SOMNIGROUP INTERNATIONAL INC. 10-Q

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the 2022 Annual Report, including "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" included in ITEM 7 of Part II of the 2022 Annual Report, and the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in this Report. Unless otherwise noted, all of the financial information in this Report is consolidated financial information for the Company. The forward-looking statements in this discussion regarding the mattress and pillow industries, our expectations regarding our future performance, liquidity and capital resources and other non-historical statements in this discussion are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties. See "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" elsewhere in this Report, in the 2022 Annual Report and the section titled "Risk Factors" contained in ITEM 1A of Part I of the 2022 Annual Report. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. In this discussion and analysis, we discuss and explain the consolidated financial condition and results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023, including the following topics: • an overview of our business and strategy; • results of operations, including our net sales and costs in the periods presented as well as changes between periods; • expected sources of liquidity for future operations; and • our use of certain non-GAAP financial measures. Business Overview General We are committed to improving the sleep of more people, every night, all around the world. As a leading designer, manufacturer, distributor and retailer of bedding products, we know how crucial a good night of sleep is to overall health and wellness. Utilizing over a century of knowledge and industry-leading innovation, we deliver award-winning products that provide breakthrough sleep solutions to consumers in over 100 countries. Our highly recognized brands include Tempur-Pedic®, Sealy® and Stearns & Foster® and our non-branded offerings include private label and original equipment manufacturer ("OEM") products. We operate in two segments: North America and International. These segments are strategic business units that are managed separately based on geography. Our North America segment consists of manufacturing and distribution subsidiaries, joint ventures and licensees located in the U.S., Canada and Mexico. Our International segment consists of manufacturing and distribution subsidiaries, joint ventures and licensees located in Europe, Asia-Pacific and Latin America (other than Mexico). Corporate operating expenses are not included in either of the segments and are presented separately as a reconciling item to consolidated results. We evaluate segment performance based on net sales, gross profit and operating income. For additional information refer to Note 11, "Business Segment Information," included in Part I, ITEM 1 of this Report. Our distribution model operates through an omni-channel strategy. Our products are sold through third-party retailers, our more than 700 company-owned stores and our e-commerce platforms. We distribute through two channels in each operating business segment: Wholesale and Direct. Our Wholesale channel consists of third-party retailers, including third-party distribution, hospitality and healthcare. Our Direct channel includes company-owned stores, online and call centers. General Business and Economic Conditions We believe the bedding industry is structured for sustained growth, driven by product innovation, sleep technology advancements, consumer confidence, housing formations and population growth. The industry is no longer engaged in uneconomical retail store expansion, startups have shifted from uneconomical strategies to becoming profitable and legacy retailers and manufacturers have become skilled in producing profitable online sales. Over the last decade, consumers have made the connection between a good night's sleep and overall health and wellness. As consumers make this connection they are willing to invest more in their bedding purchases, which positions us well for long-term growth. In the first quarter of 2023, global consumer spending continued to be unfavorably impacted by macroeconomic pressures, particularly from inflation and rising interest rates. 