SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS CO/VA/ 10-K

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Principal Accounting Officer (the certifying officers) have conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act)) as of December 31, 2024. Our certifying officers concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance as to the integrity and reliability of the published financial statements. The Company’s management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, the Company’s management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013 framework). Based on its assessment, the Company’s management believes that, as of December 31, 2024, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria. Pursuant to the Securities and Exchange Commission’s general guidance that an assessment of a recently acquired business may be omitted from the scope of an assessment in the year of acquisition, the scope of our assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting does not include internal control over financial reporting related to Horizon Acquisition Parent LLC (“Horizon”). Horizon constituted approximately 27% of total assets and approximately 14% of total revenue included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024. RSM US LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, which audited the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report, has issued an attestation report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting containing the disclosure required by this Item. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting . ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION During the year ended December 31, 2024, none of our officers or directors adopted or terminated any “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K. ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS Not applicable. 43 Table of Conten t s PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE See “Executive Officers of the Registrant” in Part 1, Item 1 of this report for information about our executive officers, which is incorporated by reference in this Item 10. Other information required by this Item 10 is incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement for its 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, referred to as the “2025 proxy statement,” which we will file with the SEC on or before 120 days after our 2024 fiscal year end, and which appears in the 2025 proxy statement under the captions “Election of Directors” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance.” We have adopted a code of ethics applicable to our chief executive officer and all senior financial officers, who include our principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, and persons performing similar functions. The code of ethics, which is part of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, is available on our website at www.shentel.com . To the extent required by SEC rules, we intend to disclose any amendments to our code of conduct and ethics, and any waiver of a provision of the code with respect to the Company’s directors, principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, or persons performing similar functions, on our website referred to above within four business days following such amendment or waiver, or within any other period that may be required under SEC rules from time to time. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Information required by this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to the 2025 proxy statement, including the information in the 2025 proxy statement appearing under the captions “Election of Directors-Director Compensation” and “Executive Compensation.” ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Information required by Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to the 2025 proxy statement appearing under the caption “Security Ownership.” The Company has granted stock awards to its employees meeting certain eligibility requirements under two shareholder-approved company stock incentive plans, the “2014 Equity Incentive Plan” and the “2024 Equity Incentive Plan.” The 2014 Equity Incentive Plan expired during the year ended December 31, 2024. As a result, on February 13, 2024, our Board of Directors adopted the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan, which was approved by Shentel’s shareholders at the 2024 annual meeting of shareholders. The 2024 Equity Incentive Plan authorized grants of up to an additional 3.0 million shares over a ten-year period beginning in 2024. As a result of the adoption of the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan, additional grants will not be made under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, although outstanding grants may continue to vest, be distributed or exercised. Outstanding awards and the number of shares available for future issuance as of December 31, 2024 were as follows: Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding awards Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options Number of securities remaining available for future issuance 2014 Equity Incentive Plan 1,073,295 $ — — 2024 Equity Incentive Plan 60,365 $ — 2,917,122 Total 1,133,660 $ — 2,917,122 ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS, RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Information required by Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to the 2025 proxy statement, including the information in the 2025 proxy statement appearing under the caption “Executive Compensation-Certain Relationships and Related Transactions.” ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES Information required by Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to the 2025 proxy statement, including the information in the 2025 proxy statement appearing under the caption “Shareholder Ratification of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.” 44 Table of Conten t s PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES The following is a list of documents filed as a part of this report: (1) Financial Statements: The financial statements are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K directly following Item 16. (2) Financial Statement Schedules: The financial statement schedules are omitted as they are either not applicable or the information required is presented in the financial statements and notes thereto. (3) Exhibits: The exhibits required to be filed by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed in the Exhibit Index directly following the financial statements beginning on page F-1, within this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY None. 45 Table of Conten t s SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Index to the Consolidated 2024 Financial Statements Page Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm F- 2 Consolidated Financial Statements Consolidated Balance Shee ts as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 F- 5 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 F- 6 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 F- 7 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 F- 8 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 F- 9 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F- 10 F-1 Table of Conten t s Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors Shenandoah Telecommunications Company Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Shenandoah Telecommunications Company and its subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013, and our report dated February 20, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Valuation of Certain Identifiable Assets Acquired in a Business Combination As described in Notes 1 and 3 to the financial statements, on April 1, 2024, the Company acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding equity interests of Horizon Acquisition Parent LLC (“Horizon”) for total consideration of $416.2 million. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. The fair values of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, which consists primarily of customer relationships, were valued using the cost approach. We identified valuation of property, plant and equipment and customer relationships acquired in the business combination as a critical audit matter because of the significant assumptions management used in estimating their fair values. Auditing management’s assumptions used in the estimates of fair value, including estimates of replacement costs involved a high degree of auditor judgment and increased audit effort, including the use of our valuation specialists, due to the impact these assumptions have on the estimates of fair value. Our audit procedures related to the property, plant and equipment and customer relationships acquired in the business combination included the following, among others: • We obtained an understanding of the relevant controls related to the valuation of these assets and tested such controls for design, implementation and operating effectiveness. F-2 Table of Conten t s • We read the purchase and sale agreement to understand and evaluate the terms of the acquisition, including the assets acquired. • We tested the underlying data used by management to estimate the fair value of the property, plant and equipment and customer relationships for completeness and accuracy. • We tested the reasonableness of management’s selection of the replacement costs used in the valuation of the property, plant and equipment by assessing the nature, age and condition of the subject assets. • We tested the reasonableness of the replacement costs used in the valuation of the customer relationships by comparing the estimates of replacement costs to historical results. • We utilized our valuation specialists to assist in the following procedures, among others: ◦ Assessing the appropriateness of management’s valuation methodologies based on the nature of the fair value estimate. ◦ Corroborating the market data used by management to estimate the fair values of the property, plant and equipment by comparing such data to publicly available information. /s/ RSM US LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2022. Boston, Massachusetts February 20, 2025 F-3 Table of Conten t s Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Shenandoah Telecommunications Company Opinion on the Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited Shenandoah Telecommunications Company's (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements of the Company and our report dated February 20, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion. As described in Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management has excluded Horizon Acquisition Parent LLC and subsidiaries (“Horizon”) from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, because it was acquired by the Company in a business combination during the second quarter of 2024. We have also excluded Horizon from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. Horizon is a wholly owned subsidiary whose total assets and revenue represent approximately 27% and 14%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ RSM US LLP Boston, Massachusetts February 20, 2025 F-4 Table of Conten t s SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands) 2024 2023 ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 46,272 $ 139,255 Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $ 1,156 and $ 886 , respectively 29,722 19,782 Income taxes receivable 1,244 4,691 Prepaid expenses and other 17,282 11,782 Current assets held for sale — 561 Total current assets 94,520 176,071 Investments 15,709 13,198 Property, plant and equipment, net 1,438,538 850,337 Goodwill and intangible assets, net 157,723 81,123 Operating lease right-of-use assets 19,548 13,024 Deferred charges and other assets 14,235 11,561 Non-current assets held for sale — 68,915 Total assets $ 1,740,273 $ 1,214,229 LIABILITIES, TEMPORARY EQUITY AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Current maturities of long-term debt, net of unamortized loan fees $ 9,204 $ 7,095 Accounts payable 57,820 53,546 Advanced billings and customer deposits 16,104 12,394 Accrued compensation 16,283 11,749 Current operating lease liabilities 3,060 2,222 Accrued liabilities and other 12,100 7,747 Current liabilities held for sale — 3,602 Total current liabilities 114,571 98,355 Long-term debt, less current maturities, net of unamortized loan fees 407,675 292,804 Other long-term liabilities: Deferred income taxes 167,716 88,147 Benefit plan obligations 4,945 3,943 Non-current operating lease liabilities 10,794 7,185 Other liabilities 33,525 16,912 Non-current liabilities held for sale — 54,213 Total other long-term liabilities 216,980 170,400 Commitments and contingencies (Note 16) Temporary equity: Redeemable noncontrolling interest 82,464 — Shareholders’ equity: Common stock, no par value, authorized 96,000 ; 54,605 and 50,272 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively — — Additional paid in capital 147,733 66,933 Retained earnings 768,997 584,069 Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of taxes 1,853 1,668 Total shareholders’ equity 918,583 652,670 Total liabilities, temporary equity and shareholders’ equity $ 1,740,273 $ 1,214,229 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-5 Table of Conten t s SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands, except per share amounts) 2024 2023 2022 Service revenue and other $ 328,058 $ 269,131 $ 248,911 Operating expenses: Cost of services exclusive of depreciation and amortization 128,112 100,850 102,279 Selling, general and administrative 115,193 99,304 91,113 Restructuring, integration and acquisition 14,509 2,915 1,251 Impairment expense 382 2,552 