What changed in this filing

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Item 1. Business

2025-03-03 compared with 2022-11-07 · 120 added, 181 removed, 145 unchanged (67% of the section changed)

Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to the “Company,”

“we,”

“us,”

or “our”

refer to the business of Spire and its subsidiaries.

We are a global provider of space-based data, analytics and space services, offering unique datasets and powerful insights about Earth from the ultimate vantage point—space—so that organizations can make decisions with confidence, accuracy and speed.

We own and operate one of the world’s largest multi-purpose satellite constellations in low earth orbit.

Our fully deployed constellation consists of over 100 satellites, and we believe it is also one of the world’s largest “listening”

constellations, observing the earth utilizing radio frequency sensors.

We enrich this hard-to-acquire, valuable data with analytics and predictive solutions, providing data as a subscription to organizations around the world so that they can improve business operations, decrease their environmental footprint, deploy resources for growth and competitive advantage and mitigate risk.

In December 2021, our satellite constellation covered the earth over 200 times per day on average and our global ground station network performed over 2,300 contacts each day on average, reliably and resiliently collecting data with low latency.

Our cloud-based data infrastructure processed five terabytes of data each day on average in December 2021, in creating our proprietary data analytics solutions.

We provide customers these solutions through an application programming interface (“API”) infrastructure that delivers approximately one terabyte of data each day to our customers, as of December 31, 2021.

The global data we collect includes data that can only be captured from space with no terrestrial alternatives.

We collect this data once and can then sell it an unlimited number of times across a broad and growing set of industries, including weather, aviation and maritime, with global coverage, real-time and near real-time data that can be easily integrated into our customers’

From our founding in 2012, we have set out to leverage data from space to solve problems on Earth.

We aim to help inspire, lead, and innovate the business of space-based data.

Today, our proprietary data and solutions are being used to help commercial and government organizations gain the advantage that they seek to innovate and solve some of the world’s greatest challenges, like climate change.

We have experienced rapid organic and inorganic growth in recent periods.

In November 2021, we acquired exactEarth, a leading provider of global maritime vessel data for ship tracking and maritime situational awareness solutions in Canada.

Spire Global, Inc.

(“Spire” or the “Company”), founded in August 2012, is a global provider of space-based data and analytics that offers its customers unique datasets and insights about Earth from the ultimate vantage point.

The Company collects this space-based data through its proprietary constellation of multi-purpose nanosatellites.

The Company designs, manufacturers, integrates, and operates its own satellites and ground stations to deliver unique end-to-end comprehensive solutions.

The Company offers the following three data solutions to customers:

Maritime, Aviation and Weather.

As a fourth solution, the Company is providing “space-as-a-service” through its Space Services solution.

The Company is headquartered in Vienna, Virginia and has several wholly owned operating subsidiaries in the United States, United Kingdom, Luxembourg, Singapore, Australia, Germany, and Canada.

On August 16, 2021, Spire Global Subsidiary, Inc.

(formerly known as Spire Global, Inc.) (“Legacy Spire”) closed its previously announced merger with NavSight Holdings, Inc.

(“NavSight”), a special purpose acquisition company.

As a result, Legacy Spire continued as the surviving corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of NavSight (the “Merger,” and such consummation, the “Closing”).

NavSight then changed its name to Spire Global, Inc.

and Legacy Spire changed its name to Spire Global Subsidiary, Inc.

Our principal executive office is located at 8000 Towers Crescent Drive, Suite 1100, Vienna, Virginia 22182, and our telephone number is (202) 301-5127.

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, Spire Global, Inc.

(together with its subsidiaries) is referred to as “Spire,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our.”

Spire is a global provider of space-based data, analytics and space services, offering unique datasets and powerful insights about Earth so that organizations can make decisions with confidence in a rapidly changing world.

Spire builds, owns, and operates a fully deployed satellite constellation.

We believe it is one of the world’s largest “listening” constellations, observing the Earth in real time using radio frequency technology.

The data acquired by our multipurpose satellites provide global weather intelligence, ship and plane movements, and spoofing and jamming detection to better predict how their patterns impact economies, global security, business operations and the environment.

We also offer Space as a Service solutions that empower customers to leverage our established infrastructure to put their business in space.

We provide customers these solutions through an application programming interface (“API”) infrastructure.

Our Data Solution Offerings

Our proprietary constellation of low Earth multi-use receiver (“LEMUR”) satellites collects and transmits data to our proprietary global ground station network.

Our proprietary constellation of Low Earth Multi-Use Receiver (“LEMUR”) satellites collects and transmits data to our proprietary global ground station network.

The data is then autonomously moved from ground stations to proprietary data warehouses for cleansing, standardization, fusion and analysis.

Via the SpireSight API, our customers receive proprietary data, analysis, and predictive solutions delivered seamlessly in near real-time.