18 Table of Contents Product Launches In 2023, we plan to complete the rollout of a complete refresh of our North American Stearns & Foster® portfolio that began in 2022. The new line is designed to further distinguish our high-end traditional innerspring brand and includes superior technologies, clear product step-up stories and a new, contemporary look. We also expect to launch a new portfolio of Tempur-Pedic® Breeze mattresses and Tempur-Ergo® Smart Bases in 2023. The new lineup of Tempur-Pedic® Breeze products builds upon our successful legacy Breeze portfolio. The updated collection features incremental innovation and technologies that were designed to be a solution to the most common causes of poor sleep, including aches and pains, sleeping hot and snoring. The upgraded Tempur-Ergo® Smart Base assortment features improved ergonomic design with new, proprietary lumbar support, upgraded Sleeptracker-AI® technology and industry-leading relaxation modes, including Wave Form TM massage. In our International segment, we are launching an all-new line of Tempur® products in over 90 markets through our wholly-owned subsidiaries and third-party distributors in 2023. We expect this new line of products to broaden Tempur®'s price range, with the super-premium price point ceiling maintained and the floor expanded into the premium category to expand our global addressable market. Definitive Agreement with Mattress Firm Group Inc. On May 9, 2023, Tempur Sealy International and Mattress Firm entered into a definitive agreement and plan of merger (the "Merger Agreement") for a proposed business acquisition in which Tempur Sealy International, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, will acquire Mattress Firm in a transaction valued at approximately $4.0 billion. The transaction is expected to be funded by approximately $2.7 billion of cash consideration and the issuance of 34.2 million shares of common stock, resulting in a total stock consideration value of $1.3 billion based on a closing share price of $37.62 as of May 8, 2023. We expect the transaction to close in the second half of 2024, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions, including applicable regulatory approvals. Following the close of the transaction, Mattress Firm is expected to operate as a separate business unit. Results of Operations A summary of our results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 include: • Total net sales decreased 2.5% to $1,208.1 million as compared to $1,239.5 million in the first quarter of 2022. On a constant currency basis, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, total net sales decreased 0.5%, with a decrease of 1.2% in the North America business segment and an increase of 1.7% in the International business segment. • Gross margin was 41.4% as compared to 42.2% in the first quarter of 2022. Adjusted gross margin, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, was 41.8% in the first quarter of 2023. There were no adjustments to gross margin in the first quarter of 2022. • Operating income decreased 24.0% to $143.3 million as compared to $188.6 million in the first quarter of 2022. Adjusted operating income, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, was $153.4 million in the first quarter of 2023. There were no adjustments to operating income in the first quarter of 2022. • Net income decreased 34.7% to $85.3 million as compared to $130.7 million in the first quarter of 2022. Adjusted net income, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, was $92.9 million in the first quarter of 2023. There were no adjustments to net income in the first quarter of 2022. • Earnings per diluted share ("EPS") decreased 30.4% to $0.48 as compared to $0.69 in the first quarter of 2022. Adjusted EPS, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, was $0.53 in the first quarter of 2023. There were no adjustments to EPS in the first quarter of 2022. For a discussion and reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures as discussed above to the corresponding GAAP financial results, refer to the non-GAAP financial information set forth below under the heading "Non-GAAP Financial Information." 19 Table of Contents We may refer to net sales, earnings or other historical financial information on a "constant currency basis," which is a non-GAAP financial measure. These references to constant currency basis do not include operational impacts that could result from fluctuations in foreign currency rates. To provide information on a constant currency basis, the applicable financial results are adjusted based on a simple mathematical model that translates current period results in local currency using the comparable prior corresponding period's currency conversion rate. This approach is used for countries where the functional currency is the local country currency. This information is provided so that certain financial results can be viewed without the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency rates, thereby facilitating period-to-period comparisons of business performance. Constant currency information is not recognized under GAAP, and it is not intended as an alternative to GAAP measures. Refer to Part I, ITEM 3 of this Report for a discussion of our foreign currency exchange rate risk. 20 Table of Contents THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2023 COMPARED TO THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2022 The following table sets forth the various components of our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and expresses each component as a percentage of net sales: Three Months Ended March 31, (in millions, except percentages and per share amounts) 2023 2022 Net sales $ 1,208.1 100.0 % $ 