5,241 Depreciation and amortization 98,453 63,368 66,483 Total operating expenses 356,649 268,989 266,367 Operating (loss) income ( 28,591 ) 142 ( 17,456 ) Other (expense) income: Interest expense ( 15,897 ) ( 4,212 ) ( 1,577 ) Other income, net 6,461 5,587 215 (Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes ( 38,027 ) 1,517 ( 18,818 ) Income tax (benefit) expense ( 9,670 ) 501 ( 3,400 ) (Loss) income from continuing operations ( 28,357 ) 1,016 ( 15,418 ) Discontinued operations: Income from discontinued operations, net of tax 1,957 7,022 7,039 Gain on the sale of discontinued operations, net of tax 220,217 — — Total income from discontinued operations, net of tax 222,174 7,022 7,039 Net income (loss) 193,817 8,038 ( 8,379 ) Dividends on redeemable noncontrolling interest 3,429 — — Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders $ 190,388 $ 8,038 $ ( 8,379 ) Net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders, basic and diluted: Basic - (Loss) income from continuing operations $ ( 0.59 ) $ 0.02 $ ( 0.31 ) Basic - Income from discontinued operations, net of tax 4.13 0.14 0.14 Basic net income (loss) per share $ 3.54 $ 0.16 $ ( 0.17 ) Diluted - (Loss) income from continuing operations $ ( 0.59 ) $ 0.02 $ ( 0.31 ) Diluted - Income from discontinued operations, net of tax 4.13 0.14 0.14 Diluted net income (loss) per share $ 3.54 $ 0.16 $ ( 0.17 ) Weighted average shares outstanding, basic 53,722 50,396 50,155 Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted 53,722 50,715 50,155 Cash dividends declared per common share $ 0.10 $ 0.09 $ 0.08 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-6 Table of Conten t s SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) Years Ended December 31, 2024 , 2023 and 2022 (in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Net income (loss) $ 193,817 $ 8,038 $ ( 8,379 ) Other comprehensive income (loss): Net change in unrealized gain 1,850 1,668 — Amounts reclassified to interest expense ( 1,665 ) — — Comprehensive income (loss) 194,002 9,706 ( 8,379 ) Dividends on redeemable noncontrolling interest 3,429 — — Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to common shareholders $ 190,573 $ 9,706 $ ( 8,379 ) See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-7 Table of Conten t s SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands) Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest Common Stock Shares Amount Shares (no par value) Additional Paid in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Total Shareholders' Equity Balance, December 31, 2021 — — 49,965 $ 49,351 $ 592,924 $ — $ 642,275 Net loss — — — — ( 8,379 ) — ( 8,379 ) Dividends declared — — — — ( 3,991 ) — ( 3,991 ) Stock-based compensation — — 194 9,178 — — 9,178 Shares surrendered for settlement of employee taxes upon issuance of vested equity awards — — ( 49 ) ( 1,076 ) — — ( 1,076 ) Balance, December 31, 2022 — — 50,110 57,453 580,554 — 638,007 Net income — — — — 8,038 — 8,038 Unrealized gain on interest rate hedge, net of tax — — — — — 1,668 1,668 Dividends declared — — — — ( 4,523 ) — ( 4,523 ) Stock-based compensation — — 231 10,823 — — 10,823 Common stock issued — — 2 44 — — 44 Shares surrendered for settlement of employee taxes upon issuance of vested equity awards — — ( 71 ) ( 1,387 ) — — ( 1,387 ) Balance, December 31, 2023 — — 50,272 66,933 584,069 1,668 652,670 Net income — — — — 193,817 — 193,817 Unrealized gain on interest rate hedge, net of tax — — — — — 1,850 1,850 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to interest expense — — — — — ( 1,665 ) ( 1,665 ) Dividends declared — — — — ( 5,460 ) — ( 5,460 ) Stock-based compensation — — 319 10,651 — — 10,651 Common stock issued — — 4,103 71,876 — — 71,876 Shares surrendered for settlement of employee taxes upon issuance of vested equity awards — — ( 89 ) ( 1,727 ) — — ( 1,727 ) Issuance of redeemable noncontrolling interest, net of financing fees paid 81 79,380 — — — — — Preferred stock dividends - paid in kind — 3,084 — — ( 3,084 ) — ( 3,084 ) Preferred stock dividends - participating — — — — ( 345 ) — ( 345 ) Balance, December 31, 2024 81 82,464 54,605 $ 147,733 $ 768,997 $ 1,853 $ 918,583 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-8 Table of Conten t s SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Cash flows from operating activities: Net income $ 193,817 $ 8,038 $ ( 8,379 ) Income from discontinued operations, net of tax 222,174 7,022 7,039 (Loss) income from continuing operations ( 28,357 ) 1,016 ( 15,418 ) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 96,908 62,878 65,759 Amortization of intangible assets 1,545 490 724 Provision for credit losses 2,132 2,852 1,972 Stock-based compensation expense, net of amount capitalized 9,837 10,033 8,528 Deferred income taxes ( 9,759 ) 2,973 ( 1,414 ) Impairment expense 382 2,552 5,241 Gain on sale of FCC spectrum licenses — ( 1,328 ) — Other, net 626 ( 462 ) 499 Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effects of business acquisition: Accounts receivable ( 2,452 ) ( 143 ) ( 583 ) Current income taxes 1,382 25,532 1,054 Operating lease assets and liabilities, net ( 361 ) 65 232 Other assets ( 3,268 ) 4,879 348 Accounts payable ( 2,240 ) ( 2,959 ) 79 Other deferrals and accruals 3,004 ( 4,048 ) ( 1,594 ) Net cash provided by operating activities - continuing operations 69,379 104,330 65,427 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities - discontinued operations ( 6,812 ) 9,444 9,468 Net cash provided by operating activities 62,567 113,774 74,895 Cash flows from investing activities: Capital expenditures ( 319,070 ) ( 255,070 ) ( 188,989 ) Government grants received 19,238 1,904 — Cash disbursed for acquisition, net of cash acquired ( 347,411 ) — — Proceeds from the sale of FCC spectrum licenses — 17,300 — Refund received for deposit on FCC spectrum leases — — 3,996 Proceeds from sale of assets and other 2,010 655 1,434 Net cash used in investing activities - continuing operations ( 645,233 ) ( 235,211 ) ( 183,559 ) Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities - discontinued operations 305,827 ( 1,480 ) ( 620 ) Net cash used in investing activities ( 339,406 ) ( 236,691 ) ( 184,179 ) Cash flows from financing activities: Principal payments on long-term debt ( 7,044 ) — — Proceeds from credit facility borrowings 125,000 225,000 75,000 Payments for debt amendment costs ( 4,570 ) ( 300 ) — Proceeds from the issuance of redeemable noncontrolling interest, net of financing fees paid 79,380 — — Dividends paid ( 5,805 ) ( 4,523 ) ( 3,991 ) Taxes paid for equity award issuances ( 1,727 ) ( 1,387 ) ( 1,076 ) Payments for financing arrangements and other ( 1,378 ) ( 679 ) ( 932 ) Net cash provided by financing activities 183,856 218,111 69,001 Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents ( 92,983 ) 95,194 ( 40,283 ) Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 139,255 44,061 84,344 Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $ 46,272 $ 139,255 $ 44,061 Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized $ ( 12,075 ) $ ( 3,026 ) $ ( 580 ) See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-9 Table of Conten t s SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 1. Nature of Operations Shenandoah Telecommunications Company and its subsidiaries (collectively, “Shentel”, “we”, “our”, “us”, or the “Company”) provide broadband data, video and voice services to residential and commercial customers in portions of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Delaware, Ohio and Indiana, via fiber optic and hybrid fiber coaxial cable networks. We also lease dark fiber and provide Ethernet and Wavelength fiber optic services to enterprise and wholesale customers throughout the entirety of our service area. Shentel’s Broadband business also provides voice and DSL telephone services as a Rural Local Exchange Carrier (“RLEC”) to customers in Shenandoah County and portions of adjacent counties in Virginia, and in Ross County and portions of adjacent counties in Ohio. These integrated networks are connected by a fiber network. Horizon Transaction On April 1, 2024 (the “Closing Date”), Shentel completed its previously announced acquisition of Horizon Acquisition Parent LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Horizon”), pursuant to the terms of an Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 24, 2023, by and among Shentel, Horizon, the sellers set forth on the signature pages thereto (each, a “Seller” and collectively, the “Sellers”) and the other parties thereto (as amended by the First Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated April 1, 2024, the “Merger Agreement”). Subject to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement, on the Closing Date, Shentel acquired 100 % of the outstanding equity interests of Horizon in exchange for (i) issuing 4,100,375 shares of Shentel’s common stock, no par value (“Common Stock”), to an investment fund managed by affiliates of GCM Grosvenor, which is one of the Sellers (the “Selling Shareholder”); and (ii) paying $ 347 million which consisted of cash consideration to the other Sellers and certain third parties, including Horizon’s existing lenders to discharge debt, and payments for working capital adjustments and reimbursement of capital expenditures incurred by the Sellers, subject to post-closing adjustments. The Selling Shareholder agreed to an investor rights agreement with the Company, pursuant to which, as long as the Selling Shareholder beneficially owns at least 5.0 % of Shentel’s outstanding Common Stock, the Selling Shareholder has the right to nominate a director to Shentel’s Board and is subject to certain standstill provisions and voting covenants. The Selling Shareholder is also subject to a one year lockup period for the shares of Common Stock received. Horizon is a leading commercial fiber provider in Ohio and adjacent states serving national wireless providers, carriers, enterprises, and government, education and healthcare customers. The acquisition of Horizon will allow Shentel to advance its fiber expansion strategy by doubling the size of the Company’s commercial fiber business and adding new expansion markets for its Glo Fiber business. Refer to Note 3, Acquisition of Horizon, for more information regarding the Horizon Transaction and its impact on the Company’s financial statements. Series A Preferred Stock Contemporaneously with the execution of the Merger Agreement, on October 24, 2023, Shentel and Shentel Broadband Holding Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Shentel (“Shentel Broadband”), entered into an investment agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) with ECP Fiber Holdings, LP, a Delaware limited partnership (“ECP Investor”), and, solely for the limited purposes set forth therein, Hill City Holdings, LP, a Delaware limited partnership affiliated with ECP Investor. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Investment Agreement, on the Closing Date, Shentel Broadband issued to ECP Investor 81,000 shares of Shentel Broadband’s 7 % Series A Participating Exchangeable Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $ 0.01 per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock”), at a purchase price of $ 1,000 per share in exchange for $ 81 million in cash. The Series A Preferred Stock is exchangeable at the option of the Investor in certain circumstances for shares of Common Stock at an exchange price of $ 24.50 per share (as it may be adjusted pursuant to the terms of the Investment Agreement, the “Exchange Price”). As a condition to closing the transactions contemplated by the Investment Agreement and Amendment No. 3 to the Credit Agreement, Shentel completed a corporate reorganization of Shentel’s subsidiaries (the “Reorganization”). As a result of the Reorganization effected on the Closing Date, Shentel Broadband Operations LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Shentel Broadband, holds or has equity interest in substantially all of the operating assets of Shentel and was assigned and assumed the Credit Agreement. F-10 Table of Conten t s On the Closing Date, Shentel Broadband filed a certificate of designations with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware authorizing 100,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock and setting forth the powers, designations, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations and restrictions of the Series A Preferred Stock (the “Certificate of Designations”). The Series A Preferred Stock ranks senior to Shentel’s Common Stock with respect to the payment of dividends and with respect to the distribution of assets upon Shentel Broadband’s liquidation, dissolution or winding up. Dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock accrue at 7 % per annum compounded and payable quarterly in arrears and, at Shentel’s option, may be paid in cash or in kind (such dividends paid in kind, “PIK Dividends”). The PIK Dividend rate is subject to increase to 8.5 % and 10 % after the fifth and seventh anniversaries of the Closing Date, respectively, to the extent any dividends accrued during the period from and including such anniversary dates are paid in the form of PIK Dividends. Beginning two years after the Closing Date, Shentel may require the Investor to exchange the Series A Preferred Stock for shares of Common Stock if the price per share of the Common Stock exceeds 125 % of the Exchange Price, subject to certain conditions. After five years , Shentel may redeem all of the Series A Preferred Stock for the greater of (i) $ 1,000 per share, plus (a) any accrued PIK Dividend amount and (b) accrued and unpaid dividends to, but excluding the redemption date (to the extent such accrued and unpaid dividends are not included in such PIK Dividend amount), and (ii) the value of the shares of Common Stock for