Via the SpireSight API, our customers receive proprietary data, analysis, and predictive data and solutions delivered seamlessly in real and near real-time.

We collect data from space once and can sell it an unlimited number of times without added cost.

The four forms of data we sell to customers are:

• Clean data :

Clean and structured data directly from our proprietary satellites;

• Smart data:

Clean data fused with third-party datasets and proprietary analysis to enhance value and provide insights;

• Predictive data :

Big data, AI, and ML algorithms applied to fused data sets to create predictive analytics and insights;

Big data, artificial intelligence (“AI”), and machine learning (“ML”) algorithms applied to fused data sets to create predictive analytics and insights;

Data-driven actionable recommendations to solve specific business problems, utilizing the full spectrum of our data analytics suite.

Key elements of our data platform include:

Our data platform provides a unified view of robust, deep data sets that are accessed from multiple data sources, globally.

Through this single view, users are able to gain better insight and make informed decisions;

SaaS platform :

Our cloud-based platform allows users to ingest massive amounts of data from real-time to near real-time;

Cloud-based data analytics :

We have developed data processing and analytics systems which are used to process the data produced by its sensors, combine it with third-party data, and provide predictive analytics solutions for our customers.

We monetize our proprietary solutions across a broad and growing range of current and target industries including agriculture, logistics, financial services, insurance, aerospace, energy, fishing, academia and real estate, among others.

The largest industries we currently serve include maritime, aviation and government (civil and defense).

We provide current and historical data, insights and predictive analytics for highly accurate ship monitoring, real-time vessel updates, port operations, ship safety and route optimization.

We leverage the International Maritime Organization automatic identification systems ("AIS") standard, which is an automatic tracking system that uses transceivers on ships to provide geographic location data through historical or live satellite AIS (“S-AIS”) data as observed by our satellites and terrestrial AIS (“T-AIS”) data from third party sensor stations.

Dynamic AIS (D-AIS) combines three types of AIS data to provide greater vessel tracking data in high traffic zones.

Our AIS-based maritime solutions increase global maritime domain awareness, facilitate coastline policing, and provide greater ocean coverage.

We provide current and historical data, insights and predictive analytics for highly accurate ship monitoring, real-time and near real-time vessel updates, port operations, ship safety and route optimization.

We leverage the International Maritime Organization automatic identification system (“AIS”) standard, which is an automatic tracking system that uses transceivers on ships to provide geographic location data through historical or live satellite AIS (S-AIS) data as observed by our satellites and terrestrial AIS (T-AIS) data.

Dynamic AIS (D-AIS) provides greater vessel tracking data in high traffic zones.

Our AIS-based maritime solutions increase global maritime domain awareness, facilitate coastline policing, the protection of offshore assets, and provide greater ocean coverage.

Key applications include:

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• Monitoring illegal activities and compliances:

Real-time solutions help facilitate organizations to secure fishing territories, protect underwater infrastructure and analyze maritime incidents.

Real-time, position validation solutions help facilitate organizations to secure fishing territories, protect underwater infrastructure and analyze maritime incidents.

• Analyzing commodity trading:

Fuel, grain, building materials and precious metals are all traded by sea.

We constantly track what, where and by whom such commodities are being traded.

We use location data and maritime intelligence in combination with trade data to visualize the global commodity flow and identify patterns.

In November 2021, we acquired exactEarth, a leading provider of global maritime vessel data for ship tracking and maritime situational awareness solutions that was mainly based out of Canada.

In December 2021, our proprietary technology collected 283 million AIS messages daily on average.

Our customers track the shipment of commodities by ship type and port calls to identify patterns and analyze global commodity flows.

We provide global satellite-based aircraft tracking data to power applications, drive decision making and improve cost efficiencies.

We utilize International Civil Aviation Organization-backed ADS-B aircraft tracking data to provide a near real-time precision and situational awareness.

Using ADS-B, customers can track the overall operational status of aviation assets and relevant weather conditions along a given aircraft’s flight path or in particular areas of interest around the world.

Our versatile datasets include historical and near real-time aircraft position and status, aircraft type and airline data, flight and airport information, delivered via our near real-time and historical data APIs.

Our versatile datasets include historical and near real-time aircraft position and status, aircraft type and airline data, and flight and airport information, delivered via our near real-time and historical data APIs.

Our satellites capture global aircraft movements from space using ADS-B signals, even when the aircraft is flying over oceans, deserts, mountains and regions without available ground-based tracking.

Key applications include:

• Flight tracking :

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• Estimated time of arrival/on-time performance:

Our versatile, near real-time aviation ADS-B data streams provide insight into both historical on-time performance and real-time estimated time of arrivals;

Overflight fee :

National aviation authorities charge overflight fees to operators of aircraft that fly in their airspace, but neither take off nor land in the country.

