidiaries.

The affirmative covenants require us (and us to cause our subsidiaries, if any) to maintain governmental approvals, deliver certain financial reports, maintain insurance coverage, and protect material intellectual property, among other things.

The negative covenants restrict our and our subsidiaries’

ability to, among other things, transfer collateral, change our business, engage in mergers or acquisitions, incur additional indebtedness, pay cash dividends or make other distributions, make investments, create liens, sell assets and make any payment on subordinated debt.

The restrictive covenants of the Loan and Security Agreement could cause us to be unable to pursue business opportunities that we or our stockholders may consider beneficial, including entering into certain licensing arrangements, maintaining flexible cash management arrangements and engaging in certain change in control transactions, among others.

Our debt combined with our other financial obligations and contractual commitments could have significant adverse consequences for our business, including:

Requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of cash flows to payment on our debt, which would reduce available funds for further research and development;

Increasing the amount of interest that we must pay on debt with variable interest rates, if market rates of interest increase;

Subjecting us to restrictive covenants that reduce our ability to take certain corporate actions, acquire companies, products or technology, or obtain further debt financing;

Requiring us to pledge our non-intellectual property assets as collateral, which could limit our ability to obtain additional debt financing.

We intend to satisfy our debt service obligations with our existing cash and cash equivalents and any additional amounts we may raise through future debt and equity financings.

Our ability to make payments due under the SVB Facility depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive conditions and other factors beyond our control.

We may not have sufficient funds or may be unable to arrange for additional financing to pay the amounts due under our existing debt.

In addition, a failure to comply with certain equity raise and clinical milestone requirements in the amended Loan and Security Agreement could result in us having to deposit unrestricted and unencumbered cash equal to 50% of the principal amount of the SVB Facility then outstanding and an amount equal to 5.75% of the original principal amount in a cash collateral account with SVB.

Failure to pay any amount due under the SVB Facility, to comply with covenants under the amended Loan and Security Agreement, or the occurrence of an event that would reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, or condition (financial or otherwise), would result in an event of default.

The occurrence and continuation of an event of default could cause interest to be charged at the rate that is otherwise applicable plus 3.00% (unless SVB elects to impose a smaller increase) and would provide SVB with the right to accelerate all obligations under the SVB Facility and exercise remedies against us and the collateral securing the SVB Facility and other obligations under the amended Loan and Security Agreement, including foreclosure against assets securing the SVB Facility.

In addition, the covenants under the amended Loan and Security Agreement and the pledge of substantially all of our assets, excluding our intellectual property (which is subject to a negative pledge under the amended Loan and Security Agreement), as collateral on the loan may limit our ability to obtain additional debt financing.

We identified a material weakness in our internal control as of June 30, 2021, which has been remediated as of December 31, 2021.

We may identify additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, which may result in material misstatements of our financial statements or could have a material adverse effect on our business and trading price of our securities.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Global Select Market.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we are required to perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow our management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

We may also be required to have our independent registered public accounting firm issue an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting on an annual basis.

In connection with the review of our financial statements as of and for the quarter ended June 30, 2021, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Our identified material weakness existing in our financial reporting process relates to the lack of sufficient accounting resources to execute certain controls related to the reconciliation and review of accounts in a timely manner.

Following the identification of the material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting as of June 30, 2021, we prepared a remediation action plan and implemented that plan to improve the controls related to the reconciliation and review of accounts in a timely manner.

We enhanced and revised the design of related existing internal controls, implemented incremental controls over our financial statement close process and hired new accounting staff.

During the fourth quarter of 2021, we successfully completed the testing necessary to conclude that the material weakness has been remediated.

The material weakness had no impact on any amounts reported in the financial statement for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 or for any previous period.

Although the material weakness has been remediated, we cannot assure you that any measures we have taken or may take in the future will be sufficient to avoid potential future material weaknesses.

We also previously had a material weakness identified for the year ended December 31, 2019, which was fully remediated as of December 31, 2020.

If we are unable to successfully remediate any future material weakness and maintain effective internal controls, we may not have adequate, accurate or timely financial information, and we may be unable to meet our reporting obligations as a public company, including the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results in future periods, or report them within the timeframes required by the requirements of the SEC, Nasdaq or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, when and as applicable, could also potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities.

Any failure to maintain or implement required new or improved controls, or any difficulties we encounter in their implementation, could result in the identification of additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in our financial statements.

Furthermore, if we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our business and results of operations could be harmed and investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information.

Our plans to develop and commercialize non-viral adoptive TCR-T cell therapies can be considered a new approach to cancer treatment, the successful development of which is subject to significant challenges.

We intend to employ technologies such as the technology licensed from MD Anderson pursuant to the MD Anderson License described above, from PGEN, pursuant to the License Agreement, and from NCI, pursuant to the Patent License described above, to pursue the development and commercialization of non-viral cellular therapies based on T-cells and TCRs, targeting solid tumor malignancy.

Because this is a new approach to cancer immunotherapy and cancer treatment generally, developing and commercializing product candidates subjects us to a number of challenges, including:

obtaining regulatory approval from the FDA and other regulatory authorities that have very limited experience with the commercial development of genetically modified and/or unmodified T-cell

therapies for cancer;

identifying and manufacturing appropriate TCRs from patient and from third parties that can be administered to a patient;

developing and deploying consistent and reliable processes for engineering a patient’s and/or donor’s T-cells

and infusing the T-cells

back into the patient;

possibly conditioning patients with chemotherapy in conjunction with delivering each of the potential products, which may increase the risk of adverse side effects of the potential products;

obtaining regulatory approval from the FDA and other regulatory authorities that have very limited experience with the commercial development of genetically modified T-cell therapies for cancer;

designing and conducting our clinical trials using this new approach or selecting the appropriate TCRs in a way that may lead to optimal results;

identifying and manufacturing appropriate TCRs from either the patient or third parties that can be administered to a patient;

developing and deploying consistent and reliable processes for engineering a patient’s and/or donor’s T-cells ex vivo and infusing the T cells back into the patient;

conditioning patients with chemotherapy in conjunction with delivering each of the potential products, which may increase the risk of adverse side effects of the potential products;

educating medical personnel regarding the potential side effect profile of each of the potential products, such as the potential adverse side effects related to cytokine release;

addressing any competing technological and market developments;

developing processes for the safe administration of these potential products, including long-term follow-up

for all patients who receive the potential products;

developing processes for the safe administration of these potential products, including long-term follow-up for all patients who receive the potential products;

sourcing additional clinical and, if approved, commercial supplies for the materials used to manufacture and process the potential products;

developing a manufacturing process and distribution network with a cost of goods that allows for an attractive return on investment;

developing a manufacturing process with a cost of goods that allows for an attractive return on investment;

establishing sales and marketing capabilities after obtaining any regulatory approval to gain market acceptance;

1 unchanged sentence

maintaining and defending the intellectual property rights relating to any products we develop;

and not infringing the intellectual property rights, in particular, the patent rights, of third parties, including competitors, such as those developing T-cell

not infringing the intellectual property rights, in particular, the patent rights, of third parties, including competitors, such as those developing T-cell therapies.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully address these challenges, which could prevent us from achieving our research, development and commercialization goals.

Our current product candidates are based on novel technologies and are supported by limited clinical data and we cannot assure you that our current and planned clinical trials will produce data that supports regulatory approval of one or more of these product candidates.

The immuno-oncology effector platform in which we have acquired rights pursuant to our License Agreement with PGEN represents early-stage technology in the field of human oncology biotherapeutics, with Ad-RTS-IL-12

plus veledimex having completed trials, in melanoma, breast cancer and rGBM.

Similarly, our genetically modified and/ or non-modified

candidates are supported by limited clinical data, all of which has been generated through trials conducted by MD Anderson, the NCI, and Eden BioCell, not by us.

We plan to assume control of the overall clinical and regulatory development of our T-cell

product candidates, and any failure to obtain, or delays in obtaining, sponsorship of new INDs, or in filing INDs sponsored by us for these or any other product candidates we determine to advance could negatively affect the timing of our potential future clinical trials.

Our genetically modified TCR-T cell product candidates are supported by limited clinical data, all of which has been generated through trials conducted by MD Anderson and the NCI, not by us.

We have assumed control of the overall clinical and regulatory development of our TCR-T cell product candidates, and any failure to obtain, or delays in obtaining, sponsorship of new INDs, or in filing INDs sponsored by us for these or any other product candidates we determine to advance could negatively affect the timing of our potential future clinical trials.

Such an impact on timing could increase research and development costs and could delay or prevent obtaining regulatory approval for our product candidates, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We began enrolling patients in our TCR-T Library Phase 1/2 Trial in January 2022.

Further, we did not control the design or conduct of the previous trials.

3 unchanged sentences

We may also be required to repeat in whole or in part clinical trials previously conducted by MD Anderson or other entities, which will be expensive and delay the submission and licensure or other regulatory approvals with respect to any of our product candidates.

In addition, the results of the limited clinical trials conducted to date may not be replicated in future clinical trials.

Our Ad-RTS-IL-12

plus veledimex and genetically modified and non-modified

product candidates, as well as other product candidates, may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy in clinical development, and we cannot assure you that the results of any future trials will demonstrate the value and efficacy of our product candidates.

Moreover, there are a number of regulatory requirements that we must satisfy before we can continue clinical trials of CAR+ T, TCRs or other cellular therapy product candidates in the United States.

Moreover, there are a number of regulatory requirements that we must continue to satisfy as we conduct our clinical trials of TCR-T cell product candidates in the United States.

The criteria these regulators use to determine the safety and efficacy of a product candidate vary substantially according to the type, complexity, novelty and intended use and market of the potential products and change frequently.

Satisfaction of these requirements will entail substantial time, effort and financial resources.

Any time, effort and financial resources we expend on our Ad-RTS-IL-12

plus veledimex and genetically modified and non-modified

product candidates and other early-stage product candidate development programs may adversely affect our ability to continue development and commercialization of our immuno-oncology product candidates.

To date, the FDA has approved only a few adoptive cell therapies for commercialization.

Because adoptive cell therapies are relatively new and our product candidates employ novel gene expression and cell technologies, regulatory agencies may lack experience in evaluating product candidates like our Library TCR-T product candidates.

This novelty may heighten regulatory scrutiny of our therapies or lengthen the regulatory review process, including the time it takes for the FDA to review our IND applications if and when submitted, increase our development costs and delay or prevent commercialization of our product candidates.

These factors make it difficult to determine how long it will take or how much it will cost to obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates.

Any time, effort and financial resources we expend on our clinical product candidates and other early-stage product development programs, which are ultimately not successful may adversely affect our business.

We report interim data on certain of our clinical trials and we cannot assure you that interim data will be predictive of either future interim results or final study results.

In addition, the results ultimately obtained from our preclinical studies or other earlier clinical trials for our product candidates may not be predictive of future results.

As part of our business, we provide updates related to the development of our product candidates, which may include updates related to interim clinical trial data.

To date, our clinical trials have involved small patient populations and because of the small sample size, the interim results of these clinical trials may be subject to substantial variability and may not be indicative of either future interim results or final results.

We anticipate that our clinical trials will involve small patient populations and because of the small sample size, the interim results of these, and all, clinical trials may be subject to substantial variability and may not be indicative of either future interim results or final results.

We commenced enrollment in our TCR-T Library Phase 1/2 Trial in January 2022.

We do not know at this stage whether patient response data from this trial will be favorable, and initial success in clinical trials may not be indicative of results obtained when such trials are completed.

Our product candidates may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy in clinical development, and we cannot assure you that the results of any future trials will demonstrate the value and efficacy of our product candidates.

Even if our clinical trials are completed as planned, we cannot be certain that their results will support approval of our product candidates.

There are no approved engineered TCR-T cell immunotherapies for solid tumors.

We believe our product candidates may be effective against solid tumors and plan to develop product candidates for use in solid tumors.

We cannot guarantee that our product candidates will be able to access the solid tumor or show any functionality in the solid tumor microenvironment.

The cellular environment in which solid tumor cells thrive is generally hostile to T cells due to factors such as the presence of immunosuppressive cells, humoral factors and limited access to

In addition, the safety profile of our product candidates may differ in a solid tumor setting.

If we are unable to make our product candidates function in solid tumors, our development plans and business will be significantly harmed.

Preliminary data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously announced.

Negative differences between preliminary or interim data and final data could materially adversely affect the prospects of any product candidate that is impacted by such data updates.

In addition, the results of any preclinical studies for our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of clinical trials.

For example, preclinical models as applied to cell therapy in oncology do not adequately represent the clinical setting, and thus cannot predict clinical activity nor all potential risks.

We will need to attract, recruit and hire qualified personnel and we will continue to rely on key scientific and medical advisors, and their knowledge of our business and technical expertise would be difficult to replace.

In 2021, we experienced transitions in our senior management culminating in the appointment of Kevin S.

as Chief Executive Officer and a member of the board of directors in August 2021 and the hiring of Michael Wong as our Vice President, Finance in September 2021 and his appointment as principal accounting officer in November 2021.

In November 2021, we hired Melinda Lackey as our Senior Vice President, Legal.

Management transition is often difficult and inherently causes some loss of institutional knowledge and creates potential uncertainty in strategy execution.

In addition, we may not be able to attract or retain qualified management and commercial, scientific and clinical personnel due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among biotechnology, pharmaceutical and other businesses.

If we are not able to attract and retain necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience constraints that will significantly impede the achievement of our development objectives, our ability to raise additional capital and our ability to implement our business strategy.

We are highly dependent on our principal scientific, regulatory and medical advisors.

The loss of any of our key personnel, could result in delays in product development, loss of key personnel or partnerships and diversion of management resources, which could adversely affect our operating results.

We do not carry “key person”

life insurance policies on any of our officers or key employees.

We face substantial competition from other biopharmaceutical companies, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before, or more successfully than, we do.

The development and commercialization for new products to treat cancer, including the indications we are pursuing, is highly competitive and considerable competition exists from major pharmaceutical, biotechnology and specialty cancer companies.

Many of these companies have more experience in preclinical and clinical development, manufacturing, regulatory, and global commercialization.

We are also competing with academic institutions, governmental agencies, and private organizations that are conducting research in the field of cancer.

Our genetically engineering T-cell

programs face significant competition in the CAR and TCR technology space from multiple companies and their collaborators.

Three such companies, Novartis International AG (Kymriah ®

), Kite Pharma Inc./Gilead Sciences, Inc.

) and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (Breyanzi®), have now commercialized autologous CAR+ T cells against CD19.

Additional companies developing autologous CAR+ T targets include Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Precigen, Inc., bluebird bio, Inc., in collaboration with Celgene Corporation, Nanjing Legend Biotech and Janssen Biotech, Inc., a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson, Gracell Biotechnologies Inc., CARsgen Therapeutics Co.

Ltd., Bellicum Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Autolus Therapeutics plc, Exuma Biotech Corp., Mustang Bio, Inc., Crispr Therapeutics AG, Precision Biosciences Inc., Protheragen Inc.

and Marker Therapeutics, Inc.

Several companies are pursuing the development of allogeneic CAR+ T therapies, including Allogene Therapeutics, Inc.

(in collaboration with Pfizer Inc.), Atara Biotherapeutics, Inc.

and Cellectis SA (in collaboration with Servier) which may compete with our product candidates.