which such Series A Preferred Stock are exchangeable. Under the terms of the Investment Agreement, the Investor has the right to nominate a director to the Board so long as the Investor beneficially owns at least 7.5 % of Shentel’s outstanding Common Stock (including on an as exchanged basis with respect to the Series A Preferred Stock). So long as the Investor beneficially owns at least 7.5 % of Shentel’s outstanding Common Stock (including on an as exchanged basis with respect to the Series A Preferred Stock), the Investor is subject to certain standstill provisions and voting covenants and has certain other rights with respect to the shares of Series A Preferred Stock, including, among others, pre-emptive, information and participation rights. The shares of Series A Preferred Stock are subject to a lock-up until the first anniversary of the Closing Date and are subject to certain other transfer restrictions. Refer to Note 13, Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, for more information regarding the Series A Preferred Stock and its impact on the Company’s financial statements. Amendment No. 3 to Credit Agreement On April 1, 2024, Shentel entered into Amendment No. 3 to Credit Agreement, Incremental Term Loan Funding Agreement, Joinder and Assignment and Assumption (the “Third Amendment”) to its existing Credit Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2021, with various financial institutions party thereto (the “Lenders”) and CoBank, ACB, as administrative agents for the Lenders (as previously amended by Amendment No. 1 to Credit Agreement, dated as of May 17, 2023, and Consent and Amendment No. 2 to Credit Agreement, dated October 24, 2023, the “Credit Agreement”). The Third Amendment provides for, among other things, incremental delay draw term loan commitments under the Credit Agreement in an aggregate amount equal to $ 225 million and an increase in the revolving commitment under the Credit Agreement in an amount equal to $ 50 million. Refer to Note 10, Debt , for more information regarding the Credit Agreement. Sale of Shentel’s Tower Portfolio On March 29, 2024, Shenandoah Mobile, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Shenandoah Telecommunications Company, completed the initial closing of its previously disclosed sale of substantially all of Shentel’s tower portfolio and operations (“Tower Portfolio”) to Vertical Bridge Holdco, LLC (Vertical Bridge) for $ 309.9 million (the “Tower Transaction”). The Company received $ 305.8 million, net of certain transaction costs at the time of the initial closing. At the initial close, the Company conveyed sites representing approximately 99.5 % of the tower portfolio value. The Company expects to convey certain remaining tower sites to Vertical Bridge by the end of March 2025 that will represent 99.9 % of the tower portfolio value. The Tower Transaction was completed pursuant to the terms of a Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated February 29, 2024, as amended by Amendment No. 1 to the Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated March 29, 2024. The Tower Portfolio represented substantially all of the assets and operations in Shentel’s previously reported Tower Reporting Segment and the Tower Transaction represented a strategic shift in the Company’s business. Consequently, the Tower Portfolio has been reclassified as a discontinued operation. For all periods presented, the assets and liabilities that transferred in the Tower Transaction (the “disposal group”) are presented as held for sale in our consolidated balance sheets , and operating results F-11 Table of Conten t s and cash flows related to the Tower Portfolio were reflected as a discontinued operations in our consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of cash flows . Refer to Note 17, Discontinued Operations, for more information regarding the presentation of the disposal group in the Company’s financial statements. As a result of the sale of the Tower Portfolio, the Company has one reportable segment. Consequently, segment reporting previously disclosed is no longer applicable. Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of consolidation: The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Shenandoah Telecommunications Company and all of its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions for continuing operations have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods could differ from our estimates. Revenue recognition: The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). The Company provides broadband data, video and voice services to residential, small and midsize businesses (“SMB”) and commercial customers in portions of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Delaware, Ohio and Indiana, via fiber optic and hybrid fiber coaxial cable networks. The Company also provides voice and DSL telephone services to customers in Virginia’s Shenandoah County and portions of adjacent counties and Ohio’s Ross County and portions of adjacent counties as a Rural Local Exchange Carrier (“RLEC”). Transaction price is measured as the amount billed, which is generally determined by list prices for goods and services less discounts offered. We allocate the total transaction price in these transactions based upon the standalone selling price of each distinct good or service. We generally recognize these revenues over time as customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits of the service, with the exception of equipment sales and home wiring, which are recognized as revenue at a point in time when control transfers and when installation is complete, respectively. A significant portion of the Company’s revenues are derived from customers who may cancel their subscriptions at any time without penalty. As such, the amount of deferred revenue related to unsatisfied performance obligations is not necessarily indicative of the future revenue to be recognized from the Company’s existing customers. Installation fees charged upfront without transfer of commensurate goods or services to the customer are allocated to services and are recognized ratably over the longer of the contract term or the period in which the unrecognized fee remains material to the contract, which we estimate to be approximately one year . Additionally, the Company incurs commission expenses related to in-house sales team members and third-party vendors which are capitalized and amortized over the expected customer benefit period. The Company also provides Ethernet and Wavelength fiber optic services to commercial fiber customers under capacity agreements, and the related revenue is recognized over time. In some cases, non-refundable upfront fees are charged for connecting commercial fiber customers to our fiber network. Those amounts are recognized ratably over the initial contract term. The Company also leases dedicated fiber optic strands to customers as part of “dark fiber” agreements, which are accounted for as leases under ASC 842, Leases (“ASC 842”). Advertising costs: The Company expenses advertising costs and marketing production costs as incurred and includes such costs within selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Advertising expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $ 15.0 million, $ 11.4 million and $ 6.8 million, respectively. Fair value measurements: The Company measures certain assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Company uses the fair value hierarchy to evaluate inputs used in determining the fair value of its assets and liabilities. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are (i) observable inputs, such as quoted prices in active markets (level 1); (ii) inputs other than F-12 Table of Conten t s quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly (level 2); and (iii) unobservable inputs that require the Company to use present value and other valuation techniques in the determination of fair value (level 3). The Company remeasures long-lived assets such as property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and goodwill at fair value when they are deemed to be impaired. The fair value of these assets is determined with valuation techniques using the best information available and may include quoted market prices, market comparables or discounted cash flow models. The carrying amounts reported in the Company’s consolidated financial statements for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value because of the short-term nature of these financial instruments. The carrying amount of the Company’s long-term debt, which have a floating interest rate, approximates fair value. The Company’s interest rate swaps are marked to market on a quarterly basis and are presented on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. As described in more detail in Note 3, Acquisition of Horizon , Shentel determined the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as a result of the Horizon Acquisition as of the acquisition date. Cash and cash equivalents: Cash equivalents include all investments with an original maturity of three months or less. The Company places its temporary cash investments with high credit quality financial institutions. Generally, such investments are in excess of FDIC or SIPC insurance limits. Allowance for credit losses: Accounts receivable have been reduced by an allowance for amounts that may be uncollectible in the future. This estimated allowance is based primarily on the aging category, historical collection experience and management’s evaluation of the financial condition of the customer. The Company writes off accounts receivable balances deemed uncollectible against the allowance for credit losses generally when the account is turned over for collection to an outside collection agency. Changes in the Company’s allowance for credit losses for accounts receivable for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are summarized below: (in thousands) Balance at Beginning of Year Recoveries added to allowance Provision for Credit Losses Write-offs Balance at End of Year Year Ended December 31, 2024 Allowance for credit losses $ 886 $ 599 $ 2,132 $ ( 2,461 ) $ 1,156 Year Ended December 31, 2023 Allowance for credit losses $ 776 $ 424 $ 2,852 $ ( 3,166 ) $ 886 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Allowance for credit losses $ 352 $ 414 $ 1,972 $ ( 1,962 ) $ 776 Investments: The Company investments measured at fair value primarily consist of supplemental executive retirement plan (“SERP”) investments in a rabbi trust as a source of funding for future payments under the plan. The SERP’s investments were designated as trading securities and will be liquidated and paid out to the participants six months after retirement. The benefit obligation to participants is always equal to the value of the SERP assets under ASC 710, Compensation . Changes to the investments’ fair value are presented in Other income, net, while the reciprocal changes in the liability representative of compensatory expense, are presented in selling, general and administrative expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The Company’s investments measured at cost primarily consist of CoBank’s Class A common stock derived from the CoBank patronage program. The investment is recognized as the Company’s initial investment in CoBank plus subsequent patronage distributions received from CoBank. Property, plant and equipment: Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. The Company capitalizes all costs associated with the purchase, deployment and installation of property, plant and equipment, including interest costs and internal labor costs on major capital projects during the period of their construction. Maintenance expense is recognized as incurred when repairs are performed that do not extend the life of property, plant and equipment. Expenses for major renewals and improvements, which significantly extend the useful lives of existing property and equipment, are capitalized and depreciated. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Labor costs associated with customer installation activities at existing service locations are expensed as incurred under F-13 Table of Conten t s industry specific guidance. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of their useful lives or respective lease terms. Land is not depreciated. Indefinite-lived intangible assets: Goodwill represents the excess of acquisition costs over the fair value of tangible net assets and identifiable intangible assets of the businesses acquired. Cable franchise rights represent the value attributed to our non-exclusive right to provide video services in a specified area. Spectrum licenses issued by the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) provide us with either an exclusive or priority access right to utilize designated radio frequency spectrum within specific geographic service areas to provide wireless communication services. While some cable franchises and spectrum licenses are issued for a fixed time period (generally ten years and up to fifteen years , respectively), renewals have been granted routinely and at a nominal cost. The Company believes it will be able to meet all requirements necessary to secure renewal of its cable franchise rights and spectrum licenses. Moreover, the Company has determined that there are currently no legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic or other factors that limit the useful lives of our cable franchises or spectrum licenses and, as a result, we account for cable franchise rights and spectrum licenses as indefinite-lived intangible assets. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but rather, are subject to impairment testing annually, in the fourth quarter, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment based on the identification of reporting units. Our reporting unit aligns with our one reportable segment. We evaluated goodwill for impairment on October 1, 2024 using a quantitative assessment. This assessment estimated the fair values of our reporting unit primarily based on a discounted cash flow analysis that included market participant estimates of future cash flows expected to be generated by the business. We also considered the reconciliation of the Company's market capitalization to the reporting unit value and consideration of an appropriate control premium. As a result of this assessment, management concluded that the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeded the carrying value by 11 %. As such, no impairment charge was recognized during the period. We evaluated cable franchise rights and spectrum licenses for impairment on October 1, 2024 primarily on the basis of qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances lead us to conclude that it is more likely than not that goodwill or our indefinite life intangibles has been impaired. Our consideration of qualitative factors included but was not limited to macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, company specific events, changes in circumstances, after tax cash flows, and market capitalization trends. We concluded that there were no indicators that impairment of our reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible assets was more likely than not. Long-lived assets: Finite-lived intangible assets, property, plant, and equipment, and other long-lived assets held for use are amortized or depreciated over their estimated useful lives, as summarized in the respective notes below. These assets are evaluated for impairment based on the identification of asset groups. Our asset groups align with our reportable segments. We evaluated our asset groups for impairment during the fourth quarter of 2024 and concluded that there were no indicators that an asset group impairment was more likely than not . Asset retirement obligations: Certain of the Company’s lease agreements contain provisions requiring the Company to restore facilities or remove property in the event that the lease agreement is not renewed. The Company records an estimate for the cost to comply with these provisions based on what a willing third party would charge for the retirement activity on the date of recognizing the asset retirement obligation. Upon retirement of the related asset and performance of the asset retirement activities, the Company derecognizes the asset retirement obligation and records a gain or loss to reflect the difference between the Company’s estimate and the actual cost to retire the asset. Current ARO liabilities are recorded in accrued liabilities and other in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and noncurrent ARO liabilities are presented in the consolidated balance sheets as “other liabilities.” Benefit plan obligations: The Benefit plan obligations caption includes the following: ($ in thousands) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Supplemental executive retirement plans $ 2,812 $ 2,290 Postretirement medical benefits plans 1,889 1,653 Pension plan obligation 244 — Total $ 4,945 $ 3,943 F-14 Table of Conten t s Prior to the acquisition of Horizon, Shentel maintained a supplemental executive retirement plan for certain employees (the “Shentel SERP”). The Shentel SERP is a benefit plan that provides deferred compensation to certain employees which holds investments in a rabbi trust as a source of funding for future payments under the plan. The Shentel SERP’s investments were designated as trading securities and will be liquidated and paid out to the participants upon retirement. The benefit obligation to participants is always equal to the value of the Shentel SERP assets under ASC 710, Compensation. Changes to the investments’ fair value are presented in Other income, net, while the reciprocal changes in the liability representative of compensatory expense, are presented in selling, general and administrative expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Prior to December 31, 2023, Shentel maintained a frozen defined benefit plan. On October 13, 2021, Shentel’s Board of Directors adopted a resolution to terminate its pension plan. The Company terminated the pension plan and all benefits were distributed in June 2023 through the combination of lump sum payments and the purchase of non-participating annuity contracts at the option of the pension plan participants. The Company made an additional $ 2.9 million contribution from its cash balance as a result of the settlement and recognized a settlement gain of $ 0.7 million in other income (expense) for the year ended December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Shentel acquired four plans in conjunction with the acquisition of Horizon. These plans included one unfunded supplemental executive retirement plan, one frozen unfunded postretirement medical benefits plan and two frozen defined benefit plans. Including the plan acquired from Horizon, both of Shentel’s postretirement medical benefits plans represent frozen, unfunded, defined benefit plans. The total postretirement plan liability was determined using discount rates of 5.5 % and 4.9 % as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The total fair value of pension plan assets was $ 21.6 million as of December 31, 2024. These investments were held in mutual funds and were valued based on the net asset value per share. The pension plan projected benefit obligations was $ 21.4 million as of December 31, 2024, determined using a discount rate of 5.0 %. Leases: The Company leases various telecommunications sites, warehouses, retail stores, and office facilities for use in our business. These agreements include fixed rental payments as well as variable rental payments such as those based on relevant inflation indices. The accounting lease term includes optional renewal periods that we are reasonably certain to exercise based on our assessment of relevant contractual and economic factors. The related lease payments are discounted at lease commencement using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate in order to measure the lease liability and right-of-use asset. The incremental borrowing rate is determined using a portfolio approach based on the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments on a collateralized basis over a similar term. The Company uses the observable unsecured borrowing rate and risk-adjusts that rate to approximate a collateralized rate. Income taxes: The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. In assessing the ability to realize deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon generating future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. The Company considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, taxable income in prior carryback years if available and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based upon the level of historical taxable income, projections for future taxable income over the periods for which the deferred tax assets are deductible, and the option to elect out of bonus depreciation on in-serviced fixed assets, the Company believes it more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will be realized. The Company recognizes a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits. The Company records a liability for the difference between the benefit recognized and measured for financial statement purposes and the tax position taken or expected to be taken on the tax return. Changes in the estimate are recorded in the period in which such determination is made. F-15 Table of Conten t s Stock-based compensation: The cost of employee services received in exchange for share-based awards classified as equity is measured using the estimated fair value of the award on the date of the grant, and the related expense is recorded over the recipient’s respective service period. The fair value for the Company’s RSUs are determined using the Company’s stock price and the fair value for the Company’s RTSR awards are determined using a Monte Carlo simulation. The Company records forfeitures for its RSUs and RTSRs as they occur. Certain of the Company’s share-based awards contain retirement clauses which state that awards will continue to vest without the requirement of continuous employment after a participant achieves certain service- and age-based requirements (“Retirement Eligibility”). The Company accelerates expense associated with eligible awards for employees who have achieved Retirement Eligibility on the later of the grant date or the date in which Retirement Eligibility is achieved. Government grants: Shentel receives grants from the U.S. Government and its agencies, as well as various state governments under various programs designed to fund telecommunications operations and broadband infrastructure expansion into rural or underserved areas. The grant programs are evaluated to determine if they represent grants related to revenue or capital expenditures. Grants for revenue and operating activities are recorded as RLEC & Other revenue, which is a category within service revenue and other in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as the services are provided. Grants for capital expenditures are recorded as a reduction to the corresponding property, plant and equipment asset balance and are recognized through a reduction in depreciation expense over the life of the corresponding asset in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Government grants related to revenue and operations are classified as operating cash inflows and grants for capital expenditures are classified as investing cash inflows. The Company monitors government grants for requirements to ensure that conditions related to grants have been met and there is reasonable assurance that the Company will be able to retain the grant proceeds and to ensure that any contingencies that may arise from not meeting the conditions are appropriately recognized. See Note 15, Government Grants for additional information. Redeemable noncontrolling interest: As discussed in Note 1, Nature of Operations , Shentel Broadband, a subsidiary of Shentel, issued 81,000 shares of Shentel Broadband’s Series A Preferred Stock in exchange for $ 81 million in cash. The Series A Preferred Stock has a par value of $ 0.01 per share. As of December 31, 2024, 100,000 shares of the Series A Preferred Stock were authorized for issuance and 81,000 shares of the Series A Preferred Stock were outstanding. Shentel has applied the guidance in ASC 480‑10‑S99‑3A, “SEC Staff Announcement: Classification and Measurement of Redeemable Securities”, and has therefore classified the Series A Preferred Stock outside of shareholders’ equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets because the shares contain liquidation features that are not solely within the Company’s control. The Series A Preferred Stock was recorded at its fair value on the date of issuance, net of $ 1.6 million of issuance costs. The Company does not adjust the carrying value of the Series A Preferred Stock to the liquidation preference of such shares because of the uncertainty of whether or when a liquidation event would occur. Subsequent adjustments to increase the carrying value to the liquidation preferences will be made only when it becomes probable that such a liquidation event will occur. Furthermore, the Company classifies the Series A Preferred Stock as redeemable noncontrolling interest due to the fact that the Series A Preferred Stock is issued by its subsidiary, Shentel Broadband. See Note 13, Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest for additional information. Accounting for acquisitions: The Company accounts for acquisitions by using the acquisition method of accounting, in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations . Under the acquisition method of accounting, the total purchase price is allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with the acquisition based on their estimated fair values. Fair values are determined using the income approach, market approach and/or cost approach depending on the nature of the asset or liability being valued and the reliability of available information. The income approach estimates fair value by discounting associated lifetime expected future cash flows to their present value and relies on significant assumptions regarding future revenues, expenses, working capital levels and discount rates. The market approach estimates fair value by analyzing recent actual market transactions for similar assets or liabilities. The cost approach estimates fair value based on the expected cost to replace or reproduce the asset or liability and relies on assumptions regarding the occurrence and extent of any physical, functional and/or economic obsolescence. Segments: Shentel’s Chief Executive Officer represents the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The CODM regularly reviews the Company’s results to assess performance and allocates resources at a consolidated level. All of Shentel’s services are delivered through an integrated network and have similar types or classes of customers. Furthermore, the decision to allocate resources and to upgrade the Company’s service delivery over an integrated network is performed at the consolidated level. As such, management has identified one operating segment, Broadband, which is the Company’s reportable segment under this organizational and reporting structure. F-16 Table of Conten t s New Accounting Standards In October 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-06, “ Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative, ” (“ASU 2023-06”) which aligns the disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of the FASB’s ASC Topics with the requirements described in the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative. ASU 2023-06 will become effective for each amendment on the effective date of the SEC’s corresponding disclosure rule changes; these dates are unknown as of this filing. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting ASU 2023-06 on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ,” (“ASU 2023-07”). The amendments in ASU 2023-07 improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. These enhanced disclosures requirements also include, but are not limited to, the requirement to disclose other segment income and expense items, the title and the position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance. The Company has adopted this ASU and has included the required disclosures within these financial statements. See Note 18, Segment Information for additional information. In December 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-09 “Income Taxes (Topic 740), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ” This accounting update requires public entities, on an annual basis, to provide disclosure of specific categories in the rate reconciliation, as well as disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. The updated disclosure requirements are to be adopted for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early Adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting ASU 2023-07 on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Company does not anticipate adoption will have a material impact on the financial position, results of operations, cash flows or disclosures. Note 3. Acquisition of Horizon As discussed in Note 1, Nature of Operations , Shentel acquired 100 % of the outstanding equity interests of Horizon on April 1, 2024. The total purchase price used to apply the acquisition method was $ 416.2 million, which consisted of $ 349.4 million of cash consideration paid and $ 71.8 million of common stock, representing the fair value of 4,100,375 shares of Shentel’s common stock issued to a selling shareholder of Horizon. The fair value of Shentel’s common stock issued was determined on the basis of the opening market price of the common stock on the acquisition date. The purchase price is subject to adjustment for certain working capital adjustments and post-closing indemnities. The cash consideration paid was primarily financed with proceeds from the sale of Shentel’s Tower Portfolio and cash on-hand. The allocation of the purchase price was based upon management’s preliminary valuation of the fair values of tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Horizon Transaction, with the excess recorded as goodwill. F-17 Table of Conten t s (in thousands) Amount Current and other assets $ 11,795 Property, plant and equipment 380,101 Goodwill 63,811 Intangible assets 14,249 Operating lease right-of-use assets 7,792 Other long-term assets 1,843 Total assets acquired 479,591 Current liabilities 16,164 Deferred tax liabilities 25,427 Non-current operating lease liabilities 4,706 Government grant liabilities 7,122 Other long-term liabilities 9,978 Total liabilities assumed 63,397 Net assets acquired $ 416,194 The Company recorded certain measurement period adjustments to update management’s initial estimate of acquired assets and assumed liabilities based on additional information, primarily related to acquired property, plant and equipment, acquired leases and certain liabilities assumed, resulting in a decrease to goodwill of $ 10.8 million. Current and other assets acquired include $ 6.1 million of accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $ 0.2 million. Intangible assets acquired primarily relate to customer relationships. Property, plant and equipment and customer relationships were primarily valued using the cost approach to determine the cost that would be incurred to replace these assets. Lease right-of-use assets were valued using an income approach to compare actual rental rates paid by the Company to current market rates to determine the degree to which the value of the right-of-use assets are above or below market value. Customer relationship assets acquired represent finite-lived intangibles which are being amortized over the assets’ useful lives, which is estimated to be ten years. The Company has included the results of the operations of Horizon for financial reporting purposes for the period subsequent to the date of acquisition. In connection with the acquisition, Shentel incurred integration and acquisition-related costs of $ 14.3 million and $ 2.9 million related to banking, severance, information technology, representation and warranty insurance and other similar expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Included in these costs were $ 6.9 million of direct acquisition-related costs incurred by Shentel during the year ended December 31, 2024. These costs are recorded in restructuring, integration and acquisition expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. No such costs were incurred during the year ended December 31, 2022. Horizon’s revenue of $ 47.7 million and loss before income taxes of $ 17.1 million for the period between April 1, 2024 and December 31, 2024 are included in Shentel’s consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024. The unaudited pro forma results of the Company, as if the Horizon Transaction had occurred on January 1, 2023, were as follows: (in thousands) 2024 2023 Operating revenues $ 343,928 $ 334,727 Loss before income taxes $ ( 42,964 ) $ ( 16,279 ) The pro forma disclosures shown above are based upon estimated preliminary valuations of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as well as preliminary estimates of depreciation and amortization charges thereon, that may differ from the final fair F-18 Table of Conten t s values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities and the resulting depreciation and amortization charges thereon. Other pro forma adjustments include the following: • historical depreciation expense was adjusted for the fair value adjustment increasing the basis of property, plant and equipment and shorter estimated useful lives to conform to the Company’s standard policy and the acceleration of depreciation on certain equipment; • incremental amortization due to the customer-based contract rights associated with acquired customers; and • removal of Horizon’s interest expense and amortization of deferred financing fees due to the repayment of the outstanding principal of Horizon’s debt. Note 4. Revenue from Contracts with Customers The Company’s revenues by activity type were as follows: (in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Residential & SMB - Incumbent Broadband Markets 1 $ 177,485 $ 176,879 $ 175,681 Residential & SMB - Glo Fiber Expansion Markets 2 57,907 35,103 18,293 Commercial Fiber 67,011 42,132 38,821 RLEC & Other 25,655 15,017 16,116 Service revenue and other $ 328,058 $ 269,131 $ 248,911 _______________________________________________________ 1. Incumbent Broadband Markets consists of Shentel Incumbent Cable Markets and Horizon Incumbent Telephone Markets with Fiber-To-The-Home (“FTTH”) passings. 2. Glo Fiber Expansion Markets consists of FTTH passings in greenfield expansion markets in the Shentel and former Horizon markets. Shentel updated the description for revenues previously reported as “Residential & SMB - Cable Markets” to “Residential & SMB - Incumbent Broadband Markets” and updated the description for revenues previously reported as “Residential & SMB - Glo Fiber Markets” to “Residential & SMB - Glo Fiber Expansion Markets.” (in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Revenue from contracts with customers (ASC 606) $ 322,220 $ 266,490 $ 246,783 Income from leasing arrangements (ASC 842) 5,838 2,641 2,128 Service revenue and other $ 328,058 $ 269,131 $ 248,911 Income from leasing arrangements primarily relates to Shentel’s commercial fiber business. Refer to Note 9, Leases for more information. Shentel had $ 27.4 million and $ 17.6 million of gross trade receivables from customers as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. F-19 Table of Conten t s Contract Assets The Company’s contract assets primarily include commissions incurred to acquire contracts with customers. The Company incurs commission expenses related to in-house sales team members and third-party vendors which are capitalized and amortized over the expected customer benefit period which is approximately six years . The Company’s current contract assets are included in prepaid expenses and other and the Company’s non-current contract assets are included in deferred charges and other assets in its consolidated balance sheets. Amortization of capitalized commission expenses is recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The following tables present the activity of current and non-current contract assets: (in thousands) 2024 2023 Beginning Balance $ 8,633 $ 8,646 Commission payments 4,857 3,138 Contract asset amortization ( 3,239 ) ( 3,151 ) Ending Balance $ 10,251 $ 8,633 Contract Liabilities The Company’s contract liabilities include services that are billed in advance and recorded as deferred revenue, as well as installation fees that are charged upfront without transfer of commensurate goods or services to the customer. The Company’s current contract liabilities are included in advanced billings and customer deposits in its consolidated balance sheets and the Company’s non-current contract liabilities are included in other liabilities in its consolidated balance sheets. Shentel’s current contract liability balances were $ 12.5 million and $ 10.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Shentel’s non-current contract liability balances were $ 9.5 million and $ 1.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Shentel expects its current contract liability balances to be recognized as revenues during the twelve-month periods following the respective balance sheet dates and its non-current contract liability balances to be recognized as revenues after the twelve-month periods following the respective balance sheet dates. No customer accounted for more than 10% of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 and no customer made up more than 10% of accounts receivable at December 31, 2024 and 2023. Note 5. Investments Investments consisted of the following: (in thousands) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 SERP investments at fair value $ 2,670 $ 2,290 Cost method investments 12,813 10,675 Equity method investments 226 233 Total investments $ 15,709 $ 13,198 SERP investments at fair value: The fair value of the SERP investments are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets and are classified as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Cost method investments : Shentel’s investment in CoBank’s Class A common stock, derived from the CoBank patronage program, represented substantially all of the Company’s cost method investments with a balance of $ 12.1 million and $ 10.1 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Shentel recognized approximately $ 1.7 million, $ 0.5 million and $ 0.1 million of patronage income in other income (expense) in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company expects that approximately 75 % of the patronage distributions will be collected in cash and 25 % in equity, to be paid and distributed in 2025. F-20 Table of Conten t s Note 6. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following: ($ in thousands) Estimated Useful Lives December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Land $ 4,514 $ 3,671 Land improvements 10 years 3,717 4,448 Buildings and structures 10 - 45 years 52,706 42,871 Cable and fiber 12 - 30 years 1,294,689 799,612 Equipment and software 4 - 12 years 417,057 331,595 Plant in service 1,772,683 1,182,197 Plant under construction 207,428 145,623 Total property, plant and equipment 1,980,111 1,327,820 Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization ( 541,573 ) ( 477,483 ) Property, plant and equipment, net $ 1,438,538 $ 850,337 Property, plant and equipment, net increased due primarily to capital expenditures driven by the Company’s assets acquired as a result of the Horizon Transaction and Glo Fiber market expansion. The Company’s accounts payable as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 included amounts associated with capital expenditures of approximately $ 55.1 million and $ 51.1 million, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense was $ 96.9 million, $ 62.9 million, and $ 65.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The Company disposed of fully depreciated property, plant and equipment assets, which reduced plant in service by approximately $ 34.2 million and $ 26.0 million, with a corresponding offset to accumulated depreciation and amortization, during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company ceased expansion of its Beam branded fixed wireless edge-out strategy, resulting in a phase out of operations and related assets through 2023. Consequently, Shentel recorded impairments of its Beam property, plant and equipment balances totaling $ 1.5 million and $ 4.