Our easy to integrate APIs allow automatic detection and aid in fee administration;

Our versatile, near real-time aviation ADS-B data streams provide insight into both historical on-time performance and real-time estimated time of arrivals, which can benefit airline and airport operations.

• Air cargo and freight analytics :

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By tracking aircraft usage and flight patterns, our data aids in the analysis allowing for less aircraft downtime and fewer schedule disruptions.

In December 2021, we collected 368 million ADS-B messages daily on average.

We provide space-based data, AI-powered insights and predictive weather analytics to empower the world to optimize costs, increase safety, boost decarbonization and make optimal business decisions.

By utilizing radio occultation technology (“RO”), we are able to offer global and precise weather monitoring capabilities, capturing detailed temperature, humidity, and pressure information across the entire planet.

Our extensive low-orbit satellite constellation collects near real-time data from every layer of the atmosphere, even at traditionally difficult high and low altitude ranges.

Our constellation delivers global access to a specialized global observation dataset and delivers accuracy, previously only available locally and in well-developed regions.

These tools provide immense value to governments, companies and individuals across the world, including the following sample of applications:

By utilizing radio occultation technology (“RO”), we are able to offer improved global weather and Earth observation capabilities, capturing detailed temperature, humidity, and pressure information across the entire planet.

Our satellite constellation collects near real-time data from every layer of the atmosphere, even at traditionally difficult high altitudes, polar areas, and remote oceanic regions.

This data is used to power Spire's Global Weather forecast system and enable enhanced forecast accuracy across the planet, especially improving the quality in areas that are traditionally under-observed.

Through the use of Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (“GNSS-R”), Spire captures information about precipitation, soil moisture and flooding, as well as ocean winds and wave roughness, and ice thickness, extent and age on the polar caps.

We also offer weather solutions including Deep Navigation Analytics, a weather intelligence platform for the maritime industry;

DeepVision, an advanced weather visualization dashboard for global supply chain management;

and High Resolution Weather Forecast, a regional high-resolution weather forecasting service designed to meet the critical demands of the energy and commodity markets.

These tools provide immense value to governments, commercial companies, and individuals across the world, including the following sample of applications:

• Weather forecasting :

Space-based RO data offers global measurements to greatly enhance the accuracy of weather forecasts, providing industries such as agriculture, energy and utilities, and supply chain with highly detailed forecasting across their operational regions.

• Asset protection:

Our data can help facilitate the protection of physical assets like power lines from storm damage;

Our data can help facilitate the risk mitigation of physical assets like power lines from storm damage.

• Crop yields:

Customers can use our solutions to help to optimize crop yields with optimal farm operations;

Local weather forecasting:

Taking exact measurements around the world helps improve local forecasts since weather systems connect globally and can provide emergency management professionals and search and rescue teams with highly detailed forecasting across their operational regions;

Customers can use our solutions to help optimize crop yields with optimal farm operations.

• Reducing losses and insurance:

Provision of data can decrease losses related to inclement weather and provide enhanced customer experiences in insurance, and

Provision of data can decrease losses related to inclement weather and provide enhanced customer experiences in insurance.

• Minimize supply chain disruptions:

Reduce risks to cargo, ship and crew safety, optimize fuel consumption and manage operational costs with hyper-accurate weather forecasts for maritime, aviation and ground operations.

In December 2021, our constellation collected approximately 20,000 RO profiles daily on average.

Reduce risks to cargo, ship and crew safety, optimize fuel consumption and manage operational costs with highly accurate weather forecasts for maritime, aviation and ground operations.

Space Services

We leverage our fully deployed, at-scale space, ground and cloud infrastructure, our proven, low-risk development lifecycle and proprietary infrastructure to provide our Space Services solution, which takes full advantage of our space heritage, vertically integrated capabilities and global space infrastructure to revolutionize how customers access space.

Akin to cloud-based services like Amazon Web Services (“AWS”), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform, we provide customers fast, scalable and reliable access to space data at a fraction of the cost and time it historically took by leveraging the same operational infrastructure we use for our own data and analytics solutions across maritime, aviation and weather.

In doing so, customers are able to convert high capital expenditures typically recognized at the outset into affordable and recurring operating expenditures though a flexible subscription-based pricing model.

Our consistent launch schedule and end-to-end LEMUR design and manufacturing process allow customer sensors to go from design to launch in a matter of months, as opposed to three to five years–common under legacy satellite development.

Built on 600+ years of space heritage, we offer Space as a Service solutions that empower our customers to leverage our established infrastructure to put their business in space.

Our Space Services solutions are built upon our vertically integrated capabilities, global ground station network and cloud infrastructure to revolutionize how customers access space.

In doing so, customers are able to convert high capital expenditures typically recognized at the outset into affordable and recurring operating expenditures through a flexible subscription-based pricing model.