Our TCR program faces competition from several companies, including from Adaptimmune Therapeutics plc in collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline plc, ArsenalBio, Lyell, bluebird bio, Kite Pharma Inc./Gilead Sciences, Inc., Achilles Therapeutics Limited, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc., Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tmunity Therapeutics Inc, Medigene AG, Tactiva Therapeutics, LLC, Takara Bio, Inc., TCR2 Therapeutics Inc., Zelluna Immunotherapy AS, PACT Pharma, Inc.

Several companies, including Advaxis Inc./Amgen Inc., BioNTech AG and Gritstone Oncology, Inc., are pursuing vaccine platforms to target neoantigens for solid tumors.

Other companies are developing non-viral

gene therapies, including Poseida Therapeutics, Inc.

and several companies developing CRISPR technology.

We also face competition from companies developing therapies using cells other than T cells such as Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, NantKwest Inc., IN8bio, Inc., Fate Therapeutics Inc., and TC BioPharm Limited.

We also face competition from companies developing T cells with cytokines such as Repertoire Immune Medicines and Obsidian Therapeutics, Inc.

We also face competition from non-cell-

based treatments offered by other companies such as Amgen Inc., AstraZeneca plc, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Incyte Corporation, Merck & Co., Inc., and Roche Holding AG.

We are initially developing our Controlled IL-12

platform for the treatment of rGBM.

Companies that sell marketed drugs for rGBM are Genentech Inc.

and Roche Holding AG with Avastin (bevacizumab), a vascular endothelial growth factor directed antibody indicated for the treatment of adults with rGBM.

Arbor Pharmaceuticals Inc.

markets GLIADEL Wafer, which is indicated in patients with newly diagnosed high-grade malignant glioma as an adjunct to surgery and radiation and is also indicated in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme as an adjunct to surgery.

Additionally, Novocure has developed Optune (tumor treating fields) for newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma.

Several companies have product candidates in Phase 3 development for the treatment of glioblastoma, including, but not limited to, Cordgenics, LLC, Bayer AG, Kazia Therapeutics Limited, and Kintara Therapeutics, Inc.

Several companies and institutions have product candidates currently in Phase 2 clinical trials, including, but not limited to, Abbvie Inc., DNAtrix Therapeutics, Istari

Oncology, Karyopharm and MedImmune LLC/AstraZeneca plc, and other companies are actively developing additional products to treat brain cancer including Mustang Bio Inc.

and Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc.

Other competitors with product candidates currently in Phase 2 clinical trials include AbbVie Inc.’s Depatus-M

and DNA-2401,

a conditionally replicative adenovirus being evaluated in combination with pembrolizumab Phase 2 study of oncolytic polio/rhinovirus recombinant (PVSRIPO) alone or in combination with lomustine in recurrent WHO Grade IV malignant glioma patients.

Also, MedImmune, LLC/AstraZeneca plc’s durvalumab was evaluated in a Phase 2 trial in patients with rGBM.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval of potential products, we may not be the first to market and that may affect the price or demand for our potential products.

Existing or future competing products may provide greater therapeutic convenience or clinical or other benefits for a specific indication than our products or may offer comparable performance at a lower cost.

Additionally, the availability and price of our competitors’ products could limit the demand and the price we are able to charge for our potential products.

Our TCR-T cell therapies targeting solid tumors face significant competition from multiple companies, and their collaborators, in the TCR and CAR technology space.

We face competition from several companies, including Achilles Therapeutics, Adaptimmune Therapeutics in collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline, Affini-T Therapeutics, ArsenalBio, bluebird bio, BioNTech, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Immatics, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Lion TCR, Lyell Immunopharma, Medigene, Nurix Therapeutics, Neogene Therapeutics, NexImmune, PACT Pharma, Precigen, Tactiva Therapeutics, Takara Bio, TCR 2 Therapeutics, T-knife Therapeutics, Tmunity Therapeutics, TScan Therapeutics, Turnstone Biologics, Zelluna Immunotherapy and others.

Many of these companies are either investigating TCR-T cells against germline antigens or are utilizing tumor infiltrating lymphocytes.

Some are pursuing CAR-T cells for solid tumors.

In contrast, we are focused on developing TCR-T cell products against neoantigens arising from somatic mutations in solid tumors.

Companies in the T-cell therapy segment that have target discovery platforms like ours include Adaptive Therapeutics, Affini-T Therapeutics, Immatics, Enara Bio, T-knife Therapeutics, TScan Therapeutics and 3T Biosciences.

Several companies, including Advaxis, Amgen, BioNTech, Geneos Therapeutics, and Gritstone Oncology, are pursuing vaccine platforms to target neoantigens for solid tumors.

Other companies are developing non-viral gene therapies, including Poseida Therapeutics and several companies developing CRISPR technology, including Crispr Therapeutics.

Several companies are pursuing the development of allogeneic CAR-T therapies, including Allogene Therapeutics, Atara Biotherapeutics, Precision Biosciences, and Servier (in collaboration with Cellectis), which may compete with our product candidates.

We also face competition from companies developing therapies using cells other than T cells such as Athenex, Fate Therapeutics ImmunityBio, IN8bio, Nkarta, and Takeda Pharmaceutical.

Other competitors are developing T cells with cytokines such as Fate Therapeutics and Obsidian Therapeutics.

Finally, we also face competition from non- cell-based treatments offered by other companies such as Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Incyte, Merck, and Roche.

Additionally, our ability to pursue partnerships relating to our IL-12 and CAR-T programs may be impacted by substantial competition from these and other biopharmaceutical companies.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval of potential TCR products, we may not be the first to market and that may affect the price or demand for our potential products.

Existing or future competing products may provide greater therapeutic convenience or clinical or other benefits for a specific indication, or fewer side effects, than our potential products or may offer comparable performance at a lower cost.

Additionally, the availability and price of our competitors’

products could limit the demand and the price we are able to charge for our potential products thereby reducing or eliminating our commercial opportunity.

We may not be able to implement our business plan if the acceptance of our potential products is inhibited by price competition or the reluctance of physicians to switch from existing methods of treatment to our potential products, or if physicians switch to other new drug or biologic products or choose to reserve our potential products.

Additionally, a competitor could obtain orphan product exclusivity from the FDA with respect to such competitor’s product.

If such competitor product is determined to be the same product as one of our potential products, that may prevent us from obtaining approval from the FDA for such potential products for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances.

If our products fail to capture and maintain market share, we may not achieve sufficient product revenues and our business will suffer.

Additionally, a competitor could obtain orphan product exclusivity from the FDA with respect to such competitor’s product.

If such competitor product is determined to

be the same product as one of our potential products, that may prevent us from obtaining approval from the FDA for such potential products for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances.

If our potential products fail to capture and maintain market share, we may not achieve sufficient product revenues and our business will suffer.

We compete against fully integrated pharmaceutical companies and smaller companies that are collaborating with larger pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations.

6 unchanged sentences

launching, marketing and selling drugs and biopharmaceuticals.

Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we may develop.

Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market.

In addition, our ability to compete may be affected in many cases by insurers or other third-party payors seeking to encourage the use of generic products.

Any termination of our licenses with PGEN, MD Anderson or the National Cancer Institute or our research and development agreements with MD Anderson could result in the loss of significant rights and could harm our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates.

We are dependent on patents, know-how,

and proprietary technology that are licensed from others, particularly MD Anderson, Precigen and the National Cancer Institute, or the NCI, as well as the contributions by MD Anderson under our research and development agreements.

Any termination of these licenses or research and development agreements could result in the loss of significant rights and could harm our ability to commercialize our product

Our ability to compete may be affected in many cases by insurers or other third-party payors seeking to encourage the use of generic products.

Any termination of our licenses with PGEN, MD Anderson or the National Cancer Institute or our research and development agreements with MD Anderson and the National Cancer Institute could result in the loss of significant rights and could harm our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates.

We are dependent on patents, know-how, and proprietary technology that are licensed from others, particularly MD Anderson, PGEN, and the NCI, as well as the contributions by MD Anderson under our research and development agreements.

Any termination of these licenses or research and development agreements could result in the loss of significant rights and could harm our ability to commercialize our product candidates.

Disputes may also arise between us and these licensors regarding intellectual property subject to a license agreement, including those relating to:

4 unchanged sentences

whether or not our partners are complying with all of their obligations to support our programs under licenses and research and development agreements;

the allocation of ownership of inventions and know-how

resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and by us.

the allocation of ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and by us.

If disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements, particularly with MD Anderson, PGEN and the NCI, on acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected potential products.

1 unchanged sentence

If we or our licensors fail to adequately protect this intellectual property, our ability to commercialize potential products under our applicable licenses could suffer.

There is a substantial amount of litigation involving patents and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, as well as administrative proceedings for challenging patents, including interference, derivation, and reexamination proceedings before the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, or oppositions and other comparable proceedings in foreign jurisdictions.

There is a substantial amount of litigation involving patents and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, as well as administrative proceedings for challenging patents, including interference, derivation, and reexamination proceedings before the USPTO, or oppositions and other comparable proceedings in foreign jurisdictions.

Recently, due to changes in U.S.

law referred to as patent reform, new procedures including inter partes review and post-grant review have been implemented, which adds uncertainty to the possibility of challenge to our or our licensors’ patents in the future.

We may not be able to retain the rights licensed to us and PGEN by MD Anderson to technologies relating to CAR, T-cell

therapies and other related technologies.

TCR cell therapies arising from the laboratory of Laurence Cooper, M.D., Ph.D., who was then at MD Anderson, as well as either co-exclusive

or non-exclusive

licenses under certain related technologies.

When combined with PGEN’s technology suite and Ziopharm’s clinically tested RTS ®

interleukin 12 modules, the resulting proprietary methods and technologies may help realize the promise of genetically modified CAR+ T cells and TCR therapies by controlling cell expansion and activation in the body, minimizing off-target

and unwanted on-target

effects and toxicity while maximizing therapeutic efficacy.

patents in the future.

We may not be able to retain the rights licensed to us and PGEN by MD Anderson or the rights licensed to us by the National Cancer Institute to technologies relating to TCR-T cell therapies and other related technologies.

Under the MD Anderson License, we, together with PGEN, received an exclusive, worldwide license to certain technologies owned and licensed by MD Anderson including technologies relating to novel CAR-T cell and TCR-T cell therapies as well as either co-exclusive or non-exclusive licenses under certain related technologies.

These proprietary methods and technologies, along with others within PGEN’s technology suite and licensed to us by PGEN, may help realize the promise of genetically modified TCR-T cell therapies by controlling cell

expansion and activation in the body, minimizing off-target and unwanted on-target effects and toxicity while maximizing therapeutic efficacy.

The term of the MD Anderson License expires on the last to occur of (a) the expiration of all patents licensed thereunder or (b) the twentieth anniversary of the date of the MD Anderson License;

provided, however, that following the expiration of the term, we and PGEN shall then have a fully-paid up, royalty free, perpetual, irrevocable and sublicensable license to use the licensed intellectual property thereunder.

After 10 years from the date of the MD Anderson License and subject to a 90-day

cure period, MD Anderson will have the right to convert the MD Anderson License into a non-exclusive

license if we and PGEN are not using commercially reasonable efforts to commercialize the licensed intellectual property on a case-by-case

After five years from the date of the MD Anderson License and subject to a 180-day

cure period, MD Anderson will have the right to terminate the MD Anderson License with respect to specific technology(ies) funded by the government

or subject to a third-party contract if we and PGEN are not meeting the diligence requirements in such funding agreement or contract, as applicable.

After 10 years from the date of the MD Anderson License and subject to a 90-day cure period, MD Anderson will have the right to convert the MD Anderson License into a non-exclusive license if we and PGEN are not using commercially reasonable efforts to commercialize the licensed intellectual property on a case-by-case basis.

After five years from the date of the MD Anderson License and subject to a 180-day cure period, MD Anderson will have the right to terminate the MD Anderson License with respect to specific technology(ies) funded by the government or subject to a third-party contract if we and PGEN are not meeting the diligence requirements in such funding agreement or contract, as applicable.

MD Anderson may also terminate the agreement with written notice upon material breach by us or PGEN, if such breach has not been cured within 60 days of receiving such notice.

In addition, the MD Anderson License will terminate upon the occurrence of certain insolvency events for both us or PGEN and may be terminated by the mutual written agreement of us, PGEN and MD Anderson.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully perform under the MD Anderson License and if the MD Anderson License is terminated it may prevent us from achieving our business objectives.

Under the Patent License, we received an exclusive, worldwide license to certain intellectual property and patents from NCI for TCRs we can introduce into T cells using transposon-based genetic engineering.

These T cells may be used in our TCR-T Library Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial or in subsequent clinical trials, if initiated.

The term of the Patent License shall expire with the last of the licensed patents.

The NCI could terminate or modify the Patent License if it believes we have materially breached, by failing to meet the defined milestones by the required dates, or upon certain insolvency events that are not cured within the 90-day time limit once we are notified of such alleged breach.

The Patent License is also subject to certain public use requirements wherein the NCI could require us to sublicense certain product candidates or terminate or modify the Patent License if we do not meet these public use requirements.

The Patent License could also be terminated by the NCI if we are unable to pay the required benchmark payments or the annual minimum royalty payments.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully perform under the MD Anderson License or the Patent License and if the MD Anderson License or the Patent License is terminated it may prevent us from achieving our business objectives.

We are partly reliant on the National Cancer Institute for research and development and early clinical testing of certain of our product candidates.

A portion of our research and development is being conducted by the NCI under the CRADA entered into in January 2017 and amended in February 2019.

A portion of our research and development is being conducted by the NCI under the CRADA entered into in January 2017 and which was amended in March 2018, February 2019 and March 2022.

Under the CRADA, the NCI, with Dr.

Rosenberg as the principal investigator, is responsible for conducting a clinical trial using the Sleeping Beauty

system to express TCRs for the treatment of solid tumors.

We have limited control over the nature or timing of the NCI’s clinical trial and limited visibility into their day-to-day

activities, including with respect to how they are providing and

administering T cell therapy.

For example, the research we are funding constitutes only a small portion of the NCI’s overall research.

Rosenberg as the principal investigator, is responsible for conducting a clinical trial using the Sleeping Beauty system to express TCRs for the treatment of solid tumors.

We have limited control over the nature or timing of the NCI’s clinical trial and limited visibility into their day-to-day activities, including with respect to how they are providing and administering T-cell therapy.

For example, the research we are funding constitutes only a small portion of the NCI’s overall research.

Additionally, other research being conducted by Dr.

Rosenberg may at times receive higher priority than research on our program.

Further, in response to the COVID-19

pandemic, the NCI has taken precautionary measures that have delayed the enrollment of the TCR-T

clinical trial using the Sleeping Beauty

system to express TCRs for the treatment of solid tumors.

Further, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the NCI has taken precautionary measures that have delayed the enrollment of the personalized TCR-T clinical trial using the Sleeping Beauty system to express TCRs for the treatment of solid tumors.

In addition, enrollment in this clinical trial has been temporarily suspended due to issues internal to NCI and unrelated to our technology.

The progress and timeline, including the timeline for dosing patients, for this trial are under the control of the NCI.

The CRADA terminates on January 9, 2022 unless it is extended in writing by the parties, and either party may terminate the CRADA by providing at least 60 days’ prior written notice to the other party.

If the NCI unilaterally terminates the CRADA or the CRADA lapses without any extension, part or all of the research and development of the Sleeping Beauty

system conducted at the NCI would be suspended, and the research and development of our TCR program would be impacted.

Clinical trials are very expensive, time-consuming, difficult to design, initiate and implement.

Human clinical trials are very expensive and difficult to design, initiate and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements.

The clinical trial start-up

and process itself is also time-consuming and results are inherently uncertain.