1,239.5 100.0 % Cost of sales 708.2 58.6 716.7 57.8 Gross profit 499.9 41.4 522.8 42.2 Selling and marketing expenses 256.7 21.2 243.5 19.6 General, administrative and other expenses 104.5 8.6 97.6 7.9 Equity income in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates (4.6) (0.4) (6.9) (0.6) Operating income 143.3 11.9 188.6 15.2 Other expense, net: Interest expense, net 32.8 2.7 20.9 1.7 Other expense (income), net 0.1 — (1.3) (0.1) Total other expense, net 32.9 2.7 19.6 1.6 Income before income taxes 110.4 9.1 169.0 13.6 Income tax provision (24.5) (2.0) (38.1) (3.1) Net income before non-controlling interest 85.9 7.0 130.9 10.5 Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interest 0.6 — 0.2 — Net income attributable to Tempur Sealy International, Inc. $ 85.3 7.1 % $ 130.7 10.5 % Earnings per common share: Basic $ 0.50 $ 0.72 Diluted $ 0.48 $ 0.69 Weighted average common shares outstanding: Basic 172.0 182.6 Diluted 176.8 188.5 21 Table of Contents NET SALES Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 2022 2023 2022 2023 2022 (in millions) Consolidated North America International Net sales by channel Wholesale $ 912.6 $ 924.1 $ 804.3 $ 811.3 $ 108.3 $ 112.8 Direct 295.5 315.4 115.3 120.1 180.2 195.3 Total net sales $ 1,208.1 $ 1,239.5 $ 919.6 $ 931.4 $ 288.5 $ 308.1 Net sales decreased 2.5%, and on a constant currency basis decreased 0.5%. The change in net sales was driven by the following: • North America net sales decreased $11.8 million, or 1.3%. On a constant currency basis, North America net sales decreased 1.2%. Net sales in the Wholesale channel decreased $7.0 million, or 0.9%. Net sales in the Direct channel decreased $4.8 million, or 4.0%. These decreases were primarily driven by continued macroeconomic pressures impacting U.S. consumer behavior. • International net sales decreased $19.6 million, or 6.4%, primarily driven by unfavorable foreign exchange rates. On a constant currency basis, International net sales increased 1.7%. Net sales in the Wholesale channel increased 2.2% on a constant currency basis. Net sales in the Direct channel increased 1.3% on a constant currency basis. GROSS PROFIT Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 2022 (in millions, except percentages) Gross Profit Gross Margin Gross Profit Gross Margin Margin Change North America $ 344.0 37.4 % $ 352.4 37.8 % (0.4) % International 155.9 54.0 % 170.4 55.3 % (1.3) % Consolidated gross margin $ 499.9 41.4 % $ 522.8 42.2 % (0.8) % Costs associated with net sales are recorded in cost of sales and include the costs of producing, shipping, warehousing, receiving and inspecting goods during the period, as well as depreciation and amortization of long-lived assets used in the manufacturing process. Our gross margin is primarily impacted by the relative amount of net sales contributed by our premium or value products. Our value products have a significantly lower gross margin than our premium products. If sales of our value priced products increase relative to sales of our premium priced products, our gross margins will be negatively impacted in both our North America and International segments. Our gross margin is also impacted by fixed cost leverage based on manufacturing unit volumes; the cost of raw materials; operational efficiencies due to the utilization in our manufacturing facilities; product, brand, channel and country mix; foreign exchange fluctuations; volume incentives offered to certain retail accounts; participation in our retail cooperative advertising programs; and costs associated with new product introductions. Future changes in raw material prices could have a significant impact on our gross margin. Our margins are also impacted by the growth in our Wholesale channel as sales in our Wholesale channel are at wholesale prices, whereas sales in our Direct channel are at retail prices. Gross margin declined 80 basis points. The primary drivers of changes in gross margin by segment are discussed below: • North America gross margin declined 40 basis points. The decline in gross margin was primarily driven by operational headwinds of 150 basis points, expense deleverage of 80 basis points and product launch costs. Additionally, we incurred $3.2 million of manufacturing facility enterprise resource planning ("ERP") system transition costs and $1.7 million of operational start-up costs related to the capacity expansion of our manufacturing and distribution facilities in the U.S., which contributed to the decline in gross margin. These declines were partially offset by pricing actions of 260 basis points. • International gross margin declined 130 basis points. The decline in gross margin was primarily driven by product launch costs of 190 basis points, partially offset by pricing actions of 50 basis points. OPERATING EXPENSES Selling and marketing expenses include advertising and media production associated with the promotion of our brands, other marketing materials such as catalogs, brochures, videos, product samples, direct customer mailings and point of purchase materials and sales force compensation. We also include in selling and marketing expense certain new product development costs, including market research and new product testing. General, administrative and other expenses include salaries and related expenses, information technology, professional fees, depreciation and amortization of long-lived assets not used in the manufacturing process, expenses for administrative functions and research and development costs. Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 2022 2023 2022 2023 2022 2023 2022 (in millions) Consolidated North America International Corporate Operating expenses: Advertising expenses $ 112.1 $ 103.2 $ 86.9 $ 80.9 $ 25.2 $ 22.3 $ — $ — Other selling and marketing expenses 144.6 140.3 76.0 72.4 64.0 63.0 4.6 4.9 General, administrative and other expenses 104.5 97.6 45.1 43.7 27.1 25.2 32.3 28.7 Total operating expenses $ 361.2 $ 341.1 $ 208.0 $ 197.0 $ 116.3 $ 110.5 $ 36.9 $ 33.6 Operating expenses increased $20.1 million, or 5.9%, and increased 240 basis points as a percentage of net sales. The primary drivers of changes in operating expenses by segment are explained below: • North America operating expenses increased $11.0 million, or 5.6%, and increased 140 basis points as a percentage of net sales. The increase in operating expenses was primarily driven by investments in advertising and product launch initiatives. • International operating expenses increased $5.8 million, or 5.2%, and increased 440 basis points as a percentage of net sales. The increase in operating expenses was primarily driven by investments in advertising and product launch initiatives. • Corporate operating expenses increased $3.3 million, or 9.8%, primarily driven by $5.2 million of restructuring costs associated with the acquisition of Mattress Firm. Research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were $7.5 million compared to $7.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, a decrease of $0.3 million, or 3.8%. OPERATING INCOME Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 2022 (in millions, except percentages) Operating Income Operating Margin Operating Income Operating Margin Margin Change North America $ 136.0 14.8 % $ 155.4 16.7 % (1.9) % International 44.2 15.3 % 66.8 21.7 % (6.4) % 180.2 222.2 Corporate expenses (36.9) (33.6) Total operating income $ 143.3 11.9 % $ 188.6 15.2 % (3.3) % Operating income decreased $45.3 million and operating margin declined 330 basis points. The primary drivers of changes in operating income and operating margin by segment are discussed below: • North America operating income decreased $19.4 million and operating margin declined 190 basis points. The decline in operating margin was primarily driven by operating expense deleverage of 140 basis points and the decline in gross margin of 40 basis points. • International operating income decreased $22.6 million and operating margin declined 640 basis points. The decline in operating margin was driven by operating expense deleverage of 440 basis points and the decline in gross margin of 130 basis points. • Corporate operating expenses increased $3.3 million, which negatively impacted our consolidated operating margin. INTEREST EXPENSE, NET Three Months Ended March 31, (in millions, except percentages) 2023 2022 % Change Interest expense, net $ 32.8 $ 20.9 56.9 % Interest expense, net, increased $11.9 million, or 56.9%. The increase in interest expense, net, was primarily driven by increased average levels of outstanding debt and higher interest rates on our variable rate debt. INCOME TAX PROVISION Three Months Ended March 31, (in millions, except percentages) 2023 2022 % Change Income tax provision $ 24.5 $ 38.1 (35.7) % Effective tax rate 22.2 % 22.5 % Our income tax provision includes income taxes associated with taxes currently payable and deferred taxes and includes the impact of net operating losses for certain of our foreign operations. Our income tax provision decreased $13.6 million due to a decrease in income before income taxes. Our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same prior year period declined by 30 basis points. The effective tax rates as compared to the U.S. federal statutory rates for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 included the favorable impact of the deductibility of stock compensation in the U.S. and included a net unfavorable impact of other discrete items. Liquidity and Capital Resources Liquidity Our principal sources of funds are cash flows from operations, supplemented with borrowings in the capital markets and made pursuant to our credit facilities and cash and cash equivalents on hand. Principal uses of funds consist of payments of principal and interest on our debt facilities, share repurchases, acquisitions, payments of dividends to our shareholders, capital expenditures and working capital needs. As of March 31, 2023, we had net working capital of $247.8 million, including cash and cash equivalents of $91.0 million, as compared to a working capital of $214.0 