Our launch schedule and end-to-end LEMUR design and manufacturing process allow customer sensors to go from design to launch in a matter of months, as opposed to three to five years–common under legacy satellite development.

Our Space Services offering allows us to quickly and efficiently put a satellite into service for our customers while they focus on what they do best.

Our customers can deploy their own applications and sensors into space quickly and efficiently with our diverse offerings:

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Host customer payloads on trusted, fully integrated space, ground and web platform.

Solutions in Space:

Customers partner with Spire to build a custom end-to-end solution.

• Solution in Space:

Customers partner with Spire to build a custom end-to-end solution from payload development to mission operations.

• Operation in Space:

Customers can access Spire’s ground infrastructure and APIs to operate their existing or future satellites.

Our Technology Platform

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We have developed a configurable nanosatellite platform called LEMUR, which is used to deploy data-generating sensors into space and provide all necessary resources for them to be operated efficiently, including power, pointing, data communications and onboard processing.

As of December 31, 2021, the LEMUR platform has accumulated over 300 years of space flight heritage, with over 145 nanosatellites deployed in over 30 unique configurations.

LEMUR is compatible with a significant number of available launch vehicles, having completed more than 30 launch campaigns on nine unique vehicles.

As of December 31, 2023, the LEMUR platform has accumulated over 600 years of space flight heritage, with more than 170 satellites deployed.

LEMUR is compatible with a significant number of available launch vehicles, having completed more than 35 launch campaigns on ten unique vehicles.

• Software-defined radio frequency sensors:

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These ground stations allow seamless communications between LEMUR nanosatellite platforms (and their hosted sensors) and our cloud-based operations and data processing system.

Supercomputing power in-orbit:

We have launched supercomputing power in-orbit, which supports up to one teraflop of computing performance.

• Automated operations system:

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Furthermore, we believe that the demand for data that can be collected from space is growing rapidly, while the cost of access to space is falling.

Key trends in the new space economy include the growth in the number of constellations and the availability of space-based data, the shift in user demand from data toward analytics and insights, climate change adaptation, and advancements in on-board technologies.

Growth in the number of constellations and the availability of data

One of the biggest drivers of growth in our industry has been the growth in the number of satellites orbiting the Earth and the increasing amounts of data being made available by them.

Satellites continue to evolve into smaller forms, as small as a breadbox or even as tiny as a mobile phone subscriber identification module (“SIM”), with significant capabilities.

Satellites continue to evolve into smaller forms, as small as a breadbox with significant capabilities.

These smaller satellites are less expensive to build and easier to launch than legacy satellites.

These small satellite constellations are disrupting the space industry due to their rapid pace of innovation (aligned with a 10-fold improvement in capability per kilogram every five years), deployment cycles and lower cost to deploy in orbit.

Shift in user demand from data to analytics

Demand for data analytics

Users are increasingly demanding not only data, but also analytics and insights.

Advancements in technologies such as big data and cloud-based processing allow for massive amounts of data to be not only stored, but also analyzed in real-time, providing users with faster, more meaningful data, analytics and insights.

Artificial intelligence (“AI”), machine learning (“ML”) and the application of specified algorithms continue to improve insights and predictive analytics.

AI, ML and the application of specified algorithms continue to improve insights and predictive analytics.

Climate change response

The response to the world’s problem of global warming and climate change over the past several decades has been largely focused on efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

The world is seeing a higher number of weather-related events that are causing significant damage and cost.

The pace has only quickened in recent years.

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2023 set the record for the largest number of weather/climate disaster events with losses each exceeding $1 billion to affect the United States.

The response to the world’s problem of global warming and climate change over the past several decades has been largely focused on efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

More recently, there has been a growing realization that the world lacks sufficient tools to anticipate and respond effectively to extreme weather events and climate change, and that more of our efforts and investment should be focused on how we can best protect vulnerable populations, infrastructure, land and the impact to the global economy.

We believe that more accurate weather data, prediction technologies and analytics will play an increasingly important role in helping to devise strategies to maintain water quality and availability, modify land use, protect and preserve coastal land and development, manage stormwater logistics, mitigate the spread of wildfires, repair and retrofit vulnerable facilities and maximize the use of green infrastructure.

Global security response

Over the past two years, geopolitical conflicts have brought the importance of global security to the world’s attention.

In dynamic times, truth and transparency have never been more important.

Spire has approximately 40 geolocation-capable satellites in-orbit that can detect jamming, spoofing, or the locations of objects such as sanctioned vessels or aircraft, through the use of radio frequency.

Our satellites work day and night, in good weather or bad, and observe the entirety of the Earth’s surface area, 200 times a day on average, providing valuable insights in a rapidly changing environment.

Given the investments and

technological advancements the private sector has made over the last several years, there is a growing recognition of the necessity of public/private partnerships to tackle complex, global challenges.