We estimate that clinical trials of our product candidates will take at least several years to complete.

Furthermore, failure can occur at any stage of the trials, and we could encounter problems that cause us to delay the start of, abandon or repeat clinical trials.

The commencement and completion of clinical trials may be delayed by several factors, including:

Additional nonclinical data requests by regulatory agencies;

Unforeseen safety issues;

Determination of dosing issues;

Lack of effectiveness during clinical trials;

Slower than expected rates of patient recruitment and enrollment;

Inability to monitor patients adequately during or after treatment;

Inability or unwillingness of medical investigators to follow our clinical protocols;

Regulatory determinations to temporarily or permanently cease enrollment for other reasons not related to patient safety.

Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful.

In addition, we or the FDA may suspend our clinical trials at any time if it appears that we are exposing participants to unacceptable health risks or if the FDA finds deficiencies in our IND submission or in the conduct of these trials.

See also “Risks Related to the Clinical Testing, Regulatory Approval and Manufacturing of our Product Candidates— Our product candidates are in various stages of clinical trials, which are very expensive and time-consuming.

We cannot be certain when we will be able to submit a BLA, to the FDA and any failure or delay in completing clinical trials for our product candidates could harm our business.”

The CRADA expired by its terms on January 9, 2022.

In March 2022, we entered into an amendment to the CRADA that is retroactive, effective January 9, 2022 to extend the term of the CRADA until January 9, 2023.

We may not be able to commercialize any products, generate significant revenues, or attain profitability.

4 unchanged sentences

Our failure to achieve or maintain profitability could negatively impact the trading price of our common stock.

We have a limited operating history upon which to base an investment decision.

We have not demonstrated an ability to perform the functions necessary for the successful commercialization of any product candidates.

Our operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our business and prospects.

We have not previously completed any pivotal clinical trials, submitted a BLA or demonstrated an ability to perform the functions necessary for the successful commercialization of any product candidates.

The successful commercialization of any product candidates will require us to perform a variety of functions, including:

10 unchanged sentences

If we are unable to enter into any development and commercial collaborations and/or sales and marketing arrangements on reasonable and acceptable terms, if at all, we may be unable to successfully develop and seek regulatory approval for our product candidates and/or effectively market and sell future approved products, if any, in some or all of the territories outside of the United States where it may otherwise be valuable to do so.

We may not be able to successfully manage our growth.

In the future, if we are able to advance our product candidates to the point of, and thereafter through, clinical trials, we will need to expand our development, regulatory, manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities or contract with third parties to provide for these capabilities.

We may not be able to successfully manage our growth as we expand our development and regulatory capabilities, which could disrupt our operations.

As we advance our product candidates to the point of, and through, clinical trials, we will need to expand our development, regulatory, manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities or contract with third parties to provide for these capabilities.

Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our product candidates and to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to manage any future growth effectively.

To manage this growth, we must expand our facilities, augment our operational, financial and management systems, and hire and train additional qualified personnel.

If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, our business may be harmed.

To manage this growth, we must expand our facilities, augment our operational, financial and management systems and hire and train additional qualified personnel with expertise in preclinical and clinical research and testing, manufacturing, government regulation and eventually sales and marketing.

Competition for qualified individuals is intense among numerous biopharmaceutical companies, universities, and other research institutions and we cannot be certain that our search will be successful.

If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, including attracting and retaining qualified personnel, our business may be harmed.

Restructuring activities could disrupt our business and effect our results of operations.

In addition, we may not achieve anticipated benefits and saving from such restructuring activities .

In September 2021, we announced a restructuring enabling us to focus on and enhance our TCR program.

We eliminated approximately 60 positions, representing more than 50% of our workforce.

The restructuring resulted in the loss of institutional knowledge and expertise and the reallocation of and combination of certain roles and responsibilities across the organization, all of which could adversely affect our operations.

Further, the restructuring and possible additional cost-containment measures may yield unintended consequences, such as attrition beyond our intended workforce reduction and reduced employee morale.

In addition, we may not achieve anticipated benefits from the restructuring.

Due to our limited resources, we may not be able to effectively manage our operations or retain qualified personnel, which may result in weaknesses to our infrastructure and operations, risks that we may be unable to comply with legal and regulatory requirements, and loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees.

For example, the workforce reduction may negatively impact our clinical, manufacturing and regulatory functions, which would have a negative impact on our ability to successfully develop and, ultimately, commercialize our product candidates.

If our management is unable to successfully manage this transition and restructuring activities, our expenses may be more than expected and we may be unable to implement our business strategy.

As a result, our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our product candidates successfully would be negatively affected.

Our business will subject us to the risk of liability claims associated with the use of hazardous materials and chemicals.

3 unchanged sentences

In addition, the federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous or radioactive materials and waste products may require our contractors to incur substantial compliance costs that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We will need to attract, recruit and hire key executives and we will continue to rely on key scientific and medical advisors, and their knowledge of our business and technical expertise would be difficult to replace.

We have recently experienced significant turnover among our executive team and will need to attract and hire key executives to help lead our company.

On February 25, 2021, our Board appointed Heidi Hagen, formerly our lead independent director, as our interim Chief Executive Officer and principal executive officer to replace Dr.

Laurence J.N.

In December 2020, Satyavrat Shukla resigned from his position as our Chief Financial Officer.

On February 17, 2021, we appointed Timothy Cunningham as our interim Chief Financial Officer and principal financial officer.

We have commenced searches for a new Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer;

however, the marketplace for attracting senior executives is competitive and identifying and hiring new executives may take several months or longer.

Management transition is often difficult and inherently causes some loss of institutional knowledge.

The departure of these executives or an extended delay finding replacements may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our ability to execute our business strategies may also be adversely affected by the uncertainty associated with these transitions.

We are highly dependent on our principal scientific, regulatory, and medical advisors.

The loss of any of our key personnel, could result in delays in product development, loss of key personnel or partnerships, and diversion of management resources, which could adversely affect our operating results.

We do not carry “key person” life insurance policies on any of our officers or key employees.

If we are unable to hire additional qualified personnel, our ability to grow our business may be harmed.

We will need to hire additional qualified personnel with expertise in preclinical and clinical research and testing, government regulation, formulation and manufacturing, and eventually, sales and marketing.

We compete for

qualified individuals with numerous biopharmaceutical companies, universities, and other research institutions.

Competition for such individuals is intense and we cannot be certain that our search for such personnel will be successful.

Attracting and retaining qualified personnel will be critical to our success.

If we are unable to hire additional qualified personnel, our ability to grow our business may be harmed.

We may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our products in response to product liability lawsuits.

The testing and marketing of medical products entail an inherent risk of product liability.

If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our products, if approved.

The testing and marketing of medical products entail an inherent risk of product liability, and we will face an even greater risk if we commercially sell any medicines that we may develop.

If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may

incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our products, if approved.

Even a successful defense would require significant financial and management resources.

3 unchanged sentences

Withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

Initiation of investigations by regulators;

Withdrawal of prior governmental approvals;

4 unchanged sentences

The inability to commercialize our product candidates;

We currently carry clinical trial insurance and product liability insurance.

However, an inability to renew our policies or to obtain sufficient insurance at an acceptable cost could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of pharmaceutical products that we develop, alone or with collaborators.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system failures.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our current and future contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures.

While we are not aware of any such material system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations.

For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data.

Likewise, we rely on third parties to manufacture our product candidates and conduct clinical trials, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business.

To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed.

RISKS RELATED TO THE CLINICAL TESTING, REGULATORY APPROVAL AND MANUFACTURING OF OUR PRODUCT CANDIDATES

If we are unable to obtain the necessary U.S.

or worldwide regulatory approvals to commercialize any product candidate, our business will suffer.

We may not be able to obtain the approvals necessary to commercialize our product candidates, or any product candidate that we may acquire or develop in the future for commercial sale.

We will need FDA approval to

commercialize our product candidates in the United States and approvals from regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions equivalent to the FDA to commercialize our product candidates in those jurisdictions.

In order to obtain FDA approval of any product candidate, we must submit to the FDA a Biologics License Application, or BLA, demonstrating that the product candidate is safe for humans and effective for its intended use.

This demonstration requires significant research and animal tests, which are referred to as preclinical studies, as well as human tests, which are referred to as clinical trials.

Satisfaction of the FDA’s regulatory requirements typically takes many years, depending upon the type, complexity, and novelty of the product candidate, and will require substantial resources for research, development, and testing.

We cannot predict whether our research, development, and clinical approaches will result in products that the FDA will consider safe for humans and effective for their intended uses.

The FDA has substantial discretion in the approval process and may require us to conduct additional preclinical and clinical testing or to perform post-marketing studies.

The approval process may also be delayed by changes in government regulation, future legislation, or administrative action or changes in FDA policy that occur prior to or during our regulatory review.

Delays in obtaining regulatory approvals may:

Delay commercialization of, and our ability to derive product revenues from, our product candidates;

Impose costly procedures on us;

Diminish any competitive advantages that we may otherwise enjoy.

Even if we comply with all FDA requests, the FDA may ultimately reject one or more of our BLAs.

We cannot be sure that we will ever obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates.

Failure to obtain FDA approval for our product candidates will severely undermine our business by leaving us without a saleable product, and therefore without any potential revenue source, until another product candidate can be developed.

There is no guarantee that we will ever be able to develop or acquire another product candidate or that we will obtain FDA approval if we are able to do so.

In foreign jurisdictions, we similarly must receive approval from applicable regulatory authorities before we can commercialize any of our product candidates.

Foreign regulatory approval processes generally include all of the risks associated with the FDA approval procedures described above.

Our product candidates are in various stages of clinical trials, which are very expensive and time-consuming.

A decline in our share price.

Although we currently carry clinical trial insurance and product liability insurance which we believe to be reasonable, it may not be adequate to cover all liability that we may incur.

An inability to renew our policies or to obtain sufficient insurance at an acceptable cost could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of pharmaceutical products that we develop, alone or with collaborators.

Business disruptions could seriously harm our future revenue and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our operations, and those of our clinical investigators, contractors and consultants, are based primarily in Houston, Texas.

These operations could be subject to power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical epidemics and other natural or man-made disasters or business interruptions, for which we maintain customary insurance policies that we believe are appropriate.

The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our ability to manufacture clinical supplies of our product candidates could be disrupted if our own operations or those of our suppliers are affected by a man-made or natural disaster or other business interruption.

We may have limited recourse against third parties if the non-compliance is due to factors outside of the manufacturer’s control.

We may be unable to find appropriate partners to continue the development of the product candidates we de-prioritized in 2021 which may prevent us from ever deriving meaningful revenue from them.

In 2021, we elected to prioritize our Library TCR-T program and significantly reduced our activities in connection with our Controlled IL-12 and CAR-T programs to preserve our capital resources.

The decision to significantly reduce activities for our Controlled IL-12 and CAR-T programs may negatively impact the potential for these programs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are actively exploring partnership opportunities for our Controlled IL-12 and CAR-T programs to support their continued development.

If we are unable to identify an appropriate strategic partner or to negotiate and consummate a license or sale agreement with such a partner, it will be difficult to advance the development of these two programs, increasing the likelihood that we may be unable to derive any meaningful revenue from these assets.

We have also mutually agreed with TriArm Therapeutics Ltd., or TriArm, to dissolve the Eden BioCell joint venture.

Our business, operations and clinical development plans and timelines could be adversely affected by the effects of health epidemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, on the manufacturing, clinical trial and other business activities performed by us or by third parties with whom we conduct business, including our contract manufacturers, CROs, shippers and others.

Our business could be adversely affected by health epidemics wherever we have clinical trial sites or other business operations.

In addition, health epidemics could cause significant disruption in our manufacturing operations or the operations of third-party manufacturers, CROs and other third parties upon whom we rely or may rely on in the future.

We depend on a worldwide supply chain to manufacture products used in our preclinical studies and clinical trials.

Quarantines, shelter-in-place and similar government orders, or the expectation that such orders, shutdowns or other restrictions could occur, whether related to COVID-19 or other infectious diseases, could impact personnel at our own manufacturing facilities or third-party manufacturing facilities in the United States and other countries, or the availability or cost of materials, which could disrupt our supply chain.

If our relationships with our suppliers or other vendors are terminated or scaled back as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic or other health epidemics, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative suppliers or vendors or do so on commercially reasonable terms or in

a timely manner.

Switching or adding additional suppliers or vendors involves substantial cost and requires management’s time and focus.

In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new supplier or vendor commences work.

As a result, delays may occur, which could adversely impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development and any future commercialization timelines.

In addition, our preclinical studies and our ongoing TCR-T Library Phase 1/2 Trial at MD Anderson have been and may continue to be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Some patients may have difficulty following certain aspects of clinical trial protocols if quarantines impede patient movement or interrupt healthcare services.

Similarly, if we are unable to successfully recruit and retain patients, principal investigators, and site staff who, as healthcare providers, may have heightened exposure to COVID-19 or experience additional restrictions by their institutions, city, or state, our clinical trial operations could be adversely impacted.

The global COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve rapidly.

The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or a similar epidemic is highly uncertain and subject to change.

We may experience a material impact on our operations, and we continue to monitor the COVID-19 situation closely.

RISKS RELATED TO THE CLINICAL TESTING, GOVERNMENT REGULATION AND MANUFACTURING OF OUR PRODUCT CANDIDATES

If we encounter difficulties enrolling patients in our clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.

We may experience difficulties in patient enrollment in our clinical trials, including our ongoing TCR-T Library Phase 1/2 Trial, for a variety of reasons, including impacts that have resulted or may result from the COVID-19 pandemic.

The timely completion of clinical trials in accordance with their protocols depends on, among other things, our ability to enroll a sufficient number of patients who remain in the clinical trial until its conclusion.

The enrollment of patients depends on many factors, including:

The patient eligibility criteria defined in the clinical trial protocol;

The size of the patient population required for analysis of the clinical trial’s primary endpoints;

The proximity of patients to clinical trial sites;

The design of the clinical trial;

Our ability to recruit and retain clinical trial investigators with the appropriate competencies and experience;

Our ability to obtain and maintain patient consents;

Reporting of the preliminary results of any of our clinical trials;

The risk that patients enrolled in clinical trials will drop out of the clinical trials before the manufacturing and infusion of our product candidates or clinical trial completion.

Our clinical trials will compete with other clinical trials for product candidates that are in the same therapeutic areas as our product candidates, and this competition will reduce the number and types of patients available to us because some of our potential patients may instead opt to enroll in a clinical trial being conducted by one of our competitors.

In addition, patients may be unwilling to participate in our studies because of negative publicity from adverse events in the biotechnology industry or for other reasons.

Since the number of qualified clinical investigators is limited, we expect to conduct some of our clinical trials at the same clinical trial sites that some of our competitors use, which will reduce the number of patients who are available for our clinical trials at such clinical trial sites.

Moreover, because our product candidates represent a departure from more commonly used methods for cancer treatment, potential patients and their doctors may be inclined to use conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, rather than enroll patients in any future clinical trial.

Additionally, because some of our clinical trials are in patients with relapsed/refractory cancer, the patients are typically in the late stages of their disease and may experience disease progression independent from our product candidates, making them unevaluable for purposes of the clinical trial and requiring additional patient enrollment.

Delays in completing patient enrollment may result in increased costs or may affect the timing or outcome of our ongoing and planned clinical trials, which could prevent completion or commencement of these clinical trials and adversely affect our ability to advance the development of our product candidates.