million, including cash and cash equivalents of $69.4 million, as of December 31, 2022. At March 31, 2023, total cash and cash equivalents were $91.0 million, of which $55.7 million was held in the U.S. and $35.3 million was held by subsidiaries outside of the U.S. The amount of cash and cash equivalents held by subsidiaries outside of the U.S. and not readily convertible into the U.S. Dollar or other major foreign currencies is not material to our overall liquidity or financial position. Cash Provided by (Used in) Operations The table below presents net cash provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities from operations for the periods indicated below: Three Months Ended March 31, (in millions) 2023 2022 Net cash provided by (used in) operations: Operating activities $ 99.8 $ 85.6 Investing activities (52.0) (59.3) Financing activities (28.4) (204.8) Cash provided by operating activities increased $14.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in cash provided by operating activities was driven by the reduction of inventory spend as compared to prior year, which was offset by the decline in net income and increased accounts payable spend. Cash used in investing activities decreased $7.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease in cash used in investing activities was driven by decreased capital expenditures related to our manufacturing capacity expansion projects in 2023. Cash used in financing activities decreased $176.4 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we had net borrowings of $32.4 million on our credit facilities as compared to net borrowings of $312.1 million in the same period in 2022, driven primarily by reduced repurchases of common stock. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we repurchased $35.7 million and $494.8 million, respectively, of our common stock. Capital Expenditures Capital expenditures totaled $52.1 million and $60.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We currently expect our 2023 capital expenditures to be approximately $200 million, which includes investments to complete our manufacturing capacity expansion. Indebtedness Our total debt increased to $2,862.6 million as of March 31, 2023 from $2,830.8 million as of December 31, 2022. Total availability under our revolving senior secured credit facility was $374.4 million as of March 31, 2023, which matures in 2024. Refer to Note 4, "Debt" in the "Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements," under Part I, ITEM 1 for further discussion of our debt. As of March 31, 2023, our ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, in accordance with our 2019 Credit Agreement was 3.24 times. This ratio is within the terms of the financial covenants for the maximum consolidated total net leverage ratio as set forth in the 2019 Credit Agreement, which limits this ratio to 5.00 times. As of March 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all of the financial covenants in our debt agreements, and we do not anticipate material issues under any debt agreements based on current facts and circumstances. Our debt agreements contain certain covenants that limit restricted payments, including share repurchases and dividends. The 2019 Credit Agreement, 2029 Senior Notes and 2031 Senior Notes contain similar limitations which, subject to other conditions, allow unlimited restricted payments at times when the ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, remains below 3.50 times. In addition, these agreements permit limited restricted payments under certain conditions when the ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA is above 3.50 times. The limit on restricted payments under the 2019 Credit Agreement, 2029 Senior Notes and 2031 Senior Notes is in part determined by a basket that grows at 50% of adjusted net income each quarter, reduced by restricted payments that are not otherwise permitted. For additional information, refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Information" below for the calculation of the ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA calculated in accordance with the 2019 Credit Agreement. Both consolidated indebtedness and adjusted EBITDA as used in discussion of the 2019 Credit Agreement are non-GAAP financial measures and do not purport to be alternatives to net income as a measure of operating performance or total debt. Share Repurchase Program Our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program in 2016 pursuant to which we were authorized to repurchase shares of our common stock, and the Board of Directors has authorized increases to this authorization from time to time. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we repurchased 0.1 million shares under our share repurchase program for $5.0 million. As of March 31, 2023, we had $774.5 million remaining under our share repurchase authorization. Share repurchases under this program may be made through open market transactions, negotiated purchases or otherwise, at times and in such amounts as management deems appropriate. These repurchases may be funded by operating cash flows and/or borrowings under our debt arrangements. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors including price, financing and regulatory requirements and other market conditions. The program is subject to certain limitations under our debt agreements. The program does not require the purchase of any minimum number of shares and may be suspended, modified or discontinued at any time without prior notice. Repurchases may be made under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, which would permit shares to be repurchased when we might otherwise be precluded from doing so under federal securities laws. We will manage our share repurchase program based on current and expected cash flows, share price and alternative investment opportunities. As a result of the proposed Mattress Firm acquisition, we expect to limit our repurchase of shares in advance of closing the transaction. For a complete description of our share repurchase program, please refer to ITEM 5 under Part II, "Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities," in the 2022 Annual Report. Please also refer to "Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities" in ITEM 2(c) of Part II of this Report. Future Liquidity Sources and Uses As of March 31, 2023, we had $466.4 million of liquidity, including $91.0 million of cash on hand and $374.4 million available under our revolving senior secured credit facility. In addition, we expect to generate cash flow from operations in the full year 2023. We believe that cash flow from operations, availability under our existing credit facilities and arrangements, current cash balances and the ability to obtain other financing, if necessary, will provide adequate cash funds for our foreseeable working capital needs, necessary capital expenditures, share repurchases and debt service obligations. Our capital allocation strategy follows a balanced approach focused on supporting the business, returning shareholder value through share repurchases and quarterly dividends as well as strategic acquisition opportunities that enhance our global competitiveness. The Board of Directors declared a dividend of $0.11 per share for the second quarter of 2023. The dividend is payable on June 6, 2023 to shareholders of record as of May 23, 2023. As of March 31, 2023, we had $2,862.6 million in total debt outstanding and consolidated indebtedness less netted cash, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, of $2,772.7 million. Leverage based on the ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, was 3.24 times for the trailing twelve months ended March 31, 2023. We expect our leverage ratio to return to our target range of 2.0 to 3.0 times during 2023. Our debt service obligations could, under certain circumstances, have material consequences to our stockholders. Similarly, our cash requirements are subject to change as business conditions warrant and opportunities arise. The timing and size of any new business ventures or acquisitions that we may complete may also impact our cash requirements and debt service obligations. For information regarding the impact of COVID-19 on our business, including our liquidity and capital resources, please refer to "Risk Factors" contained in ITEM 1A of Part I of the 2022 Annual Report. 22 Table of Contents Non-GAAP Financial Information We provide information regarding adjusted net income, EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EPS, adjusted gross profit, adjusted gross margin, adjusted operating income (expense), adjusted operating margin, consolidated indebtedness and consolidated indebtedness less netted cash, which are not recognized terms under GAAP and do not purport to be alternatives to net income, earnings per share, gross profit, gross margin, operating income (expense) and operating margin as a measure of operating performance, or an alternative to total debt as a measure of liquidity. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide investors with performance measures that better reflect our underlying operations and trends, providing a perspective not immediately apparent from net income, gross profit, gross margin, operating income (expense) and operating margin. The adjustments we make to derive the non-GAAP financial measures include adjustments to exclude items that may cause short-term fluctuations in the nearest GAAP financial measure, but which we do not consider to be the fundamental attributes or primary drivers of our business. We believe that exclusion of these items assists in providing a more complete understanding of our underlying results from operations and trends, and we use these measures along with the corresponding GAAP financial measures to manage our business, to evaluate our consolidated and business segment performance compared to prior periods and the marketplace, to establish operational goals and to provide continuity to investors for comparability purposes. Limitations associated with the use of these non-GAAP measures include that these measures do not present all of the amounts associated with our results as determined in accordance with GAAP. These non-GAAP financial measures should be considered supplemental in nature and should not be construed as more significant than comparable financial measures defined by GAAP. Because not all companies use identical calculations, these presentations may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies. For more information about these non-GAAP financial measures and a reconciliation to the nearest GAAP financial measure, please refer to the reconciliations on the following pages. Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EPS A reconciliation of reported net income to adjusted net income and the calculation of adjusted EPS is provided below. We believe that the use of these non-GAAP financial measures provides investors with additional useful information with respect to the impact of various adjustments as described in the footnotes below. The following table sets forth the reconciliation of our reported net income to adjusted net income and the calculation of adjusted EPS for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022: Three Months Ended (in millions, except per share amounts) March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 Net income $ 85.3 $ 130.7 Restructuring costs and other (1) 5.2 — ERP system transition (2) 3.2 — Operational start-up costs (3) 1.7 — Adjusted income tax provision (4) (2.5) — Adjusted net income $ 92.9 $ 130.7 Adjusted earnings per common share, diluted $ 0.53 $ 0.69 Diluted shares outstanding 176.8 188.5 (1) In the first quarter of 2023, we recorded $5.2 million of restructuring costs primarily associated with the acquisition of Mattress Firm. (2) In the first quarter of 2023, we recorded $3.2 million of charges related to the transition of our ERP system, including labor, logistics, training and travel. (3) In the first quarter of 2023, we recorded $1.7 million of operational start-up costs related to the capacity expansion of our manufacturing and distribution facilities in the U.S., including personnel and facility related costs. (4) Adjusted income tax provision represents the tax effects associated with the aforementioned items. 23 Table of Contents Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin, Adjusted Operating Income (Expense) and Adjusted Operating Margin The following table sets forth the reconciliation of our reported gross profit and operating income (expense) to the calculation of adjusted gross profit and adjusted operating income (expense) for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (in millions, except percentages) Consolidated Margin North America Margin International Margin Corporate Net sales $ 1,208.1 $ 919.6 $ 288.5 $ — Gross profit $ 499.9 41.4 % $ 344.0 37.4 % $ 155.9 54.0 % $ — Adjustments: ERP system transition (1) 3.2 3.2 — — Operational start-up costs (2) 1.7 1.7 — — Total adjustments 4.9 4.9 — — Adjusted gross profit $ 504.8 41.8 % $ 348.9 37.9 % $ 155.9 54.0 % $ — Operating income (expense) $ 143.3 11.9 % $ 136.0 14.8 % $ 44.2 15.3 % $ (36.9) Adjustments: Restructuring costs and other (3) 5.2 — — 5.2 ERP system transition (1) 3.2 3.2 — — Operational start-up costs (2) 1.7 1.7 — — Total adjustments 10.1 4.9 — 5.2 Adjusted operating income (expense) $ 153.4 12.7 % $ 140.9 15.3 % $ 44.2 15.3 % $ (31.7) (1) In the first quarter of 2023, we recorded $3.2 million of charges related to the transition of our ERP system, including labor, logistics, training and travel. (2) In the first quarter of 2023, we recorded $1.7 million of operational start-up costs related to the capacity expansion of our manufacturing and distribution facilities in the U.S., including personnel and facility related costs. (3) In the first quarter of 2023, we recorded $5.2 million of restructuring costs primarily associated with the acquisition of Mattress Firm. The following table sets forth our reported gross profit and operating income (expense) for the three months ended March 31, 2022. We had no adjustments to gross profit or operating income (expense) for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (in millions, except percentages) Consolidated Margin North America Margin International Margin Corporate Net sales $ 1,239.5 $ 931.4 $ 308.1 $ — Gross profit $ 522.8 42.2 % $ 352.4 37.8 % $ 170.4 55.3 % $ — Operating income (expense) $ 188.6 15.2 % $ 155.4 16.7 % $ 66.8 21.7 % $ (33.6) 24 Table of Contents EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Consolidated Indebtedness less Netted Cash The following reconciliations are provided below: • Net income to EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA • Ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA • Total debt, net to consolidated indebtedness less netted cash We believe that presenting these non-GAAP measures provides investors with useful information with respect to our operating performance, cash flow generation and