Governmental agencies have noted that the relationship with the commercial satellite sector is vital.

A diversified architecture encompassing both governmental and commercial satellites, in varying constellation sizes and orbits, provides resilience to the space-based ecosystem.

Spire has a fully deployed constellation with over 170 satellites launched and is a meaningful member of that ecosystem.

Advancements in on-board technologies

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Before space-based data, legacy solutions were often burdened with substantial shortcomings in terms of coverage and safety.

For instance, before the advent of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (“ADS-B”), aviation stakeholders were blind to the vast majority of global aerospace activity, as terrestrial-based solutions were unable to track aircraft over oceans.

This occasionally resulted in tragedies like that of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, which disappeared in March 2014 while flying a routine route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing.

As of December 2021, our sensors covered the entirety of the globe over 200 times per day on average, including remote areas where terrestrial automatic identification system (“AIS”), ADS-B and atmospheric weather information are out of reach.

The introduction of intersatellite links has been a game changer for the industry.

Our constellation already has radio frequency links (RF links) in-orbit and we have begun testing optical intersatellite links (“optical ISLs”).

The effective rollout of this technology throughout our constellation will create a mesh network

in a similar way to how personal computers were linked with one another through the internet.

Optical ISLs will enable us to deliver more data faster and in an even more secure way to our customers.

Lastly, the compute power on-board satellites in-orbit continues to improve.

As of December 2023, our sensors covered the entirety of the globe over 200 times per day on average, including remote areas where terrestrial AIS, ADS-B and atmospheric weather information are out of reach.

Our constellation already has Radio Frequency links (RF links) in-orbit and we have successfully completed an in-orbit technology demonstration of Optical Intersatellite Links (“OISLs”).

An effective rollout of this technology throughout our constellation will create a mesh network in a similar way to how personal computers were linked with one another through the internet.

We believe OISLs will enable us to deliver more data faster and with higher resiliency to interference, higher security, and higher efficiency.

Lastly, the computing power on-board satellites in-orbit continues to improve.

Spire launched its first supercomputer in-orbit with a teraflop of data processing capability in October 2020 and has iterated on the technology since to meet the needs of Space Services customers and enhance the data solutions delivered to customers.

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We operate primarily a direct sales organization dispersed geographically to align with our existing customers along with reaching potential new customers worldwide.

On a selective basis we utilize resellers in markets where we lack a direct sales presence.

Our sales professionals are responsible for acquiring new customers along with managing and expanding business with our existing customers.

The efforts are focused on sourcing and developing new customer relationships, maintaining customer relationships, increasing solution penetration, driving sales to additional solutions and ensuring contract renewals.

The efforts are focused on sourcing and developing new customer relationships, maintaining customer relationships, increasing solution penetration, driving sales of additional solutions and furthering contract renewals.

Our customer success and sales engineer teams, along with our sales team, manage our relationships with our customers.

Once a solution sale is made, our sales team leverages our land-and-expand model to generate incremental revenue through increased levels of adoption of our data by our customers.

To drive such expansion in our existing customers, our sales team works closely with our sales engineers and marketing teams to ensure customer success.

To drive such expansion in our existing customers, our sales team works closely with our sales engineers and marketing teams to foster customer success.

Often, we find that initial customer success with our data results in key internal decision-makers upgrading their subscription packages, adding additional data sets, increasing the data coverage, adding additional solutions, or expanding their implementation throughout their organization and to new use cases.

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Research and Development

Our research and development team consist of spacecraft engineering, software engineering, data science, meteorology, manufacturing, product engineering, external experts and management and is responsible for the design, architecture, creation and quality of our space platform and data solutions.

Our research and development team consists of spacecraft engineering, software engineering, data science, meteorology, manufacturing, product engineering, external experts and management and is responsible for the design, architecture, creation and quality of our space platform and data solutions.

We invest substantial resources in research and development to enhance our product portfolio and services.

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Our research and development teams work closely with operations to monitor and maintain the high availability of all our services.

Additionally, the research and development team works closely with our sales team to collect customer feedback to enhance our portfolio.

Our research and development organization is distributed across the United States, Canada, Luxembourg, Scotland and Singapore, each of which we believe is a strategic advantage for us, allowing us to develop capabilities more efficiently.

Additionally, the research and development team works closely with our sales team to collect market and customer feedback to enhance our portfolio.

Our research and development organization is distributed across the United States, Canada, Luxembourg, Germany, Scotland and Singapore, each of which we believe is a strategic advantage for us, allowing us to develop capabilities more efficiently.

The maritime, aviation and weather data industries are fragmented and highly competitive and characterized by rapid changes in technology, customer requirements and industry standards and frequent introductions of improvements to existing offerings.

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We also compete with global, national, regional and local firms and government entities specializing in our industries.