Our product candidates are subject to extensive regulation and compliance, which is costly and time consuming, and such regulation may cause unanticipated delays or prevent the receipt of the required approvals to commercialize our product candidates.

The clinical development, manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, advertising, promotion, import, export, marketing, distribution and adverse event reporting, including the submission of safety and other information, of our product candidates are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA in the United States and by comparable foreign regulatory authorities in foreign markets.

The process of obtaining regulatory approval is expensive, often takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials.

Approval policies or regulations may change, and the FDA has substantial discretion in the drug approval process, including the ability to delay, limit or deny approval of a product candidate for many reasons.

Regulatory approval is never guaranteed.

Prior to obtaining approval to commercialize a product candidate in the United States or abroad, we or our collaborators must demonstrate with substantial evidence from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials, and to the satisfaction of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, that such product candidates are safe and effective, or with respect to a biological product candidate, safe, pure and potent, for their intended uses.

The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities can delay, limit or deny approval of a product candidate for many reasons, including:

Such authorities may disagree with the design or implementation of our or our current or future collaborators’

clinical trials;

Negative or ambiguous results from our clinical trials or results may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory agencies for approval;

Serious and unexpected drug-related side effects may be experienced by participants in our clinical trials or by individuals using drugs or biologics similar to our therapeutic product candidates;

Such authorities may not accept clinical data from trials which are conducted at clinical facilities or in countries where the standard of care is potentially different from that of the United States;

We, or any of our current or future collaborators, may be unable to demonstrate that a product candidate is safe and effective, and that the therapeutic product candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks;

We may be unable to demonstrate to the satisfaction of such authorities that our companion diagnostics are suitable to identify appropriate patient populations;

Such authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;

Such authorities may not agree that the data collected from clinical trials of our product candidates are acceptable or sufficient to support the submission of a BLA, NDA, premarket approval, or PMA, or other submission or to obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere, and such authorities may impose requirements for additional preclinical studies or clinical trials;

Such authorities may disagree regarding the formulation, labeling and/or the specifications of our product candidates;

Approval may be granted only for indications that are significantly more limited than what we apply for and/or with other significant restrictions on distribution and use;

Such authorities may find deficiencies in the manufacturing processes, test procedures and specifications or facilities of our third-party manufacturers with which we or any of our current or future collaborators contract for clinical and commercial supplies;

Regulations and approval policies of such authorities may significantly change in a manner rendering our or any of our potential future collaborators’

clinical data insufficient for approval;

Such authorities may not accept a submission due to, among other reasons, the content or formatting of the submission.

This lengthy approval process, as well as the unpredictability of the results of clinical trials, may result in our failing to obtain regulatory approval to market any of our product candidates, which would significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.

In addition, even if we obtain approval of our product candidates, regulatory authorities may approve any of our product candidates for fewer or more limited indications than we request, may impose significant limitations in the form of narrow indications, warnings, or a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS.

Events raising questions about the safety of certain marketed biopharmaceuticals may result in increased cautiousness by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities in reviewing new drugs or biologics based on safety, efficacy or other regulatory considerations and may result in significant delays in obtaining regulatory approvals.

Any delay in obtaining, or inability to obtain, applicable regulatory approvals would prevent us or any of our potential future collaborators from commercializing our product candidates.

We are very early in our development efforts.

Our most advanced product candidates are only in an early-stage clinical trial, which is very expensive and time-consuming.

We cannot be certain when we will be able to submit a BLA to the FDA and any failure or delay in completing clinical trials for our product candidates could harm our business.

Our product candidates are in various stages of development and require extensive clinical testing.

Notwithstanding our current clinical trial plans for each of our existing product candidates, we may not be able to commence additional trials or see results from these trials within our anticipated timelines.

As they enter later stages of development, our product candidates generally will become subject to more stringent regulatory requirements, including the FDA’s requirements for chemistry, manufacturing and controls for product candidates entering Phase 3 clinical trials.

There is no guarantee the FDA will allow us to commence Phase 3 clinical trials for product candidates studied in early clinical trials.

Our most advanced product candidates are in our TCR-T Library Phase 1/2 Trial, which is currently enrolling.

Human clinical trials are very expensive and difficult to design, initiate and

implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements.

Notwithstanding our current clinical trial plans for each of our existing product candidates, which we estimate will take several years to complete, we may not be able to commence additional trials or see results from these trials within our anticipated timelines.

Failure can occur at any stage of a clinical trial, and we can encounter problems that cause us to delay the start of, abandon or repeat clinical trials.

Some factors which may lead to a delay in the commencement or completion of our clinical trials include:

requests for additional nonclinical data from regulators, unforeseen safety issues, dosing issues, lack of effectiveness during clinical trials, difficulty recruiting or monitoring patients, difficulty manufacturing clinical products, among other factors.

There is no guarantee the FDA will allow us to commence Phase 3 clinical trials for product candidates studied in earlier clinical trials.

If the FDA does not allow our product candidates to enter later stage clinical trials or requires changes to the formulation or manufacture of our product candidates before commencing Phase 3 clinical trials, our ability to further develop, or seek approval for, such product candidates may be materially impacted.

3 unchanged sentences

As with many pharmaceutical and biological products, treatment with our product candidates may produce undesirable side effects or adverse reactions or events, including potential adverse side effects related to cytokine release.

If our product candidates or similar products or product candidates under development by third parties demonstrate unacceptable AEs, we may be required to halt or delay further clinical development of our product candidates.

If our product candidates or similar products or product candidates under development by third parties demonstrate unacceptable adverse events, we may be required to halt or delay further clinical development of our product candidates.

The FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications.

For instance, Ad-RTS-hIL-12

plus veledimex may result in local reactions during the time of injection, including severe swelling and bleeding.

If a serious adverse event was to occur in any of our clinical trials, including in our trial of Ad-RTS-hIL-12

plus veledimex for the treatment of DIPG, the FDA may place a hold on the clinical trial for this indication and, potentially, our clinical trials of Ad-RTS-hIL-12

plus veledimex in other indications.

If a serious adverse event was to occur in our TCR-T Library Phase 1/2 Trial, the FDA may place a hold on the clinical trial.

The product-related side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims.

2 unchanged sentences

Inadequate training in recognizing or managing the potential side effects of our product candidates could result in adverse effects to patients, including death.

observation period recommended or required for patients who receive treatment using our products, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

Additionally, if one or more of our product candidates receives marketing approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such products, including during any long-term follow-up observation period recommended or required for patients who receive treatment using our products candidates, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

regulatory authorities may withdraw approvals of such product;

regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the label;

regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the product’s label;

we may be required to create a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy plan, which could include a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients, a communication plan for healthcare providers and/or other elements to assure safe use;

3 unchanged sentences

Furthermore, any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.

Our cell-based and gene therapy immuno-oncology products rely on the availability of reagents, specialized equipment, and other specialty materials and infrastructure, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.

Our cell-based therapy immuno-oncology product candidates rely on the availability of reagents, specialized equipment and other specialty materials and infrastructure, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.

For some of these reagents, equipment and materials, we rely or may rely on sole source vendors or a limited number of vendors, which could impair our ability to manufacture and supply our products.

Manufacturing our product candidates will require many reagents, which are substances used in our manufacturing processes to bring about chemical or biological reactions, and other specialty materials and equipment, some of which are manufactured or supplied by small companies with limited resources and experience to support commercial biologics production.

We currently depend on a limited number of vendors for certain materials and

equipment used in the manufacture of our product candidates.

Some of these suppliers may not have the capacity to support commercial products manufactured under current good manufacturing practices by biopharmaceutical firms or may otherwise be ill-equipped

to support our needs.

We also do not have supply contracts with many of these suppliers and may not be able to obtain supply contracts with them on acceptable terms or at all.

We currently depend on a limited number of vendors for certain materials and equipment used in the manufacture of our product candidates, including the DNA plasmids used, which are used as the vector to insert our TCRs into human T cells.

Some of these suppliers may not have the capacity to support commercial products manufactured under current good manufacturing practices by biopharmaceutical firms or may otherwise be ill-equipped to support our needs.

We also do not

have supply contracts with many of these suppliers and may not be able to obtain supply contracts with them on acceptable terms or at all.

Accordingly, we may experience delays in receiving key materials and equipment to support clinical or commercial manufacturing.

4 unchanged sentences

Further, manufacturing replacement material may be expensive and require a significant amount of time, which may further impact our clinical programs.

As we continue to develop and scale our manufacturing process, we expect that we will need to obtain rights to and supplies of certain materials and equipment to be used as part of that process.

We may not be able to obtain rights to such materials on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and if we are unable to alter our process in a commercially viable manner to avoid the use of such materials or find a suitable substitute, it would have a material adverse effect on our business.

As we continue to develop and scale our manufacturing process, we expect that we will need to obtain additional rights to and supplies of certain materials and equipment to be used as part of that process.

We may not be able to maintain rights to such materials on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and if we are unable to alter our process in a commercially viable manner to avoid the use of such materials or find a suitable substitute, it would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Even if we are able to alter our process so as to use other materials or equipment, such a change may lead to a delay in our clinical development and/or commercialization plans.

If such a change occurs for product candidate that is already in clinical testing, the change may require us to perform both ex vivo comparability studies and to collect additional data from patients prior to undertaking more advanced clinical trials.

The results of our clinical trials may not support our product candidate claims.

Even if our clinical trials are completed as planned, we cannot be certain that their results will support approval of our product candidates.

The FDA normally expects two randomized, well-controlled Phase 3 pivotal trials in support of approval of a BLA.

Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and we cannot be certain that the results of later clinical trials will replicate the results of prior clinical trials and preclinical testing.

The clinical trial process may fail to demonstrate that our product candidates are safe for humans and effective for the indicated uses.

This failure would cause us to abandon a product candidate and may delay development of other product candidates.

Any delay in, or termination of, our clinical trials will delay the submission of our BLAs with the FDA and, ultimately, our ability to commercialize our product candidates and generate product revenues.

In addition, our clinical trials involve small patient populations.

Because of the small sample size, the results of these clinical trials may not be indicative of future results.

Our immuno-oncology product candidates are based on a novel technology, which makes it difficult to predict the time and cost of product candidate development and subsequently obtaining regulatory approval.

Currently, few gene therapy and cell therapy products have been approved in the United States and Europe.

We are currently focused on developing products in immuno-oncology that employ novel gene expression, control and cell technologies to deliver safe, effective and scalable cell- and viral-based therapies for the treatment of cancer.

Due to the novelty of this technology, there can be no assurance that any development problems we experience in the future related to our immuno-oncology platforms will not cause significant delays or unanticipated costs, or that such development problems can be solved.

We may also experience unanticipated problems or delays in expanding our manufacturing capacity or transferring our manufacturing process to commercial partners, which may prevent us from completing our clinical trials or commercializing our immuno-oncology product candidates on a timely or profitable basis, if at all.

In addition, the clinical study requirements of the FDA, the EMA and other regulatory agencies and the criteria these regulators use to determine the safety and efficacy of a product candidate vary substantially according to the type, complexity, novelty and intended use and market of the potential products.

The regulatory approval process for novel product candidates such as ours can be more expensive and take longer than for other, better known or extensively studied pharmaceutical or other product candidates.

These factors make it difficult to determine how long it will take or how much it will cost to obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates in either the United States or Europe.

Approvals by the EMA may not be indicative of what the FDA may require for approval.

Regulatory requirements governing gene and cell therapy products have changed frequently and may continue to change in the future.

For example, the FDA has established the Office of Tissue and Advanced Therapies within its Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, or CBER, to consolidate the review of gene therapy and related products, and the Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies Advisory Committee to advise CBER on its review.

Also, before a clinical trial can begin at an institution, that institution’s institutional review board, or IRB, and its Institutional Biosafety Committee will have to review the proposed clinical trial to assess the safety of the trial.

In addition, adverse developments in clinical trials of gene therapy products conducted by others may cause the FDA or other regulatory bodies to change the requirements for approval of any of our product candidates.

These regulatory review committees and advisory groups and the new guidelines they promulgate may lengthen the regulatory review process, require us to perform additional studies, increase our development costs, lead to changes in regulatory positions and interpretations, delay or prevent approval and commercialization of these treatment candidates or lead to significant post-approval limitations or restrictions.

As we advance our immuno-oncology product candidates, we will be required to consult with these regulatory and advisory groups, and comply with applicable guidelines.

If we fail to do so, we may be required to delay or discontinue development of our product candidates.

These additional processes may result in a review and approval process that is longer than we otherwise would have expected for oncology product candidates.

Delay or failure to obtain, or unexpected costs in obtaining, the regulatory approval necessary to bring a potential product to market could decrease our ability to generate sufficient product revenue to maintain our business.

Because we are dependent upon clinical research institutions and other contractors for clinical testing and for research and development activities, the results of our clinical trials and such research activities are, to a certain extent, beyond our control.

We materially rely upon independent investigators and collaborators, such as universities and medical institutions, to conduct our preclinical and clinical trials under agreements with us.

If such a change occurs for a product candidate that is already in clinical trials, the change may require us to perform both ex vivo comparability studies and to collect additional data from patients prior to undertaking more advanced clinical trials.

Because we are dependent, at least in part, upon clinical research institutions and other CROs for clinical testing and/or for research and development activities, the results of our clinical trials and such research activities are, to a certain extent, beyond our control.

We materially rely upon independent investigators and collaborators, such as universities and medical institutions, to conduct our clinical trials under agreements with us.

In addition, we hire CROs to help us manage clinical trials, collect data and analyze clinical samples.

These collaborators are not our employees, and we cannot control the amount or timing of resources that they devote to our programs.

2 unchanged sentences

These institutions may also have, or implement in the future, policies and procedures that limit their ability to advance our programs.

For instance, our partners may take measures in response to the COVID-19

pandemic, that may impact enrollment in our clinical trials.

These collaborators may also have relationships with other commercial entities, some of whom may compete with us.

If our collaborators assist our competitors to our detriment, our competitive position would be harmed.

Our reliance on third parties to formulate and manufacture our product candidates exposes us to a number of risks that may delay the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our products or result in higher product costs.

We have limited experience producing and supplying our product candidates.

We may be unable to consistently manufacture our product candidates to the necessary specifications or in quantities necessary to treat patients in our clinical trials.

We have limited experience in biopharmaceutical manufacturing.

We currently lack the internal resources and expertise to formulate or manufacture our own product candidates and, therefore, contract the manufacture of our product candidates with third parties.

We intend to contract with one or more manufacturers to manufacture, supply,

store, and distribute supplies for our clinical trials.

If a product candidate we develop or acquire in the future receives FDA approval, we may rely on one or more third-party contractors to manufacture our products.

anticipated future reliance on a limited number of third-party manufacturers exposes us to the following risks:

We may be unable to identify manufacturers on acceptable terms or at all because the number of potential manufacturers is limited and the FDA must approve any replacement contractor.

This approval would require new testing and compliance inspections.

In addition, a new manufacturer would have to be educated in, or develop substantially equivalent processes for, production of our products after receipt of FDA approval, if any.

Our third-party manufacturers might be unable to formulate and manufacture our products in the volume and of the quality required to meet our clinical needs and commercial needs, if any.

Our future contract manufacturers may not perform as agreed or may not remain in the contract manufacturing business for the time required to supply our clinical trials or to successfully produce, store, and distribute our products.

Biopharmaceutical manufacturers are subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspection by the FDA, the Drug Enforcement Administration and corresponding state and foreign agencies to ensure strict compliance with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, and other government regulations and corresponding foreign standards.