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Shentel also recorded $ 7.4 million in accelerated depreciation related to these assets during the year ended December 31, 2022. Note 7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill and intangible assets consisted of the following: December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 (in thousands) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization and Other Net Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization and Other Net Goodwill $ 67,055 $ — $ 67,055 $ 3,244 $ — $ 3,244 Indefinite-lived intangibles: Cable franchise rights $ 64,334 $ — $ 64,334 $ 64,334 $ — $ 64,334 FCC spectrum licenses 12,122 — 12,122 12,122 — 12,122 Railroad crossing rights and other 526 — 526 217 — 217 Total indefinite-lived intangibles 76,982 — 76,982 76,673 — 76,673 Finite-lived intangibles: Subscriber relationships 42,447 ( 28,882 ) 13,565 28,425 ( 27,370 ) 1,055 Other intangibles 510 ( 389 ) 121 510 ( 359 ) 151 Total finite-lived intangibles 42,957 ( 29,271 ) 13,686 28,935 ( 27,729 ) 1,206 Total goodwill and intangible assets $ 186,994 $ ( 29,271 ) $ 157,723 $ 108,852 $ ( 27,729 ) $ 81,123 F-21 Table of Conten t s Shentel recognized $ 63.8 million of goodwill, $ 14.0 million of subscriber relationships and $ 0.2 million of other intangible assets as a result of the purchase price allocation related to the Horizon Transaction. The goodwill recognized primarily consists of synergies expected from combining the operations of Horizon and Shentel and intangible assets acquired that do not qualify for separate recognition, including an assembled workforce. None of the goodwill recognized is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. Amortization expense was $ 1.5 million, $ 0.5 million and $ 0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over the following estimated useful lives: Estimated Useful Life Subscriber relationships 3 - 10 years Other intangibles 15 - 20 years The following table summarizes expected amortization of intangible assets at December 31, 2024: (in thousands) Amortization of Intangible Assets 2025 $ 1,888 2026 1,507 2027 1,469 2028 1,421 2029 1,420 2030 and thereafter 5,981 Total $ 13,686 Note 8. Other Assets and Accrued Liabilities Prepaid expenses and other, classified as current assets, included the following: (in thousands) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Prepaid maintenance expenses $ 7,437 $ 5,157 Broadband contract acquisition costs 3,165 2,675 Interest rate swaps 1,766 1,443 Other 4,914 2,507 Prepaid expenses and other $ 17,282 $ 11,782 Deferred charges and other assets, classified as long-term assets, included the following: (in thousands) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Broadband contract acquisition costs $ 7,086 $ 5,958 Interest rate swaps 721 798 Prepaid expenses and other 6,428 4,805 Deferred charges and other assets $ 14,235 $ 11,561 F-22 Table of Conten t s Accrued liabilities and other, classified as current liabilities, included the following: (in thousands) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Accrued programming costs $ 4,227 $ 3,209 Other current liabilities 7,873 4,538 Accrued liabilities and other $ 12,100 $ 7,747 Other liabilities, classified as long-term liabilities, included the following: (in thousands) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Noncurrent portion of deferred revenue $ 26,809 $ 14,670 Noncurrent portion of finance leases 1,567 1,395 Other 5,149 847 Other liabilities $ 33,525 $ 16,912 Implementation Activities During 2024, as a result of the Horizon Transaction, we implemented an integration plan in which certain employees were notified their positions were being eliminated. Shentel incurred $ 2.9 million in severance expense, included in restructuring, integration and acquisition expense in the consolidated statements of operations, and made $ 2.1 million in severance payments for the year ended December 31, 2024. Note 9. Leases The Company leases various broadband network and telecommunications sites, fiber optic cable routes, warehouses, retail stores and office facilities for use in our business. The components of lease costs were as follows: Classification Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Finance lease cost Amortization of leased assets Depreciation $ 665 $ 477 $ 477 Interest on lease liabilities Interest expense 95 78 83 Operating lease cost Operating expense 1 4,316 3,054 3,302 Lease cost $ 5,076 $ 3,609 $ 3,862 _________________________________________ (1) Operating lease expense is presented in cost of service or selling, general and administrative expense based on the use of the relevant facility. F-23 Table of Conten t s The following table summarizes the expected maturity of lease liabilities at December 31, 2024: (in thousands) Operating Leases Finance Leases Total 2025 $ 3,810 $ 416 $ 4,226 2026 2,884 400 3,284 2027 1,991 203 2,194 2028 1,677 158 1,835 2029 1,327 160 1,487 2030 and thereafter 7,054 1,041 8,095 Total lease payments 18,743 2,378 21,121 Less: interest ( 4,889 ) ( 484 ) ( 5,373 ) Present value of lease liabilities $ 13,854 $ 1,894 $ 15,748 December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Operating leases Weighted average remaining lease term (years) 8.5 7.1 Weighted average discount rate 6.1 % 5.0 % Finance leases Weighted average remaining lease term (years) 9.0 12.3 Weighted average discount rate 5.3 % 5.2 % Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Cash paid for operating lease liabilities $ 4,480 $ 3,218 $ 3,042 Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities (includes new leases or modifications of existing leases) $ 2,250 $ 1,968 $ 1,351 The Company recognized $ 5.8 million, $ 2.6 million and $ 2.1 million of operating lease revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to the dedicated fiber optic strands that we lease to our customers, which is included in service revenue and other in the consolidated statements of operations. Substantially all of our lease revenue relates to fixed lease payments. Below is a summary of our contractual minimum rental receipts expected under the lease agreements in place at December 31, 2024: (in thousands) Operating Leases 2025 $ 4,486 2026 3,833 2027 3,395 2028 3,180 2029 2,880 2030 and thereafter 17,288 Total $ 35,061 F-24 Table of Conten t s Note 10. Debt Shentel Broadband Operations LLC, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Shentel, has a credit agreement which contains (i) a $ 150 million revolving credit facility (the “Revolver”) and $ 525 million in delayed draw amortizing term loans (the “Term Loans” and collectively with Revolver, the “Credit Agreement”). As of December 31, 2024, the availability under our Revolver and the Term Loans was $ 243.0 million. The following loans were outstanding under the Credit Agreement: (in thousands) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Term loan A-1 $ 144,451 $ 150,000 Term loan A-2 148,506 150,000 Term loan A-3 125,000 — Total debt 417,957 300,000 Less: unamortized loan fees ( 1,078 ) ( 101 ) Total debt, net of unamortized loan fees $ 416,879 $ 299,899 The Term Loans bear interest at one-month term SOFR plus a margin. The margin is variable and determined by the Company’s net leverage ratio. Interest is paid monthly. The weighted-average interest rate was 6.42 % for the Term Loans at December 31, 2024. Shentel is charged commitment fees on unutilized portions of its Revolver and Term Loans. The Company recorded $ 0.9 million, $ 0.5 million and $ 0.7 million related to these fees for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are included in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Interest expense recorded in Shentel’s consolidated statements of operations consisted of the following for the years ended: (in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Interest expense $ 24,415 $ 9,633 $ 2,241 Less: capitalized interest ( 8,518 ) ( 5,421 ) ( 664 ) Interest expense, net of capitalized interest $ 15,897 $ 4,212 $ 1,577 The Credit Agreement includes various covenants, including total net leverage ratio and debt service coverage ratio financial covenants. Shentel’s Term Loans require quarterly payments based on a percentage of the outstanding balance. Term Loan A-1 matures on July 1, 2026 and both Term Loan A-2 and Term Loan A-3 mature on July 1, 2028. The following table summarizes the expected payments of Shentel’s outstanding borrowings as of December 31, 2024: (in thousands) Amount 2025 $ 9,504 2026 140,063 2027 6,294 2028 262,096 Total $ 417,957 Shentel has not made any borrowings under its Revolver as of December 31, 2024. In the event borrowings are made in the future, the entire outstanding principal amount borrowed is due June 30, 2026. Although no borrowings have been executed under the Revolver, Shentel has executed letter of credit arrangements totaling $ 7.0 million that reduce the available balance of the Revolver. The letter of credit arrangements were executed primarily pursuant to the requirements of the National Telecommunications and Information government grant program, discussed further F-25 Table of Conten t s in Note 15, Government Grants . These amounts are not considered borrowed, as no cash has been disbursed to Shentel or other parties. The Credit Agreement is fully secured by a pledge and unconditional guarantee from the Company and all of its subsidiaries, except Shenandoah Telephone Company. This provides the lenders a security interest in substantially all of the assets of the Company. Note 11. Derivatives and Hedging During the second quarter of 2023, Shentel entered into pay fixed ( 2.90 %), receive variable (one-month term SOFR) interest rate swaps totaling $ 150.0 million of notional principal (the “Swaps”). The Swaps contain monthly payment terms that became effective in May 2024, which extend through their maturity dates in June 2026. The Swaps are designated as cash flow hedges, representing 50 % of the Company’s outstanding debt under Term Loan A-1 and Term Loan A-2. The Company uses the Swaps to manage its exposure to interest rate risk for its long-term variable-rate Term Loans. The Swaps were determined to be highly effective hedges and therefore all change in the fair value of the Swaps was recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income. The table below presents the fair value of the Swaps as well as their classification in the consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of these instruments was estimated using an income approach and observable market inputs (Level 2): (in thousands) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Balance sheet line items containing derivative financial instruments: Prepaid expenses and other $ 1,766 $ 1,443 Deferred charges and other assets 721 798 Total fair value of derivatives designated as hedging instruments $ 2,487 $ 2,241 The table below summarizes changes in accumulated other comprehensive income by component: (in thousands) Gain on Swaps Income tax expense Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, net of taxes Balance as of December 31, 2023 $ 2,241 $ ( 573 ) $ 1,668 Net change in unrealized gain 2,420 ( 570 ) 1,850 Amounts reclassified to interest expense ( 2,174 ) 509 ( 1,665 ) Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) 246 ( 61 ) 185 Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ 2,487 $ ( 634 ) $ 1,853 (in thousands) Gain on Swaps Income tax expense Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, net of taxes Balance as of December 31, 2022 $ — $ — $ — Net change in unrealized gain 2,241 ( 573 ) 1,668 Balance as of December 31, 2023 $ 2,241 $ ( 573 ) $ 1,668 F-26 Table of Conten t s Note 12. Income Taxes The Company files a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return and various state income tax returns. The provision for the federal and state income taxes attributable to (loss) income from continuing operations consisted of the following components: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Current expense (benefit) Federal taxes $ — $ ( 2,707 ) $ ( 1,406 ) State taxes 89 ( 680 ) ( 363 ) Total current provision 89 ( 3,387 ) ( 1,769 ) Deferred (benefit) expense Federal taxes ( 5,238 ) 4,564 ( 1,062 ) State taxes ( 4,521 ) ( 676 ) ( 569 ) Total deferred (benefit) expense ( 9,759 ) 3,888 ( 1,631 ) Income tax (benefit) expense $ ( 9,670 ) $ 501 $ ( 3,400 ) Effective tax rate 25.4 % 33.0 % 18.1 % A reconciliation of income tax (benefit) expense determined by applying the federal and state tax rates to (loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes is as follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Expected tax (benefit) expense at federal statutory $ ( 7,986 ) $ 319 $ ( 3,952 ) State income tax (benefit) expense, net of federal tax effect ( 3,159 ) 268 ( 802 ) Revaluation of deferred tax liabilities — ( 1,373 ) — Excess tax deficiency from share-based compensation and other expense, net 1,475 764 735 Valuation allowance — 523 619 Income tax (benefit) expense $ ( 9,670 ) $ 501 $ ( 3,400 ) The change in effective tax rate between 2024 and 2023 was primarily a result of a valuation allowance in 2023. The Company received $ 1.3 million and $ 25.6 million in cash refunds for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company received no cash refunds for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company’s paid $ 8.4 million, $ 0.1 million, and $ 0.1 million in income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. F-27 Table of Conten t s Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates that are expected to apply in the year of reversal or settlement and arise from temporary differences between the US GAAP and tax bases of the following assets and liabilities: (in thousands) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carryforwards $ 64,599 $ 59,814 Business interest limitation carryforwards 11,669 2,290 Accruals and stock-based compensation 5,274 4,075 Leases 4,399 14,208 Other 12,020 8,995 Total gross deferred tax assets 97,961 89,382 Less valuation allowance — ( 523 ) Net deferred tax assets 97,961 88,859 Deferred tax liabilities: Property, plant and equipment 239,180 146,302 Intangible assets 17,866 13,837 Leases 5,356 13,616 Prepaid assets and other 3,275 3,251 Total gross deferred tax liabilities 265,677 177,006 Net deferred tax liabilities $ 167,716 $ 88,147 The Company has a deferred tax asset of $ 64.6 million related to federal and various state net operating losses. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $ 295.6 million of federal net operating losses, including approximately $ 284.3 million of federal net operating losses generated after 2017. Federal net operating losses generated prior to 2018 expire through 2034. The Horizon federal net operating losses are subject to limitations under Section 382 of the Code. The Company also had approximately $ 51.6 million of state net operating losses, most of which can be carried forward indefinitely. The Company’s income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 included tax expense of $ 0.5 million and $ 0.6 million, respectively, for the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets related to federal net operating losses expected to expire unused. The Company recorded no valuation allowances for the year ended December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits. The Company’s returns are generally open to examination from 2021 forward. The net operating losses acquired from nTelos are open to examination from 2005 forward and the net operating losses acquired from Horizon are open to examination from 2013 forward. The Company is currently involved in one state income tax audit and no federal income tax audits as of December 31, 2024. Note 13. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest As discussed in Note 1, Nature of Operations , the Company must pay either a cash or PIK Dividend related to the Series A Preferred Stock on a quarterly basis. The Company paid two PIK Dividends during the year ended December 31, 2024, resulting in a $ 3.1 million increase in the liquidation preference of the Series A Preferred Stock resulting in a liquidation preference of $ 84.1 million as of December 31, 2024. The Series A Preferred Stock also participates in dividends paid to common shareholders on an “as-converted” basis. As such, the Company paid $ 0.3 million in participating dividends to the Series A Preferred Stock shareholder during the year ended December 31, 2024. As described in Note 1, Nature of Operations , the Series A Preferred Stock is exchangeable at the option of the Investor or Shentel in certain circumstances for shares of Common Stock at an exchange price of $ 24.50 per share. As of December 31, 2024, the Series A Preferred Stock was exchangeable for 3,432,006 shares of Common Stock. F-28 Table of Conten t s Note 14. Stock Compensation and Earnings per Share The Company’s 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”) allowed for the grant of equity based incentive compensation to all employees. The 2014 Plan authorized grants of up to an additional 4,200,000 shares over a ten-year period beginning in 2014. The 2014 Plan expired on February 18, 2024 and the Company’s Board of Directors approved the resolution to adopt the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2024 Plan”) on February 13, 2024, to be effective on March 1, 2024. The 2024 Plan was approved by the Company’s shareholders at the 2024 Annual Shareholder Meeting. The 2024 Plan authorizes grants of up to an additional 3,000,000 shares over a ten-year period. Under the 2014 Plan and the 2024 Plan, grants may take the form of stock awards, awards of options to acquire stock, stock appreciation rights and other forms of equity based compensation. As of December 31, 2024, the only forms of stock awards outstanding are restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and Relative Total Shareholder Return RSUs (“RTSRs”) and there were 2,917,122 shares available for future issuance under the 2024 Plan. The Company’s RSUs generally have service conditions only or performance and service conditions with vesting periods ranging from one year for directors to five years for employees. RSUs that have both performance and service conditions are referred to as performance stock units (“PSUs”). The actual number of shares to be issued upon PSU performance measurement can range from 0 % to 100 % of the awards granted. RTSRs vest approximately three years from the grant date. The performance condition applied to the RTSR awards is based upon the Company’s stock performance compared to a group of peer companies. The actual number of shares to be issued upon RTSRs performance measurement can range from 0 % to 150 % of the awards granted. Activity related to the Company’s equity compensation, which includes the Company’s RSUs and PSUs, was as follows: (in thousands, except weighted average grant price) Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant Price Outstanding awards, December 31, 2021 337 $ 28.46 Granted 518 $ 21.56 Vested ( 153 ) $ 27.50 Forfeited ( 53 ) $ 25.89 Outstanding awards, December 31, 2022 649 $ 23.39 Granted 385 $ 19.05 Vested ( 200 ) $ 25.01 Forfeited ( 9 ) $ 21.67 Outstanding awards, December 31, 2023 825 $ 21.16 Granted 403 $ 20.22 Vested ( 308 ) $ 21.74 Forfeited ( 45 ) $ 19.44 Outstanding awards, December 31, 2024 875 $ 20.63 The total fair value of RSUs vested was $ 5.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. F-29 Table of Conten t s Activity related to the Company’s RTSRs was as follows: (in thousands, except weighted average grant price) Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant Price Outstanding awards, December 31, 2021 154 $ 34.69 Granted 100 $ 23.83 Vested ( 46 ) $ 33.83 Forfeited ( 6 ) $ 36.28 Outstanding awards, December 31, 2022 202 $ 29.46 Granted 134 $ 23.64 Vested ( 30 ) $ 36.27 Forfeited ( 13 ) $ 36.27 Outstanding awards, December 31, 2023 293 $ 25.80 Granted 136 $ 22.30 Vested ( 32 ) $ 34.05 Forfeited ( 138 ) $ 25.74 Outstanding awards, December 31, 2024 259 $ 22.96 The total fair value of RTSRs vested was $ 0.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. Stock-based compensation expense was as follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Stock compensation expense $ 10,651 $ 10,823 $ 9,142 Capitalized stock compensation ( 814 ) ( 790 ) ( 614 ) Stock compensation expense, net $ 9,837 $ 10,033 $ 8,528 As of December 31, 2024, there was $ 7.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested incentive awards which is expected to be recognized over weighted average period of 2.1 years. F-30 Table of Conten t s The following table indicates the computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands, except per share amounts) 2024 2023 2022 Calculation of net income (loss) per share: (Loss) income from continuing operations $ ( 28,357 ) $ 1,016 $ ( 15,418 ) Income from discontinued operations, net of tax 222,174 7,022 7,039 Net income (loss) $ 193,817 $ 8,038 $ ( 8,379 ) Amounts attributable to common shareholders (Loss) income from continuing operations $ ( 31,786 ) $ 1,016 $ ( 15,418 ) Income from discontinued operations, net of tax 222,174 7,022 7,039 Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders $ 190,388 $ 8,038 $ ( 8,379 ) Basic weighted average shares outstanding 53,722 50,396 50,155 Per share amounts attributable to common shareholders Basic net (loss) income per share - continuing operations $ ( 0.59 ) $ 0.02 $ ( 0.31 ) Basic net income per share - discontinued operations 4.13 0.14 0.14 Basic net income (loss) per share $ 3.54 $ 0.16 $ ( 0.17 ) Effect of stock-based compensation awards outstanding: Basic weighted average shares outstanding 53,722 50,396 50,155 Effect from dilutive shares and options outstanding — 319 — Diluted weighted average shares outstanding 53,722 50,715 50,155 Diluted net (loss) income per share - continuing operations $ ( 0.59 ) $ 0.02 $ ( 0.31 ) Diluted net income per share - discontinued operations 4.13 0.14 0.14 Diluted net income (loss) per share $ 3.54 $ 0.16 $ ( 0.17 ) The Company applies the two-class method when computing net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders as the Company has issued preferred stock that meets the definition of a participating security. The Company considers Series A Preferred Stock to be a participating security as the holders are entitled to receive cumulative dividends. The Company determines the dilutive impact of equity awards and the Series A Preferred Stock (on an as-converted basis) by applying the treasury stock method and the if-converted method, respectively. There were approximately 325,000 and 365,000 potentially dilutive equity awards for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2022, respectively; however, these shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding due to the fact that they were anti-dilutive as a result of the Company's loss from continuing operations for the periods. There were also approximately 3,432,000 potentially dilutive shares related to the Series A Preferred Stock (on an as-converted basis) for the year ended December 31, 2024; however, these shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding due to the fact that they were anti-dilutive as a result of the Company’s loss from continuing operations for the periods. There were approximately 117,000 anti-dilutive awards outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2023. Note 15. Government Grants Beginning in 2021, Shentel commenced negotiations with various governmental entities to receive awards under broadband infrastructure grant programs to strategically expand the Company’s broadband network in order to provide broadband services to unserved residences in the partnering counties in Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia and Ohio. To receive such grant distributions, the Company entered into agreements with each partnering county in Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia and Ohio. These agreements outline certain build-out milestones. The network is required to meet certain performance conditions to ensure that minimum download and upload speeds are able to be provided to the unserved residences. F-31 Table of Conten t s Shentel has been granted approximately $ 149.8 million in commitments under these grant programs. As of December 31, 2024, Shentel has $ 110.6 million of remaining available grant funding. As discussed in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies , government assistance that is used to fund capital expenditures is recorded as a reduction to property, plant and equipment. Given the primary purpose of the programs listed above is to fund build-out of the Company’s broadband network, amounts recognized under these programs are recorded as a reduction to the related property, plant and equipment and cash receipts are presented as cash flows from investing activities in the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company recognizes grant receivables at the time it becomes probable that the Company will be eligible to receive the grant, which is estimated to correspond with the date when specified build-out milestones are achieved. As a result of these programs, the Company received $ 19.2 million and $ 1.9 million in cash reimbursements during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and had recorded approximately $ 0.3 million and $ 1.9 million in accounts receivable as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company did no t recognize any amounts under these programs during the year ended December 31, 2022. Prior to the Horizon Transaction, Horizon entered into agreements with the Department of Development in Ohio under the state’s Ohio Residential Broadband Expansion program. As part of these agreements, Horizon committed to expand its broadband network resulting in total project costs of $ 57.4 million, with government matching grants totaling $ 30.1 million. Approximately $ 18.0 million of the grant was paid to Horizon up-front, while the remainder will be paid upon the achievement of specified milestones. Shentel assumed these agreements as a result of the Horizon Transaction and is therefore obligated under these programs to continue the build-out of this network. If Shentel fails to complete the build-out, Shentel may be required to repay a portion or all of the grant that Horizon received prior to the acquisition. Consequently, the portion of the up-front grant payment associated with unfulfilled obligations is recorded in other liabilities in the C ompany’s consolidated balance sheets. Consistent with Shentel’s existing policy for accounting for government grants, the Company reclassifies amounts from other liabilities to reduce the related property, plant and equipment as the Company fulfills its obligations under this grant program. As of December 31, 2024, $ 3.7 million of this liability remained in other liabilities . Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies We are committed to make payments to satisfy our lease liabilities. The scheduled payments under those obligations are summarized in Note 9, Leases . We also have outstanding unconditional purchase commitments to procure programming, marketing services and IT software licenses through 2027. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 we paid $ 6.1 million, $ 4.6 million and $ 5.2 million, respectively, for the programming, marketing and IT software license purchase commitments. The Company is obligated to make the following future minimum payments under the non-cancelable terms of these commitments as of December 31, 2024: (in thousands) Purchase Commitments 2025 $ 5,809 2026 4,364 2027 1,282 Total $ 11,455 From time to time the Company is involved in various litigation matters arising out of the normal course of business. The Company consults with legal counsel on those issues related to litigation and seeks input from other experts and advisors with respect to such matters. Estimating the probable losses or a range of probable losses resulting from litigation, government actions and other legal proceedings is inherently difficult and requires an extensive degree of judgment, particularly where the matters involve indeterminate claims for monetary damages, may involve discretionary amounts, present novel legal theories, are in the early stages of the proceedings, or are subject to appeal. Whether any losses, damages or remedies ultimately resulting from such matters could reasonably have a material effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows will depend on a number of variables, including, for example, the timing and amount of such losses or damages (if any) and the structure and type of any such remedies. The Company’s management does not believe that the final outcome of any matters that we are currently involved in are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Note 17. Discontinued Operations As discussed in Note 1, Nature of Operations above, t he Tower Transaction represented a strategic shift in the Company’s business and the Tower Portfolio has been reclassified as a discontinued operation. As a result, for all periods presented, the F-32 Table of Conten t s assets and liabilities that transferred in the Tower Transaction disposal group are presented as held for sale in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets , and operating results and cash flows related to the Tower Portfolio were reflected as a discontinued operations in our consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of cash flows . The carrying amounts of the major classes of assets and liabilities, classified as held for sale in the consolidated balance sheets, were as follows: (in thousands) December 31, 2023 ASSETS Property, plant and equipment, net $ 29,162 Operating lease right-of-use assets 37,616 Deferred charges and other assets 2,137 Noncurrent assets held for sale $ 68,915 LIABILITIES Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities $ 3,602 Current liabilities held for sale $ 3,602 Asset retirement obligations $ 9,516 Non-current operating lease liabilities 41,173 Other liabilities 3,524 Noncurrent liabilities held for sale $ 54,213 Income from discontinued operations, net of tax in the consolidated statements of operations consisted of the following for December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022: (in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Service revenue and other $ 4,542 $ 18,635 $ 18,919 Operating expenses: Cost of services 1,059 5,625 5,712 Selling, general and administrative 572 1,412 1,279 Depreciation and amortization 222 2,104 2,416 Total operating expenses 1,853 9,141 9,407 Operating income 2,689 9,494 9,512 Other income: Gain on sale of disposition of Tower Portfolio 294,250 — — Other expense ( 81 ) — — Income before income taxes 296,858 9,494 9,512 Income tax expense 74,684 2,472 2,473 Income from discontinued operations, net of tax $ 222,174 $ 7,022 $ 7,039 Consummation of the sale triggered the recognition of approximately $ 4.4 million of incremental transaction costs during the year ended December 31, 2024 , for contingent deal advisory fees and legal expenses, which are netted against the gain on sale of disposition of Tower Portfolio. Note 18. Segment Information The Company operates as one segment. The accounting policies of the Company’s segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. The CODM assesses performance at a consolidated level and decides how to allocate resources based on Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations. F-33 Table of Conten t s The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as total consolidated assets. The CODM uses (loss) income from continuing operations and Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate income generated from segment assets (return on assets) in deciding whether to reinvest profits into the operations of the Company or for other purposes, such as for acquisitions or to pay dividends. Adjusted EBITDA is used to monitor budget versus actual results. The CODM also uses Adjusted EBITDA to analyze the Company’s growth by monitoring current results versus prior year results. The analyses are used in assessing performance of the Company and in establishing management’s compensation. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. The Company defines Adjusted EBITDA as (loss) income from continuing operations calculated in accordance with GAAP, adjusted for the impact of depreciation and amortization, impairment expense, other income (expense), net, interest income, interest expense, income tax expense (benefit), stock compensation expense, transaction costs related to acquisition and disposition events (including professional advisory fees, integration costs, and related compensatory matters), restructuring expense, tax on equity award vesting and exercise events, and other non-comparable items. The Company believes that the exclusion of the expense and income items eliminated in calculating Adjusted EBITDA provides management and investors a useful measure for period-to-period comparisons of the Company’s core operating results by excluding items that are not comparable across reporting periods or that do not otherwise relate to the Company’s ongoing operations. Accordingly, the Company believes that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating the Company’s operating results. The following table summarizes the Company’s revenue, (loss) income from continuing operations, Adjusted EBITDA and significant expenses: (in thousand) 2024 2023 2022 Service revenue and other $ 328,058 $ 269,131 $ 248,911 Significant expenses and other items: Cost of services exclusive of depreciation and amortization 128,112 100,850 102,279 Selling, general and administrative exclusive of stock-based compensation 105,356 89,271 82,585 Adjusted EBITDA 94,590 79,010 64,047 Stock-based compensation expense, net of amount capitalized 9,837 10,033 8,528 Restructuring, integration and acquisition 14,509 2,915 1,251 Impairment expense 382 2,552 5,241 Depreciation and amortization 98,453 63,368 66,483 Interest expense 15,897 4,212 1,577 Other benefit items ( 6,461 ) ( 5,587 ) ( 215 ) Income tax (benefit) expense ( 9,670 ) 501 ( 3,400 ) (Loss) income from continuing operations $ ( 28,357 ) $ 1,016 $ ( 15,418 ) Other benefit items included in (loss) income from continuing operations interest income, patronage income and benefit plan gains. F-34 Table of Conten t s Exhibits Index Exhibit Number Exhibit Description 2.1 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 24, 2023, by and among Shenandoah Telecommunications Company, Fox Merger Sub I Inc., Fox Merger Sub II LLC, Horizon Acquisition Parent LLC, Novacap TMT V, L.P. and the Sellers set forth on the signature pages thereto (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 26, 2023). 2.2 Investment Agreement, dated October 24, 2023, by and among Shenandoah Telecommunications Company, Shentel Broadband Holding Inc., ECP Fiber Holdings, LP and, solely for the limited purposes specified therein, Hill City Holdings, LP (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 26, 2023). 2.3*** Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated February 29, 2024, by and among Shenandoah Mobile, LLC and Vertical Bridge Holdco, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Shentel’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 1, 2024). 2.4*** Amendment No. 1 to Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated March 29, 2024, by and among Shenandoah Mobile, LLC and Vertical Bridge Holdco, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to Shentel’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 29, 2024). 2.5*** First Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated April 1, 2024, by and among Shenandoah Telecommunications Company and Novacap TMT V, L.P., as Seller Representative (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to Shentel’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 1, 2024). 3.1 Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Shenandoah Telecommunications Company, effective August 31, 2019 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on September 30, 2019). 3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Shenandoah Telecommunications Company, effective April 30, 2024 (incorporated by reference from E xhibit 3. 2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 1, 2024 ). 4.1* Description of the Company’s Common Stock Registered Under Section 12 of the Exchange Act of 1934. 4.2 Shenandoah Telecommunications Company Dividend Reinvestment Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3D (No. 333-74297). 10.1 Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan as amended and restated (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.14 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 23, 2007). 10.2 Credit Agreement, dated July 1, 2021, by and among Shenandoah Telecommunications Company, certain of its subsidiaries as guarantors, CoBank ACB, as administrative agent, and the other lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 1, 2021). 10.3* Amendment No. 1 to Credit Agreement, dated May 17, 2023, among Shenandoah Telecommunications Company, certain of its subsidiaries, CoBank ACB, as administrative agent, and the other lenders party thereto. 10.4 Consent and Amendment No. 2 to Credit Agreement, dated October 24, 2023, by and among Shenandoah Telecommunications Company, certain of its subsidiaries, CoBank ACB, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 26, 2023). 10.5*** Amendment No. 3 to Credit Agreement, dated April 1, 2024, by and among Shenandoah Telecommunications Company, certain of its subsidiaries, CoBank ACB, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Shentel’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 1, 2024). F-35 Table of Conten t s 10.6 Commitment Letter, dated October 24, 2023, by and among Shenandoah Telecommunications Company, certain of its subsidiaries, CoBank ACB, Citizens Bank, N.A., Bank of America, N.A. and Fifth Third Bank, National Association. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 26, 2023). 10.7*** Investor Rights Agreement, dated April 1, 2024, between Shenandoah Telecommunications Company and LIF Vista, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Shentel’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 1, 2024). 10.8*** Registration Rights Agreement, dated April 1, 2024, by and among Shenandoah Telecommunications Company, ECP Fiber Holdings, LP and, solely for the limited purposes specified therein, Hill City Holdings, LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Shentel’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 1, 2024). 10.9 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award for Executives under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 22, 2023). 10.11 Form of RTSR Performance Share Unit Award for Executives under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 22, 2023 ). 10.12 Form of Strategic Retention Performance Share Unit Award (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 23, 2022). 10.13 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Appendix II to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement filed on March 14, 2024 (No. 333-279106)). 10.14* Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award for Executives under the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan. 10.15* Form of RTSR Performance Share Unit Award for Executives under the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan. 10.16* Form of Strategic Retention Performance Share Unit Award un der the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan. 10.19 Form of Severance Agreement (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 11, 2020). 19* Insider trading policies and procedures 21* List of Subsidiaries. 23.1* Consent of RSM US LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 31.1* Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 31.2* Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 32** Certifications pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. § 1350. 97.1* Shenandoah Telecommunications Company Incentive Award Recoupment Policy. (101) Formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) Table of Conten t s 101.INS XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the interactive data filing because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document) * Filed herewith ** This certification is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (Securities Act), or the Exchange Act. *** Schedules and exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. Shentel agrees to furnish supplementally to the SEC a copy of any omitted schedule upon request by the SEC. Table of Conten t s SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Sections 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY February 20, 2025 /s/ CHRISTOPHER E. FRENCH Christopher E. French, President & Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. F-38 Table of Conten t s /s/CHRISTOPHER E. FRENCH President & Chief Executive Officer, February 20, 2025 Director (Principal Executive Officer) Christopher E. French /s/JAMES J. VOLK Senior Vice President – Chief Financial Officer February 20, 2025 (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) James J. Volk /s/VICTOR C. BARNES Director February 20, 2025 Victor C. Barnes /s/THOMAS A. BECKETT Director February 20, 2025 Thomas A. Beckett /s/MATTHEW S. DENICHILO Director February 20, 2025 Matthew S. DeNichilo /s/JAMES F. DIMOLA Director February 20, 2025 James F. DiMola /s/TRACY FITZSIMMONS Director February 20, 2025 Tracy Fitzsimmons /s/JOHN W. FLORA Director February 20, 2025 John W. Flora /s/ RICHARD L. KOONTZ, JR. Director February 20, 2025 Richard L. Koontz, Jr. /s/KENNETH L. QUAGLIO Director February 20, 2025 Kenneth L. Quaglio /s/MICHAEL A. RHYMES Director February 20, 2025 Michael A. Rhymes /s/LEIGH ANN SCHULTZ Director February 20, 2025 Leigh Ann Schultz F-39