Some of our primary competitors include, in our maritime data vertical, Orbcomm Inc., in our aviation data vertical, Aireon LLC, and in our weather data vertical, GeoOptics, Inc.

with respect to our radio occultation data services.

Some of our primary competitors also include analytics companies such as AccuWeather, Inc., Weathernews Inc., MeteoGroup (acquired by DTN, LLC), Tomorrow.ai, Climavision, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, NOAA and The Weather Company with respect to predictive analytics.

Some of our primary competitors include, in our maritime data vertical, Orbcomm Inc., in our aviation data vertical, Aireon LLC, and in our weather data vertical, PlanetiQ with respect to our radio occultation data services.

Some of our primary competitors also include analytics companies such as AccuWeather, Inc., Weathernews Inc., MeteoGroup (acquired by DTN, LLC), Tomorrow.ai, Climavision and The Weather Company with respect to predictive analytics.

We compete with companies such as AAC Clyde Space, GomSpace A/S, NanoAvionics LLC, ISISSpace and Open Cosmos Ltd.

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speed, scale, reliability and relevance of API/user interface, ease of deployment and use, ability to ingest and manage a broad variety and large volume of data, ongoing innovation of services and customer support;

• Integration:

quality of training and consulting;

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However, we could face significant risks to our business, financial condition and results of operations as a result of competition.

For additional information, see the section titled “

Risk Factors—Risks Related to Spire—We face intense competition and could face pricing pressure from, and lose market share to, our competitors, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations .”

For additional information, see the section titled “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Industry and Business—We face intense competition and could face pricing pressure from, and lose market share to, our competitors, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.”

In addition to the “listening” (radio frequency) satellite market, there is a “looking” (imagery) satellite market, and a “talking” (communications) satellite market shown below.

We do not compete in the “looking” or “talking” satellite markets, nor do we see any significant competition across the “looking,” “talking,” or “listening” satellite markets.

Intellectual Property

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We seek to accomplish that objective by establishing intellectual property rights in and protecting those assets through a combination of patents, patent applications, registered and unregistered trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, license agreements, confidentiality procedures, non-disclosure agreements with third parties, and other contractual measures.

As of December 31, 2021, we have 25 issued U.S.

patents, five pending U.S.

patent applications, no pending U.S.

provisional patent applications, one issued non-U.S.

patent and two pending non-U.S.

patent applications (one of which is an allowed Canadian Application).

Our issued U.S.

patents, and any patents that may issue from our pending applications, are scheduled to expire at dates ranging between February 1, 2033 and November 4, 2040, excluding any additional term for patent term adjustments or extensions.

In addition, as of December 31, 2021, we owned six registered trademarks in the United States, no pending trademark applications in the United States, 21 registered trademarks in non-U.S.

jurisdictions and no pending trademark applications in non-U.S.

jurisdictions.

We also license data and software from third parties for integration into our business, including open-source software and other software available on commercially reasonable terms.

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Employees and Human Capital Resources

Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and new employees and consultants.

In addition to competitive base salaries and cash compensation, the principal purposes of our equity incentive plans are to attract, retain, and reward personnel through the granting of stock-based compensation awards, in order to increase stockholder value and the success of our company by motivating such individuals to perform to the best of their abilities and achieve our objectives.

As of December 31, 2021, we had 370 employees based out of eight offices located in five countries, of which 269 were full-time employees.

Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and new employees.

As of December 31, 2023, we had 416 employees located in six countries, of which 407 were full-time employees.

In addition, we engage contractors and third-party service providers in connection with certain projects.

In certain countries in which we operate, we are subject to, and comply with, local labor law requirements which may automatically make employees subject to industry-wide collective bargaining agreements.

In certain countries in which we operate, we are subject to local labor law requirements which may automatically make employees subject to industry-wide

collective bargaining agreements.

None of our U.S.

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Our business is subject to regulation by various federal, state, local and foreign governmental agencies, including agencies responsible for monitoring and enforcing laws and regulations related to the deployment and operation of satellites, ground stations, privacy and data protection, intellectual property, investment screening, labor and employment, worker classification, product safety, economic sanctions, anti-trust laws, anti-money laundering laws, anti-bribery laws, import and export controls, federal securities laws and tax laws and regulations.

Our business requires licenses and permits from the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) and review by other agencies of the U.S.

License approval can include an interagency review of safety, operational, radio frequency interference, national security, foreign policy and international obligations implications, as well as a review of foreign ownership.

We must also comply with laws and regulations relating to the formation, administration, and performance of contracts with the public sector, including U.S.

federal governmental organizations, which affect how we do business with governmental agencies.

Selling our services to the U.S.

government also subjects us to certain regulatory and contractual requirements.

In addition, we maintain similar licenses and permits in Luxembourg, Singapore and other jurisdictions that impose regulatory and operational requirements.