We do not have control over third-party manufacturers’ compliance with these regulations and standards.

If any third-party manufacturer makes improvements in the manufacturing process for our products, we may not own, or may have to share, the intellectual property rights to the innovation.

Further third-party manufacturers may encounter difficulties in achieving volume production, quality control, and quality assurance and also may experience shortages in qualified personnel and obtaining materials for our product candidates, including delays or shortages due to limited supply or capacity of production facilities as a result of the recent COVID-19

Our third-party manufacturers may not be able to comply with cGMP regulations or similar regulatory requirements outside the United States.

Our failure, or the failure of our third-party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including clinical holds, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our products.

Each of these risks could delay our clinical trials, the approval, if any, of our product candidates by the FDA or the commercialization of our product candidates or result in higher costs or deprive us of potential product revenues.

We recently began manufacturing our product candidates at our in-house cGMP manufacturing facility at our leased headquarters in Houston, Texas.

Our ability to manufacture our product candidates depends on our finding and retaining personnel with the appropriate background and training to staff and operate the facility on a daily basis.

Should we be unable to find or retain these individuals, we may need to train additional personnel to fill the needed roles or engage with external contractors.

There are a small number of individuals with experience in cell therapy and the competition for these individuals is high.

Specifically, the operation of a cell-therapy manufacturing facility is a complex endeavor requiring knowledgeable individuals who have successful previous experience in cleanroom environments.

Cell therapy facilities, like other biological agent manufacturing facilities, require appropriate commissioning and validation activities to demonstrate that they operate as designed.

Additionally, each manufacturing process must be proven through the performance of process validation runs to guarantee that the facility, personnel, equipment, and process work as designed.

While we have developed our own manufacturing processes using an in-house team, there is timing risk associated with increased in-house product manufacture.

The manufacture of our product candidates is complex and requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the development of advanced manufacturing techniques and process controls.

Manufacturers of cell therapy products often encounter difficulties in production, particularly in scaling out and validating initial production and ensuring the absence of contamination.

These include difficulties with production costs and yields, quality control, including stability of the product, quality assurance testing, operator error, shortages of qualified personnel, as well as compliance with strictly enforced federal, state and foreign regulations.

Furthermore, if contaminants are discovered in our supply of product candidates or in our manufacturing facilities, the manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period to investigate and remedy the contamination.

It is possible that stability or other issues relating to the manufacture of our product candidates could occur in the future.

Our product candidates currently are and will continue to be manufactured on a patient-by-patient basis.

Delays in manufacturing could adversely impact the treatment of each patient and may discourage participation in our current or future clinical trials.

We have not yet

manufactured our clinical trial product candidates on a large scale and may not be able to achieve large scale clinical trial or commercial manufacturing and processing on our own to satisfy expected clinical trial or commercial demands for any of our product candidates.

While we believe that our current manufacturing and processing approaches are appropriate to support our early-stage clinical product development, we have limited experience in managing the T cell engineering process, and our processes may be more difficult or more expensive than anticipated.

The manufacturing processes employed by us may not result in product candidates that will be safe and effective.

If we are unable to manufacture sufficient number of TCR-T cells for our product candidates, our development efforts would be delayed, which would adversely affect our business and prospects.

Our manufacturing operations will be subject to review and oversight by the FDA upon commencement of the manufacturing of our product candidates for our TCR-T Library Phase 1/2 Trial.

We will be subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspection by the FDA, the Drug Enforcement Administration and corresponding state agencies to ensure strict compliance with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, and other government regulations.

Our license to manufacture product candidates will be subject to continued regulatory review.

We do not yet have sufficient information to reliably estimate the cost of commercial manufacturing and processing of our product candidates.

The actual cost to manufacture and process our product candidates could materially and adversely affect the commercial viability of our product candidates.

As a result, we may never be able to develop a commercially viable product.

We also may fail to manage the logistics of collecting and shipping patient material to our manufacturing site and shipping the product candidate back to the patient.

Logistical and shipment delays and problems, whether or not caused by us or our vendors, could prevent or delay the delivery of product candidates to patients.

In addition, it is possible that we could experience manufacturing difficulties in the future due to resource constraints or because of labor disputes.

If we were to encounter any of these difficulties, our ability to provide our product candidates to patients could be materially adversely affected.

We may have difficulty validating our manufacturing process as we manufacture our product candidates from an increasingly diverse patient population for our clinical trials.

During our development of the manufacturing process, our TCR-T cell product candidates have demonstrated consistency from lot to lot and from donor to donor.

However, our sample size is small and the starting material used during our development work came from healthy donors.

Once we have experience with working with white blood cells taken from our patient population, we may encounter unforeseen difficulties due to starting with material from donors who are not healthy, including challenges inherent in harvesting white blood cells from unhealthy patients.

Although we believe our current manufacturing process is scalable for our clinical trials, and if our any of our product candidates are approved or commercialized, we may encounter challenges in validating our process due to the heterogeneity of the product starting material.

However, we anticipate that during the early phases of our clinical trials we will be able to adapt our process to account for these differences resulting in a more robust process.

We cannot guarantee that any other issues relating to the heterogeneity of the starting material will not impact our ability to commercially manufacturing our product candidates.

The gene transfer vectors from our Sleeping Beauty system used to manufacture our product candidates may incorrectly modify the genetic material of a patient’s T cells, potentially triggering the development of a new cancer or other adverse events.

Our TCR-T cells are manufactured using our Sleeping Beauty system, a non-viral vector to insert genetic information encoding the TCR construct into the patient’s T cells.

The TCR construct is then primarily integrated at thymine-adenine, or TA, dinucleotide sites throughout the patient’s genome and, once expressed as protein, is transported to the surface of the patient’s T cells.

Because the gene transfer vector modifies the genetic information of the T cell, there is a theoretical risk that modification will occur in the wrong place in the T cell’s genetic code, leading to vector-related insertional oncogenesis, and causing the T cell to become cancerous.

If the cancerous T cell is then administered to the patient, the cancerous T cell could trigger the development of a new cancer in the patient.

We use non-viral vectors to insert genetic information into T cells, which we believe have a lower risk of insertional oncogenesis as opposed to viral vectors.

However, the risk of insertional oncogenesis remains a concern for gene therapy, and we cannot assure that it will not occur in any of our ongoing or planned clinical trials.

There is also the potential risk of delayed adverse events following exposure to gene therapy products due to persistent biological activity of the genetic material or other components of the vectors used to carry the genetic material.

Although we use non-viral vectors, the FDA has stated that lentiviral vectors possess characteristics that may pose high risks of delayed adverse events.

If any such adverse events occur from our non-viral vector, further advancement of our preclinical studies or clinical trials could be halted or delayed, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval could be subject to post-marketing restrictions or withdrawal from the market and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our products, when and if any of them are approved.

Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval, along with the manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, labeling, advertising and promotional activities for such product, will be subject to continual requirements of and review by the FDA and other regulatory authorities.

regulatory authorities.

These requirements include, among other things, submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and listing requirements, cGMP requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping.

Even if marketing approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, including the requirement to implement a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, which could include requirements for a restricted distribution system.

Even if marketing approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, including the requirement to implement a REMS, which could include requirements for a restricted distribution system.

If any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, the accompanying label may limit the approved uses, which could limit sales of the product.

2 unchanged sentences

However, companies may share truthful and not misleading information that is otherwise consistent with the labeling.

The FDA imposes stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off-label

use and if we market our products outside of their approved indications, we may be subject to enforcement action for off-label

The FDA imposes stringent restrictions on manufacturers’

communications regarding off-label use and if we market our products outside of their approved indications, we may be subject to enforcement action for off-label marketing.

Violations of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act relating to the promotion of prescription drugs may lead to investigations alleging violations of federal and state health care fraud and abuse laws, as well as state consumer protection laws.

In addition, later discovery of previously unknown AEs or other problems with our products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may yield various results, including:

In addition, later discovery of previously unknown adverse events or other problems with our products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may yield various results, including:

Litigation involving patients taking our product;

18 unchanged sentences

RISKS RELATED TO OUR ABILITY TO COMMERCIALIZE OUR PRODUCT CANDIDATES

If we are unable to obtain the necessary U.S.

or worldwide regulatory approvals to commercialize any product candidate, our business will suffer.

We may not be able to obtain the approvals necessary to commercialize our product candidates, or any product candidate that we may acquire or develop in the future for commercial sale.

We will need FDA approval to commercialize our product candidates in the United States and approvals from regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions equivalent to the FDA to commercialize our product candidates in those jurisdictions.

In order to obtain FDA approval of any product candidate, we must submit to the FDA a BLA demonstrating that the product candidate is safe for humans and effective for its intended use.

This demonstration requires significant research and animal tests, which are referred to as preclinical studies, as well as human tests, which are referred to as clinical trials.

Satisfaction of the FDA’s regulatory requirements typically takes many years, depending upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidate, and will require substantial resources for research, development and testing.

We cannot predict whether our research, development, and clinical approaches will

result in products that the FDA will consider safe for humans and effective for their intended uses.

The FDA has substantial discretion in the approval process and may require us to conduct additional preclinical and clinical testing or to perform post-marketing studies.

The approval process may also be delayed by changes in government regulation, future legislation or administrative action or changes in FDA policy that occur prior to or during our regulatory review.

Delays in obtaining regulatory approvals may:

Delay commercialization of, and our ability to derive product revenues from, our product candidates;

Impose costly procedures on us;

Diminish any competitive advantages that we may otherwise enjoy.

Even if we comply with all FDA requests, the FDA may ultimately reject one or more of our BLAs.

We cannot be sure that we will ever obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates.

Failure to obtain FDA approval for our product candidates will severely undermine our business by leaving us without a marketable product, and therefore without any potential revenue source, until another product candidate can be developed.

There is no guarantee that we will ever be able to develop or acquire another product candidate or that we will obtain FDA approval if we are able to do so.

In foreign jurisdictions, we similarly must receive approval from applicable regulatory authorities before we can commercialize any of our product candidates.

Foreign regulatory approval processes generally include all of the risks associated with the FDA approval procedures described above.

If we are unable either to create sales, marketing and distribution capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to perform these functions, we will be unable to commercialize our product candidates successfully.

2 unchanged sentences

however, we cannot assure that we will be able to market, sell, and distribute our products successfully.

Our future success also may depend, in part, on our ability to enter into and maintain collaborative relationships for such capabilities and to encourage the collaborator’s strategic interest in the products under development, and such

collaborator’s ability to successfully market and sell any such products.

Although we intend to pursue certain collaborative arrangements regarding the sale and marketing of certain of our product candidates, there are no assurances that we will be able to establish or maintain collaborative arrangements or, if we are able to do so, whether we would be able to conduct our own sales efforts.

There can also be no assurance that we will be able to establish or maintain relationships with third-party collaborators or develop in-house

sales and distribution capabilities.

There can also be no assurance that we will be able to establish or maintain relationships with third-party collaborators or develop in-house sales and distribution capabilities.

To the extent that we depend on third parties for marketing and distribution, any revenues we receive will depend upon the efforts of such third parties, and there can be no assurance that such efforts will be successful.

2 unchanged sentences

If we rely on pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies with established distribution systems to market our products, we will need to establish and maintain partnership arrangements, and we may not be able to enter into these arrangements on acceptable terms or at all.

To the extent that we enter into co-promotion

or other arrangements, any revenues we receive will depend upon the efforts of third parties that may not be successful and that will be only partially in our control.

If we cannot compete successfully for market share against other biopharmaceutical companies, we may not achieve sufficient product revenues and our business will suffer.

The market for our product candidates is characterized by intense competition and rapid technological advances.

If a product candidate receives FDA approval, it will compete with a number of existing and future products and therapies developed, manufactured and marketed by others.

If our products fail to capture and maintain market share, we may not achieve sufficient product revenues and our business will suffer.

We will compete against fully integrated pharmaceutical companies and smaller companies that are collaborating with larger pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations.

Many of these competitors have products already approved or in development.

In addition, many of these competitors, either alone or together with their collaborative partners, operate larger research and development programs or have substantially greater financial resources than we do, as well as significantly greater experience in:

Developing drugs and biopharmaceuticals;

Undertaking preclinical testing and human clinical trials;

Obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals of drugs and biopharmaceuticals;

Formulating and manufacturing drugs and biopharmaceuticals;

Launching, marketing, and selling drugs and biopharmaceuticals.

In addition, our ability to compete may be affected in many cases by insurers or other third-party payors seeking to encourage the use of generic products.

If physicians and patients do not accept and use our product candidates, our ability to generate revenue from sales of our products will be materially impaired.

To the extent that we enter into co-promotion or other arrangements, any revenues we receive will depend upon the efforts of third parties that may not be successful and that will be only partially in our control.

If physicians and patients do not accept and use our product candidates, once approved, our ability to generate revenue from sales of our products will be materially impaired.

Even if the FDA and/or foreign equivalents thereof approve our product candidates, physicians and patients may not accept and use them.

The use of engineered T cells as potential cancer treatments is a relatively recent development and may not become broadly accepted by physicians, patients, hospitals, cancer treatment centers, third-party payors and others in the medical community.

Acceptance and use of our products will depend upon a number of factors including:

The clinical indications for which our product candidates are approved;

Perceptions by members of the healthcare community, including physicians, about the safety and effectiveness of our products;

The prevalence and severity of any side effects;

Pharmacological benefit and cost-effectiveness of our products relative to competing products;

Relative convenience and ease of administration, including as compared to alternative treatments and competitive therapies;

Availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement for our products from government or other third-party payors;

2 unchanged sentences

Because we expect sales of our current product candidates, if approved, to generate substantially all of our product revenues for the foreseeable future, the failure of a product to find market acceptance would harm our business and could require us to seek additional financing in order to fund the development of future product candidates.

Even if our products achieve market acceptance, we may not be able to maintain that market acceptance over time if new products or technologies are introduced that are more favorably received than our products, are more cost effective or render our products obsolete.

Our ability to generate product revenues will be diminished if our products do not obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement from payors.

4 unchanged sentences

It is difficult to predict the coverage and reimbursement decisions that will be made by third-party payors for novel gene and cell therapy products such as ours.

Even if we obtain coverage for our product candidates, the resulting reimbursement payment rates might not be adequate or may require co-payments

that patients find unacceptably high.

Even if we obtain coverage for our product candidates, the resulting reimbursement payment rates might not be adequate or may require co-payments that patients find unacceptably high.

Patients are unlikely to use our product candidates unless coverage is provided, and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of our product candidates.

In addition, the market for our product candidates for which we may receive regulatory approval will depend significantly on access to third-party payors’ drug formularies or lists of medications for which third-party payors provide coverage and reimbursement, which might not include all of the FDA-approved

drugs for a particular indication.

In addition, the market for our product candidates for which we may receive regulatory approval will depend significantly on access to third-party payors’

drug formularies or lists of medications for which third-party payors provide coverage and reimbursement, which might not include all of the FDA-approved drugs for a particular indication.

The industry competition to be included in such formularies often leads to downward pricing pressures on pharmaceutical companies.

4 unchanged sentences

As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that requires us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that approval will be obtained.

If we are unable to obtain coverage of and adequate payment levels for our product candidates from third-party payors, physicians may limit how much or under what circumstances they will prescribe or administer our products and

patients may decline to purchase them.

This in turn could affect our ability to successfully commercialize our products and impact our profitability, results of operations, financial condition, and future success.

16 unchanged sentences

In addition, we may have to conduct additional clinical trials prior to gaining approval for second line or first line therapy.