comparisons from period to period, as well as general information about our leverage. The 2019 Credit Agreement provides the definition of adjusted EBITDA. Accordingly, we present adjusted EBITDA to provide information regarding our compliance with requirements under the 2019 Credit Agreement. The following table sets forth the reconciliation of our reported net income to the calculations of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022: Three Months Ended (in millions) March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 Net income $ 85.3 $ 130.7 Interest expense, net 32.8 20.9 Income taxes 24.5 38.1 Depreciation and amortization 45.0 44.8 EBITDA $ 187.6 $ 234.5 Adjustments: Restructuring costs and other (1) 5.2 — ERP system transition (2) 3.2 — Operational start-up costs (3) 1.7 — Adjusted EBITDA $ 197.7 $ 234.5 (1) In the first quarter of 2023, we recorded $5.2 million of restructuring costs primarily associated with the acquisition of Mattress Firm. (2) In the first quarter of 2023, we recorded $3.2 million of charges related to the transition of our ERP system, including labor, logistics, training and travel. (3) In the first quarter of 2023, we recorded $1.7 million of operational start-up costs related to the capacity expansion of our manufacturing and distribution facilities in the U.S., including personnel and facility related costs. 25 Table of Contents The following table sets forth the reconciliation of our net income to the calculations of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA for the trailing twelve months ended March 31, 2023: Trailing Twelve Months Ended (in millions) March 31, 2023 Net income $ 410.3 Interest expense, net 114.9 Income tax provision 105.4 Depreciation and amortization 182.2 EBITDA $ 812.8 Adjustments: Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax (1) 0.4 ERP system transition (2) 18.7 Restructuring costs and other (3) 15.2 Operational start-up costs (4) 8.2 Adjusted EBITDA $ 855.3 Consolidated indebtedness less netted cash $ 2,772.7 Ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA 3.24 times (1) Certain subsidiaries in the International business segment are accounted for as discontinued operations and have been designated as unrestricted subsidiaries in the 2019 Credit Agreement. Therefore, these subsidiaries are excluded from our adjusted financial measures for covenant compliance purposes. (2) In the trailing twelve months ended March 31, 2023, we recognized $18.7 million of charges related to the transition of our ERP system, including labor, logistics, training and travel. (3) In the trailing twelve months ended March 31, 2023, we recognized $15.2 million of restructuring costs primarily associated with the acquisition of Mattress Firm and headcount reductions related to organizational changes. (4) In the trailing twelve months ended March 31, 2023, we recognized $8.2 million of operational start-up costs related to the capacity expansion of our manufacturing and distribution facilities in the U.S., including personnel and facility related costs. Under the 2019 Credit Agreement, the definition of adjusted EBITDA contains certain restrictions that limit adjustments to net income when calculating adjusted EBITDA. For the trailing twelve months ended March 31, 2023, our adjustments to net income when calculating adjusted EBITDA did not exceed the allowable amount under the 2019 Credit Agreement. The ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA is 3.24 times for the trailing twelve months ended March 31, 2023. The 2019 Credit Agreement requires us to maintain a ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA of less than 5.00 times. 26 Table of Contents The following table sets forth the reconciliation of our reported total debt to the calculation of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash as of March 31, 2023. "Consolidated Indebtedness" and "Netted Cash" are terms used in the 2019 Credit Agreement for purposes of certain financial covenants. (in millions) March 31, 2023 Total debt, net $ 2,843.0 Plus: Deferred financing costs (1) 19.6 Consolidated indebtedness 2,862.6 Less: Netted cash (2) 89.9 Consolidated indebtedness less netted cash $ 2,772.7 (1) We present deferred financing costs as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the related debt in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. For purposes of determining total debt for financial covenant purposes, we have added these costs back to total debt, net as calculated per the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. (2) Netted cash includes cash and cash equivalents for domestic and foreign subsidiaries designated as restricted subsidiaries in the 2019 Credit Agreement. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates For a discussion of our critical accounting policies and estimates, please refer to ITEM 7 under Part II, "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," in the 2022 Annual Report. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates in 2023.