Our launch and operation of planned satellites may require regulatory authorizations from the FCC or a non-U.S.

licensing jurisdiction.

Obtaining launch windows for planned satellites and ground stations, preparing for launch and working with the requisite equipment in foreign jurisdictions may require coordination with U.S.

and foreign regulators.

It is not uncommon for licenses for new satellites or additional operational parameters to be granted just prior to launch, and we expect to receive such licenses for all planned satellites.

If we do not obtain required authorizations in the future, we will not be able to operate

our planned satellites.

If we do not obtain required authorizations in the future, we will not be able to operate our planned satellites.

If we obtain a required authorization but do not meet milestones regarding the construction, launch and operation of a satellite by deadlines that may be established in the authorization, we may lose our authorization to operate a satellite using certain frequencies in an orbital location.

Any authorizations we obtain may also impose operational restrictions or permit interference that could affect our use of planned satellites.

We hold FCC and foreign governmental licensing authority licenses, permits and approvals for its satellite constellations and earth stations.

We hold FCC and foreign governmental licensing authority licenses, permits and approvals for our satellite constellations and earth stations.

As we build out our satellite constellation, we will require new licenses, permits and approvals from the FCC and/or foreign governmental licensing authorities or modifications to existing licenses, permits and approvals.

Changes to its satellite constellation and earth stations may also require prior approval from the FCC or other governmental authorities.

These modifications or changes may take time:

for example, the FCC typically processes satellite applications for new orbital locations or frequencies on a first come, first served basis.

From time to time, we may have pending applications for permanent or temporary changes in frequencies and technical design.

From time to time, we have filed or will need to file applications to replace or add satellites to our satellite constellation.

These licenses, permits, and approvals are also subject to modification by the FCC and foreign government licensing authorities.

In addition, our licenses, permits and approvals require coordination with various entities, including other federal government agencies.

Changes to our satellite constellation and earth stations may also require prior approval from the FCC or other governmental authorities, which can take time.

Our business is also dependent on the use of satellite signals and on terrestrial communication bands.

International allocations of radio frequency are made by the International Telecommunication Union (“ITU”).

These allocations are further governed by radio regulations that have treaty status and which may be subject to modification every two to three years by the World Radiocommunication Conference.

Each country also has regulatory authority over how each band is used in the country.

In the United States, the FCC and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration share responsibility for radio frequency allocations and spectrum usage regulations.

International allocations of radio frequency are made by the International Telecommunication Union (“ITU”).

Any ITU or local reallocation of radio frequency bands, including frequency band segmentation and sharing of spectrum, or other modifications of the permitted uses of relevant frequency bands, may materially and adversely affect the utility and reliability of our services and have significant negative impacts on our customers, both of which could reduce demand for our business.

We are licensed to uplink and downlink our data over certain bands.

Other countries have considered proposals for use of frequencies used by our business as well as adjacent bands that could cause harmful interference to our services.

In many cases, our data, services, and technology are or may in the future be subject to U.S.

export control laws and regulations including the Export Administration Regulations (“EAR”) and International Traffic In Arms (“ITAR”), and subject to trade and economic sanctions maintained by Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”).

We are also subject to or may in the future be subject to export control and trade sanctions laws and regulations in the European Union (“EU”), the United Kingdom, Singapore and other jurisdictions in which we operate.

We are also subject to or may in the future be subject to export control and trade sanctions laws in other countries.

As such, an export license may be required to export or re-export our data, services, and technology to certain countries or end-users, or for certain end-uses.

Compliance with the EAR, ITAR and other applicable regulatory requirements regarding the export of our services, including new releases and/or the performance of services, may create delays in the introduction of our services in non-U.S.

markets, prevent our customers with non-U.S.

operations from deploying these solutions throughout their global systems or, in some cases, prevent the export of the services to some countries altogether.

Obtaining the necessary export license for a particular sale or offering may not be possible and may be time-consuming and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities.

In addition, compliance with the directives of the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (“DDTC”) may result in substantial expenses and diversion of management attention.

Any failure to adequately address the directives of DDTC could result in civil fines or suspension or loss of our export privileges, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations.

Further, U.S.

export control laws and economic sanctions as well as similar laws and regulations in other jurisdictions prohibit the export of offerings to certain U.S.

embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments, and persons, as well as for prohibited end-uses.

Our business is also subject to a variety of federal, state, local, and international laws, directives, and regulations, as well as contractual obligations, relating to the collection, use, retention, security, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal information and other data.

Any failure to comply with export control laws could result in civil fines or suspension or loss of our export privileges, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The regulatory framework for privacy, data protection and data transfers worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future.

For example, the European Court of Justice in July 2020 struck down the EU-U.S.

Privacy Shield framework, which provided companies with a mechanism to comply with data protection requirements when transferring personal data from the EU to the United States.

In some cases, data privacy laws and regulations, such as the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), impose obligations on us and on many of our customers.