Our projections of both the number of people who have the cancers we are targeting, as well as the subset of people with these cancers in a position to receive therapy and who have the potential to benefit from treatment with our product candidates, are based on our beliefs and estimates.

These estimates have been derived from a variety of sources, including scientific literature, surveys of clinics, patient foundations or market research and may prove to be incorrect.

3 unchanged sentences

Our market opportunities may also be limited by competitor treatments that may enter the market.

See also “Risks Related to Our Ability to Commercialize Our Product Candidates— If we cannot compete successfully for market share against other biopharmaceutical companies, we may not achieve sufficient product revenues and our business will suffer

Healthcare legislative reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

5 unchanged sentences

Increased the statutory minimum rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program to 23.1% and 13% of the average manufacturer price for most branded and generic drugs, respectively;

Created a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must now agree to offer 70% point-of-sale

discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D;

Extended manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability to covered drugs dispensed to individuals who are enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations;

Created a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must now agree to offer 70% point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D;

Extended manufacturers’

Medicaid rebate liability to covered drugs dispensed to individuals who are enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations;

Created new methodologies by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected, and for drugs that are line extensions;

Expanded eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs by, among other things, allowing states to offer Medicaid coverage to additional individuals with income at or below 133% of the Federal Poverty Level, thereby potentially increasing both the volume of sales and manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability;

Medicaid rebate liability;

Expanded the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service pharmaceutical pricing program;

1 unchanged sentence

Expanded healthcare fraud and abuse laws, including the False Claims Act and the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, new government investigative powers, and enhanced penalties for noncompliance;

Created a licensure framework for follow-on

biologic products;

Created a licensure framework for follow-on biologic products;

Created new requirements under the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act for certain drug manufacturers to annually report information related to payments and other transfers of value made to physicians, as defined by such law, and teaching hospitals as well as ownership or investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members;

5 unchanged sentences

While Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, several bills affecting the implementation of certain taxes under the ACA have been signed into law.

In December 2017,

Congress repealed the tax penalty, effective January 1, 2019, for an individual’s failure to maintain ACA-mandated health insurance as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or Tax Act.

Further, the 2020 federal spending package permanently eliminated effective January 1, 2020, the ACA-mandated “Cadillac” tax on high-cost employer-sponsored health coverage and medical device tax and effective January 1, 2021 also eliminated the health insurance tax.

The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, or the BBA, among other things, amended the ACA, effective January 1, 2019, to increase from 50 percent to 70 percent the point-of-sale discount that is owed by pharmaceutical manufacturers who participate in Medicare Part D and close the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, commonly referred to as the “donut hole”.

On December 14, 2018, a Texas U.S.

District Court Judge ruled that ACA is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” was repealed by Congress as part of the Tax Act.

Additionally, on December 18, 2019, the U.S.

Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit upheld the District Court ruling that the individual mandate was unconstitutional and remanded the case back to the District Court to determine whether the remaining provisions of the ACA are invalid as well.

On March 2, 2020, the United States Supreme Court is currently reviewing this case, but it is unknown when a decision will be reached.

Although the Supreme Court has not yet ruled on the constitutionality of the ACA, on January 28, 2021, President Biden issued an executive order to initiate a special enrollment period from February 15, 2021 through May 15, 2021 for purposes of obtaining health insurance coverage through the ACA marketplace.

The executive order also instructs certain governmental agencies to review and reconsider their existing policies and rules that limit access to healthcare, including among others, reexamining Medicaid demonstration projects and waiver programs that include work requirements, and policies that create unnecessary barriers to obtaining access to health insurance coverage through Medicaid or the ACA.

It is unclear how the Supreme Court ruling, other such litigation and the healthcare reform measures of the Biden administration will impact ACA and our business.

The ultimate content, timing or effect of any healthcare reform measures on the U.S.

healthcare industry is unclear.

There have been executive, legal and political challenges to certain aspects of the ACA.

For example, President Trump signed several executive orders and other directives designed to delay, circumvent, or loosen certain requirements mandated by the ACA.

Concurrently, Congress considered legislation to repeal or repeal and replace all or part of the ACA.

While Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, several bills affecting the implementation of certain taxes under the ACA have been signed into law.

In December 2017, Congress repealed the tax penalty, effective January 1, 2019, for an individual’s failure to maintain ACA-mandated health insurance as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or Tax Act.

On December 14, 2018, a Texas U.S.

District Court Judge ruled that ACA is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” was repealed by Congress as part of the Tax Act.

Additionally, on December 18, 2019, the U.S.

On March 2, 2020, the United States Supreme Court is currently reviewing this case, but it is unknown when a decision will be reached.

It is unclear how the Supreme Court ruling, other such litigation and the healthcare reform measures of the Biden administration will impact ACA and our business.

On June 17, 2021, the U.S.

Supreme Court dismissed a challenge on procedural grounds that argued that ACA is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate”

was repealed by Congress.

Thus, the ACA will remain in effect in its current form.

Further, prior to the U.S.

Supreme Court ruling on January 28, 2021, President Biden issued an executive order that initiated a

special enrollment period for purposes of obtaining health care coverage through the ACA marketplace, which began on February 21, 2021 and remained open through August 15, 2021.

The executive order also instructed certain governmental agencies to review and reconsider their existing policies and rules that limit access to healthcare, including among others, reexamining Medicaid demonstration projects and waiver programs that include work requirements, and policies that create unnecessary barriers to obtaining access to health insurance coverage through Medicaid or the ACA.

It is possible that the ACA will be subject to judicial or Congressional challenges in the future.

It is unclear how any such challenges and the healthcare reform measures of the Biden administration will impact ACA and our business.

The ultimate content, timing or effect of any healthcare reform measures on the U.S.

4 unchanged sentences

At the federal level, the Trump administration used several means to propose or implement drug pricing reform, including through federal budget proposals, executive orders and policy initiatives.

For example, on July 24, 2020 and September 13, 2020, the Trump administration announced several executive orders related to prescription drug pricing that attempt to implement several of the administration’s proposals.

The FDA also released a final rule, effective November 30, 2020, implementing a portion of the importation executive order providing guidance for states to build and submit importation plans for drugs from Canada.

Further, on November 20, 2020, HHS finalized a regulation removing safe harbor protection for price reductions from pharmaceutical manufacturers to plan sponsors under Part D, either directly or through pharmacy benefit managers, unless the price reduction is required by law.

Further, on November 20, 2020, HHS, finalized a regulation removing safe harbor protection for price reductions from pharmaceutical manufacturers to plan sponsors under Medicare Part D, either directly or through pharmacy benefit managers, unless the price reduction is required by law.

The implementation of the rule has been delayed by the Biden administration from January 1, 2022 to January 1, 2023 in response to ongoing litigation.

The rule also creates a new safe harbor for price reductions reflected at the point-of-sale, as well as a new safe harbor for certain fixed fee arrangements between pharmacy benefit managers and manufacturers, the implementation of which have also been delayed pending review by the Biden administration until March 22, 2021.

On November 20, 2020, CMS issued an interim final rule implementing President Trump’s Most Favored Nation executive order, which would tie Medicare Part B payments for certain physician-administered drugs to the lowest price paid in other economically advanced countries, effective January 1, 2021.

On December 28, 2020, the United States District Court in Northern California issued a nationwide preliminary injunction against implementation of the interim final rule.

However, it is unclear whether the Biden administration will work to reverse these measures or pursue similar policy initiatives.

Individual states in the United States have also increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

On November 20, 2020, CMS issued an interim final rule implementing President Trump’s Most Favored Nation, or MFN, executive order, which would tie Medicare Part B payments for certain physician-administered drugs to the lowest price paid in other economically advanced countries, effective January 1, 2021.

As a result of litigation, challenging the MFN model on August 10, 2021, CMS published a proposed rule that seeks to rescind the MFN model interim rule.

In addition, on March 11, 2021, President Biden signed the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 into law, which eliminates the statutory Medicaid drug rebate price cap, currently set at 100% of a drug's average manufacturer price for single source and innovator multiple source products, beginning on January 1, 2024.

Further, in July 2021, the Biden Administration released an executive order that included multiple provisions aimed at prescription drugs.

In response to Biden's executive order, on September 9, 2021, HHS released a Comprehensive Plan for Addressing High Drug Prices that outlines principles for drug price reform.

The plan sets out a variety of potential legislative policies that Congress could pursue as well as potential administrative actions by HHS.

No legislative or administrative actions have been finalized to implement these principles.

In addition, Congress is considering drug pricing as part of the budget reconciliation process.

Individual states in the United States also have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

It is possible that additional governmental action is taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

We expect that the ACA, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, particularly in light of the new presidential administration, which may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we may receive for any approved product.

We expect that healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we may receive for any approved product.

Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors.

1 unchanged sentence

If we fail to comply with federal and state healthcare laws, including fraud and abuse and health information privacy and security laws, we could face substantial penalties and our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be adversely affected.

As a pharmaceutical company, even though we do not and will not control referrals of healthcare services or bill directly to Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors, certain federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse and patients’ rights are and will be applicable to our business.

rights are and will be applicable to our business.

For example, we could be subject to healthcare fraud and abuse and patient privacy regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business.

The laws that may affect our ability to operate include, among others:

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which regulates our business activities, including our marketing practices, educational programs, pricing policies, and relationships with healthcare providers or other

entities, by prohibiting, among other things, soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce, or in return for, either the referral of an individual or the purchase or recommendation of an item or service reimbursable under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;

Federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the False Claims Act which permits a private individual acting as a “whistleblower” to bring actions on behalf of the federal government alleging violations of the False Claims Act, and civil monetary penalty laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid, or other third-party payors that are false or fraudulent;

The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created new federal civil and criminal statutes that prohibit, among other things, executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters;

HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, or HITECH, and their implementing regulations, which imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information on entities and individuals subject to the law including certain healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses, known as covered entities, as well as individuals and entities that perform services for them which involve the use, or disclosure of, individually identifiable health information, known as business associates and their subcontractors that use, disclose or otherwise process individually identifiable health information;

Requirements under the Physician Payments Sunshine Act to report annually to CMS certain financial arrangements with physicians, (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors) and teaching hospitals, as defined in the ACA and its implementing regulations, including reporting any “transfer of value” made or distributed to teaching hospitals, and physicians, as defined by such law and reporting any ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members and applicable group purchasing organizations during the preceding calendar year, which will be expanded beginning in 2022, to require applicable manufacturers to report such information regarding its relationships with physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, anesthesiologist assistants, certified registered nurse anesthetists and certified nurse midwives during the previous year;

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which regulates our business activities, including our clinical research and relationships with healthcare providers or other entities as well as our future marketing practices, educational programs and pricing policies, and by prohibiting, among other things, soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce, or in return for, either the referral of an individual or the purchase or recommendation of an item or service reimbursable under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;

Federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the False Claims Act, which permits a private individual acting as a “whistleblower”

to bring actions on behalf of the federal government alleging violations of the False Claims Act, and civil monetary

penalty laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors that are false or fraudulent;

HIPAA, which created new federal civil and criminal statutes that prohibit, among other things, executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters;

HITECH, and its implementing regulations, which impose certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information on entities and individuals subject to the law including certain healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses, known as covered entities, as well as individuals and entities that perform services for them which involve the use, or disclosure of, individually identifiable health information, known as business associates and their subcontractors that use, disclose or otherwise process individually identifiable health information;

Requirements under the Physician Payments Sunshine Act to report annually to CMS certain financial arrangements with physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors) and teaching hospitals, as defined in the ACA and its implementing regulations, including reporting any “transfer of value”

made or distributed to teaching hospitals, and physicians, as defined by such law and reporting any ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members and applicable group purchasing organizations during the preceding calendar year, which will be expanded beginning in 2022, to require applicable manufacturers to report such information regarding its payments and other transfers of value made to physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, anesthesiologist assistants, certified registered nurse anesthetists and certified nurse midwives during the previous year;

State and foreign law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers;

state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the applicable compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government that otherwise restricts certain payments that may be made to healthcare providers and entities;

state laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfer of value to physicians and other healthcare providers and entities;

6 unchanged sentences

A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it.

Moreover, the ACA provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or

services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act.

Moreover, the ACA provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act.

To the extent that any of our product candidates is ultimately sold in a foreign country, we may be subject to similar foreign laws and regulations.

3 unchanged sentences

Although compliance programs can mitigate the risk of investigation and prosecution for violations of these laws, the risks cannot be entirely eliminated.

Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business.

Moreover, achieving and sustaining compliance with applicable federal and state privacy, security and fraud laws may prove costly.

Our immuno-oncology product candidates may face competition in the future from biosimilars.

The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, or BPCIA, provides an abbreviated pathway for the approval of follow-on

biological products.

Our immuno-oncology product candidates may face competition in the future from biosimilars and/or new technologies.

The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, or BPCIA, provides an abbreviated pathway for the approval of follow-on biological products.

Under the BPCIA, an application for a biosimilar product cannot be approved by the FDA until 12 years after the original branded product was approved under a BLA.

2 unchanged sentences

Further, this data exclusivity does not prevent another company from developing a product that is highly similar to the original branded product, generating its own data and seeking approval.

Data exclusivity only assures that another company cannot rely upon the data within the innovator’s application to support the biosimilar product’s approval.

We rely significantly on information technology and any failure, inadequacy, interruption or security lapse of that technology or loss of data, including any cyber security incidents, could compromise sensitive information related to our business, prevent us from accessing critical information or expose us to liability which could harm our ability to operate our business effectively and adversely affect our business and reputation.

3 unchanged sentences

The secure processing, storage, maintenance and transmission of this critical information is vital to our operations and business strategy.

Because of the work-from-home policies we implemented due to COVID-19, information that is normally protected, including company confidential information, may be less secure.

Additionally, despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of third parties with which we contract are vulnerable to damage from cyber-attacks, computer viruses, breaches, unauthorized access, interruptions due to employee error or malfeasance or other disruptions, or damage from natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of third parties with which we contract are vulnerable to damage from cyber-attacks, computer viruses, breaches, unauthorized access, interruptions due to employee error or malfeasance or other disruptions, or damage from natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures.

In addition, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have enabled many of our employees to work remotely, which may make us more vulnerable to cyberattacks.

Any such event could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed

by unauthorized parties, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen.

We have measures in place that are designed to detect and respond to such security incidents and breaches of privacy and security mandates.

Any such event could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed by unauthorized parties, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen.

Although we have measures in place that are designed to detect and respond to such security incidents and breaches of privacy and security mandates, we cannot guarantee that those measures will be successful in preventing any such security incident.

Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, government enforcement actions and regulatory penalties.

2 unchanged sentences

In addition, there can be no assurance that we will promptly detect any such disruption or security breach, if at all.

To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and our research, development and commercialization efforts could be delayed.

If the technology supporting our hunTR discovery engine were to experience a cyber-incident resulting in the disclosure or theft of our proprietary screening software or library of TCRs our business may be materially and negatively impacted.

While we are not aware of any such material system failure, accident or security breach to date, to the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and our research, development and commercialization efforts could be delayed.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

2 unchanged sentences

To date, we have exclusive rights in the field of cancer treatment to certain U.S.

and foreign intellectual property with respect to certain cell therapy and related technologies from MD Anderson and NCI, as well as with respect to the PGEN technology, including Ad-RTS-IL-12 plus veledimex.

Under the MD Anderson License, future filings and applications require the agreement of each of MD Anderson, PGEN and us, and MD Anderson has the right to control the preparation and filing of additional patent applications unless the parties agree that we or PGEN may prosecute the application directly.

and foreign intellectual property with respect to certain cell therapy and related technologies from MD Anderson and NCI, as well as with respect to the PGEN technology, including Sleeping Beauty .

Under the MD Anderson License, future patent applications require the agreement of each of MD Anderson, PGEN and us, and MD Anderson has the right to control the preparation, filing, and prosecution of such patent applications unless the parties agree that we or PGEN instead may control such activities.

Although under the agreement MD Anderson has agreed to review and incorporate any reasonable comments that we or PGEN may have regarding licensed patents and patent applications, we cannot guarantee that our comments will be solicited or followed.

Under the patent license agreement with the NCI, the NCI is responsible for the preparation, filing, prosecution, and maintenance of patent applications or patents licensed to us.

Although under the agreement, the NCI is required to consult with us in the preparation, filing, prosecution, and maintenance of all patent applications or patents licensed to us, we cannot guarantee that our comments will be solicited or followed.

Under our License Agreement with PGEN, PGEN has the right, but not the obligation, to prepare, file, prosecute, and maintain the patents and patent applications licensed to us and shall bear any related costs incurred by it in regard to those actions.

Under the patent license agreement with the NCI for certain TCRs, the NCI is responsible for the preparation, filing, prosecution, and maintenance of patent applications and patents licensed to us.

Although under the agreement, the NCI is required to consult with us in the preparation, filing, prosecution, and maintenance of all its patent applications and patents licensed to us, we cannot guarantee that our comments will be solicited or followed.

Under our License Agreement with PGEN, PGEN has the right, but not the obligation, to prepare, file, prosecute, and maintain the patents and patent applications licensed to us and shall bear all related costs incurred by it in regard to those actions.

PGEN is required to consult with us and keep us reasonably informed of the status of the patents and patent applications licensed to us, and to confer with us prior to submitting any related filings and correspondence.

1 unchanged sentence

Without direct control of the in-licensed patents and patent applications, we are dependent on MD Anderson, the NCI or PGEN, as applicable, to keep us advised of prosecution, particularly in foreign jurisdictions where prosecution information may not be publicly available.

We anticipate that we, MD Anderson, the NCI and PGEN will file additional patent applications both in the United States and in other countries.

However, we cannot predict or guarantee:

The degree and range of protection any patents will afford us against competitors, including whether third parties will find ways to invalidate or otherwise circumvent our patents;

If and when patents will be issued;

Whether or not others will obtain patents claiming subject matter related to or relevant to our product candidates;

Whether we will need to initiate litigation or administrative proceedings that may be costly whether we win or lose.

The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost, in a timely manner, or in all jurisdictions.

We anticipate that we, MD Anderson, the NCI and PGEN will file additional patent applications both in the United States and in other jurisdictions.

However, we cannot predict or guarantee for either our in-licensed patent portfolios or for Alaunos’

patent portfolio:

When, if at all, any patents will be granted on such applications;

The scope of protection that any patents, if obtained, will afford us against competitors;

That third parties will not find ways to invalidate and/or circumvent our patents, if obtained;

That others will not obtain patents claiming subject matter related to or relevant to our product candidates;

That we will not need to initiate litigation and/or administrative proceedings that may be costly whether we win or lose.

It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection.

3 unchanged sentences

The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation.

In addition, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States and we may fail to seek or obtain patent protection in all major markets.

For example, European patent law restricts the patentability of methods of treatment of the human body more than United States law does.

Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all.

Changes in patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our patent protection.

In addition, the laws of other jurisdictions may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States.

For example, methods of therapeutic treatment, which are patent-eligible in the United States, may not be claimed in many other jurisdictions;

some patent offices (such as the European Patent Office) may permit the redrafting of method of treatment claims into a "medical use" format that is patent-eligible, while other patent offices (such as the Indian Patent Office) may not accept any redrafted claiming format for such claims.

Changes in patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other jurisdictions may diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our patent protection.

In September 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, was signed into law, resulting in a number of significant changes to United States patent law.

These changes include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation.

In addition, the United States Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations.

In addition, the United States Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations.

This combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained, and with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future.

1 unchanged sentence

Certain technologies utilized in our research and development programs are already in the public domain.

Moreover, a number of our competitors have developed technologies, filed patent applications or obtained patents on technologies, compositions and methods of use that are related to our business and may cover or conflict with our owned or licensed patent applications, technologies or product candidates.

Such conflicts could limit the scope of the patents that we may be able to obtain or may result in the rejection of claims in our patent applications.

Because patent applications in the United States and many foreign jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all, and because publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries, neither we nor our licensors can be certain that others have not filed or maintained patent applications for technology used by us or covered by our pending patent applications without our being aware of these applications.

Therefore, we cannot know with certainty whether we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions, nor can we know whether those from whom we license patents were the first to make the inventions claimed or were the first to file.

Moreover, a number of our competitors have developed technologies, or filed patent applications or obtained patents on technologies, compositions and methods of use that are relevant to our business and may cover or conflict with our owned or licensed patent applications, technologies or product candidates.

Such conflicts could limit the scope of the patents, if any, that we may be able to obtain.

Because patent applications in the United States and many foreign jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases at all, and because publications of discoveries in the scientific literature lag behind actual discoveries per se, neither we nor our licensors can be certain that others have not filed patent applications for technology used by us or covered by our pending patent applications.

We cannot know with certainty whether we were the first to make and file for the inventions claimed in our owned patent portfolio, or whether our licensors were the first to make and file for the inventions claimed in our in-licensed patent portfolio.

As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain.

Our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or products, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and

Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection.

In addition, our own earlier filed patents and applications or those of MD Anderson, NCI or PGEN may limit the scope of later patents we obtain or may result in the rejection of claims in our later filed patent applications.

If third parties filed patent applications or obtained patents on technologies, compositions and methods of use that are related to our business and that cover or conflict with our owned or licensed patent applications, technologies or product candidates, we may be required to challenge such protection, terminate or modify our programs impacted by such protection or obtain licenses from such third parties, which might not be available on acceptable terms, or at all.

Even if our owned and licensed patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage.

Our competitors may be able to circumvent our owned or licensed patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing

Our pending and future patent applications may not result in the issuance of patents that protect our technology or products, in whole or in part, or that effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products.

In addition, our own earlier filed patents and applications or those of MD Anderson, NCI or PGEN may limit the scope of later patents we obtain, if any.

If third parties file or have filed patent applications or obtained patents on technologies, compositions and methods of use that are relevant to our business and that cover or conflict with our owned or licensed patent applications, technologies or product candidates, we may be required to challenge such protection, terminate or modify our programs impacted by such protection, or obtain licenses from such third parties, which might not be available on acceptable terms, or at all.

Even if our owned and licensed patent applications were to be issued as patents, they may not issue in a form that would provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage.

Our competitors may be able to circumvent our owned or licensed patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our owned and licensed patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad.

Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or freedom to operate or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products.

Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized.

Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity due to our patents being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products.

Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or even after such candidates are commercialized.

As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

1 unchanged sentence

Our success also depends upon the skills, knowledge, and experience of our scientific and technical personnel, our consultants and advisors, as well as our licensors and contractors.

To help protect our proprietary know-how

and our inventions for which patents may be unobtainable or difficult to obtain, and to maintain our competitive position, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements.

To help protect our proprietary know-how and our inventions for which patents may be unobtainable or difficult to obtain, and to maintain our competitive position, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements.

To this end, it is our general policy to require our employees, consultants, advisors, and contractors to enter into agreements that prohibit the disclosure of confidential information and, where applicable, require disclosure and assignment to us of the ideas, developments, discoveries, and inventions important to our business.

These agreements may not provide adequate protection for our trade secrets, know-how,

confidential information or other proprietary information in the event of any unauthorized use or disclosure or the lawful development by others of such information.

These agreements may not provide adequate protection for our trade secrets, know-how, confidential information or other proprietary information in the event of any unauthorized use or disclosure or the lawful development by others of such information.

Moreover, we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for any breaches of these agreements.

2 unchanged sentences

In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets.

If any of our trade secrets or other confidential information were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us.

If any of our trade secrets, know-how

or other proprietary information is disclosed, the value of our trade secrets, know-how

and other proprietary rights would be significantly impaired and our business and competitive position would suffer.

If any of our trade secrets or other confidential information were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by competitors, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us.

If any of our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information is disclosed, the value of our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary rights would be significantly impaired and our business and competitive position would suffer.

Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement would require us to spend significant time and money and could prevent us from developing or commercializing our products.

1 unchanged sentence

Similarly, we may be sued by others for patent infringement.

We also may become subject to proceedings

conducted in the United States Patent and Trademark Office, including interference proceedings to determine the priority or derivation of inventions, or post-grant review, inter partes review, or reexamination proceedings reviewing the patentability of our patented claims.

In addition, any foreign patents that are granted may become subject to opposition, nullity, or revocation proceedings in foreign jurisdictions having such proceedings.

The defense and prosecution, if necessary, of intellectual property actions are costly and divert technical and management personnel away from their normal responsibilities.

We also may become subject to pre- and post-grant proceedings conducted in the USPTO, including interferences, derivations, post-grant review, inter partes review, or reexamination.

In other jurisdictions, our patent estate may be subject to pre- and post-grant opposition, nullity, revocation proceedings, and the like.

Asserting and defending against intellectual property actions are costly and divert technical and management personnel away from their normal responsibilities.

Our commercial success depends upon our ability, and the ability of our collaborators, to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties.

There is considerable intellectual property litigation in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.

While no such litigation has been brought against us and we have not been held by any court to have infringed a third party’s intellectual property rights, we cannot guarantee that our products or use of our products do not infringe third-party patents.

It is also possible that we have failed to identify relevant third-party patents or applications.

For example, applications filed before November 29, 2000 and certain applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States remain confidential until patents issue.

Patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing, which is referred to as the priority date.

Therefore, patent applications covering our products or technology could have been filed by others without our knowledge.

Additionally, pending patent applications which have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our products or the use of our products.

Our research, development and commercialization activities, as well as any product candidates or products resulting from these activities, may infringe or be claimed to infringe patents or patent applications under which we do not hold licenses or other rights.

A patent does not protect its owner from a claim of infringement of another owner’s patent.

Therefore, our patent position cannot and does not provide any assurance that we are not infringing the patent rights of another.

It is also possible that we have failed to identify relevant third-party patents or applications, or that as-yet unpublished third-party patent applications will later result in the grant of patents relevant to our business.

Another possibility is for a third-party patent or patent application to first contain claims not relevant to our business but then to be reissued or amended in such a way that it does become relevant.

Our research, development and commercialization activities, as well as any product candidates or products resulting from these activities, may infringe or be asserted to infringe patents or patent applications under which we do not hold licenses or other rights.

Owning a patent does not confer on the patentee the right to practice the claimed invention and does not protect the patentee from being sued for infringement of another owner’s patent.

Our patent position cannot and does not provide any assurance that we are not infringing or will not be asserted to infringe the patent rights of another.

The patent landscape in the field of immuno-oncology is particularly complex.

We are aware of numerous United States and foreign patents and pending patent applications of third parties that cover compositions, methods of use and methods of manufacture of immuno-oncology products.

We are aware of numerous United States and foreign patents and pending patent applications of third parties directed to compositions, methods of use and methods of manufacture of immuno-oncology products.

In addition, there may be patents and patent applications in the field of which we are not aware.

The technology we license from MD Anderson, NCI and PGEN is early-stage technology, and we are in the process of designing and developing products using this technology.

Although we will seek to avoid pursuing the development of products that may infringe any patent claims that we believe to be valid and enforceable, we may fail to do so.

Moreover, given the breadth and number of claims in patents and pending patent applications in the field of immuno-oncology and the complexities and uncertainties associated with them, third parties may allege that we are infringing patent claims even if we do not believe such claims to be valid and enforceable.

Although we will seek to avoid pursuing the development of products that may infringe any third-party patent claims that we believe to be valid and enforceable, we may fail to do so.

If a claim for patent infringement is asserted, there can be no assurance that the resolution of the claim would permit us to continue marketing the relevant product on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

We may not have sufficient resources to bring these actions to a successful conclusion.

If we do not successfully defend any infringement actions to which we become a party or are unable to have infringed patents declared invalid or unenforceable, we may have to pay substantial monetary damages, which can be tripled if the infringement is deemed willful, or we may be required to discontinue or significantly delay commercialization and development of the affected products.

If we do not successfully defend any infringement actions to which we become a party or if we are unable to have any asserted third-party patents declared invalid or unenforceable, we may have to pay substantial monetary damages, which can be tripled if the infringement is deemed willful, and/or we may be required to discontinue or significantly delay commercialization and development of the affected products.

Any legal action against us or our collaborators claiming damages and seeking to enjoin developmental or marketing activities relating to affected products could, in addition to subjecting us to potential liability for damages, require us or our collaborators to obtain licenses to continue to develop, manufacture, or market the affected products.

Such a license may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

An adverse determination in a proceeding involving our owned or licensed intellectual property may allow entry of substitutes, including biosimilar or generic substitutes, for our products.

Such licenses may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

An adverse determination in a proceeding involving our owned or licensed intellectual property may allow entry in the market of substitutes, including biosimilar or generic substitutes, for our products.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for noncompliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent.

The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process.

Annuities and other similar fees must be paid to the respective patent authority to maintain patents (or patents and patent applications) in most jurisdictions worldwide.

Further, patent authorities in jurisdictions worldwide require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process.

While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction.

Noncompliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits,

of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents.

Noncompliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees, and failure to submit documents with the necessary formal requirements such as notarization and legalization.

In such an event, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

We license rights to products and technology that are important to our business, and we expect to enter into additional licenses in the future.

For instance, we have exclusively licensed patents and patent applications under the MD Anderson License and our patent license agreement with the NCI as well as under our License Agreement with PGEN.

Under these agreements, we are subject to a range of commercialization and development, sublicensing, royalty, patent prosecution and maintenance, insurance and other obligations.

Any failure by us to comply with any of these obligations or any other breach by us of our license agreements could give the licensor the right to terminate the license in whole, terminate the exclusive nature of the license or bring a claim against us for damages.

For instance, we have in-licensed patents and patent applications under our MD Anderson License, our license agreement with the NCI, and our license agreement with PGEN.

Under these agreements, we are subject to a range of obligations pertaining to commercialization and development, sublicensing, royalty, patent prosecution and maintenance, and insurance.

Any failure by us to obtain a needed license, comply with any of these obligations or any other breach by us of our license agreements could give the licensor the right to terminate the license in whole, terminate the exclusive nature of the license or bring a claim against us for damages.

Any such termination or claim could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or business.

3 unchanged sentences

In such instances, if our licensors do not comply with their obligations under such licenses, our rights under our license agreements with our licensor may be adversely affected.

In addition, the licensing or acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a highly competitive area, and a number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire third party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive or necessary.

These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, capital resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities.

In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us.

We also may be unable to license or acquire third party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment or at all.

If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third party intellectual property rights or maintain the existing intellectual property rights we have, we may have to abandon development of the relevant program or product candidate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that our employees or we have misappropriated their intellectual property or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

Many of our employees were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors.

Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how

of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s former employer.

Many of our employees were previously employed at universities or at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors.

Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s former employer.

Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims.