In addition, domestic data privacy laws, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), the recently passed California Privacy Rights Act (the “CPRA”), and the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (the “CDPA”), continue to evolve and could expose us to further regulatory or operational burdens.

Some countries also are considering or have passed legislation requiring local storage and processing of data, or similar requirements, which could increase the cost and complexity of delivering our services.

Complying with the GDPR, CCPA, CPRA, CDPA, or other laws, regulations, amendments to or re-interpretations of existing laws and regulations and contractual or other actual or alleged obligations relating to privacy, data protection, data transfers, data localization or information security may require us to make changes to our services to enable us or our customers to meet new legal requirements, incur substantial operational costs, modify our data practices and policies and restrict our business operations.

In some cases, data privacy laws and regulations, such as the European Union’s (“EU”) General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), impose obligations on us and on many of our customers.

Our business is also subject to various laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment and human health and safety, including those governing the management, storage and disposal of hazardous materials, such as fuels and batteries, which may contain hazardous materials.

We could incur significant costs, including cleanup costs, fines, sanctions, and third-party claims, as a result of violations of or in connection with liabilities under environmental laws and regulations.

For additional information regarding the laws and regulations to which we are subject and the risks to our business associated with such laws and regulations, see the section titled “

Risk Factors—Risks Related to Spire ,”

including the sections titled “

Our business is subject to a wide range of laws and regulations, many of which are evolving, and failure to comply with such laws and regulations could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations ,”

Our ability to obtain or maintain licensing authorization for our platform is subject to government rules and processes which can cause delays or failures in obtaining authorizations requested.

Further, regulators may adopt new rules and regulations which could impose new requirements impacting our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we do not maintain regulatory authorizations for our existing satellites, associated ground facilities and terminals, services we provide, or obtain authorizations for our future satellites, associated ground facilities and terminals, and services we provide, we may not be able to operate our existing satellites or expand our operations ,”

We are dependent on the availability and unimpaired use of allocated bands within the radio frequency spectrum and failure to secure spectrum use rights to support our operations and future technological development could impede our growth.

Further, our platform may be subject to harmful interference from new or modified spectrum uses ,”

We are subject to domestic and international governmental export and import controls that would impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we are not in compliance with applicable laws or if we do not secure or maintain the required export authorizations ,”

The rapidly evolving framework of privacy, data protection, data transfers, or other laws or regulations worldwide may limit the use and adoption of our services and adversely affect our business.

Corporate Information

Old Spire was incorporated in 2012 as a Delaware corporation under the name NanoSatisfi, Inc., which was changed to Spire Global, Inc.

NavSight Holdings, Inc.

was incorporated in May 2020 as a Delaware corporation and a special purpose acquisition company and, on September 9, 2020, completed its initial public offering.

On August 16, 2021, NavSight Holdings, Inc.

consummated the Merger with Old Spire pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement.

In connection with the Business Combination Agreement, NavSight Holdings, Inc.

changed its name to Spire Global, Inc.

Our principal executive office is located at 8000 Towers Crescent Drive, Suite 1100, Vienna, Virginia 22182, and our telephone number is (202) 301-5127.

Information contained on our website or connected thereto does not constitute part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

For additional information regarding the laws and regulations to which we are subject and the risks to our business associated with such laws and regulations, see Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Available Information

Our website is located at www.spire.com, and our investor relations website is located at www.ir.spire.com.

Copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K,

Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the

Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), are available free of charge on our investor relations website as soon as reasonably

practicable after we file such material electronically with or furnish it to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC").

The SEC also maintains a

website that contains our SEC filings at www.sec.gov.

We announce material information to the public about us, our products and services and other matters through a variety of means, including filings with the

SEC, press releases, public conference calls, webcasts, the investor relations section of our website at www.ir.spire.com and our Twitter account (@SpireGlobal) in order to achieve broad, non-exclusionary distribution of information to the public and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD.

Copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports

filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), are available free of charge on our investor relations website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material electronically with or furnish it to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC").

The SEC also maintains a website that contains our SEC filings at www.sec.gov.

We announce material information to the public about us, our products and services and other matters through a variety of means, including filings with the SEC, press releases, public conference calls, webcasts, the investor relations section of our website at www.ir.spire.com and our Twitter account (@SpireGlobal) in order to achieve broad, non-exclusionary distribution of information to the public and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD.

The information disclosed by the foregoing channels could be deemed to be material information.

As such, we encourage investors, the media, and others to

follow the channels listed above and to review the information disclosed through such channels.

As such, we encourage investors, the media, and others to follow the channels listed above and to review the information disclosed through such channels.

Any updates to the list of disclosure channels through which we will announce information will be posted on the investor relations page on our website.

Information contained on our website or connected thereto does not constitute part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-K/A

Item 1. Business