10 unchanged sentences

Preclinical studies or clinical trial results;

the commencement, enrollment or results of the planned clinical trials of our product candidates or any future clinical trials we may conduct, or changes in the development status of our product candidates;

Public concern as to the safety of drugs developed by us or others;

1 unchanged sentence

Comments by securities analysts or changes in financial estimates or ratings by any securities analysts who follow our common stock, our failure to meet these estimates or failure of those analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of our common stock;

The public’s response to press releases or other public announcements by us or third parties, including our filings with the SEC, as well as announcements of the status of development of our products, announcements of technological innovations or new therapeutic products by us or our competitors, announcements regarding collaborative agreements and other announcements relating to product development, litigation and intellectual property impacting us or our business;

Government regulation;

9 unchanged sentences

General economic, industry, political and market conditions, including, but not limited to, the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic;

Other events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism, natural disasters or responses to these events;

Other events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism, natural disasters, pandemics or responses to these events;

Changes in accounting principles.

pandemic, which has resulted in decreased stock prices for many companies notwithstanding the lack of a fundamental change in their underlying business models or prospects.

and equity markets, and in particular the Nasdaq Global Select Market, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many biopharmaceutical companies.

In addition, the stock market in general and our stock in particular from time to time experiences significant price and volume fluctuations unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies, including in connection with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has resulted in decreased stock prices for many companies notwithstanding the lack of a fundamental change in their underlying business models or prospects.

Public debt and equity markets, and in particular the Nasdaq Global Select Market, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many biopharmaceutical companies.

Stock prices of many biopharmaceutical companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies.

1 unchanged sentence

If we were involved in securities litigation, we could incur substantial costs and our resources, and the attention of management could be diverted from our business.

If we fail to satisfy applicable listing standards, our common stock may be delisted from the Nasdaq Global Select Market.

Delisting could prevent us from maintaining an active, liquid and orderly trading market.

Our ability to publicly or privately sell equity securities and the liquidity of our common stock could be adversely affected if we are delisted from The Nasdaq Global Select Market or if we are unable to transfer our listing to another stock market.

On March 17, 2022, we were notified by The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, or Nasdaq, that we were in breach of Listing Rule 5450(a)(1), or the Minimum Bid Price Rule, for continued listing on The Nasdaq Global Select Market because the minimum bid price of our listed securities for 30 consecutive business days had been less than $1 per share.

In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), or the Compliance Period Rule, we have been provided a period of 180 calendar days, or until September 13, 2022, or the Compliance Date, to regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement.

If, at any time before the Compliance Date, the bid price for our common stock closes at $1.00 or more for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days as required under the Compliance Period Rule, Nasdaq will provide us written notification that we have regained compliance with the Bid Price Requirement, unless Nasdaq exercises its discretion to extend this ten-day period.

During this 180-day period, we would anticipate reviewing our options to regain compliance with the minimum bid requirements, including conducting a reverse stock split.

On March 21, 2022, the closing price of our common stock was $0.73 per share.

If we are unable to continue to meet the requirements for listing on the Nasdaq Global Select Market we may apply to Nasdaq to list our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Markets which may also provide us up to an additional 180 days to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Rule.

Nasdaq would have to accept our application to list on the Nasdaq Capital Market and we would need to show our compliance with the other listing standards and provide Nasdaq written notice of our intention to cure the bid price deficiency.

Should Nasdaq determine that we are not eligible to list on the Nasdaq Capital Market or we elect not to submit an application to transfer to the Nasdaq Capital Market we will receive written notice that our common stock will be delisted, at which point we will have the opportunity to appeal that decision.

If our common stock is delisted by Nasdaq, it could lead to a number of negative implications, including an adverse effect on the price of our common stock, deterring broker-dealers from making a market in or otherwise seeking or generating interest in our common stock, increased volatility in our common stock, reduced liquidity in our common stock, the loss of federal preemption of state securities laws and greater difficulty in obtaining financing.

Delisting could also cause a loss of confidence of our customers, collaborators, vendors, suppliers and employees, which could harm our business and future prospects.

If our common stock is delisted by Nasdaq, the price of our common stock may decline, and although our common stock may be eligible to trade on the OTC Bulletin Board, another over-the-counter quotation system, or on the pink sheets, an investor may find it more difficult to dispose of their common stock or obtain accurate quotations as to the market value of our common stock.

Further, if we are delisted, we would incur additional costs under state blue sky laws in connection with any sales of our securities.

These requirements could severely limit the market liquidity of our common stock and the ability of our shareholders to sell our common stock in the secondary market.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law may make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult.

Provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would benefit our stockholders.

These provisions authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that could be issued by our board of directors to increase the number of outstanding shares and hinder a takeover attempt, and limit who may call a special meeting of stockholders.

In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law generally prohibits a publicly-held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with a party that owns at least 15% of its common stock unless the business combination is approved by the company’s board of directors before the person acquires the 15% ownership stake or later by its board of directors and two-thirds

of its stockholders.

These provisions authorize the issuance of “blank check”

preferred stock that could be issued by our board of directors to increase the number of outstanding shares and hinder a takeover attempt, and limit who may call a special meeting of stockholders.

In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or Section 203, generally prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with a party that owns at least 15% of its common stock unless the business combination is approved by our board of directors before the person acquires the 15% ownership stake or later by its board of directors and two-thirds of its stockholders.

Section 203 could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control that our stockholders might consider to be in their best interests.

Because we do not expect to pay dividends, you will not realize any income from an investment in our common stock unless and until you sell your shares at profit.

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’

ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;

(ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders;

(iii) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers or other employees arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws;

(iv) any claim or cause of action seeking to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of the amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our bylaws;

(v) any claim or cause of action as to which the General Corporation Law confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware;

or (vi) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers or other employees governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

These provisions would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act.

Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all such Securities Act actions.

Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims.

These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees.

court were to find either exclusive-forum provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur further significant additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, all of which could seriously harm our business.

Because we do not expect to pay dividends, you will not realize any income from an investment in our common stock unless and until you sell your shares at a profit.

We have never paid dividends on our common stock, and we do not anticipate that we will pay any dividends for the foreseeable future.

4 unchanged sentences

However, our ability to utilize the NOLs and R&D credits is subject to the rules of Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, respectively.

Those sections generally restrict the use of NOLs and R&D credits after an “ownership change.” An ownership change occurs if, among other things, the stockholders (or specified groups of stockholders) who own or have owned, directly or indirectly, 5% or more of a corporation’s common stock or are otherwise treated as 5% stockholders under Section 382 of the code and the United States Treasury Department regulations promulgated thereunder increase their aggregate percentage ownership of that corporation’s stock by more than 50 percentage points over the lowest percentage of the stock owned by these stockholders over the applicable testing period.

In the event of an ownership change, Section 382 imposes an annual limitation on the amount of taxable income a corporation may offset with NOL carry forwards and Section 383 imposes an annual limitation on the amount of tax a corporation may offset with business credit (including the R&D credit) carry forwards.

We may have experienced an “ownership change” within the meaning of Section 382 in the past and there can be no assurance that we will not experience additional ownership changes in the future.

As a result, our NOLs and business credits (including the R&D credit) may be subject to limitations and we may be required to pay taxes earlier and in larger amounts than would be the case if our NOLs or R&D credits were freely usable.

Those sections generally restrict the use of NOLs and R&D credits after an “ownership change.”

An ownership change occurs if, among other things, the stockholders (or specified groups of stockholders) who own or have owned, directly or indirectly, 5% or more of a corporation’s common stock or are otherwise treated as 5% stockholders under Section 382 of the Code and the U.S.

Treasury Department regulations promulgated thereunder increase their aggregate percentage ownership of that corporation’s stock by more than 50 percentage points over the lowest percentage of the stock owned by these stockholders over the applicable testing period.

In the event of an ownership change, Section 382 of the Code imposes an annual limitation on the amount of taxable income a corporation may offset with NOL carry forwards and Section 383 of the Code imposes an annual limitation on the amount of tax a corporation may offset with business credit (including R&D credits) carryforwards.

We may have experienced an “ownership change”

within the meaning of Section 382 of the Code in the past and there can be no assurance that we will not experience additional ownership changes in the future.

As a result, our NOLs and business credits (including R&D credits) may be subject to limitations, and we may be required to pay taxes earlier and in larger amounts than would be the case if our NOLs or R&D credits were freely usable.

If securities and/or industry analysts fail to continue publishing research about our business, if they change their recommendations adversely or if our results of operations do not meet their expectations, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

4 unchanged sentences

Our business could be negatively affected as a result of the actions of activist stockholders.

Recently, we were engaged in a consent solicitation led by WaterMill Asset Management Corp.

where two new directors were added to our Board.

In 2021, we were engaged in a consent solicitation led by WaterMill Asset Management Corp., or WaterMill, where three new directors were added to our board of directors.

We could experience other stockholder activism in the future, including another consent solicitation or a proxy contest.

Activist shareholders may advocate for certain governance and strategic changes at our company.

In the event of stockholder activism, particularly with respect to matters which our Board, in exercising their fiduciary duties, disagree with or have determined not to pursue, our business could be adversely affected because responding to actions by activist stockholders can be costly and time-consuming, disrupting our operations and diverting the attention of management, and perceived uncertainties as to our future direction may result in the loss of potential business opportunities and may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel, business partners, and customers.

In the event of stockholder activism, particularly with respect to matters which our board of directors, in exercising their fiduciary duties, disagree with or have determined not to pursue, our business could be adversely affected because responding to actions by activist stockholders can be costly and time-consuming, disrupting our operations and diverting the attention of management, and perceived uncertainties as to our future direction may result in the loss of potential business opportunities and may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel, business partners, and customers.

In addition, if faced with a consent solicitation or proxy contest, we may not be able to respond successfully to the contest or dispute, which would be disruptive to our business.

If individuals are elected to our Board with a differing agenda, our ability to effectively and timely implement our strategic plan and create additional value for our stockholders may be adversely affected.

If individuals are elected to our board of directors with a differing agenda, our ability to effectively and timely implement our strategic plan and create additional value for our stockholders may be adversely affected.

The exercise of outstanding warrants, and issuance of equity awards may have a dilutive effect on our stock, and negatively impact the price of our common stock.

As of December 31, 2021, we had 22,922,342 warrants outstanding at a weighted average exercise price of $5.62 per share.

We are able to grant stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, bonus stocks, and performance awards under our 2012 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan.

Under the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, 7,818,679 shares were issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options at a weighted average exercise price of $2.46 per share.

Our principal stockholders, executive officers and directors have substantial control over the Company, which may prevent you and other stockholders from influencing significant corporate decisions and may harm the market price of our common stock.

6 unchanged sentences

In addition, this significant concentration of stock ownership may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock should investors perceive disadvantages in owning shares of common stock in a company that has such concentrated ownership.

We previously identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting for the year ended December 31, 2019, which we believe has been fully remediated.

If we have inadequately remediated this material weakness, or we otherwise fail to develop, implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls in future periods, our ability to report our financial condition or results of operations could be adversely affected and may result in material misstatements of our financial statements or could have a material adverse effect on our business and trading price of our securities.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations of The Nasdaq Global Market.

We are also required to have our independent registered public accounting firm issue an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting on an annual basis.

In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weakness was related to the design and maintenance of effective controls relating to the monitoring and oversight of expensing third party clinical trial costs.

Specifically, our internal controls were not designed effectively to provide reasonable assurance regarding the accurate and timely evaluation of the amount of third-party costs to record.

To remediate the material weakness described above and prevent similar deficiencies in the future, throughout 2020 we added additional controls and procedures, including:

(i) implementation of monthly meeting between the finance and clinical departments to review accruals, material contracts, pre-authorized work and material pass-through costs, (ii) monthly contract meetings with the legal department to review the terms of material contracts, including leases, and (iii) engaging a third-party to perform an evaluation to ascertain whether the components of internal control were present and functioning throughout the year ended December 31, 2020.

During the fourth quarter of 2020, we completed our testing of the operating effectiveness of the implemented controls and found them to be effective.

As a result, we have concluded the material weakness has been remediated as of December 31, 2020.

If we have inadequately remediated this material weakness, there will continue to be an increased risk that our future financial statements could contain errors that will be undetected.

Further and continued determinations that there are material weaknesses in the effectiveness of our internal controls could reduce our ability to obtain financing or could increase the cost of any financing we obtain and require additional expenditures of resources to comply with applicable requirements.

For more information relating to our internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures, and the remediation plan undertaken by us, see Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures” of the Annual Report.

We cannot assure you that material weaknesses or material deficiencies will not occur in the future and that we will be able to remediate such weaknesses or deficiencies in a timely manner, which could impair our ability to accurately and timely report our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

See the related risk factor included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.We are in the process of designing and implementing measures to remediate the underlying causes of the control deficiencies that gave rise to the material weakness.

In addition, we are providing in-house accounting personnel training to ensure that they have the relevant expertise related to the monitoring and oversight of expensing third party clinical trial costs.

We will continue to monitor the effectiveness of these controls and will make any further changes management determines appropriate.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, signed into law in 2017 could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed into law legislation, known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or Tax Act, that significantly revises the Code.

The federal income tax law is referred to as the Tax Act, and contains significant changes to corporate taxation, including reduction of the corporate tax rate from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21%, limitation of the tax deduction for interest expense to 30% of adjusted earnings (except for certain small businesses), limitation of the deduction for NOLs to 80% of current year taxable income and elimination of NOL carrybacks, one time taxation of offshore earnings at reduced rates regardless of whether they are repatriated, elimination of U.S.

Changes to corporate tax legislation, including the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, signed into law in 2017, could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The Tax Act contains significant changes to corporate taxation, including reduction of the corporate tax rate from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21%, limitation of the tax deduction for interest expense to 30% of adjusted earnings (except for certain small businesses), limitation of the deduction for NOLs to 80% of current year taxable income and elimination of NOL carrybacks, one time taxation of offshore earnings at reduced rates regardless of whether they are repatriated, elimination of U.S.

tax on foreign earnings (subject to certain important exceptions), immediate deductions for certain new investments instead of deductions for depreciation expense over time and modifying or repealing many business deductions and credits.

The CARES Act, enacted in 2020, modified certain of these tax changes, and enacted other tax changes applicable to corporations.

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, or CARES Act, enacted in 2020, modified certain of these tax changes, and enacted other tax changes applicable to corporations.

Notwithstanding the reduction in the corporate income tax rate, the overall impact of the Tax Act and the CARES Act is uncertain and our business and financial condition could be adversely affected.

In addition, it is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the Tax Act or the CARES Act.

The impact of the Tax Act and the CARES Act on holders of our common stock is also uncertain and could be adverse.

Currently, bills introduced in Congress, including the Build Back Better Act, contain additional changes to the taxation of corporations, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The impact of the Tax Act, the CARES Act and any other tax legislation on holders of our common stock is also uncertain and could be adverse.

We urge our stockholders to consult with their legal and tax advisors with respect to this legislation and the potential tax consequences of investing in or holding our common stock.

We are a “smaller reporting company,”

and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are considered a “smaller reporting company”

under Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

We are therefore entitled to rely on certain reduced disclosure requirements, such as an exemption from providing selected financial data and executive compensation information.

These exemptions and reduced disclosures in our SEC filings due to our status as a smaller reporting company also mean our auditors are not required to review our internal control over financial reporting and may make it harder for investors to analyze our results of operations and financial prospects.

We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions.

If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our common stock prices may be more volatile.

We will remain a smaller reporting company until our public float exceeds $250 million if our annual revenues are $100 million or more, or until our public float exceeds $700 million if our annual revenues are less than $100 million.

Unresolved Staff Comments

Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-K

Item 1A. Risk Factors